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Motor Rating and Protection Considerations

This document discusses motor ratings and protection considerations for induction motors. It covers motor characteristics, NEMA standards for motor ratings based on insulation temperature, effects of voltage and frequency abnormalities, motor current and starting considerations, coordination of overcurrent protection with motor thermal limits, and use of numerical relays for improved thermal protection algorithms. Protection of large motors connected to weak systems may require differential relays in addition to overcurrent protection due to high starting currents.

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josenit1787
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159 views

Motor Rating and Protection Considerations

This document discusses motor ratings and protection considerations for induction motors. It covers motor characteristics, NEMA standards for motor ratings based on insulation temperature, effects of voltage and frequency abnormalities, motor current and starting considerations, coordination of overcurrent protection with motor thermal limits, and use of numerical relays for improved thermal protection algorithms. Protection of large motors connected to weak systems may require differential relays in addition to overcurrent protection due to high starting currents.

Uploaded by

josenit1787
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MOTOR RATINGS AND PROTECTION CONSIDERATIONS

JoseTitus (EngrEM)

OVERVIEW
Induction motor- Widely used in power plant. Motor characteristics and insulation considerations. NEMA standards and motor ratings. Mechanical and electrical abnormalities. Protection considerations

Induction Motor
Constitute more than 95% of drives in the powerplant as in any other industry. Wide range of applications in varying power requirements ( Fractional kW to 10 MW MDBFP) Rugged construction and lesser maintenance enables use in harsh environments. Almost constant speed characteristics in its operating range.

Motor equivalent ckt.


Equivalent ckt shows the motor parameters with mechanical load seperated. Slip increases with increase in torque At pullout torque motor becomes unstable Starting torque much lower than max torque Starting current very high - 5 to 6 times rated. Starting torque improved and current decreased by efficient starting methods

Motor Ratings
Selection of motor for a particular application requires knowledge about the motor ratings. Mechanical and electrical losses produce heat within the motor. Deteriorates insulation and cause deformation, stress and fatigue on other components. Motor should be so chosen that the ratings guarantee a sufficient expected service life for the motor.

HP Rating
Insulation is the component that defines the rated output of the motor. Insulation grouped into classes depending on the maximum operating temperature for a service life of 25-30 yrs. NEMA assigns HP ratings based on temperature rise under load with an ambient temp of 40 deg C. Motor rated in this way will have a theoretical service life equal to that of the insulation A general rule is that the insulation life gets halved for every 10 deg rise in temperature.

HP Rating
Motor heating is not homogenous. Temperatures at the hot-spots must not exceed the max values of the insulation used. NEMA bases ratings on observable temp rise measured by resistance method or using embedded detectors. Hot spot temperature is then estimated using an empirical correction depending on the method of measurement and type of motor.

HP Rating
Rating Maximum insulation temperature Allowable rise from ambient Upto 1500 HP Over 1500 HP, Below 7 kV Over 1500 HP, Above 7 kV All ratings Method RTD Class A 105 Class B 130 Class F 155 Class H 180 RTD RTD RTD RTD 65 65 65 60 90 90 85 80 80 115 115 110 105 105 140 140 135 125 125

Resistan 60 ce

Margin is allowed at higher ratings and higher voltages to account for hotspots.

Effect of abnormalities
Operation below rated voltage causes higher currents at higher slips causing increased heat. Operation above rated voltage reduces running current but increases core losses and may also damage insulation. Operation below rated Hz reduces core losses but also reduces speed and hence cooling air flow and may possibly result in higher temp. Operation above rated Hz again increases core losses and can cause overheating

Voltage and Hz variations


NEMA standards for the thermal limits in the table are applicable under the following: 10% voltage variation from rated with rated Hz. 5% Hz variation with voltage at rated value. A combined variation of V and f such that the sum of their absolute values does not exceed 10%, is also permitted if the frequency variation does not exceed 5%. These criteria set the electrical boundaries for normal operation

Motor current
Starting current remains near locked rotor value until speed reaches near 80-90%. The starting current can be determined from the NEMA locked rotor code stamped on the nameplate. This denotes KVA/HP of the motor. (See handout). Thus a 415V, 500 HP motor with code F will have a max starting current I=5.6*500(1.732*0.415)=3895.5 amps.

Voltage dip at starting


Starting of large motors or a weak system can lead to dip in voltage and a system collapse. The inverse relation between V and I leads to negative impacts on systems with large number of connected motor loads. When a large motor is started from a bus having large number of running motor loads, the decrease in V due to starting is magnified by the increased I in other motors. The resulting dip may cause tripping of all running motors.(Uv protn at Simhadri set at 80%). Hence, advisable to always start large motors from section having lesser running motor loads.

Protection considerations
Nature of load- Fans, pumps, time-variant loads like crushers etc. Same HP requirements can have different torque and inertial specifications. Proper operation requires proper load compatibility. An improper load compatibility may appear as protective device problems. Manufacturers provide short term capability in the form of thermal limit curves. Protection requires a graphical co-ordination between thermal limit curve, starting current curve and the relay characteristics.

Protection considerations
Fig shows the desired characteristics of an overcurrent relay. Protection becomes difficult as the starting time increases Another difficulty is that such a graphic coordination is not valid for time varying starting currents. Advances in numerical relays- much easier to have a proper co-ordination. Mill motors have a time varying starting current curve. Compare the protection settings of 3.3 kV mill motors of stage -1 electromechanical relays with those in ABB numerical relays of the same motors of stage-2. (See the handout)

Overcurrent protection
Prevents thermal damage- Overloads, stalling, operator error, repeated starts, unbalance current. Insulation failure, mechanical damage to rotor bars and end rings due to expansion. Proper setting- Thermal limit curve should be known. (IEEE 620 standards- see handout) Safe times for 3 conditions- Running overloads, Locked rotor and acceleration heatings.

Overcurrent protection
Running overload- Small to moderate overloads with motor at rated speed. Normal airflow allows operation for several minutes without significant temperature rise. Stator insulation limits operation in this region. Locked Rotor- Most severe overloading Current- 6 times rated; Rotor resistance 2.5-3 times rated due to skin effect; No cooling airflow. Rotor losses increase to near 100 times normal and stator losses to about 36 times normal.

Overcurrent protection
Mechanical damage to endrings can occur in 10-20 seconds. Rotor heating limits operation in this portion of the thermal limit curve Acceleration heating- To be considered only when starting time is more than the safe locked rotor time of the motor. Rotor heating defines the limits of operation in this area. TLC of 2800 KW, 11kV PA motors supplied by manufacturer for stage 2 with 3 regions marked clearly.(See handout)

Overcurrent protection
Induction disk elements and bimetallic thermal elements commonly used. Bimetallic- Thermal memory. Protection attempts to match IR chara of the relay to that of the motor limit curve. IEEE Standard C37.96-2000 - Min margin b/w the starting current and the relay chara of 2 sec for 5 to 10 sec starts and 5 sec for the 40 to 50 sec.

Numerical relays
All protn funtions included in the same relay. Mathematical based- Hence setting is easier. New sophisticated thermal protection algorithms. Algorithm used in stage-II 3.3kV mill motors protection using REM relay. (See handout) Seperate cooling and heating time constants, integrated NPS protection, real time temp sensing using RTDs. Basic thermal model- single time constant.

Phase fault protection


Normally uses instantaneous overcurrent elements set above the starting inrush. In cases where large motors are connected to weak systems, LR current can approach the fault current. In such cases differential relays may be used to provide protection. Stage-II MDBFP motor uses instantaneous overcurrent protection in conjunction with differential relays

THANK YOU

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