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A Kyocera PC Card EVDO 3G router with Wi-Fi Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data only, abbreviated as EV-DO or EVDO and often EV, is a 3G telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadband Internet access. It uses multiplexing techniques including code division multiple access (CDMA) as well as time division multiple access (TDMA) to maximize both individual users' throughput and the overall system throughput. It is standardized by 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part of the CDMA2000 family of standards and has been adopted by many mobile phone service providers around the world particularly those previously employing CDMA networks. It is also used on the Globalstar satellite phone network.[1] EV-DO was designed as an evolution of the CDMA2000 (IS-2000) standard that would support high data rates and could be deployed alongside a wireless carrier's voice services. An EV-DO channel has a bandwidth of 1.25 MHz, the same bandwidth size that IS-95A (IS-95) and IS-2000 (1xRTT) use.[2] The channel structure, on the other hand, is very different. Additionally, the back-end network is entirely packet-based, and thus is not constrained by the restrictions typically present on a circuit switched network. The EV-DO feature of CDMA2000 networks provides access to mobile devices with forward link air interface speeds of up to 2.4 Mbit/s with Rev. 0 and up to 3.1 Mbit/s with Rev. A. The reverse link rate for Rev. 0 can operate up to 153 kbit/s, while Rev. A can operate at up to 1.8 Mbit/s. It was designed to be operated end-to-end as an IP based network, and so it can support any application which can operate on such a network and bit rate constraints.

Standard revisions

Huawei CDMA2000 EVDO USB wireless modem

There have been several revisions of the standard, starting with Revision 0 (Rev. 0). This was later expanded upon with Revision A to support Quality of Service (to improve latency) and higher rates on the forward link and reverse link. Later in 2006 Revision B was published, that among other features includes the ability to bundle multiple carriers to achieve even higher rates and lower latencies (see TIA-856 Rev. B below). The upgrade from EV-DO Rev. A to EV-DO Rev. B involves a software update to the cell site modem, and additional equipment for the new EV-DO carriers. Existing cdma2000 operators may also have to retune some of their existing 1xRTT channels to other frequencies, since Rev. B requires all DO carriers be within 5 MHz.

TIA-856 Revision 0
The initial design of EV-DO was developed by Qualcomm in 1999 to meet IMT-2000 requirements for a greater-than-2-Mbit/s down link for stationary communications, as opposed to mobile communication such as a moving cellular phone. Initially, the standard was called High Data Rate (HDR), but was renamed to 1xEV-DO after it was ratified by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU); it was given the numerical designation TIA-856. Originally, 1xEV-DO stood for "1x Evolution-Data Only", referring to its being a direct evolution of the 1x (1xRTT) air interface standard, with its channels carrying only data traffic. The title of the 1xEV-DO standard document is "cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification", as cdma2000 (lowercase) is another name for the 1x standard, numerically designated as TIA2000. Later, likely due to the possible negative connotations of the word "only", the "DO" part of the standard's name 1xEV-DO was changed to stand for "Data Optimized". So EV-DO now stands for "Evolution-Data Optimized", the 1x prefix has been dropped by the many major carriers, and is marketed simply as EV-DO.[3] This provides a more marketing-friendly emphasis that the technology was optimized for data.

TIA-856 Rev. 0 forward link channel structure

The primary characteristic that differentiates an EV-DO channel from a 1xRTT channel is that it is Time Multiplexed on the forward link (from the tower to the mobile). This means that a single mobile has full use of the forward traffic channel within a particular geographic area (a sector) during a given slot of time. Using this technique, EV-DO is able to modulate each users time slot independently. This allows the service of users that are in favorable RF conditions with very complex modulation techniques while also serving users in poor RF conditions with simpler and more redundant signals.[4] The forward channel is divided into slots, each being 1.667 ms long. In addition to user traffic, overhead channels are interlaced into the stream. These include the Pilot which helps the mobile find and identify the channel, the Media Access Channel (MAC) which tells the mobiles when their data is scheduled, and the Control Channel, which contains other information that the network needs the mobiles to know. The modulation to be used to communicate with a given mobile is determined by the mobile itself. It listens to the traffic on the channel, and depending on the receive signal strength along with the perceived multi-path and fading conditions, makes its best guess as to what data-rate it can sustain while maintaining a reasonable frame error rate of 1-2%. It then communicates this information back to the serving sector in the form of an integer between 1 and 12 on the "Digital Rate Control" (DRC) channel. Alternatively, the mobile can select a "null" rate (DRC 0), indicating that the mobile either cannot decode data at any rate, or that it is attempting to hand off to another serving sector.[4] The DRC values are as follows:[5]
DRC Index Data rate (kbit/s) Slots scheduled Payload size (bits) Code Rate Modulation SNR Reqd. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 307.2 614.4 614.4 921.6 1228.8 16 8 4 2 4 1 2 2 1 1024 1024 1024 1024 2048 1024 2048 3072 2048 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/3 2/3 QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 8-PSK QPSK -12 -9.6 -6.8 -3.9 -3.8 -0.6 -0.8 1.8 3.7

10 11 12

1228.8 1843.2 2457.6

2 1 1

4096 3072 4096

1/3 2/3 2/3

16-QAM 8-PSK 16-QAM

3.8 7.5 9.7

Another important aspect of the EV-DO forward link channel is the scheduler. The scheduler most commonly used is called "proportional fair". It's designed to maximize sector throughput while also guaranteeing each user a certain minimum level of service. The idea is to schedule mobiles reporting higher DRC indices more often, with the hope that those reporting worse conditions will improve in time.[5] The system also incorporates Incremental Redundancy Hybrid ARQ. Each sub-packet of a multislot transmission is a turbo-coded replica of the original data bits. This allows mobiles to acknowledge a packet before all of its sub-sections have been transmitted. For example, if a mobile transmits a DRC index of 3 and is scheduled to receive data, it will expect to get data during four time slots. If after decoding the first slot the mobile is able to determine the entire data packet, it can send an early acknowledgement back at that time; the remaining three subpackets will be cancelled. If however the packet is not acknowledged, the network will proceed with the transmission of the remaining parts until all have been transmitted or the packet is acknowledged.[4]

TIA-856 Rev. 0 reverse link structure

The reverse link (from the mobile back to the Base Transceiver Station) on EV-DO Rev. 0 operates very similar to that of 3G1X CDMA. The channel includes a reverse link pilot (helps with decoding the signal) along with the user data channels. Some additional channels that do not exist in 3G1X include the DRC channel (described above) and the ACK channel (used for HARQ). Only the reverse link has any sort of power control, because the forward link is always transmitted at full power for use by all the mobiles.[5] The reverse link has both open loop and closed loop power control. In the open loop, the reverse link transmission power is set based upon the received power on the forward link. In the closed loop, the reverse link power is adjusted up or down 800 times a second, as indicated by the serving sector (similar to 3G1X).[6] All of the reverse link channels are combined using code division and transmitted back to the base station using QPSK where they are decoded. The maximum speed available for user data is 153.2 kbit/s, but in real-life conditions this is rarely achieved. Typical speeds achieved are between 20-50 kbit/s.

TIA-856 Rev. A
Revision A of EV-DO makes several additions to the protocol while keeping it completely backwards compatible with Revision 0.

These changes included the introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s. Also included were protocols that would decrease connection establishment time (called enhanced access channel MAC), the ability for more than one mobile to share the same timeslot (multi-user packets) and the introduction of QoS flags. All of these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP.[7] In the United States, Verizon Wireless and Sprint Nextel have migrated 100% of their EV-DO Rev.0 networks to EV-DO Rev. A.[8] The additional forward rates for EV-DO Rev. A are:[9]
DRC Index Data rate in kbit/s Slots scheduled Payload size (bits) Code Rate Modulation 13 14 1536 3072 2 1 5120 5120 5/12 5/6 16-QAM 16-QAM

In addition to the changes on the forward link, the reverse link was enhanced to support higher complexity modulation (and thus higher bit rates). An optional secondary pilot was added, which is activated by the mobile when it tries to achieve enhanced data rates. To combat reverse link congestion and noise rise, the protocol calls for each mobile to be given an interference allowance which is replenished by the network when the reverse link conditions allow it.[9] The reverse link has a maximum rate of 1.8 Mbit/s, but under normal conditions users experience a rate of approximately 500-1000kbit/s but with more latency than cable and dsl.

TIA-856 Rev. B
EV-DO Rev. B is a multi-carrier evolution of the Rev. A specification. It maintains the capabilities of EV-DO Rev. A, and provides the following enhancements:

Higher rates per carrier (up to 4.9 Mbit/s on the downlink per carrier). Typical deployments are expected to include 2 or 3 carriers for a peak rate of 14.7 Mbit/s. Higher rates by bundling multiple channels together enhance the user experience and enables new services such as high definition video streaming. Reduced latency by using statistical multiplexing across channels -enhances the experience for latency sensitive services such as gaming, video telephony, remote console sessions and web browsing. Increased talk-time and standby time Reduced interference from the adjacent sectors especially to users at the edge of the cell signal which improves the rates that can be offered by using Hybrid frequency re-use. Efficient support for services that have asymmetric download and upload requirements (i.e. different data rates required in each direction) such as file transfers, web browsing, and broadband multimedia content delivery.

CDMA SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY

CDMA spectral efficiency refers to the system spectral efficiency in bit/s/Hz/site or Erlang/MHz/site that can be achieved in a certain CDMA based wireless communication system. CDMA techniques (also known as spread spectrum) are characterized by a very low link spectral efficiency in bit/s/Hz as compared to non-spread spectrum systems, but a comparable system spectral efficiency. The system spectral efficiency can be improved by radio resource management techniques, resulting in that a higher number of simultaneous calls and higher data rates can be achieved without adding more radio spectrum or more base station sites. This article is about radio resource management specifically for direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSCDMA) based cellular systems. Examples of DS-CDMA based cellular systems are:

the 3GPP/UMTS 3G radio interfaces WCDMA, HSDPA and HSUPA used e.g. in Europe and Japan. the 3GPP2 2G standard cdmaOne (IS-95) and 3G standards CDMA2000 1x and 1xEVDO, used especially in the U.S. and South Korea the chinese TD-SCDMA system.

Overview
The aim of improving the system spectral efficiency is to utilize the limited radio spectrum resources and radio network infrastructure as efficiently as possible. The objective of radioresource management is typically to maximize the system spectral efficiency under constraint that the grade of service should be above a certain level. The latter involves covering a certain area and avoiding outage due to co-channel interference, noise, attenuation caused by long distances, fading caused by shadowing and multipath, Doppler shift and other forms of distortion. The grade of service is also affected by blocking due to admission control, scheduling starvation or inability to guarantee quality of service that is requested by the users.

Antenna diversity
Antenna diversity, also known as space diversity (micro-diversity as well as macro-diversity, i.e. soft handover, see below), is any one of several wireless diversity schemes that use two or more antennas to improve the quality and reliability of a wireless link. Often, especially in urban and indoor environments, there is not a clear line-of-sight (LOS) between transmitter and receiver. Instead the signal is reflected along multiple paths before finally being received. Each of these bounces can introduce phase shifts, time delays, attenuations, and even distortions that can destructively interfere with one another at the aperture of the receiving antenna. Antenna diversity is especially effective at mitigating these multipath propagation situations. This is because multiple antennas afford a receiver several observations of the same signal. Each antenna will experience a different interference environment. Thus, if one antenna is experiencing a deep fade, it is likely that another has a sufficient signal. Collectively such a system can provide a robust link. While this is primarily seen in receiving systems (diversity

reception), the analog has also proven valuable for transmitting systems (transmit diversity) as well. Inherently an antenna diversity scheme requires additional hardware and integration versus a single antenna system but due to the commonality of the signal paths a fair amount of circuitry can be shared. Also with the multiple signals there is a greater processing demand placed on the receiver, which can lead to tighter design requirements. Typically, however, signal reliability is paramount and using multiple antennas is an effective way to decrease the number of drop-outs and lost connections.

[edit] 4th Generation Vocoder (4GV)

Qualcomms fourth generation vocoder (4GV) is a suite a voice speech codecs expected to be used in future 4G networks as well CDMA networks, that allows the network operators to dynamically prioritize voice quality to increase network capacity while maintaining voice quality. Currently, the 4GV suite offers EVRC-B and EVRC-WB. Enhanced Variable Rate Codec B (EVRC-B) is a speech codec used by CDMA networks. EVRC-B is an enhancement to EVRC and compresses each 20 milliseconds of 8000 Hz, 16-bit sampled speech input into output frames of one of the four different sizes: Rate 1 - 171 bits, Rate 1/2 - 80 bits, Rate 1/4 - 40 bits, Rate 1/8 - 16 bits. In addition, there are two zero bit codec frame types: null frames and erasure frames, similar to EVRC. One significant enhancement in EVRC-B is the use of 1/4 rate frames that were not used in EVRC. This provides lower average data rates (ADRs) compared to EVRC, for a given voice quality. The new 4GV Codecs used in CDMA2000 are based on EVRC-B. 4GV is designed to allow service providers to dynamically prioritize voice capacity on their network as required. The Enhanced Variable Rate Codec (EVRC) is a speech codec used for cellular telephony in cdma2000 systems. EVRC provides excellent[citation needed] speech quality using variable rate coding with 3 possible rates, 8.55, 4.0 and 0.8 kbit/s. However, the Quality of Service (QoS) in cdma2000 systems can significantly benefit from a codec which allows tradeoffs between voice quality and network capacity, which cannot be achieved efficiently with the EVRC.

Network Optimization

[edit] Ec/Io optimization

Higher combined Ec/Io, lower traffic channel Ec/Io is required and more BTS power is conserved. Ec/Io is a notation used to represent a dimensionless ratio of the average power of a channel, typically the pilot channel, to the total signal power. It is expressed in dB.

[edit] Forward and reverse link imbalance

There are some remote places where BTS signal penetrates but reverse link of mobile cannot reach back to the base station.Solution is like reducing base station antenna height, down tilt, select lower gains, etc.

[edit] Excessive soft handoff areas

There are some areas with more soft handoff than necessary. The handoff parameters has to be reduced to save the base station power.Set higher values of T_ADD and T_DROP, and check the sector coverage should not be too high or too low.

[edit] Improper RF parameters settings

For best quality decrease the FPCH (Forward Pilot Channel) and FER (Frame Error Rate) settings to 1% and for increase the capacity of highly loaded sites, increase the settings of these parameters to more than 3%.

[edit] Use repeaters for low utilized sectors

Some sites have very low utilization and due to coverage issue, a new site is required in nearby areas. Instead of a new site, a Cellular repeater can be used effectively to provide coverage solutions.