4 Higher-Ordr Differential Equations

Exercises 4.1---------------
l. From y e ex+ c2e-x we find y' e ex- c2e-x. Then y(O) =e+ c2 O, y'(O) e c2 = l so
that e 1/2 and c2 = 1/2. The solution is y ~ e x -1e-x
2. From y c1x + c2e-x we find y
1
= 4ce
4
x- . Then y( O)= e+ c2 = 1, y'(O) = 4e- c2 2
so that e= 3/5 and c2 = 2/5. The solution is y= ix + ge-x.
3. From y= c1x + c2x lnx we find y
1
= q + c2(1 + lnx). Then y(1) = c1 = 3, y
1
(l) = c1 + c2 -1 so
that c1 = 3 and c2 = -4. The solution is y = 3x - 4x ln x.
4. From y e+ c2 cosx +c3sinx we find y'= -c2 sinx + c3 cosx and y
11
-c2 cosx- c3 sinx. Then
y(1r) Cl- C2 0, y
1
(1r) = -c3 = 2, y
11
(1r) = C2 -1 SO that C1 = -1, C2 = 1, and C3 = -2. The
solution is y -1 - cos x - 2 sin x.
5. From y= c1 + c2x
2
we find y
1
= 2c2x. Then y(O) e= O, y
1
(0) 2c2 O= O and y
1
(0) = 1 is not
possible. Since a2(x) = x is O at x =O, Theorem 4.1 is not violated.
6. In this case we have y(O) e =O, y'(O) 2c2 O= O so e =O and c2 is arbitrary. Two solutions
are y x
2
and y= 2x
2
.
7. From x(O) = xo =e we see that x(t) = xocoswt + c2sinwt and x'(t) = -xosinwt + c2wcoswt.
Then x'(O) = Xt = c2w implies c2 = xjw. Thus
x(t)
X .
xo coswt +- smwt.
w
8. Solving the system
x(to) e coswto + c2 sinwto = x
x'(to) = -ewsinwto +c2wcoswto = Xl
for c1 and c2 gives
Thus
x(t)
wxo cos wto - x1 sin wto Xt cos wto + wxo sin wto
e= and c2
w w
coswto- x sinwto X coswto + wxo sinwto .
-------- coswt + smwt
w w
xo (e os wt cos wto + sin wt sin wto) + x
1
(sin wt e os wto - cos wt sin wto)
w
= xo cosw(t to) +X sinw(t- to).
w
104
Exercises 4. 1
9. Since a2(x) = x 2 and xo O the problem has a unique solution for -oo < x < 2.
10. Since ao(x) tan x and xo =O the problem has a unique solution for -Ti /2 < x < Ti /2.
11. Wehavey(O) c1+c2 O,y
1
(l)=cle+c2c-
1
=1sothatcl=e/(e
2
-1)andc2
The solution is y e / ( e
2
- 1).
12. In this case we have y(O) c1 1, y
1
(1) = 2c2 = 6 so that e = 1 and c2 3. The solution is
y=l+3x
2
.
13. From y= Cex cos x + sinx we find y
1
qcx(- sinx + cosx) + c2ex(cosx + sinx).
(a) We have y(O) = c1 = 1, y
1
(0) = C1 + c2 = O so that c1 = 1 and c2
y= ex cosx ex sinx.
(b) We have y(O) = c1 1, y(r.) 1, which is not possible.
(e) We have y(O) = C1 = 1, y(r./2) c2er./
2
= 1 so that c1 = 1 and c2 =
y= ex cosx + sinx.
l. The solution is
. The solution is
(d) We have y(O) = c1 O, y(r.) O so that CJ = O and c2 is arbitrary. Solutions are
y = c2ex sin x, for any real numbers c2.
14. (a) We have y( -1) = CJ + c2 + 3 O, y(1) Ct + c2 + 3 = 4, which is not possible.
(b) We have y(O) = Ct O+ c2 O+ 3 1, whch is not possible.
(e) We have y(O) = c1 O+ c2 O+ 3 3, y(1) c1 + c2 + 3 = O so that Ct is arbitrary and
c2 = -3- CJ. Solutions are y (CJ + 3)x
4
+ 3.
(d) We have y(1) = ct + c2 + 3 3, y(2) 4q + 16c2 + 3 = 15 so that CJ = -1 and c2 =l. The
solution is y= -x
2
+ x
4
+ 3.
15. Since ( -4)x + (3)x
2
+ (1)(4x- 3x
2
) =O the functions are linearly dependent.
16. Since (1)0 + (O)x + (O)ex =O the functions are linearly dependent. A similar argument shows that
any set of functions containing f(x) O will be linearly dependent.
17. Since ( -1/5)5 + (1) cos
2
x + (1) sin
2
x O the functions are linearly dependent.
18. Since (1) cos 2x + (1)1 + ( -2) cos
2
x =O the functions are linearly dependent.
19. Since ( -4)x + (3)(x -1) + (1)(x + 3) =O the functions are linearly dependent.
20. From the graphs of ft(x) = 2 + x and h(x) = 2 + lxl
we see that the functions are linearly independent since
they cannot be multiples of each other.
105
JX
Exercises 4.1
1 +X X x
2
21. The functions are linearly independent since W ( 1 + x, x, x
2
) = 1 1 2x = 2 i O.
o o 2
22. Since ( -1/2)ex + (1/2)e-x + (1) sinhx =O the functions are linearly dependent.
23. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since
w(e-3x,e4x) 7exi0
for -oo < x < oo. The general solution is
y= c1e-
3
x + czx.
24. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since
W ( cosh 2x, sinh 2x) 2
for -oo < x < oo. The general solution is
y e cosh 2x + c2 sinh 2x.
25. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since
W (ex cos 2x, sin 2x) 2e
2
x i O
for -oo < x < oo. The general solution is y = cos 2x + c2 sin 2x.
26. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since
W ( ex/2, xexf2) =ex i O
for -oo < x < oo. The general solution is
y= qex/2 + C2Xexf2.
27. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since
W (x
3
,x
4
) = x
6
i O
for O < x < oo. The general solution is
28. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since
W (cos(lnx),sin(lnx)) 1/x i O
for O < x < oo. The general solution is
y = cr cos(ln x) + c2 sin(ln x).
106
29. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since
W (x,x-
2
,x-
2
lnx) = 9x-
6
=j:. O
for O < x < oo. The general solution is
Y CJX + C2X-
2
+ C3X-
2
ln X.
30. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since
W ( 1, X, COS X, sin X) = 1
for -oo < x < oo. The general solution is
Y Cl + C2X + C3 COS X+ C4 Sin X.
Exercises 4.1
31. The functions Y1 = e
2
x and Y2 = x form a fundamental set of solutions of the homogeneous
equation, and Yp = 6ex is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
32. The functions Yl cos x and Y2 sin x form a fundamental set of solutions of the homogeneous
equation, and Yp x sin x+ ( cos x) In( cos x) is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
33. The functions Y1 = e
2
x and Y2 xe
2
x form a fundamental set of solutons of the homogeneous
equation, and Yp = x
2
e
2
x + x 2 is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
34. The functions Y1 x-
1
1
2
and Y2 = x-
1
form a fundamental set of solutions of the homogeneous
equation, and Yp /sx
2
- is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
35. (a) We have y' = 6e
2
x and y
11
= 12e
2
x so
Pl Pl '
36.




+ 5yp
1
= 12e
2
x 36e
2
x + 15e
2
x
Also,

= 2x + 3 and

= 2, so

+ 5yp
2
= 2 6(2x + 3) + 5(x
2
+ 3x) 5x
2
+ 3x 16.
(b) By the. superposition principie for nonhomogeneous equations a particular of y" 6y' +
(a)
(b)
(e)
(d)
5y + 3x- 16- 9e
2
x is Yp = x
2
+ 3x + 3e
2
x. A particular solution of the second equation
is
YPl = 5
YP2
-2x
Yp Yp
1
+ Yp
2
= 5
- 1 2
Yp - 2YP1 - YP2
2x
2 +4x
2
1 2
-y = -2x - 6x
9 Pl
1 2x
-e
3
37. (a) Since D
2
x O, x and 1 are solutions of y" = O. Since they are linearly independent, the
general solution is y= crx + c2.
107
Exercises 4.1
(b) Sin ce D
3
x
2
O, x
2
, x, and 1 are solutons of ym O. Sin ce they are linearly independent, the
general solution is y qx
2
+ c2x + c3.
(e) Since D
4
x
3
=O, x
3
, x
2
, x, and 1 are solutons of yl
4
) =O. Since they are lnearly ndependent,
the general solution is y c
1
x
3
+ c2x
2
+ c3x + c4.
( d) By part (a), the general solution of y" = O is Y e = e x + c2. Sin ce D
2
x
2
= 2! 2, Yp = x
2
s a
particular solution of y" 2. Thus, the general solution is y c1 x + c2 + x
2
.
(e) By part (b), the general solution of yw O is Yc ex
2
+ c2x + c3. Since D
3
x
3
= 3! = 6,
Yp = x
3
is a particular solution of y
111
= 6. Thus, the general solution is y = c1x
2
+c2x+c3 +x
3
.
(f) By part (e), the general solution of yl
4
) =O is Yc = c1x
3
+c2x
2
+c3x+c4. Since D
4
x
4
= 4! = 24,
Yp x
4
is a particular solution of yl
4
l = 24. Thus, the gneral solution is y = cx
3
+ c2x
2
+
C3X + C4 + x
4
.
38. By the superpostion principie, if Yl = ex and Y2 e-x are both solutions of a homogeneous linear
differential equation, then so are
1 ex +e-x 1 eX - e-x
2
(y+ Y2) =
2
= coshx and 2(Yl- Y2) = = sinh x.
39. (a) From the graphs of Yl x
3
and Y2 jxj
3
we see
that the functions are linearly independent since
they cannot be multiples of each other. It is easily
shown that y = x
3
solves x
2
y
11
- 4xy' + 6y O.
To show that Y2 = jxj
3
is a solution let Y2 = x
3
for x 2: O and let Y2 = -x
3
for x < O.
1
x3
(b) If x 2: O then Y2 = x
3
and W(y,y2)
3x
2
If x <O then Y2 = and W(y, Y2) = 1
3
:
2
This does not violate Theorem 4.3 since a2(x) = x
2
is zero at x =O.
3X
(e) The functions Y = x
3
and Y2 = x
2
are solutions of x
2
y
11
- 4xy
1
+ 6y =O. They are linearly
independent since W (x
3
,x
2
) x
4
::/;O for -oo < x < oo.
(d) The function y x
3
satsfies y(O) =O and y'(O) =O.
(e) N either is the general solution since we form a general solution on an interval for which
a2(x) ::/; O for every x in the interval.
40. Since ex-
3
= e-
3
eX = (e-
5
e
2
)ex e-
5
ex+
2
, we see that -
3
is a constant multiple of +
2
and the
functions are linearly dependent.
108
Exercises 4.2
41. Since Oy1 + Oyz + + Oyk + 1Yk+l = O, the set of solutions is linearly dependent.
42. The solutions are linearly dependent. Suppose n of the solutions are linearly independent (if not,
then the set of n + 1 solutions is linearly dependent). Without loss of generality, let this set be y
1
,
yz, ... , Yn Then y = c1Y1 + C2Y2 + + CnYn is the general solution of the nth-order differential
equation and for sorne choice, cj, c2, ... , of the coefficients Yn+l = cjy1 + c2Y2 + + But
then the set y, Y2, ... , Yn, Yn+l is linearly dependent.
Exercises 4.2---------------
In Problems 1-8 we use reduction of order to find a second solution. In Problems 9-16 we use formula
(5) from the text.
l. Define y= u(x)e
2
x so
y' = 2ue
2
x + u' e
2
x, y" = e
2
xu" + 4e
2
xu
1
+ 4e
2
xu, and y" - 4y
1
+ 4y 4e
2
xu
11
= O.
Therefore u" = O and u = ex + c2. Taking c
1
= 1 and c2 = O we see that a second solution is
Y2 = xe2x.
2. Define y = u(x)xe-x so
and
y' (1- x)e-xu + xe-xu', y"= xe-xu" + 2(1- x)e-xu'- (2- x)e-xu,
2
y"+ 2y' +y= e-x(xu" + 2u') =O or u"+ -u' =O.
X
If w = u' we obtain the first-order equation w' +
2
w = O which has the integrating factor e
2
f dx/x =
X
x
2
. Now
d [x
2
w] = O gives x
2
w = c.
Therefore w =u'= cjx
2
and u= cfx. A second solution is Y2 = I.
X
3. Definey u(x)cos4xso
y' -4u sin 4x +u' cos 4x, y" u" cos 4x - 8u
1
sin 4x - 16u cos 4x
and
y"+ 16y (cos4x)u" 8(sin4x)u' =O or u"- 8(tan4x)u' =O.
If w = u' we obtain the first-order equation w' - 8(tan 4x )w O which has the integrating factor
e-8Jtan4xdx = cos2 4x. Now
[ ( cos
2
4x )w] = O gives ( cos
2
4x )w c.
109
Exercises 4.2
Therefore w u'= csec
2
4x and u= c1 tan4x. A second solution is yz = tan4xcos4x = sin4x.
4. Define y= u(x) sin 3x so
y' = 3u cos 3x + u' sin 3x, y" u
11
sin 3x + 6u' cos 3x 9u sin 3x,
and
y" + 9y = (sin 3x )u
11
+ 6( cos 3x )u' = O or u" + 6( cot 3x )u' = O.
If w u' we obtain the first-order equation w' + 6( cot 3x )w = O which has the integrating factor
e
6
fcot3xdx = sin
2
3x. Now
d .
dx[(sm
2
3x)w] O gives (sin
2
3x)w c.
Therefore w u' = e csc
2
3x and u c1 cot 3x. A second solution is yz = cot 3x sin 3x = cos 3x.
5. Define y= u(x) coshx so
y' = u sinh x + u
1
cosh x, y
11
u" cosh x + 2u' sinh x + u cosh x
and
y
11
- y= (coshx)u" + 2(sinhx)u' =O or u"+ 2(tanhx)u' =O.
If w u' we obtain the first-order equation w' + 2(tanhx)w O which has the integrating factor
e2 f tanhxdx = cosh
2
x. Now
d
[(cosh
2
x)w] O gives (cosh
2
x)w =c.
Therefore w u' csech
2
x and u= c1 tanhx. A second solution is Y2 tanhxcoshx = sinhx.
6. Define y u(x)x so
and
y
11
- 25y = e
5
x (u"+ lu') = O or u" + lOu' = O.
If w =u' we obtain the first-order equation w' + lOw = O whch has the integrating factor e
10
f dx =
e
10
x. Now
Therefore w u'= ce-lOx and u= qe-
10
x. A second solution is Y2 =
7. Define y u(x)e
2
x/
3
so
and
9y
11
- l2y
1
+ 4y = 9e2xl
3
u
11
=O.
110
Exercises 4.2
Therefore u" O and u = qx + c2. Taking q = 1 and c2 = O we see that a second solution is
Y2 xe2xf3.
8. Define y u(x )ex/
3
so
y
11
and
6y
11
+y'- y= exl
3
(6u
11
+ 5u') =O
11 5 1
or u +
6
u o.
If w = u' we obtain the first-order equation w' + tw = O which has the integrating factor eC
5
/
6
l f dx
x/
6
. Now
d .
dx [e
5
xl
6
w] = O g1ves e
5
xl
6
w = c.
Therefore w =u'= ce-Sx/B and u= qe-Sx/6. A second solution is Y2 e-Sx/Bex/
3
= e-x/
2
.
9. Identfying P(x) = -7/x we have
J
e- J -(7/x)dx J
1
Y2 = x
4
x
8
dx = x
4
~ dx = x
4
ln lxl.
A second soluton is Y2 = x
4
Jn !x!.
10. Identifying P(x) = 2/x we have
Y2
A second solution is Y2 = x-
3
.
11. Identifying P(x) 1/x we have
J
e- J dxfx j dx
Y2 = lnx (lnx)2 dx = lnx x(lnx)2
lnx (--
1
) = -1.
lnx
A second soluton is Y2 = l.
12. Identifyng P(x) O we have
Y2
A second solution is Y2 = x
1
1
2
.
13. Identifying P(x) = -1/x we have
- J -dxjx
xsin(lnx) j e dx = xsin(lnx) j
2
. ~ ( ) dx
x) x sm lnx
Y2
= [xsin(lnx)] [-cot(lnx)] = -xcos(!nx).
A second solution is Y2 = x cos(ln x).
111
Exercses 4.2
14. ldentifying P(x) = -3/x we have
-J-3dxfx
2 J e
Y2 = x cos(ln x)
4 2
(l ) dx
x cos nx
x
2
cos(lnx)/
4 2
(l )dx
x cos nx
= x
2
cos(ln x) tan(ln x) = x
2
sin(lnx).
A second solution is Y2 = x
2
sin(ln x).
15.IdentifyingP(x) 2(1+x)/(1 2x x
2
)wehave
e- J 2(1+x)dx/( l-2x-x
2
) eln( l-2x-x
2
)
Y2 (x+1)j + dx=(x+1)j (x+
1
)
2
dx
( x + 1) (- -
2
- - x] = -2 - x
2
x.
x+1
A second solution is Y2 = x
2
+ x + 2.
16. Identfying P(x) = -2xj (1- x
2
) we have
Y2 j e- J -2xdx/(1-x2)dx = j e-1n(1-x2)dx = j 1 ~
dx =
1
1n
11
+x.
2 1- X
A second solution is Y2 = ln 1(1 + x)/ (1- x) .
17. Define y= u(x)e-
2
x so
and
y"- 4y = e-
2
xu" - 4e-
2
xu
1
=O or u
11
4u' O.
If w u' we obtain the first order equation w' 4w = O which has the integrating factor e-
4
f dx =
. 1\ow
d
re-
4
xw] =o gives e-
4
xw =c.
dx
Therefore w u' = ce
4
x and u c1x. A second solution is Y2 e-
2
xx =
observation that a particular solution is Yp = -1/2. The general soluton s
1
-
2
18. Define y= u(x) 1 so
y' =u', y" = u
11
and y"+ y' = u
11
+u' O.
112
. We see by
Exercises 4.2
If w = u' we obtain the first order equation w' + w = O which has the integrating factor ef dx = ex.
Now
Therefore w u' = ce-x and u A second solution is Y2 = 1 e-x = e-x. We see by
observation that a particular solution is Yp x. The general solution is
19. Define y= u(x)ex so
and
y"- 3y' + 2y exu" exu' O or u"- u
1
= O.
If w = u' we obtain the first order equation w' -w O which has the integrating factor e- f dx e-x.
Now
d -
dx [e xw] O gives e-xw =c.
Therefore w =u'= cex and u cex. A second solution is Y2 = exex = e
2
x. To find a particular
solution we try Yp = Ae
3
x. Then y
1
= 3Ae
3
x, y
11
9Ae
3
x, and 9Ae
3
x - 3 ( 3Ae
3
x) + 2Ae
3
x = 5e
3
x.
Thus A= 5/2 and Yp = ~ e
3
x . The general solution is
y
+
20. Define y= u(x)ex so
and
y"- 4y
1
+ 3y = exu
11
2exu' O or u"- 2u
1
= O.
If w =u' we obtain the first order equaton w'- 2w O which has the integrating factor e-
2
f dx =
. Now
d
-[e-
2
xw] =O gives e-
2
xw =c.
dx
Therefore w u
1
ce
2
x and u = c
1
e
2
x. A second solution is Y2 . To find a particular
solution we try Yp ax + b. Then y ~ = a, y; = O, and O- 4a + 3(ax + b) 3ax 4a + 3b = x.
Then 3a 1 and -4a + 3b = O so a = 1/3 and b = 4/9. A particular solution is Yp ~ x + ~ and
the general solution is
113
Exercises 4.2
2L (a) For m1 constant, let Yl = em
1
x. Then y = m1em
1
x and y'{ mtem
1
x Substituting into the
differential equation we obtain
ay'{+ byl + cy1 = amyemtx + bm1em
1
x + eem
1
x
= em
1
x(ami + bm1 +e) O.
Thus, Yl = emtx will be a solution of the differential equation whenever amt + bm1 +e O.
Since a quadratic equation always has at least one real or complex root, the differential equation
must have a solution of the form Yl = em
1
x.
(b) Write the differential equation in the form
11
b , e
y +-y+ -y O,
a a
and let Yl = em
1
x be a solution. Then a second solution is given by
e-bxfa
Y
= em
1
xj--dx
2 e2mx
= emtx e-(bfa+2m)xdx
=
~ - 1 __ em1xe-(bja+2m)
+2ml
1 e-(bfa+mt)
b/a+ 2mt
(m1 :f:. -b/2a)
Thus, when m :f:. -b/2a, a second solution is given by Y2 = em2x where m2 = -bja- m.
When m = -bj2a a second solution is given by
Y2 j dx xem
1
x.
(e) The functions
sinx
sinhx
are all expressible in terms of exponential functions.
22. We have Y = 1 and y'{ = O, so xy'{ xy + Y1 = O x + x = O and Yl (x) = x is a solution of the
differential equation. Letting y u(x)y(x) = xu(x) we get
y' xu'(x) + u(x) and y"= xu"(x) + 2u'(x).
Then xy" xy' +y x
2
u" + 2xu'- x
2
u'- xu + xu = x
2
u"- (x
2
- 2x)u' = O. If we make the
substitution w u', the second-order linear differential equation becomes x
2
w' - (x
2
x)w =O,
114
which is separable:
dw
(1
1
dx
;)w
dw
(1
~ ) d x
w
lnw = x lnx +e
ex
W = Cl
X
Exercises 4.2
Then u'= c1ex /x and u q J exdx/x. To integrate ex /x we use the series representation for ex.
Thus, a second solution is
J
ex
Y2 = xu(x) = cx -;; dx

1( 1 2 1 3 )
= CX 1 +X+ -X + -X + dx
X 2! 3!
(
1 1 1 ') )
= CX - + 1 +-X+ - X ~ + dx
X 2! 3!
(
1 2 1 3 )
=c1x lnx+x+
2
(
2
!)x +
3
(
3
!)x + ...
(
2 13 14)
= C X ]nx +X +
2
(
2
!) X +
3
(
3
!) X + .. .
An interval of definition is probably (O, oo) because of the In x tenn.
23. (a) We have y'= y"= ex, so
xy"- (x + lO)y' + 10y = xex - (x + lO)ex + lOex O,
and y ex is a solution of the differential equation.
(b) By (5) a second solution is
Y2
J
e- J P(x)dx
Yl ,., dx
Y
x+lnx
10
=ex e dx ex j x
10
e-xdx
=ex( -3,628,800 3,628,800x- 1,814,400x
2
604,800x
3
- 151,200x
4
- 30,240x
5
5,040x
6
- 720x
7
- 90x
8
10x
9
x
10
)e-x
= -3,628,800 3,628,800x- 1,814,400x
2
604,800x
3
- 151,200x
4
- 30,240x
5
5,040x
6
- 720x
7
- 90x
8
10x
9
- x
10
.
115
Exercises 4.2
1
(e) By Corollary (A) of Theorem 4.2, -
101
Y2
10 1
L xn is a solution.
n==D n!
Exercises 4.3---------------
L From 4m
2
+ m= O we obtain m O and m= -1/4 so that y e1 + e2e-x/
4
.
2. From m
2
36 =O we obtain m 6 and m -6 so that y e1x + e2e-
6
x.
3. From m
2
- m 6 =O we obtain m 3 and m= -2 so that y e1e
3
x + e2e-
2
x.
4. From m
2
3m+ 2 =O we obtain m= 1 and m= 2 so that y= e1ex + e2e
2
x.
5. From m
2
+ 8m + 16 O we obtain m= -4 and m= -4 so that y= e1e-
4
x + e2xe-
4
x.
6. From m
2
- 10m+ 25 =O we obtain m= 5 and m 5 so that y= e1x + e2xx.
7. From 12m
2
-5m-2 O we obtain m= -1/4 and m= 2/3 so that y e1e-x/
4
+ c2e2x/
3
.
8. From m
2
+ 4m- 1 =O we obtain m= -2 J5 so that y e1e( -
2
+.,J5)x + e2e( -
2
-v'S)x.
9. From m
2
+ 9 O we obtain m = 3i and m -3i so that y = ct cos 3x + c2 sin 3x.
10. From 3m
2
+ 1 =O we obtain m= i/J3 and m= -i/J3 so that y= e1 cosxj,J3 + e2sinxjJ3.
11. From m
2
- 4m + 5 =O we obtain m= 2 i so that y= e
2
x(ct cosx + e2 sinx).
12. From 2m
2
+ 2m+ 1 =O we obtan m= -1/2 /2 so that
y= cx1
2
(q cosx/2 + e2 sinx/2).
13. From 3m
2
+ 2m+ 1 =O we obtain m= -1/3 Vii/3 so that
Y = ( e1 COS .j2 X j 3 + e2 sin v'2 X j 3) .
14. From 2m
2
- 3m+ 4 O we obtain m= 3/4 J23i/4 so that
y= e
3
x/
4
(e1 cos J23 x/4 + e2 sin J23 x/4).
15. From m
3
- 4m
2
- 5m =O we obtain m= O, m 5, and m= 1 so that
16. From m
3
- 1 =O we obtain m 1 and m= -1/2 J3i/2 so that
y= e1ex + e-x/
2
( e2 cos J3 x/2 + e3 sin J3 x/2).
17. From m
3
5m
2
+ 3m+ 9 =O we obtain m -1, m 3, and m 3 so that
116
18. From m
3
+3m
2
- 4m- 12 =O we obtain m= -2, m= 2, and m= -3 so that
19. From m
3
+ m
2
2 =O we obtain m= 1 and m -1 i so that
u = e et + e -t ( c2 cos t + c3 sin t).
20. From m
3
m
2
- 4 O we obtain m= 2 and m= -1/2 V'i/2 so that
x c
1
e
2
t+e-t!
2
(c2cos t/2+c3sinv"7t/2).
21. From m
3
+3m
2
+ 3m+ 1 O we obtain m 1, m= 1, and m= 1 so that
-X -X 2 -X
y = C e + c2xe + C3X e .
22. From m
3
- 6m
2
+ 12m- 8 O we obtain m= 2, m 2, and m= 2 so that
y ee2x + C2Xe2x + C3X2e2x.
Exercises 4.3
23. From m
4
+ m
3
+ m
2
O we obtain m= O, m O, and m= -1/2 J3 /2 so that
y= e+ c2x + e-xf
2
(c3 cos J3xj2 + C4 sin J3 x/2).
24. From m
4
- 2m
2
+ 1 =O we obtain m 1, m= 1, m= -1, and m= -1 so that
25. From 16m
4
+24m
2
+ 9 =O we obtain m= i/2 and m = J3 i/2 so that
y e cos J3xj2 + c2 sin J3 x/2 + C3X cos hx/2 + c4x sin hx/2.
26. From m
4
- 7m
2
- 18 = O we obtain m 3, m and m hi so that
y= c
1
ix + c2e-
3
x + C3 cos hx + C4 sin hx.
27. From m
5
+ 5m
4
- 2m
3
- 10m
2
+ m+ 5 O we obtain m= -1, m -1, m 1, and m 1, and
m= -5 so that
u= e e_.,.+ c2re-r +
28. From 2m
5
- 7m
4
+ 12m
3
+ 8m
2
O we obtain m = O, m O, m= 1/2, and m 2 2i so that
x =e+ c2s + c3e-s1
2
+ e
28
(C4 cos 2s +es sin 2s).
29. From m
2
+ 16 =O we obtain m 4i so that y= e cos4x + C2sin4x. If y(O) = 2 and y'(O) = -2
then e= 2, c2 1/2, and y= 2cos4x- ~ sin4x.
30. Fromm
2
+1=0weobtainm=isothaty ccosB+c2sine. Ify(7r/3)=0andy'(7r/3) 2
1 J3 J3 1 .
then 2Cl + 2C2 O, -2q + 2C2 = 2, so C = -J3, C2 = 1, and y= -J3 cose+ sm e.
117
Exercises 4. 3
31. From m
2
4m 5 = O we obtain m = -1 and m = 5, so that y If y(1) O
C
5
/3, and
32.
33.
and y
1
(1) = 2, then c1e-
1
+ c2 = O, -c1e-
1
+ 5c2e
5
y= +
2, SO Cl = -e/3, C2
From 4m
2
-4m-3 O we obtain m= 1/2 and m 3/2 so that y= c
1
e-xl
2
+c2e
3
xl
2
. If y( O)= 1
and y
1
(0) 5 then e +c2 = 1, = 5, so e= -7/4, c2 11/4, and y= -ie-x/
2
+
1
fe
3
x1
2
.
From m
2
+m+2 =O we obtain m= -1/2J7 i/2 so that y= e-x/
2
( c1 cos J7 x/2 + c2 sin J7 x/2 ).
If y(O) =O and y
1
(0) =O then e= O and c2 O so that y= O.
34. From m
2
-2m+ 1 O we obtain m = 1 and m = 1 so that y = eex + c2xex. If y(O) = 5 and
y'(O) 10 then q 5, e+ c2 = 10 so c1 = 5, c2 = 5, and y= 5ex + 5xex.
35. From m
3
+12m
2
+36m O we obtain m= O, m= -6, and m= -6 so that y e +c2e-
6
x+c3xe-
6
x.
If y(O) =O, y
1
(0) = 1, and y
11
(0) -7 then
so e 5/36, c2 = -5/36, C3 = 1/6; and y= fa -1
6
e-
6
x + txe-
6
x.
'7
-1,
36. From m
3
+2m
2
5m 6 =O we obtain m= -1, m= 2, and m= -3 so that
y= e e-x+ c2e2x + C3e-3x.
If y(O) =O, y
1
(0) =O, and y
11
(0) = 1 then
e + c2 + c3 O, -c1 + 2c2 - 3c3 =O, c1 + 4c2 + 9c3 = 1,
SO C = -1/6, C2 = 1/15, C3 1/10, and
1 -x 1
y= -e +
6 15
l
+ -e-3x
10
37. From m
2
- 10m+ 25 =O we obtain m 5 and m 5 so that y c
1
e
5
x + c2xx. If y(O) = 1 and
y(l) =O then C = 1, Ce
5
+ =O, so C 1, c2 = -1, and y= x xx.
38. From m
2
+ 4 =O we obtain m 2i so that y= e cos2x + c2sin2x. If y(O) O and y(rr) O
then e =O and y c2 sin 2x.
39. From m
2
+ 1 O we obtain m= i so that y= c1 cosx + c2sinx. If y
1
(0) =O and y
1
(rr/2) 2
then e = c2 O, and y= -2 cos x.
40. From m
2
- 2m+ 2 O we obtain m= 1 i so that y= (c
1
cosx + c2sinx). If y(O) = 1 and
y(rr) 1 then c1 = 1 and y(rr) e1r cosrr = -e1r. Since -e1r f 1, the boundary-value problem has
no solution.
41. The auxilary equation is m
2
- 3 = O which has roots -;,13 and J3. By (10) the general solution
is y = cev'3x + c2e-v'1x. By (11) the general solution is y c1 cosh J3x + c2 sinh ,J3x. For
y= c1ev'1x + c2e-v'1x the intial conditions imply e+ c2 = 1, ;,l3e J3c2 = 5. Solving for e+ c2
118
Exercises 4.3
we find q = + 5VJ) and c2 5VJ) so y %(3 + 5VJ)eV3x + 5VJ)eV'3x. For
y = c1 cosh V3x + c2 sinh VJx the initial conditions iroply c1 = 1, VJc2 5. Solving for q and c2
we find q = 1 and c2 = iV3 so y = cosh V3x + iV3 sinh V3x.
42. The auxiliary equation is m
2
- 1 = O which has roots -1 and l. By (10) the general solution is
y q ex+ c2e-x. By (11) the general solution s y = c1 cosh x + c2 snh x. For y q ex+ c2e-x the
boundary conditons iroply c1 +c2 1, qe-c2e-
1
O. Solvng for c1 and c2 we find c1 = 1/(1+e
2
)
and c2 e
2
/(1 + e
2
) so y= ex /(1 + e
2
) + e
2
e-x /(1 + e
2
). For y = q cosh x + c2 sinh x the boundary
condtions roply c1 = 1, c2 tanh 1, so y cosh x- (tanh 1) sinh x.
43. The auxiliary equation should have two positve roots, so that the solution has the forro y =
e ek1 x + c2
2
x. Thus, the dfferential equation is ( f).
44. The auxilary equation should have one positive and one negative root, so that the solution has the
forro y= q
1
x + c2e-k
2
x. Thus, the differential equation is (a).
45. The auxiliary equation should have a pair of coroplex roots a bi where a < O, so that the solution
has the forro eax ( c1 cos bx + c2 sin bx). Thus, the differential equation is (e).
46. The auxiliary equation should have a repeated negative root, so that the solution has the forro
y = c1 e-x + . Thus, the differential equation is (e).
47. The differential equation should have the forro y
11
+ k
2
y =O where k 1 so that the period of the
soluton s 2n. Thus, the dfferential equation is (d).
48. The differential equation should have the forro y"+ k
2
y = O where k= 2 so that the period of the
solution is n. Thus, the differential equation s (b ).
49. (a) The auxiliary equation is m
2
64/L =O which has roots 8/vL. Thus, the general solution
of the differential equation is x =e cosh(8t/YL) + c2 sinh(8t/vL).
(b) Setting x(O) = xo and x' (O) = O we have c1 = xo, 8c2/ vL O. Solving for e and c2 we get
e= xo and c2 O, so x(t) = xocosh(8t/vL).
(e) When L 20 and xo = 1, x(t) = cosh(4tv'5). The chain will last touch the peg when
x(t) 10. Solving x(t) 10 for t we get t1

1.67326. The velocity of the

chain at this instant is x'(t) = 12yli75:::::: 17.7989 ft/s.
50. Both -C[l] ande represent arbitrary constants, and each roay take on any real value.
51. Since (m- 4) (m+5)
2
= m
3
+6m
2
-15m 100 the differential equation is y
111
+6y" -l5y' -lOOy = O.
The differential equation is not unique since any constant roultple of the left-hand side of the
differental equation would lead to the auxiliary roots.
52. A third root roust be m3 3 and the auxilary equation is


6x+l0)
119
3 11
m-
2
+7m+5.
Exercises 4.3
Tl}e differential equation is
y/11- 121 y"+ 7y' + 5y = o.
53. From the solution YI e-
4
x cos x we conclude that m1 = -4 + and m2 = -4 i are roots of the
auxiliary equation. Hence another solution must be Y2 = sin x. Now dividing the polynomial
m
3
+6m
2
+ m- 34 by [m- (-4+)][m -i)] = m
2
+ 8m + 17 gives m- 2. Therefore m3 = 2
is the third root of the auxiliary equation, and the general solution of the differential equation is
y c1 e-
4
x cos x + c2e-
4
x sin x + c3e
2
x.
54. Since 1/x--+ O as x--+ oo, we would expect the solutions of y"+ (1/x)y' +y Oto behave similar
to the solutions of y
11
+ y O; that is, like sin x and cos x for large val u es of x. Solutions of
xy
11
+y
1
+ xy =O are obtained using an ODE solver and are shown below with the ndicated initial
conditions.
y y
1 1
0.5
ox
-0.5
-1
-1
y(1) =o, y
1
(1) = 2 y(1) = 2, y
1
(1) =o
55. Factoring the difference of two squares we obtain
m
4
+1 (m
2
+1)
2
-2m
2
(m
2
+1 hm)(m
2
+1+J2m)=O.
Using the quadratic formula on each factor we m = h/2 V2i/2. The solution of the
differential equation is
,2 ( V2 . V2 ) -,;2 ( V2 . V2 )
y(x) =e
2
xf
2
e1cos
2
x+e2sm
2
x +e
2
xf
2
e3cos2x+e4sm
2
x .
56. (a) The auxiliary equation m
2
+ bm +e= O has solutions m= Jb2- 4e )/2. If b:::; O, then
the solution will contain a term of the form ef3x for /3 > O, and the solution cannot approach
O as x -+ oo. Thus, for the solution to approach O we must have b > O. Now, if e < O then
JiJ2=4C > b and -b + Jb2 - 4c > O. Thus y( x) cannot approach O. Finally, if e > O then
< b and -b Jb2 - 4e < O. In this case the solution has terms of the form
/3 <O. Therefore y(x) --+O as x--+ oo if and only if b > O ande> O.
where
(b) If b
2
- 4e > O, then y = e emx + e2em
2
x and the only solution satisfying y(O) O, y(1) = O is
y= o.
120
Exercises 4.3
If b
2
- 4c =O, then y= eemx + c2temx. Again, the only solution satisfying y(O) =O, y(l) =O
is y O.
If b
2
- 4c < O then
y= c1e-bx/
2
cos V 4c- b
2
x + c2e-bx/
2
sin V4c- b
2
x.
Now y(O) =O implies q =O and
y = sin J 4c- b2 x.
If we are to ha ve a nontrivial solution, the condition y(l)
4c - b
2
= n
2
1r
2
for n a positve integer.
57. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+.A = O and we consider three cases.
O imples ~ = n1f or
Case 1 When .A= O the general solution of the differental equation is y= c1 + e2x. The boundary
conditions imply O = y( O) = e and O = y(1r /2) e21r /2, so that e = c2 O and the problem
possesses only the trivial solution.
Case 11 When ), < O the general solution of the differental equation is y = ee.CXx + c2e-.CXx,
or alternatively, y = e cosh A.x + e2 sinh A.x. Again, y(O) = O implies e O so y =
c2sinhA.x. The second boundary condition implies O y(1rj2) = e2sinh 1f/2 or c2 =O. In
this case also, the problem possesses only the trivial solution.
Case 111 When .A > O the general solution of the differential equation s y e cos ..[). x +
c2 sin..[). x. In this case also, y(O) = O yields q = O, so that y = c2 sin..[). x. The second boundary
condition implies O = c2 sin v'>.1r /2. When v'>.r. /2 is an integer multiple of 1r, that is, when
..[). = 2k for k a nonzero integer, the problem will have nontrivial solutions. Thus, for .A= 4k
2
the
boundary-value problem will have nontrivial solutions y = c2 sin 2kx, where k is a nonzero integer.
On the other hand, when ..[). is notan even integer, the boundary-value problem will have only the
trivial solution.
58. Applying integration by parts twice we have
~ j eax j'(x) dx
= ~ eax f(x)- ~ [ ~ eax J'(x)- ~ j eax pt(x) dx]
a a a a
= ~ eax f(x)
1
2
eax f'(x) +-;. j e= f"(x) dx.
a a a
Collecting the integrals we get
j eax (f(x)- 1 f"(x)) dx = ~ eax f(x)- 1 eax j'(x).
121
Exercises 4.3
In order for the technique to ~ o r k we need to have
or
1 11 ) (
f(x)- 2 f (x = kf x),
a
where k f. O. This is the second-order differential equation
f"(x) + a
2
(k- l)f(x) =O.
If k< 1, k f. O, the solution of the differential equation is a pair of exponential functions, in which
case the original integrand is an exponential function and does not require integration by parts for
its evaluation. Similarly, if k 1, f"(x) =O and f(x) has the form f(x) = ax + b. In this case a
single application of integration by
equation is
will suffice. Finally, if k > 1, the solution of the differential
f ( x) = q c o s a ~ x + c2 sin a v'k=-1 x,
and we see that the technique will work for linear combinations of cos o:x and sin a:x.
59. Using a CAS to salve the auxiliary equation m
3
- 6m
2
+ 2m+ 1 we find m = -0.270534,
m2 = 0.658675, and m3 = 5.61186. The solution is
y
60. Using a CAS to salve the auxiliary equation 6.1lm
3
+ 8.59m
2
+ 7.93m + 0.778 =O we find
m -0.110241, m2 = -0.647826 + 0.857532i, and m3 -0.647826- 0.857532i. The
solution is
y = c
1
e-
0
11
241
x + e-
0 647826
x(c
2
cos 0.857532x + C3 sin 0.857532x).
61. Using a CASto solve the auxiliary equation 3.15m
4
5.34m
2
+ 6.33m- 2.03 =O we find
m 1.74806, m2 = 0.501219, m3 = 0.62342 + 0.588965i, and m4 = 0.62342- 0.588965i. The
solution is
y= Cle-1.74806x + C2e0.501219x + e0.62342x(C3 cos 0.588965x + C4 sin 0.588965x).
62. a CAS to solve the auxiliary equation m
4
+ 2m
2
m+ 2 O we find m = 1/2 + J3 i/2,
m2 1/2- v'3i/2, m3 = -1/2 + /7i/2, and m4 = -1/2 /7 The general solution is
y ex/
2
(e cos ~ x + c2 sin ~ x) + ( c3 cos
2
+ C4 sin V: x) .
122
Exercises 4..4
63. From 2m
4
+3m
3
- 16m
2
+ 15m- 4 =O we obtain m= -4, m= ~ , m= 1, and m= 1, so that
y= c1e-
4
x + c2ex/
2
+ c3ex + c4x. If y(O) = -2, y'(O) = 6, y"(O) = 3, and y"'(O) = ~ , then
C} + C2 + C3 = -2
1
-4C} + 2C2 + C3 + C4 = 6
1
l6c1 +
4
c2 + C3 + 2c4 = 3
1 1
-64cl +
8
c2 + c3 + 3c4 = 2 ,
- 4 - 116 918 58 d
SO C} - -
75
, C2 - - T , C3 = 25" , C4 = -S , an
4 -4x 116 x/2 918 x 58 x
y = - 75 e - 3e + 25e - 5xe
64. From m
4
- 3m
3
+ 3m
2
- m= O we obtain m= O, m= 1, m= 1, and m= 1 so that
y= CJ + c2ex + C3Xex + c4x
2
ex. If y(O) =O, y'(O) =O, y"(O) = 1, and y"'(O) = 1 then
SO C} = 2, C2 = -2, C3 = 2, C4 = -1/2, and
Exercises 4.4--------------
l. From m
2
+3m+ 2 =O we find m1 = -1 and m2 = -2. Then Yc = c1e-x + c2e-
2
x and we assume
Yp =A. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 2A = 6. Then A= 3, Yp = 3 and
-x + -2x + 3
y= C}E C2e .
2. From 4m
2
+ 9 =O we find m1 = - ~ i and m2 = ~ i. Then Yc = c1 cos ~ x + c2 sin ~ x and we assume
Yp = A. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 9A = 15. Then A = ~ , Yp = ~ and
3 . 3 5
y = CJ COS
2
X + C2 Slll
2
X +
3
.
3. From m
2
- 10m+ 25 = O we find m1 = m2 = 5. Then Yc = c1x + c2xx and we assume
Yp = Ax +B. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 25A = 30 and -lOA+ 25B = 3.
Th A
_ 6 B _ 6 _ 6 6 d
en -
5
, -
5
, Yp -
5
x +
5
, an
123
Exercises 4. 4
4. From m
2
+m 6 =O we find m1 = -3 and m2 = 2. Then Yc = ce-
3
x + c2e
2
x and we assume
Yp = Ax +B. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain -6A 2 and A 6B =O. Then
A = , B = -

, Yp -

, and
y=
2x 1 1
+ c2e - 3x
18
.
5. Frorn

+m+ 1 = O we find m m2 = O. Then Yc = ce-
2
x + c2xe-
2
x and we assurne
Yp Ax
2
+ Bx +C. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain A = 1, 2A + B =
and B + C O. Then A= 1, B = C ; , Yp = x
2
- 4x + ; , and
y=
-2 2 7
+ c2xe x + x - 4x + 2' .
6. From m
2
8m + 20 =O we find m1 = 2 + 4i and m2 2 4i. Then Yc e
2
x(cr cos4x + c2 sin4x)
and we assurne Yp = Ax
2
+ Bx + C + ( Dx + . Substituting into the differential equation we
obtain
2A 8B + 20C =O
-6D+ 13E =O
-16A + 20B =O
13D = -26
20A = 100.
Then A 5, B = 4, e = M, D = -2, E= -H' Yp 5x
2
+ 4x + i + ( -2x- H) ex and
y e
2
x(c1 cos4x + C2Sin4x) + 5x
2
+ 4x + + ( -2x-
7. Frorn m
2
+ 3 O we find m1 = J3i and m2 = -J3i. Then Yc = qcosJ3x + c2sinJ3x
and we assurne Yp = (Ax
2
+ Bx + C)e
3
x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
2A + 6B + 12C = O, 12A + 12B = O, and 12A -48. Then A B = 4, C = -1,
Yp = ( -4x
2
+ 4x - and
y= c1 cos J3x + c2 sin J3x + ( -4x
2
+ 4x- e
3
x.
8. Frorn 4m
2
-4m-3= O we find m1 and m2 = Then Yc = c1e
3
x/
2
+ c2e-x/
2
and we assurne
Yp A cos 2x + B sin 2x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 19 8B = 1 and
8A 1
gB
O Th A
19 B 8 19
2
8 2 d
- = . en -425, =-
425
, yp
425
cos x-
425
sm x, an
y= c1e
3
x/
2
+ c2e-x/
2
- cos 2x-
8
sin 2x.
425 425
124
Exercses 4.4
9. From m
2
m = O we find m1 = 1 and m2 = O. Then Yc = c1ex + c2 and we assume Yp = Ax.
Substituting into the differential equation we obtain -A -3. Then A = 3, Yp = 3x and
y = c1 ex + c2 + 3x.
10. From m
2
+2m = O we find m1 = -2 and m2 = O. Then Yc = c1e-
2
x + c2 and we assume
Yp = Ax
2
+ Bx + Cxe-
2
x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 2A + 2B = 5,
4A = 2, and -2C -l. Then A B 2, C Yp !x
2
+ 2x +

and
1 1
y= c1e-
2
x + c2 + -x
2
+ 2x + -xe-
2
x.
2 2
11. From m
2
-m+ t = O we find m1 m2 Then Yc c1exl
2
+ c2xexl
2
and we assume
Yp A+ Bx
2
ex1
2
. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 3 and 2B l. Then
A 12 B l y - 12 lx
2
ex/
2
and
, 2' p- 2 '
12. From m
2
- 16 = O we find m1 = 4 and m2 = -4. Then Yc c1x + c2e-
4
x and we assume
Yp Axe
4
x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 8A = 2. Then A= Yp =
and
y
13. From m
2
+ 4 = O we find m1 2i and m2 = - 2i. Then Y e = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x and we assume
Yp = Ax cos 2x + Bx sin 2x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 4B = O and
-4A = 3. Then A B =O, Yp cos2x, and
. 3
y = c1 e os 2x + c2 sm 2x - : x e os 2x.
14. From m
2
+ 4 = O we find m1 = 2i and m2 = -2i. Then Yc = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x and we assume
Yp (Ax
3
+ Bx
2
+ Cx) cos 2x + (Dx
3
+ Ex
2
+ Fx) sin 2x. Substituting into the differential equation
we obtain
2B + 4F O
6A+8E= O
12D= O
+2E -3
-8B+6D O
-12A =l.
125
Exercises 4.4
Then A= -f, B =O, e
2s D
32)
O E
1 F O ( 1 3 25 )
2
1 2 .
' = 16) = ' Yp = -TI!x + 32x cos X+ wX sm 2x,
and
y c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + ( -
1
1
2
x
3
+ cos 2x +
1
1
6
x
2
sin 2x.
15. From m
2
+ 1 =O we find m1 i and m2 = -i. Then Yc q cos x + c2 sin x and we assume Yp
(Ax
2
+ Bx) cos x + ( ex
2
+ Dx) sin x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 4e O,
2A + 2D = O, -4A 2, and -2B + 2e O. Then A = , B O, e = O, D = YP =
cosx + and
y Ci COS X + C2 sin X
1 2 1 .
cosx +
2
xsmx.
16. From m
2
- 5m O we find m1 5 and m2 = O. Then Yc qe
5
x + c2 and we assume YP =
Ax
4
+Bx
3
+ex
2
+Dx. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain -20A 2, 12A-15B =
-4, 6B - lOe = -1, and 2e - 5D = 6. Then A = , B = , e =
2
5
l
0
, D - ,
1 4 14 3 53 2 697 d
Yp = - 10 x + 75 x + 250 x - 625 x, an
y Cle
5x 1 4 + 14 3 53 2 697
+ c
2
- 10x 75x + 250x - 625x.
17. Fromm
2
-2m+5=0wefindm 1+2iandm2 1 2i. Thenyc=ex(ccos2x+c2sin2x)and
we assume Yp = Axex cos 2x + Bxex sin 2x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
4B = 1 and -4A = O. Then A = O, B i , Yp = lxex sin 2x, and
y= ex(c cos 2x + c2 sin 2x) + sin 2x.
18. From m
2
- 2m+ 2 =O we find m = 1 + i and m2 = 1 i. Then Yc = ex(c cosx + c2 sinx)
and we assume Yp Ae
2
x cos x + Be
2
x sin x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
A + 2B 1 and - 2A + B -3. Then A = , B = - t , Yp =

cos x - sin x and

. 7 2 1 .
y ex(c1 cosx + c2smx) + 5e x cosx-
5
e
2
x smx.
19. From m
2
+ 2m + 1 O we find m 1 = m2
Yp = A cos X + B sin X + e e os 2x + D sin 2x.
2B =O, -2A = 1, -3e + 4D = 3, and -4e
1 9 2 12 . 2 d
2
e os x - 2D e os x +
25
sm x, an
y= e e-x+ c2xe-x
= -1. Then Yc = qe-x + c2xe-x and we assume
Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
3D=O. ThenA O, e= ,D=
1 9 12 .
- cosx-- cos2x +- sm 2x.
2 25 25
20. From m
2
+ 2m - 24 = O we find m -6 and m2 4. Then Yc = + and we
assume Yp =A+ (Bx
2
+ ex)x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain -24A 16,
126
2B+10e
and
and 20B = -1. Then A= -5, B =-:Jo, e= -lio, Yp
y= qe-6x + C2e4x (;ox2 + ::ox) e4x_
Exercises 4.4
21. Ftom m
3
6m
2
= O we find m1 m2 = O and m3 6. Then Yc = q + c2x + c3x and we a.ssume
Yp = Ax
2
+ B cos X + e sin X. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain -12A 3,
6B-e=-1,andB+6e=O. ,e=l
7
,yp=

cosx+
3
\sinx,
and
1 6 1 .
x
2
-
37
cosx +
37
smx.
22. Ftomm
3
-2m
2
-4m+8=0wefindm =m2 2andm3 = -2. Tbenyc=ee
2
x+c2xe
2
x+c3e-
2
x
and we assume Yp = (Ax
3
+ Bx
2
)e
2
x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 24A 6
and 6A + 8B O. Then A= i, B -&, Yp =

P
6
x
2
) e
2
x, and
y= ce2x + C2Xe2x + C3e-2x + 136x2) e2x.
23. Ftom m
3
- 3m
2
+ 3m- 1 =O we find m= m2 = m3 = L Then Yc = + c2xex + c3x
2
ex and
we assume Yp = Ax + B + ex
3
ex. Substituting into differential equation we obtain -A 1,
3A- B =O, and 6e = -4. Then A= B = -3, e=-, Yp = -x- 3 5x
3
ex, and
Y= e ex+ c2xex + C3X
2
ex- X- 3-
2
24. Ftom m
3
m
2
-4m+4 =O we find m1 = 1, m2 = 2, and m3 = -2. Then Yc = cex+c2e
2
x+c3e-
2
x
and we a.ssume Yp = A+Bxex+exe
2
x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 4A = 5,
-3B = -1, and 4e l. Then A i, B = t, e= t, Yp = i + ixex +

and
5 1 1
y= e ex+ C2e2x + C3e-2x +- + -xex + -xe2x
4 3 4
25. Ftom m
4
+2m
2
+ 1 =O we find m = m3 = i and m2 m4 = -i. Then Yc c1 cosx + c2 sin x +
C3X cos X+ C4X sin X and we a.ssume Yp = Ax
2
+Ex+ e. Substituting into the differential equation
we obtain A= 1, B -2, and 4A +e l. Then A= 1, B e= -3, Yp = x
2
2x- 3, and
y C COSX + C2SnX + C3XCOSX + C4XSnX + x
2
- 2x- 3.
26. Ftom m
4
m
2
=O we find m1 = m2 =O, m3 = 1, and m4 =-l. Then Yc e +c2x+c3ex+c4e-x
and we assume Yp = Ax
3
+ Bx
2
+ (ex
2
+ Dx)e-x. Substituting into the differential equation we
obtain -6A 4, -2B =O, 10e- 2D =O, and -4e 2. Then A = -5, B O, e=
D = Yp = -x
3
- Gx
2
+ , and
2 3 (1 2 5 ) -X
-
3
x - :? +
2
x e .
127
Exercises 4.4
27. We ha ve Yc = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x and we assume Yv = A. Substituting into the differential equation
we find A = - . Thus y c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x - . From the initial conditions we obtain e = O
and c2 = J2, so y = J2 sin 2x .
28. We have Yc = cre-
2
x + c2ex/
2
and we assume Yv Ax
2
+ Bx +C. Substituting into the differential
equation we find A= B = -19, ande= -37. Thus y= qe-
2
X + C2ex/
2
- 7x
2
19x- 37.
From the initial conditions we obtain c1 = ! and c2 =

, so
1 186
Y
= --e-
2
x .J...- ex/
2
- 7x
2
19x- 37.
5 ' 5
29. We ha ve Y e = c1 e-x/
5
+c2 and we assume Yv = Ax
2
+ Bx. Substituting into the differential equation
we find A -3 and B = 30. Thus y= ce-x/
5
+ c2- 3x
2
+ 30x. From the initial conditions we
obtain c1 = 200 and c2 -200, so
y 200-xs- 200- 3x
2
+ 30x.
30. We have Yc qe-
2
x + c2xe-
2
x and we assume Yv (Ax
3
+ Bx
2
)e-
2
x. Substituting into the
differential equation we find A= t and B = Thus y= c
1
e-
2
x + c
2
xe-
2
x + (ix
3
+

e-
2
x.
From the initial conditions we obtain c1 = 2 and c2 = 9, so
y 2e-2x + 9xe-2x + + e-2x.
31. We have Yc e-
2
x(C! cosx + c2 sinx) and we assume Yv = Ae-
4
x. Substituting into the differential
equation we find A = 5. Thus y e-
2
x( cr cos x + c2 sin x) + 7e-
4
x. From the initial conditions we
obtain e = -10 and c2 = 9, so
y= e-
2
x( -lOcosx + 9 sinx + 7e-
4
x).
32. We ha ve Yc cr cosh x + c2 sinh x and we assume Yv = Ax cosh x + Bx sinh x. Substituting into the
differential equation we find A = O and B = . Thus
y= q coshx + c2sinhx +
From the initial conditions we obtain c1 2 and c2 12, so
y 2coshx + 12sinhx +
33. We have Xc = c1 coswt + c2 sinwt and we assume Xp = Atcoswt + Btsinwt. Substituting into the
differential equation we find A= -Fo/2w and B =O. Thus x = c1 coswt+c2 sinwt-(Fo/2w)t coswt.
From the initial conditions we obtain c1 = O and c2 = Fo/2w
2
, so
x = (Fo/2w
2
) sinwt- (Fo/2w)tcoswt.
128
Exercises 4.4
34. We have Xc = q coswt+e2 sinwt and we assume = Acos')'t+B sin ')'t, where /' =f:. w. Substitutng
into the differential equation we find A Fo/(w
2
- 1
2
) and B O. Thus
. Fo
x = e1 cos wt + e2 sm wt + (
2 2
) cos ')'t.
w -')'
From the initial condtions we obtain e1 Fof(w
2
')'
2
) and e2 =O, so
Fo Fo
x
2 2
) cos wt + -;;;--------,,.,... cos ')'t.
(w /'
35. We have Yc = e1 + e2ex + e3xex and we assume Yp
differential equation we find A = 2, B = -12, and C
Ax + Bx
2
ex +
~ . Thus
From the initial condtions we obtain e1 = 11, e2 = -11, and e3 9, so
1
12x
2
ex + -x y 11 11ex + 9xex + 2x
2
. Substituting into the
36. We have Yc qe-
2
x+(c2cosJ3x+c3sinJ3x) and we assume Yp = Ax+B+Cxe-
2
x.
Substituting into the differential equation we find A = ~ , B - ~ , and C = ~ . Thus
1 5 2
y e
1
e-
2
x + ex(e2 cos J3 x + e3 sin J3 x) + 4x 8 + 3xe-
2
x
From the initial conditions we obtain q = ~ , e2 = - ~ ~ , and e3 = , so
y
23
12
59 r;:; 17 r;:; . r;:; ) 1 5 2 -2x
+ ex
24
cos v 3 x +
72
v 3 sm v 3 x + -
8
+
3
xe .
37. We have Yc e1 cosx + e2 sin x and we assume Yp = A
2
+ Bx +C. Substituting into the differential
equation we find A= 1, B o, ande= -1. Thus y= el COSX + C2Snx + x
2
- L From y(O) = 5
and y(1) O we obtain
c1- 1 = 5
(cos l)e1 + sin(1)c2 O.
Solvng this system we find c
1
6 and c2 = -6 cot l. The solution of the boundary-value problem
is
y 6 cos x 6( cot 1) sin x + x
2
1.
38. We have Yc = ex(e1 cosx + c2sinx) and we assume Yp = Ax +B. Substituting into the differential
equation we find A 1 and B O. Thus y =ex( e1 cos x+ c2 sin x) +x. From y(O) = O and y(1r) 7f
we obtain
q =0
129
Exercises 4.4
Solving this system we find c1 O a.nd c2 is any real number. The solution of the boundary-value
problem is
39. We ha ve Y e = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x and we assume Yp A cos x + B sin x on [0, 1r /2]. Substituting
into the differentia.l equation we find A = O and B = 1 Thus y = e cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + ~ s i n x on
[0,7r/2]. On (n'/2,oo) we have y c3cos2x +c4sin2x. From y(O) = 1 and y'(O) = 2 we obtain
1
2.
Solvng this system we find c1 = 1 and c2 = ~ . Thus y e os 2x + ~ sin 2x + 1 sin x on [O, 1r /2].
Now continuty of y at x 1r /2 implies
5 . 1 . 1f' .
cos 1r + 6' sm 1r +
3
sm 2' = C3 e os 1r + c4 sm 1r
or -1 + 1 -c3. Hence c3 = . Continuity of y' at x = 1r /2 implies
. 5 1 1f' 2 . 2
-2 sm 1r + - cos 1r + - cos - = - c3 sm 1r + c4 cos 1r
3 3 2
or -i -2c4. Then C4 ~ and the solution of the inital-value problem is
{
cos 2x + ~ sin 2x + ~ sin x, O :S x :S 1r /2
y(x) =
1cos2x + ~ sin2x, x > 1rj2.
40. We ha ve Y e = ex (e cos 3x + c2 sin 3x) and we assume Yp = A on [0, 1r]. Substituting into the
differential equation we find A= 2. Thus, y= ex(e cos 3x + c2 sin 3x) + 2 on [0, 1r]. On (1r, oo)' we
have y= ex(c3 cos 3x + C4 sin3x ). From y(O) =O and y'(O) O we obtain
c1 = -2, e+ 3c2 =O.
Solving this system, we find e = -2 and c2 = . Thus y= ex( -2cos3x + sin3x) + 2 on [O, 1r].
Now, continuty of y at x 1r implies
e 'Ir (-2 cos 37r + ~ s i n 31f') + 2 = e 'Ir ( c3 cos 31f' + C4 sin 31f')
or 2 + 2e7r = -c3e1r or C3 = -2e-7r(1 + e1r). continuity of y' at 1r implies
or -c3e1r- 3c4e7r = O. Since c3 = -2e-7r(1 +e") we have q = e-7r(l + e1r). The solution of the
initial-value problem is
{
ex (-2 cos 3x + sin 3x),
y(x) =
(1 + e1r)ex-1r ( -2 cos 3x + ~ s i n 3x ),
130
X> 1f'.
Exercises 4.4
41. (a) From Yp Aekx we find y ~ Akekx and y ~ = Ak
2
ekx Substituting nto the differential
equation we get
aAk
2
ekx + bAkekx + eAix = (ak
2
+ bk + e)Aix = x,
so (ak
2
+ bk + e)A = l. Since k is nota root of am
2
+ bm +e O, A= l/(ak
2
+ bk +e).
(b) From Yp Axekx we find y ~ = Akxekx + Ax and y ~ Ak
2
xekx + 2Akekx. Substtuting into
the differential equation we get
aAk
2
xx + 2aAkix + bAkxix + bAx + eAxekx
= (ak
2
+ bk + e)Axix + (2ak + b)Aix
= (O)Axx + (2ak + b)Aekx = (2ak + b)Aix = ekx
where ak
2
+ bk +e = O because k is a root of the auxiliary equation. Now, the roots of the
auxiliary equation are -b/2a .jb2 - 4ae, and since k is a root of multiplicity one, k# -b/2a
and 2ak + b-:/ O. Thus (2ak + b)A = 1 andA 1/(2ak + b).
(e) If k is a root of multiplcity two, then, as we saw in part (b), k -b j2a and 2ak + b = O.
From Yp = Ax
2
ekx we find y ~ = Akx
2
x + 2Axx and y ~ = Ak
2
x
2
x + 4Akxx 2Ax.
Substituting into the dfferential equation, we get
aAk
2
x
2
ekx + 4aAkxix + 2aAekx + bAkx
2
ix + 2bAxix + eAx
2
x
= (ak
2
+ bk + e)Ax
2
x + 2(2ak + b)Axekx + 2aAekx
(O)Ax
2
x + 2(0)Axekx + 2aAekx = 2aAx ekx.
Since the differential equaton is second-order, a-:/ O and A= l/(2a).
42. Using the double-angle formula for the cosine, we have
sin x cos 2x sin x(cos
2
x- sin
2
x) sin x(1 - 2 sin
2
x) = sin x 2 sin
3
x.
Sin ce sin x is a solution of the related homogeneous differential equation we look for a particular
solution of the form Yp = Ax sin X+ Bx cos X+ e sin
3
x. Substituting into the differential equation
we obtain
2a cos x + ( 6e - 2b) sin x - 8e sin
3
x sin x - 2 sin
3
x.
Equating coefficients we find a O, e= ~ , and b = ~ . Thus, a particular solution s
1 1 . 3
YP =
4
xcosx +
4
sm x.
43. (a) f(t) et sin t. We see that Yp-+ oo as t-+ oo and Yp-+ O as t-+ -oo.
(b) j(t) . We see that Yp-+ oo as t-+ oo and Yp-+ oo as t-+ -oo.
131
Exercses 4.4
(e) f(t) =sin 2t. We see that Yp is sinusoidal.
( d) J(t) = l. We see that Yp is constant and simply translates Yc vertically.
44. The complementary function is Y e = e
2
x ( q cos 2x + c2 sin 2x). We assume a particular solution of
the form Yp = (Ax
3
+ Bx
2
+ Cx)e
2
x cos 2x + (Dx
3
+ Ex
2
+ F)e
2
x sin 2x. Substituting into the
differential equation and using a CAS to simplify yields
[12Dx
2
+ (6A + 8E)x + (2B + 4F)]e
2
x cos 2x
+ [-12Ax
2
+ ( -8B + 6D)x + ( -4C + 2E)je
2
x sin 2x
= (2x
2
- 3x)e
2
x cos 2x + (10x
2
- x- l)e
2
x sin 2x.
Ths gves the system of equations
12D = 2,
-12A = 10,
6A+8E = -3,
-8B+6D =
2B+4F =O,
-40+ 2E =
from which we find B C = D = t, E= i, and F -k. Thus, a particular
solution of the differential equation is
Y
= (-

+

+ e
2
x cos ?x +

+

p 6 4 '8 -' 6 4
)e
2
x sin 2x.
45. The complementary function is Y e = C cos X+ C2 sin X+ C3X cos X+ C4X sin X. vVe assume a particular
solution of the form Yp = Ax
2
cos x+Bx
3
sinx. Substituting into the differential equation and using
a CAS to simplify yields
( -8a + 24b) cos x + 3bx sin x = 2 cos x 3x sin x.
This implies -Sa + 24b = 2 and -24b = -3. Thus b = k, a= ! , and Yp = !x
2
cos x + kx
3
sin x.
Exercises 4.5---------------
1. (9D
2
- 4)y =(3D 2)(3D + 2)y sinx
2. (D
2
- 5)y = (D- VS)(D + VS)y x
2
- 2x
3. (D
2
- 4D- 12)y = (D- 6)(D + 2)y =X- 6
4. (2D
2
3D- 2)y (2D + l)(D- 2)y = 1
5. (D
3
+ 10D
2
+ 25D)y = D(D + 5)
2
y =ex
6. (D
3
+ 4D)y = D(D
2
+ 4)y =ex cos 2x
7. (D
3
+ 2D
2
- 13D + lO)y = (D- l)(D- 2)(D + 5)y = xe-x
8. (D
3
+ 4D
2
+ 3D)y = D(D + l)(D + 3)y x
2
cosx- 3x
132
Exercises 4.5
9. (D
4
+ 8D)y = D(D + 2)(D
2
- 2D + 4)y = 4
10. (D
4
- 8D
2
+ 16)y = (D 2)
2
(D + 2)
2
y = (x
3
- 2x)e
4
x
11. D
4
y = D
4
(10x
3
2x) D
3
(30x
2
- 2) = D
2
(60x) D(60) O
12. (2D- 1)y = (2D 1)4ex/
2
= 8Dexf
2
- 4exf
2
4exf
2
- 4exf
2
O
13. (D-2)(D+5)(e
2
x+3e-
5
x) (D-2)(2e
2
x-15e-
5
x+5e
2
x+15e-
5
x) = (D-2)7e
2
x = 14e
2
x-14e
2
x =O
14. (D
2
+ 64)(2cos8x 5sin8x) = D(-16sn8x- 40cos8x) + 64(2cos8x- 5sin8x)
= -128 cos Bx + 320 sin 8x + 128 cos Bx - 320 sin Bx O
15. D
4
because of x
3
17. D(D- 2) because of 1 and e
2
x
19. D
2
+ 4 because of cos 2x
21. D
3
(D
2
+ 16) because of x
2
and sin 4x
16. D
5
because of x
4
18. D
2
(D- 6)
2
because of x and xe
6
x
20. D(D
2
+ 1) because of 1 and sinx
22. D
2
(D
2
+ 1)(D
2
+ 25) because of x, sinx, and cos5x
23. (D + 1)(D 1)
3
because of e-x and x
2
ex
24. D(D- 1) 2) because of 1, ex, and
25. D(D
2
- 2D + 5) because of 1 and ex cos 2x
26. (D
2
+ 2D + 2)(D
2
- 4D + 5) because of e-x sinx and e
2
x cosx
27. 1, x, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
28. D
2
+4D D(D + 4);
1 -4x
,e
29.
e6x
)
30. D
2
-9D 36 (D- 12)(D + 3);
31. cos v'5 x, sin .j5 x
32. D
2
- 6D + 10 D
2
- 2(3)D + (3
2
+ 1
2
); e
3
x cosx, e
3
x sinx
33. D
3
10D
2
+ 25D = D(D- 5)
2
; 1,
34. 1, X,
35. Applying D to the differential equation we obtain
Then
D(D
2
- 9)y = O.
y= qe
3
x + c2e-
3
x + C3
~
Y e
133
Exercises 4.5
and Yp A. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields -9A 54 or: A = -6. The general
soluton is
36. Applying D to the differential equation we obtain
D(2D
2
- 7D + 5)y O.
Then
Y e
and Yp A. Substituting Yp into the differentia.l equation yields 5A = -29 or A = -29/5. The
general solution is
y
37. Applying D to the differental equation we obtain
Then
D(D
2
+ D)y = D
2
(D + l)y =O.
y= Cl + C2-x + C3X
~
Y e
and Yp = Ax. Substtuting Yp into the differential equation yields A = 3. The general solution is
Y CI + c2e-
3
x + 3x.
38. Applyng D to the differential equation we obtain
Then
Y e
and Yp = Ax. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields A = 10. The general solution is
y= CI +
39. Applying D
2
to the differential equation we obtain
D
2
(D
2
+ 4D + 4)y = D
2
(D + 2)
2
y =O.
Then
Y e
134
Exercises 4.5
and Yp = Ax +B. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields 4Ax + (4A + 4B) = 2x + 6.
Equating coefficients gives
4A 2
4A+4B = 6.
Then A= 1/2, B = 1, and the general solution is
40. Applying D
2
to the dfferential equation we obtain
Then
y
and Yp = Ax
2
+Ex. Substtuting Yp into the differential equation yields 6Ax + (2A + 3B) 4x- 5.
Equating coefficients gives
6A=4
2A+3B = -5.
Then A = 2/3, B 19/9, and the general solution is
-3x 2 2 19
y c1 + cze +
3
x - g-x.
41. Applying D
3
to the differential equation we obtain
Then
Y e
and Yp Ax
4
+ Bx
3
+ Cx
2
. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
12Ax
2
+ (24A + 6B)x + (6B + 2C) = 8x
2
.
Equating coefficients gives
12A = 8
24A+6B =O
6B+2C =O.
135
Exercses 4.5
Then A = 2/3, B = -8/3, e = 8, and the general solution is
-x 2 4
y = e + c2x + c3e +
3
x
42. Applyng D
4
to the differential equation we obtain
D
4
(D
2
- 2D + 1)y = D
4
(D- 1)
2
y =O.
Then
Y e
and Yp = Ax
3
+ Bx
2
+ex+ D. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
Ax
3
+ (B 6A)x
2
+ (6A- 4B + e)x + (2B - 2e + D) = x
3
+ 4x.
Equating coeffi.cients gives
A 1
B -6A =O
6A- 4B+ e= 4
2B 2e+D =O.
Then A 1, B = 6, e = 22, D = 32 , and the general solution is
y e ex+ c2xex + x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 22x + 32.
43. Applying D 4 to the differential equation we obtain
Then
(D- 4)(D
2
D- 12)y = (D- 4)
2
(D + 3)y =O.
y ce4x + c2e-
3
x + c3xx
-----...--
Y e
and Yp = Axx. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields 7 Ax = x. Equating
coeffi.cients gives A 1/7. The general solution is
y
44. Applyng D 6 to the differential equation we obtain
(D - 6)(D
2
+ 2D + 2)y O.
Then
Y e
136
Exercises 4.5
and Yp = Ax. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields 50Ax = sx. Equating
coefficients gives A= 1/10. The general solution is
. . 1 6x
y = ( Cl COS X -t- C2 Sin X) T lQ e
45. Applying D(D- 1) to the differential equation we obtain
D(D- 1)(D
2
- 2D- 3)y = D(D- 1)(D + l)(D- 3)y =O.
Then
y
Y e
and Yp = Aex +B. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields -4Aex - 3B = 4ex- 9.
Equating coefficients gives A -1 and B 3. The general solution is
y c1e
3
x + c2e-x- ex+ 3.
46. Applying D
2
(D + 2) to the differential equation we obtain
D
2
(D + 2)(D
2
+ 6D + S)y = D
2
(D + 2)
2
(D + 4)y O.
Then
Y e
and YP = Axe-
2
x + Bx + C. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
2Ae-
2
x + 8Bx + (6B + SC) 3e-
2
x + 2x.
Equating coefficients gives
2A=3
SB 2
6B+8C =O.
Then A 3/2, B = 1/4, C = -3/16 , and the general solution is
2 4 3 -2x 1 3
y= c1e- x + c2e- x + 2xe + x-
16
4 7. Applying D
2
+ 1 to the differential equation we obtain
(D
2
+ 1)(D
2
+ 25)y =O.
Then
y = c1 cos Sx + c2 sin Sx + C3 e os x + c4 sin x
Y e
137
Exercises 4.5
and Yv = A cos ~ + B sin x. Substituting Yv into the differential equation yields
24A cos x + 24B sin x 6 sin x.
Equating coefficients gives A O and B 1/4. The general solution s
5
. 5 1 .
y = C COS X + C2 Slll X +
4
Slll X.
48. Applying D(D
2
+ 1) to the differential equation we obtain
D(D
2
+ 1)(D
2
+ 4)y O.
Then
y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + c3 cos x + c4 sin x + es
Y e
and Yv = Acosx + Bsinx +C. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
3A cosx + 3B sinx + 4C = 4cos x + 3 sinx- 8.
Equating coefficients gives A= 4/3, B = 1, and C = -2. The general solution is
2 . 2
4
. 2
y = e1 COS X + e2 Slll X +
3
COS X + Slll X
49. Applying (D- 4)
2
to the differential equation we obtain
Then
Y e
and Yv Axx + Bx. Substituting Yv into the differential equation yields
49Axe
4
x + (14A + 49B)x -xx.
Equating coefficients gives
49A = -1
14A+ 49B =O.
Then A= -1/49, B = 2/343, and the general solution is
y
e e-
3
x +e xe-
3
x - ...!...xx +
2
1 2
49 343
50. Applying D
2
(D - 1)
2
to the differential equation we obtain
138
Exercises 4.5
Then
Y e
and Yp = Axex + Bex +ex+ D. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
-6Axex + (5A- 6B)ex- 10ex + (3e 10D) = xex + x.
Equating coefficients gives
-6A = 1
5A 6B O
-10e = 1
3e lOD =O.
Then A= -1/6, B = -5/36, e -1/10, D = -3/100, and the general solution is
y= ce2x + C2e-5x- ~ x e x 5 ex 1 X 3
6 36 - 10 100
51. Applying D( D - 1 )
3
to the differential equation we obtain
D(D 1)
3
(D
2
- 1)y D(D- 1)
4
(D + 1)y =O.
Then
Y e
and Yp = Ax
3
ex + Bx
2
ex + exex +D. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
6Ax
2
ex + (6A + 4B)xex + (2B + 2e)ex - D x
2
ex + 5.
Equating coefficients gives
Then A= 1/6, B = -1/4, e= 1/4, D
6A = 1
6A+4B =O
2B + 2e O
-D=5.
and the general solution is
1 1
y= e ex+ c2e-x + -x
3
ex- -x
2
ex + - 5.
6 4
52. Applying (D + 1)
3
to the differential equation we obtain
(D + 1)
3
(D
2
+ 2D + l)y (D + 1)
5
y =O.
139
Exercises 4.5
Then
Y e
and Yp = + Bx
3
e-x + Cx
2
e-x. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
12Ax
2
e-x + 6Bxe-x + 2Ce-x
Equating coefficients gives A
1
1
2
, B O, and C O. The general solution is
53. Applying D
2
- 2D + 2 to the differential equation we obtain
Then
Y e
and Yp = Aex cos x + Bex sin x. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
3Aex cos x + 3Bex sin x = ex sin x.
Equating coefficients gives A = O and B = 1/3. The general solution is
y ex ( Cl COS 2X + C2 Sn 2x) + ~ e x Sll X.
54. Applying D
2
- 2D + 10 to the differential equation we obtain
(D
2
- 2D + 10) ( D
2
+ D + D y (D
2
- 2D + 10) ( D + ~ )
2
y o.
Then
Y e
and Yp Aex cos 3x + Bex sin 3x. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
Equating coefficients gives
4
+9B 1
-9A-
4
=l.
Then A= -4/225, B -28/225, and the general solution is
4 X 28
-e cos 3x - sin 3x.
225 225
140
Exercises 4.5
55. Applying D
2
+ 25 to the differential equation we obtain
(D
2
+ 25)(D
2
+ 25) = (D
2
+ 25)
2
=O.
Then
y = e cos 5x + c2 sin 5x + c3x cos 5x + C4X cos 5x
Y e
and Yp = Ax cos 5x + Bx sin 5x. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yelds
10Bcos5x -10Asin5x = 20sin5x.
Equating coefficients gives A -2 and B =O. The general solution is
y e cos 5x + c2 sin 5x- 2x cos 5x.
56. Applying D
2
+ 1 to the differential equation we obtain
(D
2
+ 1)(D
2
+ 1) = (D
2
+ 1)
2
=O.
Then
Y e
and Yp = Ax cos x + Bx sin x. Substtuting Yp into the differential equation yields
2B cos x - 2A sin x 4 cos x - sin x.
Equating coefficents gives A = 1/2 and B 2. The general solution is
. 1 2 .
y = C COS X + C2 Slll X + COS X - X Slll X.
57. Applying (D
2
+ 1)
2
to the differential equation we obtain
(D
2
+ lf(D
2
+ D + 1) =O.
Then
-x/2 [ yf3 yf3 J
Y e Cl COS
2
X + C2 Slll
2
X + C3 COS X + C4 Slll X + C5X COS X + C{;X Slll X
Y e
and Yp A cos x + B sin x + Cx cos x + Dx sin x. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
(B +e+ 2D) COSX + Dxcosx +(-A 2C + D) sinx- Cxsinx = xsinx.
Equating coefficients gives
B+C+2D O
D O
-A 2C+D O
-C =l.
141
Exercises 4.5
Then A= 2, B 1, e -1, and D O, and the general solution is
-x/2 [ /3 /3 ] ')
y e crcos
2
x+c2sm
2
x +.cosx+smx-xcosx.
58. Writing cos
2
x ~ (1 + cos 2x) and applying D(D
2
+ 4) to the differential equation we obtain
D(D
2
+ 4)(D
2
+ 4) D(D
2
+ 4)
2
=O.
Then
y cr cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + c3x cos 2x + C4X sin 2x + es
Y e
and Yp Ax e os 2x + Bx sin 2x + e. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
. 1 1
-4A sm 2x + 4B e os 2x + 4e =
2
+
2
cos 2x.
Equating coefficients gives A = O, B = 1/8, and e 1/8. The general solution is
. 1 . 1
y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sm 2x + 8x sm 2x + 8.
59. Applying D
3
to the differential equation we obtain
D
3
(D
3
+ 8D
2
) = D
5
(D + 8) =O.
Then
Y e
and Yp = Ax
2
+ Bx
3
+ ex
4
. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
16A + 6B + (48B + 24e)x + 96ex
2
= 2 + 9x 6x
2
.
Equating coefficients gives
16A+6B = 2
48B +24e = 9
96e = -6.
Then A 11/256, B 7/32, and e= -1/16, and the general solution is
-8x 11 2 7 3 1 4
Y= e+ C2X + C3e + 256x + 32x - 16x .
60. Applying D(D 1)
2
(D + 1) to the differential equation we obtain
D(D- 1)
2
(D + 1)(D
3
D
2
+ D- 1) = D(D- 1)
3
(D + 1)(D
2
+ 1) =O.
Then
Y e
142
Exercises 4.5
and Yp A+ Ee-x + exex + Dx
2
ex. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
4Dxex + (2e + 4D)ex- 4Ee-x -A = xex - + 7.
Equating coefficients gives
4D 1
2e+4D O
-4E = -1
-A 7.
Then A= E= 1/4, e= -1/2, and D = 1/4, and the general solution is
1 1 1
Y Clex + C2 COSX + C3 SUX- 7 +e-x- 2Xex + x
2
ex.
61. Applying D
2
(D- 1) to the differential equation we obtain
Then
Y e
and Yp = A+ Ex+ ex
3
ex. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
+ 3E)- Ex+ 6eex 16 x +ex.
Equating coefficients gives
-A +3E = 16
-E= -1
6e =l.
Then A= -13, E = 1, and e 1/6, and the general solution is
62. Writing (ex+ e-x)
2
2 + e
2
x + e-
2
x and applying D(D- 2)(D + 2) to the differential equation we
obtain
D(D- 2)(D + 2)(2D
3
- 3D
2
3D+ 2) D(D 2)
2
(D + 2)(D + 1)(2D- 1) =O.
Then
Y e
143
Exercises 4.5
and Yp =A.+ Bxe
2
x + ee-
2
x. Substituting.yp into the differential equation yields
2A. + 9Be
2
x- 20ee-
2
x = 2 + e
2
x + e-
2
x.
Equating coefficients gives A. = 1, B = 1/9, and e= -1/20. The general solution is
1 -2x
--e .
20
63. Applying D(D 1) to the differential equation we obtain
Then
Y e
and Yp = .A.x
2
+ Bx
2
ex. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields 2A. + 2Bex 1 +ex.
Equating coefficients gives A. = 1/2 and B = 1/2. The general solution is
64. Applyng D
3
(D- 2) to the differential equation we obtain
Then
Y e
and Yp A.x
2
+ Bx
3
+ ex
4
+ Dxe
2
x. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
( -8A. + 24e) - 24Bx - 48ex
2
+ 16De
2
x = 5x
2
-
Equating coefficients gives
-8A. + 24e =O
-24B O
-48e = 5
16D -1.
Then A.= --5/16, B =O, e= -5/48, and D = -1/16, and the general solution is
144
Exercises 4.5
65. The complementary function is Yc = c1e
8
x + c2e-
8
x. Using D to annihilate 16 we find Yp = A.
Substituting Yp into the dfferential equation we obtain -64A = 16. Thus A= 1/4 and
The initial conditions imply
Thus q = c2 = 5/8 and
y= c1x + c2e-Bx
1
-
4
y'= 8qe8x 8c2e-
8
x.
Cl + C2
8c1- 8c2
5
4
o.
1
4
66. The complementary function is Yc = q + c2e-x. Using D
2
to annihilate x we find Yp = Ax + Bx
2
.
Substituting Yp into the differential equation we obtain (A+ 2B) + 2Bx = x. Thus A = -1 and
B = 1/2, and
The initial conditions imply
Thus c1 = 2 and c2 -1, and
y e+
1
x+ -x
2
2
1 +x.
q+c2=1
y 2
1 2
- x+
2
x.
67. The complementary function is Yc = q +c2e
5
x. Using D
2
to annihilate x-2 we find Yp = Ax+Bx
2
.
Substituting Yp into the differential equation we obtain (-5A+2B)-10Bx -2+x. Thus A= 9/25
and B 1/10, and
y
The initial conditions imply
5x 9 1 2
q + c2e + -x- -x
25 10
c1 + c2 =O
41
5c2 = 125.
145
Exercises 4.5
Thus e = -41/125 and c2 = 41/125, and
41 41 5x 9
y= -125 + 125e + 25x
1 2
-X.
10
68. The complementary function is Yc = c1ex + c2e-
6
x. Using D 2 to annihilate 10e
2
x we find
Yp = Ae
2
x. Substituting Yp into the differential equation we obtain 8Ae
2
x = 10e
2
x. Thus A = 5/4
and
y
The initial conditions imply
Thus e = -3/7 and c2 5/28, and
1
C} + C2 = -
3
e- 6c2 =-
2
69. The complementary function is Yc = ecosx + c2sinx. Using (D
2
+ l)(D
2
+ 4) to annihilate
8 cos 2x - 4 sin X we find Yp = Ax cos X + Bx sin X + e e os 2x + D sin 2x. Substituting Yp into the
differential equation we obtain 2B cos x- 3e cos 2x - 2A sin x 3D sin 2x 8 cos 2x- 4 sin x. Thus
A = 2, B = O, e = -8/3, and D = O, and
y = C} COS X + C2 sin X + 2x COS X
8
3
cos 2x
r 2 2 . 16 . 2
y -e Sin X + C2 COS X + COS X X Sin X +
3
Sin X.
The initial conditions imply
Thus q -rr and c2 -11/3, and
8
C2+-=-1
3
-c1- 1r =O.
11 . 2 8 2
y = -11' COS X -
3
Sin X + X COS X -
3
COS X.
70. The complernentary function is Yc =e+ + c3xex. Using D(D- 1)
2
to annihlate
xex + 5 we find Yp = Ax + Bx
2
ex + ex
3
ex. Substituting Yp into the differential equation
146
Exercises 4.5
we obtan A+ (2B + 6e)ex + 6exex = xex + 5. Thus A 5, B = -1/2, and e 1/6, and
y
y'
y"
The nitial conditions imply
e2 + e3 + 5 = 2
Thus e1 = 8, e2 = -6, and e3 = 3, and
71. The complementary function is Y e = e
2
x ( e1 cos 2x + e2 sin 2x ). Using D
4
to annihilate x
3
we
find Yp = A + Ex + ex
2
+ Dx
3
. Substituting Yp into the differential equation we obtain
(8A- 4B + 2e) + (8B- 8e + 6D)x + (Se- 12D)x
2
+ 8Dx
3
= x
3
. Thus A = O, B = 3/32,
e = 3/16, and D = 1/8, and
y
2 3 3 2 1 3
ex(qcos2x+e2sin2x)+ +16x +sx
y'= [el ( 2 cos 2x - 2 sin 2x) + e2 (2 e os 2x + 2 sin 2x)] +
3
3
2
+ ~ x + ~ x
2
.
The initial conditions imply
e
1
= 2
3
2e1 + 2e2 +
32
= 4.
Thus e1 = 2, e2 -3/64, and
y= e
2
x(2cos 2x-
6
3
4
sin2x) +
3
3
2
x +
3 1
+ -x3.
8
72. The complementary function is Yc q + e2x + e3x
2
+ Using D
2
(D - 1) to annihilate
x + we find Yp Ax
3
+ Bx
4
+ ex ex. Substituting Yp into the differential equation we obtain
147
Exercses 4.5
( -6A + 24B)- 24Bx + cex =X+ . Thus A= -1/6, B = -1/24, ande= 1, and
1 1
-x
3
- -x
4
+ xex
6 24.
1 X 1213 X X
y = c2 + 2c3x + qe - -x - -x + e + xe
2 6
11 2 X 1 2 2 X X
y = C3 + c4e - x - 2x + e + xe .
The initial conditions imply
Thus e = 2, c2 = 1, c3 O, and C4 = -2, and
y=2+x
73. To see in this case that the factors of L do not commute consider the operators (xD- 1)(D + 4)
and (D + 4)(xD- 1). Applying the operators to the function x we find
(xD- 1)(D + 4)x (xD
2
+ 4xD- D- 4)x
xD
2
x + 4xDx Dx - 4x
= x(O) + 4x(1) - 1 4x = -1
and
(D + 4)(xD 1)x = (D + 4)(xDx- x)
= (D + 4)(x 1- x) =O.
Thus, the operators are not the same.
Exercises 4.6---------------
The particular solution, Yp uy + u2y2, in the following problems can take on a variety of forms,
especially where trigonometric functions are involved. The validity of a particular form can best be
checked by substituting it back into the differential equation.
148
l. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+ 1 =O, so Yc =e cosx + c2 sinx and
Identifying f ( x) = sec x we obtain
Then u= ln 1 cosx!, u2 x, and
1
cosx sinx 1
W = sin x cos x 1 = l.
1
sinxsecx
u
1
= -
1
= - tan x
cos x sec x = l.
1
y = CJ COS X + C2 sin X + COS X ln 1 COS X j + X Sin X.
2. The auxilary equation is m
2
+ 1 =O, so Yc =e cos x + c2 sin x and
w
1
cosx sinx 1
- sin x cos x 1 = l.
Identifying f ( x) = tan x we obtain
u ~ = sinxtanx
cos
2
x -- 1
= cosx- secx
cosx
1
u
2
= smx.
Then u = sinx -ln 1 sec x + tanxl, u2 = - cosx, and
Exercises 4.6
y = e e os x + c2 sin x + cos x (sin x - ln J sec ::r + tan x!) cos x sin x.
3. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+ 1 =O, so Yc =e cosx + c2 sinx and
1
cosx
W=
-sinx
sinx l
=l.
cosx
Identifying f ( x) = sin x we obtain
1 .
u2 = cosx sm x.
Then
1 1 1 . 1
u 1 = sin 2x - - x = - sm x cos x - - x
4 2 2 2
1 2
-2 COS X.
and
1 1
y = e e os x + c2 sin x +
2
sin x cos
2
x -
1 2 .
COS X -
2
COS X Slll X
. 1
=e cosx + c2 smx-
2
xcosx.
149
Exercises 4.6
4. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+ 1 = O, so Y e = CI cos x + c2 sin x and
W=i
c o ~ x sinx j'
smx cosx
l.
Identifying f ( x) = sec x tan x we obtain
ui =- sinx(secxtanx) = tan
2
x = 1- sec
2
x
u2 cosx(secxtanx) = tanx.
Then u1 = x tanx, u2 = ln 1 cosxl, and
y = Cl COS X + C2 sin X + X COS X - sin X - sin X ln 1 COS X 1
c1 cos x + c3 sin x + x e os x sin x ln 1 e os xl.
5. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+ 1 = O, so Y e c1 cos x + c2 sin x and
Identfying f(x) cos
2
x we obtain
1
cosx
W=
-snx
ui =, - sin x cos
2
x
sinx 1
=l.
cosx
u2 = cos
3
x = e os x ( 1 - sin
2
x) .
Then u1 i cos
3
x, u2 = sinx k sin
3
x, and
. 1 4 2 1.4
y = C! COS X + C2 Sin X + 3 COS X + Sin X - 3 Sin X
= CJ cos x + c2 sin x + ~ ( cos
2
x + sin
2
x) ( cos
2
x - sin
2
x) + sin
2
x
. 1 2 2 . 2
Cl COS X + C2 Sin X +
3
COS X + 3 Sin X
. 1 1 . 2
= q e os x + c2 sm x +
3
+ 3 sm x.
6. The auxliary equation s m
2
+ 1 = O, so Yc = c1 cos x + c2 sin x and
Identifyng f(x) sec
2
x we obtain
1
COS X
W=
-sinx
sinx 1
COS X
1
sin x
u----
1- cos2 x
u2=secx.
150
=l.
Then
and
1
u 1 = - -- ::= - se e x
cosx
u2 = ln 1 se ex + tan x 1
y = cr cos x + c2 sin x - cos x sec x + sin x ln 1 sec x +tan xl
= c1 cos x + c2 sin x - 1 + sin x ln 1 sec x + tan x 1.
7. The auxiliary equation is m
2
- 1 =O, so Yc =er'+ and
w -2.
Identifying f(x) = coshx ex) we obtain
Then
and
y=
+
+
1
+-
4
1 1 1
u2 = ---
4 4
U!
1
+-x
4
1
-x
4
1 X 1 X 1 -X
+ -xe - -e - -xe
4 8 4
1 -
+ -x(ex- e x)
4
C3ex + C4e-x +
8. The auxiliary equation is m
2
1 O, so Yc = c1ex + c2e-x and
e-x 1
1
= -2.
-x
-e
Identifying f ( x) sinh 2x we obtain
151
Exercses 4.6
Exercses 4.6
Then
and
1 -3x 1 x
u= -e +-e
12 4
1
= c + c2e-x +
3
sinh2x.
9. The auxiliary equation is m
2
- 4 =O, so Yc = ce
2
x + c2e-
2
x and
w = 1 e2x e-2x 1 = -4
2e2x -2e-2x .
Identifying f ( x) = e
2
x 1 x we obtain ui = 11 4x and u; -e
4
x 1 4x. Then
1
u = ln lxl,
4
11x e4t
U2 = -- dt
4 xo t
and
10. The auxilary equation is m
2
- 9 =O, so Yc = c1e
3
x + c2e-
3
x and
W = 1 ;:: 1 -6.
Identifying f(x) = 9xje
3
x we obtain =

and u2 = Then
1 -6x 1 -6x
u1 = -
24
e - xe ,
3 2
u2 = -x
and
1 - 1 - 3 -3
-e 3x _ -xe 3x _ -x2e x
24 4 4
152
xo >o.
11. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+3m+ 2 (m+ l)(m + 2) =O, so Yc
12.
Identifyng f(x)
w
1 e-x
1-e-x
+ ex) we obtain
-2x 1 e -3x
--e
-2e-2x - .
ex
u' ---ex
2
= l+ex 1+ex
Then u1 = ln(l +ex), u2 = ln(1 +ex)- ex, and
y c1e-x + c2e-
2
x + ln(l +ex)+ e-
2
x ln(l +ex)-
The auxiliary equation is m
2
- 2m+ 1 =(m- 1)
2
1
ex
W=
ex
Identifying f(x) ex/ ( 1 + x
2
) we obtain
X
-1+x
2
exex 1

2 - e2x (1 + x2)
Then u1 = ln ( 1 + x
2
), u2 = tan-
1
x, and
y= c1ex + c2xex- ln (1 + x
2
) + xex tan-
1
x.
Exercises 4.6
13. The auxiliary equaton is m
2
+3m+ 2 =(m+ 1)(m + 2) O, so Yc = qe-x + c2C
2
x and
W -1 e-x e-2x 1-
- -e-x -2e-2x -
Identifying f(x) =sin we obtain
sin
e-x sin ex 2x .
u'
2
=
3
= -e s1n
-e-x
Then u1 =- cosex, u2 ex cosx sin ex, and
y
+
153
Exercises 4.6
14. The auxiiiary equation s m
2
- 2m+ 1 =(m- 1)
2
=O, so Yc = eet + c2te
1
and
1
te
1
l
W = j = e2t
te
1
+ et
Identifying f(t) = tan-
1
t we obtain
Then
1 + t
2
1 t
u
1
= --
2
-tan- t + 2
u2 = ttan-
1
t- (1 + t
2
)
and
cr e
1
+ C3tet + [ (t
2
1) tan -
1
t - In ( 1 + t
2
) ].
15. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+2m+ 1 (m+ 1)
2
= O, so Yc = ee-t + c2te-t and
W=!
+
1
-2t
=e .
1
Identifying f(t) e-tint we obtain
-tlnt
Then
1 2 1 2
u1 = --t ln t + -t
2 4
u2 t In t- t
and
= c1e-t + c2te-t +

Int-

16. The auxliary equation is 2m
2
+ 2m+ 1 =O, so Yc = e-xf
2
(cl cosx/2 + c2sinxj2) and
154
W=l
-

cos
cos
Identifying f(x) =2ft we obtain
Then
U}
and

e-x/
2
sin il?.
2
cos(x/2)2fi x
2
r:::. x
e-x/
2
=4e yXCos
2
-4 et1
2
/t sin- dt
1
x t
xo 2
4 et1
2
/t cos- dt
1
x t
xo 2
Exercises 4. 6
1
1 -x
=-e .
2
y= (
Cl COS + C2 - 4e-x/
2
COS X r et/
2
/t sin! dt + 4e-xf
2
sin X 1x etf
2
/t COS! dt.
2 2 2 J xo 2 2 xo 2
17. The auxiliary equation is 3m
2
- 6m + 6 O, so Yc ex(cl cos x + c2 sinx) and
W=
1
ex cosx
ex cos x ex sin x
ex sinx 1
ex cos x + ex sin X =
Identifying f(x) kex secx we obtain
Then u1 = ln(cosx), u2"" !x, and
1
3
1 ' 1
y e ex cosx + c2ex cosx +
3
ln(cosx)ex cosx +
3
xex sinx.
18. The auxiliary equation is 4m
2
- 4m + 1 =(2m 1)
2
O, so Yc = c1exl
2
+ c2xexl
2
and
1
ex/2 . xex/2 j
W = _21 ex/2 lxex/2 + ex/21 = ex
2 1
Identifying f(x)""

we obtain
155.
Exercises 4.6
Then
u2 = :_ +
1
sin -l x
8 8
and
x.
19. The auxiliary equation is 4m
2
- 1 (2m 1)(2m + 1) O, so Yc = c1ex/
2
+ c2cx/
2
and
20.
w
1
ex/2 e-x/2 1
1ex/2
-l.
Identifying f(x) xex1
2
j4 we obtain = xj4 and -xex /4. Then u1 = x
2
/8 and
u2 = -xex/4+exj4. Thus
y
c
1
exf2 + c
2
e-x/2 + _ +
8 4 4
and
1
-xex/2
4
1 1 . 1 1
YJ = -c3ex/2 - -c2e-xf2 + -x2ex/2 + -xex/2
2 2 16 8
The intial conditions imply
C3+ C2 =1
Thus c3 3/4 and c2 1/4, and
y
The auxiliary equation is 2m
2
+m - 1 (2m
W 1 ex/2

Identifying f(x) (x + 1)/2 we obtain
1)(m + 1)
156
1
-xex/2
4 .
3 -x/2
2e .
21.
Then
Thus
and
u
1
= -e-x/
2
Gx- 2)
1 X
u2 = -
3
xe
1 1 xf2 -x 1
y =-ce -c2e -.
2
The ntial condtons imply
C- C2- 2 = 1
1
- C2- 1 = 0.
Tl:us e = 8/3 and c2 = 1/3, and
Y
= ~ e x / 2 ...... 1
3 . 3
X- 2.
The auxlary equation s m
2
+2m- 8 (m 2)(m + 4) O, SO Yc
1
e2x
w-
- 2e2x
Identifying J(x) = 2e-
2
x- e-x we obtain
Then
Thus
and
1
U
1
3
1 3x
-e
6
1 -4x
u= --e
12
1 3x 1 2x
u2 =-e --e
18 6
2x . -4x 1 2 1 1 1 2
y= ce -:- c2e - 12e- x + I8e-x + I8e-x- 6e- x
= ce2x + C2e-4x- ~ e - 2 x + ~ e - x
1 2 2x -4x 1 -2x 1 -x
y = e e - 4c2e + -e - -e .
2 9
157
Exercises 4. 6
22.
Exercises 4.6
The initial canditions imply
5
C + C2-
36
= 1
2q
7
4c2 +
18
=O.
Thus ct = 25/36 and c2 4/9, and
25 4 1 1 -
y= -e2x + -e-4x _ -e-2x +-e x
36 9 4 9
The auxiliary equation is m
2
- 4m + 4 = (m
1
e2x
w-
- 2e2x
Identifying f ( x) = ( 12x
2
- 6x) e2x we obtain
Then
Thus
and
u 6x
2
- 12x
3
u2 = 12x
2
- 6x.
u1 = 2x
3
- 3x
4
4x
3
- 3x
2
.
y = c1 e
2
x + c2xe
2
x + ( 2x
3
- 3x
4
) e
2
x + ( 4x
3
- 3x
2
) xe
2
x
qe2x + C2Xe2x + e2x ( x4 - x3)
y'= 2qe2x + C2 (2xe2x + e2x) + e2x ( 4x3- 3x2) + 2e2x ( x4- x3).
The initial conditions imply
C! = 1
2c1 + c2 =O.
Thus Cl = 1 and c2 = and
y e2x - 2xe2x + e2x (x4 - x3) e2x ( x4 - x3 2x + 1) .
23. Write the equation in the form
1/ 1 1 ( 1 ) -1/2
y + -;;Y + 1 - 4x2 y = x
and identify f(x) = x-
1
1
2
. From Yl = x-
1
1
2
cosx and Y2 = x-
1
1
2
sinx we compute
158
Exercises 4. 6
J\'ow
and
Thus
1
x-
1
1
2
cosx x-
1
1
2
sinx l
W(y,y
2
) = -x-
1
1
2
sinx-

x-
1
1
2
cosx-

1
sinx so u1 = cosx,
u;= cosx so u2 sinx.
y cx-
1
1
2
cosx + c2x-
1
1
2
sinx + x-
1
1
2
cos
2
x + x-
1
1
2
sin
2
x
= C!X-l/
2
COS X+ C2X-l/
2
sin X+ X-
1
/
2
.
24. Write the equation in the form
11
1
1
1 sec(ln x)
Y +-y+ -rY = 2
X X X
and identify f(x) = sec(lnx)jx
2
. From Yl = cos(lnx) and Y2 = sin(lnx) we compute
Now
and
J cos(lnx)
w = 1 . (l )
_sm nx
X
sin(ln x)
cos(lnx)
X
1
X
1
tan(lnx)
u
1
=- so u1 = ln J cos(lnx)l,
X
1
so u2 = lnx.
X
Thus, a particular solution is
Yp = cos(lnx) ln 1 cos(lnx)l + (lnx) sin(lnx).
1
X
25. The auxiliary equation is m
3
+m= m(m
2
+ 1) =O, so Yc e+ c2 cosx + c3 sinx and
1 cosx sinx
W= o - sinx cosx =l.
o -cosx - sinx
1
159
Exercises 4.6
Identfying f(x) = tanx we obt?'in
Then
and
u ~ = w3 =
cos x sinx
sinx cosx tanx
tan x - cos x - sin x
1
o
o
o
sinx
cosx sinx
O tanx sinx
1 COSX o
o -sinx o =- sinx tanx =
o cosx tanx
u 1 = - ln 1 e os x 1
U2 COSX
cos
2
x- 1
cosx
u3 = sin x - ln 1 sec x + tan x 1
Y = C + C2 COS X + C3 Sn X ln 1 COS X 1 + COS
2
X
+ sin
2
x sin x ln 1 sec x +tan xl
cosx- secx.
C4 + c2 cosx + c3 sinx ln 1 cosxl- sinx ln J secx + tanxj
for -oo < x < oo.
26. The auxiliary equation is m
3
+ 4m m ( m
2
+ 4) O, so Yc = cr + c2 cos 2x + C3 sin 2x and
1 cos2x sin 2x
W = O -2sin2x 2cos2x 8.
O -4 e os 2x -4 sin 2x
160
Exercses 4.6
Identifying f ( x) sec 2x we obtain
o cos2x sin 2x
1
~ w 1 = ~
1
ul o -2sin2x 2cos2x - sec2x
8 8 4
sec2x -4cos2x -4 sin 2x
1 o sin2x
1
o o 2cos 2x -
8
1
-
4
o sec 2x -4sin 2x
1 cos2x o
1
8
o -2sin2x o
1
4
tan 2x.
o -4cos2x sec2x
Then
71.1 ~ ln 1 sec 2x +tan 2x
1
U2 =--X
4
1
u3 = 8lnicos2xl
and
1 1
y c1 + c2 cos 2x + c3 sin 2x +
8
In 1 sec 2x + tan 2x 1 -
1
cos 2x + S sin 2x In 1 cos 2x 1
for -1f 14 < x < 1r 14.
27. The auxiliary equation is 3m
2
-6m+30 O, which has roots 1+3i, so Yc ex(CI cos3x+c2sn3x).
We consider first the differental equaton 3y" - 6y' + 30y = 15 sin x, which can be sol ved using
undetermined coefficients. Letting Yp
1
equation we get
A cos x + B sin x and substituting into the differential
(27 A- 6B) cos x + (6a + 27b) sin x = 15 sin x.
Then
27 A - 6B = O and 6a + 27b = 15,
so A f. and B = . Thus, yp
1
cos x + f sin x. Next, we consider the differential equation
3y" 6y
1
+ 30y, for which a particular solution yP2 can be found using variation of parameters. The
Wronskian is
1
ex cos3x
W=
ex cos 3x - 3ex sin 3x
ex sin 3x 1
3ex cos 3x + ex sin 3x 1
Identifying f(x) = iextanx we obtain
1 1 3 d 1 1.3
u
1
9
sin x tan 3x an u
2
=
9
sm x.
161
Exercises 4. 6
Then
1 . 1 [ ( 3x . 3x)
u1 = - sm 3x + - ln cos- ~ sm-
27 27 2 2
(
3x . 3x)]
ln cos
2
+sm
2
1
U?=-- cos3x.
~ 27
Thus
Yp
2
cos 3x [tn( cos
3
; sin
3
;) - ln ( cos
3
; +sin
3
;)]
and the general solution of the original differential equation is
y = ex ( CI cos 3x + c2 sin 3x) + Yp
1
(X) + Yp
2
(X)
28. The auxiliary equation is m
2
-2m+1 = (m-1)
2
O, which has repeated root 1, so Yc qex+c2xex.
'vVe consider first the differential equation y
11
2y' + y = 4x
2
3, which can be solved using
undetermined coefficients. Letting Yp
1
Ax
2
+ Bx + e and substituting into the differential
equation we get
Ax
2
+ ( -4A + B)x + (2A - 2B + e) = 4x
2
3.
Then
A 4, -4A + B O, and 2A - 2B + e = -3,
so A = 4, B = 16, and e = 21. Thus, yp
1
= 4x
2
+ 16x + 21. Next we consider the differential
equation y" ~ 2y
1
+ y = x-
1
ex, for which a particular solution yp
2
can be found using variation of
parameters. The Wronskian is
W = 1 ex xex 1 = e2x
ex xex +ex
Identifying f(x) exx we obtain ui -1 and u;= 1/x. Then u1 = -x and u2 = lnx, so that
Yp
2
= -xex + xex ln x,
and the general solution of the original differential equation is
y = Y e + Yp + YP2 = Cl ex + + 4x
2
+ 16x + 21 xex + xex lnx.
29. The interval of definition for Problem 1 is (-Ji /2, 7i /2), for Problem 7 is oo), for Problem 9
is (0, oo), and for Problem 18 is 1, 1). In Problem 24 the general solution is
y q cos(ln x) + c2 sin(ln x) + cos(ln x) ln 1 cos(ln x) \ + (In x) sin(ln x)
for < lnx < 1rj2 or < x < err 1
2
. The bounds on In x are due to the presence of sec(ln x)
in the differential equation.
30. We are given that Yl = x
2
is a solution of x
4
y" + x
3
y'- 4x
2
y = O. To find a second solution we use
reduction of order. Let y= x
2
u(x). Then the product rule gives
y' x
2
u' + 2xu and y" x
2
u" + 4xu' + 2u,
162
Exercses 4.7
so
x
4
y" + x
3
y' 4x
2
y = x
5
(xu" + 5u') O.
Letting w =u', this becomes xw' + 5w ==::O. Separating variables and integrating we have
dw
5
dx and ln lwl = -5lnx +c.
W X
Thus, w = x-
5
and u=

A second solution is then Y2 1/x

2
, and the general
solution of the homogeneous differential equation is Yc = cx
2
+ c2jx
2
. To find a particular solution,
yp, we use variation of parameters. The \Vronskian is
W 1 x2 1/ x2 1 = - .
2x -2jx
3
x
Identifying f ( x)
u2 1nx, so
1/ x
4
we obtain u],

and =

Then u1
1 -4 d
-
16
x an
Yp ==:: _116x-4x2
The general solution is
1 (1 ) -2 1 -2 1 -21
- nxx =--x --x nx.
4 16 4
2 C2 1 1
y=cx + -----lnx.
16x2 4x
2
Exercises 4.7---------------
l. The auxiliary equation is m
2
- m- 2 (m+ l)(m 2) =O so that y= ex-
1
+ c2x
2
.
2. The auxiliary equation is 4m
2
- 4m + 1 =(2m 1)
2
=O so that y= c
1
x
1
1
2
+ c2x
1
l
2
lnx.
3. The auxiliary equation s m
2
=O so that y c1 + c2ln x.
4. The auxiliary equation is m
2
- 4m =m( m 4) O so that y= c1 + c2x
4
.
5. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+ 4 ==:: O so that y e cos(21n x) + c2 sin(2ln x).
6. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+ 4m + 3 =(m+ l)(m + 3) =O so that y= c1x-
1
+
7. The auxiliary equation is m
2
- 4m-2= O so that y cx
2
-v'6 + c2x
2
+v'6.
8. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+2m- 4 =O so that y cx-l+VS + c2x-l-VS.
9. The auxiliary equation is 25m
2
+ 1 = O so that y c
1
cos ( i ln x) + c2 (! 1n x).
10. The auxiliary equation s 4m
2
- 1 =(2m- 1)(2m + 1) O so that y= ex
1
1
2
+ c2x-
1
/
2
.
11. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+ 4m + 4 = (m+ 2)
2
=O so that y= c
1
x-
2
+ c2x-
2
lnx.
12. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+ 7m + 6 = (m+ 1)(m + 6) O so that y= c1x-
1
+ c2x-
6
.
13. The auxiliary equation is 3m
2
+3m+ 1 = O so that y = [ c1 cos (V: ln x) + c2 sin V: ln x) J.
163
Exercises 4. 7
14. The auxilary equation is m
2
- 8m + 41 O so that y= x
4
[e cos(5lnx) + e2 sin(5lnx)]:
15. Assuming that y = xm and substituting into the differental equation we obtain
m(m 1)(m 2)-6 m
3
-3m
2
+2m-6=(m-3)(m
2
+2)=0.
Thus
y = e x
3
+ e2 e os ( v'21n x) + e3 sin ( J2ln x) .
16. Assuming that y= xm and substituting into the differential equation we obtain
m(m 1)(m 2)+m 1 m
3
-3m
2
+3m 1=(m-1)
3
O.
Thus
17. Assumng that y= xm and substitutng into the dfferential equaton we obtan
m(m 1)(m 2)(m 3)+6m(m-l)(m-2) m
4
-7m
2
+6m=m(m-1)(m-2)(m+3)=0.
Thus
18. Assumng that y = xm and substitutng into the dfferential equation we obtain
m( m l)(m-2)(m-3) +6m(m-1)(m-2) +9m(m-l) +3m+ 1 = m
4
+2m
2
+ 1 = (m
2
+1)
2
=O.
Thus
y = e cos(ln x) + e2 sin(ln x) + e3ln x cos(ln x) + e4ln x sin(ln x ).
19. The auxlary equation s m
2
- 5m =m( m- 5) O so that Yc =e+ e2x
5
and
- 101 x5 1 - 4
W(l, x")
4
= ox .
5x i
Identifying f(x) = x
3
we obtain ui =

and u2 1/5x. Then u=

u2 = lnx, and
51 1- 51-
y C + C2X - + 5x"lnx = C + C3X + sx"lnx.
20. The auxiliary equation is 2m
2
+ 3m+ 1 =(2m+ 1)(m + 1) =O so that Yc = e
1
x-
1
+ c2x-
1
/
2
and
W(x-1, x-1/2) = 1 = 1
-x -2x ,
Identfyng f(x) =!- we obtain ui x- x
2
and u2 x
3
1
2
- x
1
1
2
. Then u
1

1x
3
,
164
Exercises 4. 7
21. The auxiliary equation is m
2
- 2m+ 1 = (m- 1)
2
=O so that Yc = qx + c2x In x and
1
x x lnx 1
1V(x,xlnx) = ; = x.
1 1+lnxj
Identifying f(x) = 2/x we obtain u -2lnx/x and u ~ 2/x. Then ur = -(Jnx)
2
, u2 2lnx,
and
y crx + c2xlnx- x(Jnx)
2
+ 2x(lnx)
2
= crx + c2xlnx + x(Jnx)
2
.
22. The auxiliary equation s m
2
- 3m+ 2 =(m- 1)(m- 2) O so that Yc = crx + c2x
2
and
Identifying f ( x) = x
2
ex we obtain u
u2 x ex, and
23. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+2m m(m + 2) = O, so that
2 d 1 2 -3
Y Cr + C2X- ail y =- C2X .
The initial conditions imply
q +c2 =O
-2C2 = 4.
Thus, cr = 2, c2 = -2, and y= 2-
24. The auxiliary equation is m
2
6m + 8 = (m 2)(m- 4) O, so that
y crx
2
+ c2x
4
and y'= 2crx + 4c2x
3
.
The initial conditions imply
4q + 32C2 0.
Thus, cr = 16, C2 -2, and y 16x
2
2x
4
.
165
y
-10
-20
y
-4
20
30
4 X
Exercises 4.7
25. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+ 1 O, so that
y e cos(lnx) + c2sin(lnx)
and
y' -cll sin(lnx) + c2l cos(ln
X X
The initial conditions imply c1 = 1 and c2 = 2. Thus
y cos(lnx) + 2sin(lnx).
26. The auxiliary equation is m
2
4m + 4 (m- 2)
2
O, so that
y cx
2
+c2x
2
lnx and y'=2qx+c2(x+2xlnx).
The initial conditions imply e = 5 and c2 + 10 = 3. Thus y = 5x
2
27. The auxiliary equation is m
2
O so that Yc = q + c2lnx and
W(1,lnx)
1
lnx =l.
O 1/x x
Identifying f ( x) = 1 we obtain u = - x ln x and u2 x. Then
u1 = ~ x
2
~ x
2
l n x, u2 = ~ x
2
, and
y
3
-3
7x
2
Jnx.
1 12 12 12
y=c1+c2lnx+ -
2
x lnx+
2
x lnx=c1+c2lnx+x.
The initial conditions imply c1 + ~ 1 and c2 + ~ = - ~ . Thus, e i , c2 =
and y= i lnx + ix
2
28. The auxiliary equation is m
2
- 6m + 8 (m- 2)(m- 4) O,
so that Yc = cx
2
+ c2x
4
and
w ~ ~ ~ ::3]
Identifying f(x) = 8x
4
we obtain ui =
u1 = -x
4
, u2 = 2x
2
, and y cx
2
+
and u2 4x. Then
-1
+ x
6
. The initial conditions imply
166
y
0.05
50
y
5
-10
-20
-30
15
tOO"
.t
y
1 X
1 1 1
el + 16 C2 = - 64
1 3
Cl + 2C2 = -
16

Th
1 1 d 1 2 1 4 6
use =
16
, c2 = -
2
, an y=
16
x -
2
x + x .
29. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
d2y 8 dy
dt2 + dt 20y = O.
The auxiliary equation is m
2
+ Bm 20 =(m+ 10)(m- 2) =O so that
y= Cle-lt + C2e2t = ClX-10 + C2X2.
30. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
d
2
y dy
dt2 - 10 dt + 25y O.
The auxiliary equation is m
2
- 10m+ 25 =(m- 5)
2
=O so that
y= c1t + c2te
5
t = ex
5
+ C2x
5
Jn X.
31. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
d
2
y dy
- + 9- +By = e
2
t
dt2 dt
Exercises 4. 7
The auxiliary equation is m
2
+ 9 + 8 (m+ l)(m + 8) = O so that Yc = c1e-t + c2e-
8
t. Using
undetermined coefficients we try YP Ae
2
t. This leads to 30Ae
2
t e
2
t, so that A = 1/30 and
Y ee-t + c2e-st + ;Oe2t = clx-1 + c2x-s + ;Ox2.
32. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
d
2
y dy
dt2 - 5 dt + 6y = 2t.
The auxiliary equation is m
2
- 5m + 6 = (m- 2)(m- 3) = O so that Yc = c1e
2
t + c2e
3
t. Using
undetermined coefficients we try Yp = At + B. This leads to ( -5A + 6B) + 6At = 2t, so that
A= 1/3, B = 5/18, and
1 5 1 5
y= Cl e
2
t + C2e
3
t +
3
t +
18
= C1X
2
+ C2X
3
+ 3ln X+
18

33. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
d2y dy t
dt
2
- 4 dt + 13y = 4 + 3e .
167
Exercses 4. 7
The auxiliaFy equation is m
2
-4m+ 13 = O so that Y e = e
2
t ( c1 cos 3t + c2 sin 3t). U sing undetermined
coefficients we try Yp = A+Bet. This leads to 13A+ 10Bet = 4 +3et, so that A= 4/13, B = 3/10,
and
. 4 3
y=e
2
t(clcos3t+c2sm3t)+
13
+
10
et
4 3
=x
2
[clcos(3lnx)+c2sin(3lnx)]+
13
+
10
x.
34. From
it follows that
Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
d
3
y d
2
y dy ( d
2
y dy) dy
- - 3 - + 2- - 3 - - - + 6 - - 6y = 3 + 3t
dt3 dt
2
dt dt2 dt dt
or
d
3
y d
2
y dy
dt3 - 6 dt2 + 11 dt - 6y = 3 + 3t.
The auxiliary equation is m
3
-6m
2
+1lm-6 = (m-1)(m-2)(m-3) =O so that Yc = c1et+c2e
2
t+
c3e
3
t. Using undetermined coefficients we try Yp = A+ Bt. This leads to (llB- 6A)- 6Bt = 3 + 3t,
so that A= -17/12, B = -1/2, and
t 2t 3t 1 7 1 2 3 1 7 1
y= C1e + C2e + C3e --- -t = C1X + C2X + C3X --- -lnx.
12 2 12 2
168
Exercises 4. 7
In the next two problems we use the substitution t = -x since the initial conditions are on the interval
( -oo, O). In this case
and
35. The differential equation and initial conditions become
2 d2y 1
4t dt
2
+y O; y(t) = 2,
t=l
y' (t) 1
t=l
-4.
The auxiliary equation is 4m
2
- 4m + 1 (2m- 1)
2
=O, so that
y=et
1
1
2
+c
2
t
1
1
2
lnt and y'

The initial conditions imply e = 2 and 1 + c2 -4. Thus
y 2t
1
1
2
- 5t
1
1
2
In t 2(-x)
1
1
2
- 5( -x)
1
1
2
ln( -x), x <O.
36. The differential equation and initial conditions become
1
t dt2 - 4t dt + 6y =O; y(t) t=2 = 8,
y'(t) 1 =o.
t=2
The auxilary equation is m
2
- 5m + 6 = (m 2)(m- 3) =O, so that
and y'= 2ct + 3c2t
2
.
2 3
y= Ct + c2t
The initial conditions imply
4c + 8c2 = 8
4c + 12c2 =O
from which we find c1 = 6 and c2 = -2. Thus
y 6t
2
- 2t
3
= 6x
2
+ 2x
3
, x < ci.
37. Letting u= x + 2 we obtan ddy dy and, using the chain rule,
x du
d
2
y d (dy) d
2
y du d
2
y d
2
y
dx2 = dx du du2 dx = du2 (l) = du2
Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
2 d
2
y dy
u du2 +u du +y = O.
The auxiliary equation is m
2
+ 1 = O so that
y c1 cos(ln u)+ c2 sin(ln u) = c
1
cos[ ln(x + 2)) + c2 sin[ ln(x + 2)].
169
Exercises 4. 7
38. If 1 - i i.s a root of the auxiliary then so is 1 + i, and the auxiliary equation is
(m 2)[m- (1 + i)][m- (1- i)] = m
3
- 4m
2
+ 6m- 4 =O.
We need m
3
-4m
2
+6m-4 to have the form m(m-1)(m 2)+bm(m-1) +cm+d. Expanding this
last expression and equating coefficients we get b -1, e 3, and d = -4. Thus, the differential
equation is
x
3
y'" x
2
y" + 3xy
1
- 4y O.
39. For x
2
y
11
=O the auxiliary equation is m( m 1) =O and the general solution is y= q + c2x. The
initial conditions imply q yo and c2 = y, so y = yo + YlX- The initial conditions are satisfied
for all real val u es of yo and Yl
For x
2
y"- 2xy
1
+ 2y O the auxiliary equation is m
2
- 3m+ 2 = (m- 1)(m- 2) = O and the
general solution is y= qx + c2x
2
. The initial condition y(O) =yo implies O= Yo and the condition
y'(O) Yl implies c1 = Yl Thus, the initial conditions are satisfied for yo O and for all real values
of Yl
For x
2
y"- 4xy' + 6y =O the auxiliary equation is m
2
- 5m + 6 = (m- 2)(m 3) =O and the
general solution is y qx
2
+c2xa The initial conditions imply y(O) =O yo and y'(O) O. Thus,
the initial conditions are satisfied only for yo Yl = O.
40. The function y(x) -ftcos(lnx) is defined for x >O and has x-intercepts where lnx = 1rj2 + k7r
for k an integer or where x e1r!
2
+k1r:. Solving 1r /2 + k1r = 0.5 we -0.34, so e1rf
2
+k1r < 0.5
for all negative integers and the graph has infinitely many x-intercepts in (0, 0.5).
41. The auxiliary equation is 2m(m 1)(m- 2) - 10.98m(m- 1) + 8.5m + 1.3 = O, so that m1
-0.053299, m2 1.81164, m3 = 6.73166, and
y= CX-0.053299 + C
2
Xl.81164 + C
3
X6.73166
42. The auxiliary equation is m( m 1)(m 2) + 4m(m- 1) + 5m- 9 O, so that m = 1.40819 and
the two complex roots are -1.20409 2.22291i. The general solution of the differential equation is
y qxl.
40819
+ x-L
20409
b cos(2.2229lln x) + c3 sin(2.22291ln x)].
43. Theauxiliaryequationism(m-1)(m 2)(m 3)+6m(m 1)(m 2)+3m(m-1) 3m+4 O,
so that m1 = m2 = and m3 = m4 -v'2. The general solution of the differential equation is
y= C!X</2 + C2Xy'2lnx + C3X-</2 + C4X-y'2ln X.
44. The auxiliary equation is m(m-1)(m-2)(m-3)-6m(m-l)(m-2) +33m(m-1) 105m+169 =O,
so that m1 = m2 3 + 2i and m3 m4 = 3 2i. The general solution of the differential equation
is
170
Exercises 4.8
Exercises 4.8---------------
l. From Dx = 2x- y and Dy = x we obtain y= 2x- Dx, Dy = 2Dx- D
2
x, and (D
2
-2D+ 1)x =O.
Then
x = c1et + c2tet and y= (el- c2)et + c2tet.
2. From Dx = 4x + 7y and Dy = x- 2y we obtain y = Dy
(D
2
2D 15)x O. Then
3. From Dx -y+ t and Dy x- t we obtain y t- Dx, Dy 1- D
2
x, and (D
2
+ 1)x = 1 +t.
Then
X = CJ COS t + C2 sin t + 1 + t
and
y = e1 sin t - e2 cos t + t - l.
4. From Dx- 4y = 1 and x + Dy = 2 we obtain y iDx- i, Dy = iD
2
x, and (D
2
+ 1)x 2. Then
x = e1 cos t + ez sin t + 2
and
1 1 . 1 .
y = -ez cos t - -e1 sm t - -q sm t
4 4 4
1

5. From (D
2
+ 5)x- 2y =O and -2x+ (D
2
+2)y O we obtain y=

+5)x, D
2
y =

+ 5D
2
)x,
and (D
2
+ 1)(D
2
+ 6)x =O. Then
X = e1 COS t + e2 sin t + e3 COS J6 t + C4 sin J6 t
and
y= 2e1 cos t + 2e2 sin t- cos J6 t sin v6t.
6. From (D + 1)x + (D- 1)y = 2 and 3x + (D + 2)y
Dx -i(D
2
+ 2D)y, and (D
2
+ 5)y = -7. Then
-1 we obtain x
y = e1 cos J5 t + e2 sin J5 t - i
and
x = --el- -e2 cosJ5t+ -e1- -e2 smJ5t+-.
(
2 J5 ) ()5 2 ) . 3
3 3 3 3 5
171
i- i(D + 2)y,
Exercises 4.8
(D
2
+ 4)(D- 2)(D + 2)x = -3et. Then
and
. 2t -2t 1 t
y = -e cos 2t- e2 sm 2t + e3e + e4e - 5e .
8. From (D
2
+ 5)x + Dy = O and (D + 1)x + (D- 4)y = O we obtain (D- 5)(D
2
+ 4)x = O and
(D- 5)(D
2
+ 4)y =O. Then
X= e1eSt + e2 COS 2t + e3 sin 2t
and
y = e4est +es cos 2t + e5 sin 2t.
Substituting into (D + 1)x + (D- 4)y =O gives
(6e + e4)est + (e2 + 2e3- 4es + 2e6) cos 2t + ( -2e2 + e3- 2es- 4e6) sin 2t =O
so that e4 = -6e1, es= ~ e 3 , e5 = - ~ e 2 , and
"t 1 1
y= -6e1e" +
2
e3 cos 2t-
2
e2 sin 2t.
9. From Dx + D
2
y = e
3
t and (D + 1)x + (D - 1)y = 4e
3
t we obtain D(D
2
+ 1)x = 34e
3
t and
D(D
2
+ 1)y = -8e
3
t. Then
. 4 3t
y = e + e2 sm t + e3 cos t -
15
e
and
17
x = e4 + es sin t + e5 cos t +
15
e
3
t.
Substituting into (D + 1)x + (D- 1)y = 4e
3
t gives
( e4 - e1) + (es - e5 - e3 - e2) sin t + ( e5 + es + e2 - e3) COS t = 0
so that e4 =e, es= e3, e5 = -e2, and
. 17 3t
X = e
1
- e2 COS t + e3 Sin t +
15
e
10. From D
2
x- Dy = t and (D + 3)x + (D + 3)y = 2 we obtain D(D + 1)(D + 3)x = 1 + 3t and
D(D + 1)(D + 3)y = -1- 3t. Then
and
172
Substituting into (D + 3)x + (D + 3)y 2 and D
2
x- Dy = t gives
3(q + c4) + 2(c2 + cs)e-t 2
and
so that e4 = -e1, es -e2, e6 -3e3, and
11. From (D
2
1)x- y= O and (D- 1)x + Dy O we obtain y
(D- 1)(D
2
+ D + 1)x =O. Then
t -t/2 [ J3 . J3 ]
x = e1 e + e e2 cos 2t + e3 sm 2t
and
1 2
-t .
2
(D
2
- 1)x, Dy
y= ( - ~ e 2 J3 e3) e-t/
2
cos J3 t + (.J3 e2 ~ e 3 ) e-t/
2
sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
Exercises 4.8
(D
3
- D)x, and
12. From (2D
2
-D-1)x- (2D+1)y 1 and (D-1)x+Dy 1 we obtain (2D+ 1)(D-1)(D+1)x = -1
and (2D + 1)(D + 1)y = -2. Then
X= e1e-tf
2
+ e2e-t + e3 + 1
and
y e4e-tf2 + - 2.
Substituting into (D 1)x + Dy = 1 gives
(
3 1 ) -t/2 ( ) -t
-2e1 - 2e4 e + -2e2- es e =O
so that e4 = -3q, es= -2e2, and
y 3
-t/2 2 -t 2
- e1e - e2e - .
13. From (2D-5)x+Dy = et and (D-1)x+Dy 5et we obtain Dy = (5-2D)x+ and (4-D)x 4et.
Then
X
and Dy = -3el t + 5et so that
3 4t t
y=-ele +e2+5e.
14. FromDx+Dy=etand(-D
2
+D+l)x+y=Oweobtainy (D
2
-D-l)x,Dy=(D
3
-D
2
D)x,
and D
2
(D l)x = et. Then
and
173
Exercises 4.8
Y= -Cl C2- c2t C3et- tet + et.
15. Multiplying the first equation by D + 1 and the second equation by D
2
+ 1 and subtracting we
obtain (D
4
- D
2
)x =l. Then
X
Multiplying the first equation by D + 1 and subtracting we obtain D
2
(D + 1)y = l. Then
y
Substituting into (D- 1)x + (D
2
+ 1)y = 1 gives
(-c1+c2+cs 1)+(-2c4+2c7)e-t+(-1 c2+ca)t=1
so that c5 = c1 - c2 + 2, ca c2 + 1, and c7 = c4. The solution of the system is
t -t 1 2
X = Cl + c2t + C3e + qe - 2t
1
2
16. From D
2
x - 2(D
2
+ D)y sin t and x + Dy = O we obtain x =
D(D
2
+ 2D + 2)y sin t. Then
t t 1 2
y = q + c2e- cos t + c3e- sin t +
5
cos t +
5
sin t
and
1 2
x (c
2
+ c
3
)e-t sin t + (c2- c3)e-t cos t +
5
sin t-
5
cos t.
17. From Dx =y, Dy z. and Dz x we obtain x D
2
y = D
3
x so that (D 1)(D
2
+ D + l)x O,
x = qet + e-t/
2
[ c2 sin V: t + c3 cos V: t] ,
t ( 1 v'3 ) -t/2 . v'3 (v'3
y= qe + --c2- -c3 e sm-t + -c2
2 2 2 2
1 ) -t/2 v'3
-c3 e cos -t
2 2 '
and
t ( 1 v'3 ) -t/2 . ( v'3 1 ) -t/2 v'3
z = ce + -2c2 + 2c3 e sm
2
+ -2c2- 2c3 e cos2t.
18. From Dx + z = , (D 1)x + Dy + Dz O, and x + 2y + Dz et we obtain z = -Dx + et,
Dz = -D
2
x + et, and the system ( -D
2
+ D- 1)x + Dy = and ( -D
2
+ 1)x + 2y O. Then
y= 1(D
2
1)x, Dy = 1D(D
2
- 1)x, and (D- 2)(D
2
+ l)x -2et so that
x = e e
2
t + c2 e os t + c3 sin t + e t,
y
and
174
19. Write the system in the form
z=-2cre
2
t c3cost+c2sint.
Dx- 6y O
X Dy+ z =o
x +y Dz =O.
Exercses 4.B
Multiplying the second equation by D and adding to the third equation we obtain
(D + l)x- (D
2
- 1)y =O. Eliminating y between this equation and Dx- 6y =O we find
(D
3
- D- 6D 6)x = (D + l)(D + 2)(D- 3)x =O.
Thus
x = cre-t + c2e-
2
t + c3e
3
t,
and, successively substituting into the first and second equations, we get
1 -t 1 -2t 1 3t
y= -6cre - 3c2e + 2c3e
20. Write the system in the form
5 -t 1 -2t 1 3t
z =--ere - -c2e + -c3e
6 3 2
(D+l)x-z=O
(D+l)y z O
x-y+ Dz =O.
Multiplying the third equation by D + 1 and adding to the second equation we obtain (D + 1)x +
(D
2
+D-1)z =O. Eliminating z between this equation and (D+1)x-z =O we find D(D+1)
2
x =O.
Thus
and, successively substituting into the first and third equations, we get
Y c1 + (c2 - c3)e-t + c3te-t
21. From (D+5)x+y =O and 4x (D+1)y =O we obtan y= -(D+5)x so that Dy = -(D
2
+5D)x.
Then 4x + (D
2
+ 5D)x + (D + 5)x =O and (D + 3)
2
x =O. Thus
and
(2 )
-3t 2 t -3t
Y = - Cl + C2 e - C2 e .
175
Exercises 4.8
Using x(l) =O and y(1) = 1 we obtain
-3 -3 o
ce +c2e =
or
C + C2 = 0
2c + 3cz -e
3
.
1
Thus q = e
3
and c2 -e
3
. The solution of the initial val u e problem is
X
22. From Dx -y= -1 and 3x + (D- 2)y =O we obtain x = 2)y so that Dx =

-2D)y.
Then -*(D
2
2D)y =y- 1 and (D
2
- 2D + 3)y = 3. Thus
y = et (e cos h t + c2 sin h t) + 1
and
x = et [ ( c1 - h cz) e os h t + (he + c2) sin h t] +
Using x(O) = y(O) = O we obtain
e+1=0
1 2
3 ( C1 - h C2) +
3
= .
Thus e = -1 and c2 = -/2/2. The solution of the initial value problem is
x = et (- cos h t - V: sin h t) +
y = et (- cos h t + V: sin v'2 t) + l.
23 E
N ' l h h f h d d' d
2
x o d d
2
y
. quatmg ewton s aw w1t t e net orces m t e x- an y- 1rect!Ons g1ves m dt
2
an m dt
2
=
-mg, respectively. From mD
2
x =O we obtain x(t) ct+cz, and from mD
2
y -mg or D
2
y -g
we obtain y(t) =

+ c3t + q.
24. From Nev.rton's second law in the x-direction we have
d
2
x 1 dx
m-= -kcose -k--=
dt2 V dt
In the y-direction we have
d2y
m dt
2
= -mg- k sine= -mg
176
1 dy 1 dy
k--= -mg -cJ-.
V dt dt
Exercises 4.9
From mD
2
x + !e!Dx O we have D(mD + !e!)x =O so that (mD + jel)x = q. This is a first-order
linear equation. An integrating factor is ef lcldt/melc!t/m so that
!!:_ [elcft/mx] = e elc!t/m
dt
1
and eicitx = (el m/jcl)elcft/m+e2. The general solution of this equation is x(t) = e3 +e2eiclt/m From
(mD
2
+ !e!D)y = -mg we have D(mD + !e!)y = -mg so that (mD + jel)y = -mgt + e1. This is a
first-order linear equation with integrating factor eiclt/m. Thus
!!_eiclt/my] ( -mgt + el)elclt/m
dt
and
y(t) = t+
25. Multiplying the first equation by D + 1 and the second equation by D we obtain
D(D + 1)x 2D(D + 1)y = 2t + t
2
D(D + 1)x- 2D(D + l)y =O.
This leads to 2t + t
2
= O, so the system has no solution.
Exercises 4.9---------------
l. We have Y yf =ex, so
Also, Jh sinx and yq =- cosx, so


cosx)
2
= cos
2
x
However, if y
(y")2 =1= y2.
ClYl + e2y2, we have (y")
2
(qex- e2 cosx)
2
and y
2
= (e1ex + e2 cosxf Thus
2. We have Y yf =o, so
Y1Y? = 1 O= O
Also, = 2x and yq = 2, so
However, if y ClYl + c2y2, we have yy" = (q 1 + c2x
2
)(c1 O+ 2c2)


O+ c2(2x)]
2

Thus yy" =1=

177
Exercises 4.9
3. Let u= y
1
so that u' = y
11
The equation becomes u' = -u- 1 which is separable. Thus
du 1
u
2
+
1
= -dx ==> tan- u= -x + q ==> y' tan(er x) ==> y= In 1 cos(er- x)l + e2.
4. Let u y' so that u'= y
11
The equation becomes u'= 1 + u
2
. Separatng variables we obtain
du
--= dx ==> tan-
1
u= x +e ==> u tan(x + cr) ==> y -In 1 cos(x + er)l + e2.
1 + u
2
5. Let u= y' so that u' =y". The equation becomes x
2
u' + u
2
=O. Separating variables we obtain
du
6. Let u
obtan
dx 1 1
e1X + 1 1 ( X ) 1 ( 1
1) =- x2
==> -+el
x ==> u=-C! x+l/cr =el ex+1
u X
1 1
==>
y 2lnjex+11 -x + c2.
e e
du . du
y' so that y
11
= u The equatmn becomes (y + 1 )u dy u
2
. Separating variables we
du dy
=-- ==> lnJuJ=lnJy+1J+lner ==> u=q(y+1)
u y+ 1
dy
==>
dx
dy
q(y+ 1) ==> -- = C!dX
y+1
7. Let u y' so that y" u ~ ~ The equation becomes u ~ ~ + 2yu
3
O. Separating variables we
obtain
du 1 1 1
+ 2y dy O ==> - + y
2
e ==> u
u
==> y' = .....,_---
+ ct +e1
8. Let u y' so that y
11
du .
2
du
u dy. The equat10n becomes y u dy =u. Separating variables we obtain
du = dy ==> u = 1 + el ==> y' 1 ==>
y2 y y qy
1
dy = dx
==> _1:. (1 +
1
) dy = dx (for e1 ?'=O) ==>
q qy-1
1 1 1 ' .
-y+ n !Y- 1 =X+ e2.
e1
If e1 = O, then y dy = -dx and another solution is h
2
-x + e2.
178
Exercises 4.9
9. (a)
-lO
(b) Let u
obtain
y' so that y
11
du . du
u dy . The equation oecomes u dy + yu = O. Separating variables we
When x =O, y 1 and y'= -1 so -1 = -! +c}and cr - ~ . Then
dy 1 2
-=--y
dx 2
1
:=::::? _!!!!__ = - ~ dx :=::::? tan -l y
2 y
2
+ 1 2
:=::::? y= tan ( - ~ X + C2).
1
--x + c2
2
When x = O, y 1 so 1 = tan c
2
and c2 1r /4. The solution of the initial-value problem s
The graph is shown in part (a).
(e) The interval of defintion is -1f/2 < 7r/4- xj2 < 7r/2 or -1f/2 < x < 31f/2.
179
Exercises 4.9
10. Let u y
1
so that u
1
= y
11
The equation becomes (d)
2
+u
2
= 1
which results in u' = To solve u' = v'1=U2 we
separate variables:
du
= dx ==? sin-
1
u= x + ct ==? u
==? y' sin(x + q).
sin(x + c1)
7r /3 /3 (7r )
When x =
2
, y' =
2
, so
2
= sin
2
+ q and c1 =
Thus
6
-21t
y
1
Sin (X i) ==? y COS (X- i) + C2-
2n
When x = y = so = cos i) + c2 = + c2 and c2 = l. The solution of the
initial-value problem is y= 1- cos ( x- i}
To solve u
1
we separate variables:
==? u= cos(x + q) ==? y'= cos(x + q).
7r 1 /3 /3 (7r ) 7r
When x =
2
, y =
2
, so
2
= cos
2
+ q and c1 = -
3
. Thus
y
1
COS (X- i) ==? y Sin (X- i) + C2-
7r 1 1 (7r 7r) 1
When x
2
, y =
2
, so
2
=sin
2
-
3
+c2 =
2
+c2 and c2 O. The solution of the initial-value
problem is y sin ( x - i).
11. Let u y
1
so that u
1
= y
11
b '
1 1
3
h h B ll The equatwn ecomes u - -u = -u , w ic is ernou i. Using
w
'> dw 2
u-- we obtam - + -w =
dx x
d
-[x
2
w] = -2x
dx
X X
2
. An integrating factor is , so
X
-2- 1 + q
=::}
u -- 2
=::} u
X
dy =
X
=::}
dx
vc1- x
2
=::} y
X
- x
2
+ c2
=::}
Cl
x2 = (c2- y)2 =::}
+ (c2
y)2
180
q.
Exercises 4.9
12. Let u = y' so that u' = y". The equation becomes u' - 2:.u u
2
, which is Bernoulli. Using the
X
b
. .
1
b . dw 1
su stltutwn w = u- we o tam + -w -l. An integr ating factor is x, so
X
d 1 1 1
-[xw1 = -x :=::::> w = --x+-c :=::::> -
dx 2 x u
x
2
2x
--- :=::::> u = --..,-
Cl-
In Problems 13-16 the thinner curve is obtained using a numerical solver, while the thicker curve is the
graph of the Taylor polynomial.
13. We look for a solution of the form
y(x) y(O) + y'(O) + ~ y " ( O ) + 2_y'"(O) + 2_y(
4
l(x) + 2_y(
5
l(x).
2 3! 4! 5!
From y" (x) = x + y
2
we compute
y"'(x) = 1 + 2yy
1
yi4l(x) = 2yy" + 2(y')2
yi
5
l(x) = 2yy
111
+ 6y'y".
Using y(O) 1 and y'(O) = 1 we find
y"(O) = 1, y'"(o) = 3, y<
4
l(o) = 4, yi
5
>(o) 12.
An approximate solution is
14. We Jook for a solution of the form
1 1 1 1 ()
y(x) = y(O) + y'(O) + -
2
y"(O) + -ty'"(O) + Y(
4
l(x) + -
51
y
5
(x).
3. 4. .
From y
11
(x) = 1 y
2
we compute
y
111
(x) = - 2yy'
y(4l(x) = -2yy"- 2(y')2
Y(5)(x) = -2yyl"- 6y'y".
y
'
4 o
1
30!
20
10
Using y(O) = 2 and y'(O) = 3 we find -5
y"(o) = y
111
(0) = -12, y<
4
l(o) -6, y<
5
l(o) = 102.
-10
181
Exercises 4.9
An approximate solution is
y(x)
15. We look for a solution of the form
2+ 3x
3 2 2x3 - ~ x 4 + 17xs
2x 4 20
y(x)
1 1 1 ( 1 (")
y(O) + y'(O) + -y"(O) + -y
111
(0) +-y
4
l(x) +-y) (x).
2 3! 4! 5!
From y
11
(x) x
2
+ y
2
- 2y
1
we compute
y
111
( x) = 2x + 2yy
1
2y
11
y(
4
l(x) 2 + 2(y')
2
+ 2yy
11
- 2y
111
y(
5
l(x) = 6y
1
y
11
+ 2yy
111
- 2y(
4
l.
Using y(O) 1 and y'(O) 1 we find
y"(O) = -1, ym(O) 4, y(
4
l(o) =
An approximate solution is
y(x)=1+x
1 4 7 -
-X +-X;).
4 60
16. We look for a solution of the form
y(x) = y(O) +y' (O)+ ~ y " (O)+ ~ y
1 1 1
(O)+ ]..y(
4
) (x) + ]..y(
5
) (x) + ]..y(
6
) (x).
2 3! 4! 5! 6!
From y" ( x) = eY we compute
y'"(x) = eYy'
y(4l(x) eY(y')2 + eYy"
y(5)(x) = (y')3 + 3eYy'y" + eYym
y(6)(x) = eY(y')4 + 6eY(y')2y" + 3eY(y")2 + 4eYy'y"' + eYy(4).
Using y(O) =O and y'(O) = 1 we find
y"(O) = 1, y"'(O) =
An approximate solution is
1213141 1
y(x) -x + 2x - 6x + 12x + + 45
y
10
8
6
-2
-4
17. We need to solve [1 + (y')
2
r
12
y". Let u y' so that u' = y". The equation beco mes
( )
3/2 ( 2)3/2 du
1 + u
2
u' or 1 +u = . Separating variables and using the substitution u tanB
182
we have
du
---;::-;;::=dx
(1 + u2)3/2
J sec
2
e
(1 + tan
2
j cose de= x
Exercises 4.9
de X
===::;.. sin e = X ===::;..
u
(for x >O) ===::;.. y= -J1- x2.
dx d
2
x du . du
18. Let u = dt so that = u dx. The equatwn becomes u dx Separating variables we
19.
obtain
udu =
1 2 k2
-u -+e
2 X
When t = O, x = xo and v o so o
k2
-+e ande=
xo
k2
-. Then
xo
Separating variables we have
and
dx
-=
dt
kv'2jxo- x.
\ xxo
r;:: 1 (X0
2
o j
dx kv 2 dt ===::;.. t = y-; dx.
Using Mathematiea to integrate we obtain
2
-2
1
t = --
k
[ -Jx(xo- x) -tan --
xo _1 (xo- 2x) / ~ ]
2 2x V xo- x
~ ! f [ /x(xo- x) + x; tan-
1
---;===]
2 2
20 '
-2 xl = l -2 xl =-1.5
d
2
x
For dt
2
+ sin x = O the motion appears to be periodic with amplitude 1 when x1
amplitude and period are larger for larger magnitudes of x1.
183
zp'
O. The
Exercses 4.9
w'
10 ( 10 t
-1 xl =O -1 x! = 1 -1 xl = -2.5
For ~ : ~ + ~ : + sinx =O the motion appears to be periodic with decreasing amplitude. The dxjdt
term could be said to have a damping effect.
20. When y sin x, y'= cos x, y" - sinx, and
(y")
2
- y
2
sin
2
x- sin
2
x = O.
From (y")
2
- y
2
= O we have y" = y, whch can be treated as two linear equations. Since linear
combinations of solutons of linear homogeneous differential equations are also solutons, we see that
y e1 e"' + eze-x and y = e3 cos x + e4 sin x must satisfy the differential equation. However, linear
combinations that involve both exponential and trigonometric functions will not be solutions since
the differential equation is not linear and each type of function satisfies a different linear differental
equation that is part of the original differential equation.
21. Letting u= y", separating variables, and ntegrating we have
~ ~ = Vl + u2, du = dx, and snh-
1
u= x +e.
Then
u y"= sinh(x +e), y'= cosh(x +e)+ e2, and y= sinh(x +e)+ e2x + c3.
Chapter 4 Review Exercises ---------
l. y= o
2. Since Yc = cex + , a particular solution for y" -y= 1 +ex is Yp =A+ Bxe"'.
3. True
4. True
5. They are linearly independent over ( -oo, oo) and linearly dependent over (0, oo ).
6. (a) Since h(x) = 2lnx 2f(x), the functions are linearly dependent.
184
Chapter 4 Revew Exercises
(b) Since xn+
1
is not a constant multiple of xn, the functions are linearly independent.
(e) Since x + 1 is not a constant multiple of x, the functions are linearly independent.
( d) Since f
1
(x) cos x cos(n /2) - sin x sin(n /2) = sin x - h(x ), the functions are linearly
dependent.
(e) Since fi(x) O h(x), the functions are linearly dependent.
(f) Since 2x is not a constant multiple of 2, the functons are linearly independent.
(g) Since 3(x
2
) + 2(1 x
2
) - (2 + x
2
) = O, the functions are linearly dependent.
(h) Since xex+l + 0(4x 5)ex- exex =O, the functions are linearly dependent.
7. (a) The auxiliary equation is (m-3)(m+5)(m-1) = m
3
+m
2
17m+ 15 =O, so the differential
equation is y'" + y" - 17y' + 15y = O.
(b) The form of the auxiliary equation is
m(m-1)(m 2)+bm(m 1)+em+d=m
3
+(b-3)m
2
+(e-b+2)m+d O.
Since (m- 3)( m+ 5) (m- 1) m
3
+ m
2
- 17m+ 15 = O, we ha ve b- 3 = 1, e b + 2 = -17,
and d = 15. Thus, b = 4 and e= -15, so the dfferential equation is y'"+ 4y
11
- 15y' + 15y O.
8. Variation of parameters will work for all choices of g(x ), although the integral involved may not
always be able to be expressed in terms of elementary functions. The method of undetermined
coefficients wll work for the functions in (b), (e), and (e).
9. From m
2
- 2m 2 =O we obtan m= 1 J3 so that
Y= Ce(l+v'3)x + cze(l-v'3)x.
10. From 2m
2
+ 2m+ 3 =O we obtain m= -1/2 .j5j2 so that
11. From m
3
+ 10m
2
+ 25m= O we obtain m= O, m= -5, and m = -5 so that
-5x -5x
y = c1 + cze + c3xe .
12. From 2m
3
+ 9m
2
+ 12m+ 5 =O we obtain m= -1, m -1, and m= -5/2 so that
y= C}e-5x/2 + eze-x + C3Xe-x.
13. From 3m
3
+ 10m
2
+ 15m+4 O we obtain m= -1/3 ar1d m= -3/2 ..fi/2 so that
y=c
1
e-xf
3
+e-
3
xfZ(czcos V:x+c3sin V:x).
185
Chapter 4 Review Exercises
14. From 2m
4
+3m
3
+ 2m
2
+ 6m- 4 O we obtain m= 1/2, m= -2, and m= v'2i so that
+ c3 cos J2x + q sin J2x.
15. Applying D
4
to the differential equation we obtain D
4
(D
2
-3D+ 5) O. Then
y= e
3
xf
2
(el cos
2
.v'TI) 2 3
+ C2Slll -
2
-x + C3 + C4X + C5X + C6X
~ - - - - - - - - - - v - - - - - - - - - - - ~
Y e
and Yp A + Ex + ex
2
+ Dx
3
. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
(5A 3B + 2e) + (5B- 6e + 6D)x + (5e- 9D)x
2
+ 5Dx
3
-2x + 4x
3
.
Equating coefficients gives A = -222/625, B 46/125, e = 36/25, and D 4/5. The general
solution is
3 J? ( v'TI . v'TI )
y e x ~ q cos -
2
-x + c2sm -
2
-x
222 46 36 4
625 + 125x+ +
16. Applying (D 1)
3
to the differential equation we obtain (D- 1)
3
(D- 2D + 1) (D 1)
5
=O.
Then
Y e
and Yp = Ax
2
ex + Bx
3
ex + ex
4
ex. Substtuting Yp into the differential equation
12ex
2
e"' + 6Bxe"' + 2Aex x
2
ex.
Equating coefficients gives A= O, B =O, ande = 1/12. The general solution is
17. Applying D(D
2
+ 1) to the differential equation we obtain
D(D
2
+ l)(D
3
- 5D
2
+ 6D) = D
2
(D
2
+ 1)(D- 2)(D- 3) =O.
Then
Y e
and Yp = Ax + B cos X+ e sin x. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
6A+ +5e)cosx+(-5B+5e)sinx 8+2sinx.
Equating coefficients gives A 4/3, B = -1/5, ande= 1/5. The general solution is
y
2x 3x 4 1 1 ,
Cl + C2e + C3e +
3
x - S COS X +
5
Slll X.
186
Chapter 4 Revew Exercses
18. Applying D to the differential equation we obtain D(D
3
D
2
) = D
3
(D 1) =O. Then
Y e
and Yp = Ax
2
. Substituting Yp into the dfferential equation yields -2A = 6. Equating coefficients
gves A -3. The general solution is
y = e + c2x + c3ex - 3x
2
.
19. The auxiliary equation is m
2
2m+ 2 = [m- (1 +i)][m- (1- i)] =O, so Yc =e ex sinx + c2ex cosx
and
' ex sin x
W=
1
excosx+exsinx
ex cosx 1
-ex sinx + cosx 1
Identifying f ( x) = ex tan x we obtain
1
(ex sin x )(ex tan x) sin
2
x
U
2
= -e2x =- COSX
cosx secx.
Then u1 =- cosx, u2 = sinx -In 1 secx + tanxj, and
y = c1 ex sin x + c2ex cos x -ex sin x cos x + sin x cos x - ex cos x ln 1 sec x +tan xj
20. The auxliary equation is m
2
- 1 = O, so Y e = c1 ex + c2e-x and
-x 1
e = -2.
-e-x
Identifyng f(x) = 2ex j(ex +e-x) we obtan
1 ex
u' - - ------,,---
1 - ex + e-x - 1 + e2x
Then u1 tan-
1
ex, u2 =-ex+ tan-
1
ex, and
y c1ex + c2e-x +ex tan-
1
ex- 1 +e-x tan-
1
21. The auxiliary equation is 6m
2
m- 1 =O so that
y= CX1/2 + C2X-1/3.
187
Chapter 4 Review Exercses
22. The auxiliary equation is 2m
3
+ 13m
2
+ 24m+ 9 = (m+ 3)
2
(m + 1/2) =O so that
1
y= CX-
3
+ C2X-
3
lnx +
4
x
3
.
23. The auxiliary equation is m
2
5m + 6 = (m- 2)(m- 3) = O and a particular solution is Yp
x
4
- x
2
1nx so that
y= cx
2
+ c2x
3
+ x
4
- x
2
lnx.
24. The auxiliary equation is m
2
-2m+ 1 = (m- 1 )
2
= O and a particular solution is Yp = lx
3
so that
y
1 3
cx+c2xlnx+;x.
25. (a) The auxiliary equation is m
2
+ w
2
= O, so Yc = e coswt + c2 sinwt. When w :f:. o:, Yp
A cos o:t + B sin o:t and
y e coswt + c2 sinwt +A cos o:t + B sin o:t.
When w = o:, Yp = At cos o:t + Bt sin o:t and
y = e cos wt + c2 sin wt + At cos o:t + Bt sin o:t.
(b) The auxiliary equation is m
2
w
2
O, so Yc = ce"'t + c2e-"'t. When w :f:. o:, Yp = Aeat and
y= Ce"'t + C2e-wt + Aeat.
When w o:, Yp = Ateat and
26. (a) If y= sinx is a solution then sois y cosx and m
2
+ 1 is a factor of the auxiliary equation
m
4
+2m
3
+ 11m
2
+ 2m+ 10 =O. Dividing by m
2
+ 1 we get m
2
+2m+ 10, which has roots
-1 3i. The general solution of the di:fferential equation is
y e cos x + c2 sin x + e-x ( c3 cos 3x + C4 sin 3x).
(b) The auxiliary equation is m( m + 1) = m
2
+ m O, so the associated homogeneous differential
equation is y
11
+y' = O. Letting y = e + c2e-x + ~ x
2
- x and computing y
11
+y' we get x.
Thus, the di:fferential equation is y
11
+y' x.
27. (a) The auxiliary equation is m
4
-2m
2
+ 1 = (m
2
1)
2
= O, so the general solution of the
differential equation is
y e sinh x + c2 cosh x + c3x sinh x + C4X cosh x.
(b) Since both sinh x and x sinh x are solutions of the associated homogeneous di:fferential equation,
a particular solution of y(
4
)- 2y
11
+y= sinhx has the form Yp = Ax
2
sinhx + Bx
2
coshx.
188
Chapter 4 Review Exercises
28. Since y ~ = 1 and Y? = O, x
2
y ~ - (x
2
+ 2x ) y ~ + (x + 2)y = -x
2
- 2x + x
2
+ 2x O, and YI x is
a solution of the associated homogeneous equation. Using the method of reduction of order, we let
y= ux. Then y'= xu' +u and y"= xu" + 2u
1
, so
x
2
y
11
- (x
2
+ 2x )y'+ (x + 2)y = x
3
u" + 2x
2
u'- x
3
u' - 2x
2
u' - x
2
u- 2xu + x
2
u + 2xu
= x
3
u"- x
3
u' x
3
(u
11
u').
To find a second solution of the homogeneous equation we note that u = ex is a solution of
u
11
u' = O. Thus, Yc qx + c2xex. To find a particular solution we set x
3
(u
11
- u') = x
3
so
that u"- u'= l. This differential equation has a particular solution of the form Ax. Substituting,
we find A -1, so a particular solution of the original differential equation is Yp = -x
2
and the
general solution is y qx + c2xex- x
2
.
29. The auxiliar y equation is m
2
- 2m + 2 O so that m = 1 i and y = ex (e cos x + c2 sin x). Setting
y(r. /2) O and y(r.) = 1 we obtain e = e-1r and c2 = O. Thus, y= ex-1r cos x.
30. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+2m+ 1 = (m+ 1)
2
O, so that y e e-x+ c2xe-x. Setting
y( -1) =O and y'(O) =O we get e e c2e =O and -q + c2 =O. Thus e = c2 and y= ce-x + cxe-x
is a solution of the boundary-value problem for any real number c.
31. The auxiliary equation is m
2
- 1 (m- 1)(m + 1) = O so that m = 1 and y= cex + c2e-x.
Assuming Yp = Ax + B + Csinx and substituting into the differential equation we find A= 1,
B O, and C = . Thus Yp = -x ~ sinx and
x -x 1
y=ce +c2e -x-2smx.
Setting y(O) = 2 and y'(O) = 3 we obtain
C + C2 = 2
3
C2-- = 3.
2
Solving this system we find e =
1
} and c2 = - ~ . The solution of the initial-value problem is
13 x 5 -x 1 .
y= -e -e - x-- smx.
4 4 2
32. The auxiliary equation is m
2
+ 1 = O, so Yc e cos x + c2 sin x and
Identifying f(x) = sec
3
x we obtain
1
cosx
W=
-sinx
sinx
=l.
COSX
sinxsec
3
x
sinx
- cos
3
x
u2 = cosx sec
3
x = sec
2
x.
189
Chapter 4 Review Exercises
Then
1 1 1 2
u1 = -- --= -- sec x
2 cos
2
x 2
u2 = tanx.
Thus
y
. 1 2 .
e cos x + c2 sm x -
2
cos x se e x + sm x tan x
. 1 1- cos
2
x
= c cos x + c2 sm x -
2
sec x +
cosx
. 1
C3 cosx + c2 smx +
2
secx.
and
1 . 1
Yp = -c3 sm x + c2 cos x. +
2
sec x tan x.
The initial conditions imply
1
C3 + 2 = 1
1
-
2
Thus c3 c2 1/2 and
1 1 . 1
y= cosx + smx +- secx.
2 2 2
33. Let u= y' so that u'= y". The equation becomes u ddu = 4x. Separating variables we obtain
X .
udu = 4xdx ==} ~ u
2
= 2x
2
+ q ==} u
2
= 4x
2
+ c2.
2
When x = 1, y'= u 2, so 4 = 4 + c2 and c2 O. Then
dy
dx
dy
2x or dx
-2x
When x = 1, y= 5, so 5 = 1 + C3 and 5 = -1 + c4. Thus c3 4 and c4 = 6. We have y= x
2
+ 4
and y= -x
2
+ 6. Note however that when y -x
2
+ 6, y' = -2x and y
1
(1) = -2 =!= 2. Thus, the
solution of the initial-value problem is y = x
2
+ 4.
34. Let u
1 11
du du
2
y so that y = u dy . The equation becomes 2u dy = 3y . Separating variables we obtain
2udy 3y
2
dy ==} u
2
=y
3
+q.
190
Chapter 4 Review Exercises
\Vhen x O, y = 1 and y' = u= 1 so 1 1 +e and q = O. Then
u2 = y3 ===:::;..
G ~ r
y3 ===:::;..
dy = y3/2
dx
===:::;.. y-3/2 dy
dx
-2y-l/2
4
===:::;..
X+ C2
===:::;..
y
When x
4
o, y = 1, so 1 = 2
c2
4 4
c2 = 2. Thus, y = (x +
2
)
2
and y = (x
2
)
2
. Note
h
4 1
owever that when y (x +
2
)
2
, y
8
and y'(O) = -1 =fl. Thus, the solution of the
initial-value problem is y= (x ~
2
)
2

35. (a) The auxiliary equation is 12m
4
+64m
3
+ 59m
2
23m -12 =O and has roots -4, -3/2, -1/3,
and 1/2. The general solution is
(b) The system of equations is
CJ + C2 + C3 + C4 = -1
3
-4c - -c2
2
1 1
-c3 + -c4 = 2
3 2
9 1 1
16e + -C2 + -C3 + -C4 = 5
4 9 4
-64c
27 1 1
-C2 - -C3 + -C4 = 0.
8 27 8
U CAS fi d
73 109 3726 d 257 Th 1 f h
sing a we n c1 = -
495
, c2 =
35
, c3 -385 , an C4 = 45 . e so utwn o t e
initial-value problem s
73 -4x 109 -3x/2
Y= 495e + 35e
191
Chapter 4 Review Exercises
36. Consider xy
11
+ y
1
O and loo k fr a solution of the forro y = xm.
Substituting into the differential equation we have
xy
11
+ y
1
=m( m- l)xm-
1
+ mxm-
1
= m
2
x.
Thus, the general solution of xy
11
+y' = O is Y e = q + c2ln x. To find a
particular solution of xy
11
+y' = -y'X we use variation of parameters.
The Wronskian is
w-11 lnxll
O lfx
Identifying f(x) = -x-
1
1
2
we obtain
1
X
'1
-2
-s
' x-1/2lnx -x-l/2
u
1
= = JXInx and / = -.jX,
1/x 1 x
so that
2 4 2
Ul =

g) and U2 = -3x
3
/
2
Then Yp = x
3
1
2
( ln x ix
3
1
2
In x =

and the general solution of the differential equation
s y= c1 + c2lnx

The initial conditions are y(l) =O and y'(1) O. These imply that
e = and C2 = i. The solution of the initial-value problem is y + ln X - ax
3
1
2
.
37. From (D- 2)x + (D- 2)y = 1 and Dx + (2D l)y 3 we obtain (D 1)(D 2)y -6 and
Dx 3 - (2D- 1)y. Then
Substitutng into (D 2)x + (D 2)y 1 gives c3 5/2 so that
3 2t 5
2c1e +2
38. From (D- 2)x- y t 2 and -3x + (D- 4)y = -4t we obtain (D l)(D- 5)x = 9 8t. Then
t 5t 8 3
X = C! e + C2e -
5
t
25
and
t 5t 16 11
y=(D-2)x-t+2=-ee +3c2e +
25
+
25
t.
39. From (D 2)x- y= and -3x + (D 4)y -7et we obtan (D- l)(D- 5)x = -4 so that
Then
192
Chapter 4 Revew Exercses
40. From (D+2)x+(D+l)y =sin 2t and 5x+ (D+3)y = cos2t we obtain (D
2
+5)y 2cos 2t-7 sin 2t.
Then
y = e cos t + e2 sin t
2 2 7 . 2
'3 cos t +
3
sm t
and
1 1
X = 5 (D + 3)y + 5 cos 2t
= - sin t + cos t -
5
sin 2t- cos 2t.
5 5 5 5 3 3
193