METU

What is Engineering ?

The Technological Team

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering, EEED, METU, Spring 2004, Page 1

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What is Engineering ?

The Technological Team

Engineers usually work in a team of;
Scientists, Engineers, Technologists, Technicians, Craftsmans

which brings together complementary skills to solve a problem;

April 7, 2005, Introduction to Electrical Engineering, EEED, METU, Spring 2004, Page 2

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What is Engineering ?

Scientists
Scientists: Search for new fundamental understanding of the world and develop existing knowledge Applied Scientists: Apply knowledge gained by theoretical advances to develop new products and devices
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What is Engineering ?

Engineers
Usually lead the team, Function: design of a new product, project or system

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What is Engineering ?

Engineering Education
Develops creative minds with the mathematical and analytical skills necessary to: create new designs, find out alternative, better solutions to existing methods of performing tasks

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What is Engineering ?

A Technologist
Has education with less mathematical requirement, Material is presented in less theoretical manner, Often works with engineer and technicians, Develops further changes on design, Initiative and abilities determine the assignments, Often the functions of the engineer and technologist overlap at the workplace
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What is Engineering ?

Technicians
are hands on people; Draftsman, Electric, Electronic Technician, Mechanic, etc

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What is Engineering ?

Craftsman
are skilled workers, they have skills to build devices and systems

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What is Engineering ?

Engineering Societies
Chamber of Electrical Engineers (EMO) Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE)

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What is Engineering ?

Main Duties of Engineering Societies

Enhance the standing of engineers, Maintain and improve standards of engineering education, To bring engineers together for exchange of information and ideas, To give attention to the professional and economic aspects of the practice of engineering
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What is Engineering ?

ABET
(Accreditation Board for Engineering And Technology)

Main function of ABET is the examination and accreditation of engineering and technology curricula Aims to assure that students are given a relevant education
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What is Engineering ?

Abet Team
Members of societies forming ABET appoint a team from their members which examines; quality of the course material, competence of the faculty, administrative support, interviews with students and staff
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What is Engineering ?

Fields of Engineering
Aeronautical & Aerospace, Agricultural, Architectural, Automotive, Biomedical, Ceramic, Civil, Computer & Computer Science Engineering,
Introduction to Electrical Engineering, EEED, METU, Spring 2004, Page 13

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What is Engineering ?

Fields of Engineering
Electrical & Electronics, Environmental, Industrial, Manufacturing, Marine, Naval & Ocean, Mining & Geological, Nuclear, Petroleum
Introduction to Electrical Engineering, EEED, METU, Spring 2004, Page 14

April 7, 2005,

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What is Engineering ?

Materials and Metallurgical Engineering

Materials science seeks to
understand the properties of materials, What are the factors of the atomic and molecular structure which make one material brittle, the other elastic, uses the knowledge on atomic / molecular structure to develop new materials that will have improved characteristics, greater strength, corrosion resistance etc All areas of industry are affected by new materials
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What is Engineering ?

Metallurgical Engineering
is more concerned with metals, Extracting metals from naturally accuring ores

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What is Engineering ?

Biomedical Engineering
Comparatively new - began in 1940s, In a sense however it has been practiced for thousands of years since the introduction of first artificial limb, Interdisciplinary, Engineers work with biologists and physicians to develop new equipment and materials
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What is Engineering ?

Bioengineering
Applying engineering techniques to biological systems

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What is Engineering ?

Medical Engineering
Develops medical instrumentation, monitoring instruments (EKG etc), artificial organs, prosthetic devices

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What is Engineering ?

Clinical Engineering
Concerns itself with hospital system problems such as: decontaminating air lines, removing anesthetic gases from operating rooms, Operation and maintenance of medical equipment
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What is Engineering ?

Computer Engineering and Computer Science

are closely related Both involved with the design and organization of computers both software and hardware

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What is Engineering ?

Computer Engineering and Computer Science Computer science : from software viewpoint Computer engineering : from the hardware point of view with less emphasis on the software At METU CEng educates more like a CS Department, EE educates more like a Computer Engineering Department
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What is Engineering ?

Computer Engineering and Computer Science

Computer science in the most general sense is the study of problem solving procedures, computability and computation systems Software Engineering is a relatively new area and is concerned with the creation of software to solve problems
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What is Engineering ?

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Covers a very diverse field The role of electrical engineering in modern society is vital A blackout dramatizes how dependent we are on systems with electrical components Imagine what would happen to social life without communications, telephones or computers
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What is Engineering ?

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Electrical (electronic) signals may vary from a few volts to a few million volts frequencies vary from DC to gigahertz (1000 million cycles per second) Engineers in this field are often called Electrical Engineers however
April 7, 2005, Introduction to Electrical Engineering, EEED, METU, Spring 2004, Page 25

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What is Engineering ?

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

in more specific terms Electronics Engineering deals with the passage of charged particles in gas, vacuum or semiconductors Electrical Engineering deals with the motion of electrons in metals such as wires and filaments
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What is Engineering ?

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

At the extreme ends, there is little relationship between Electrical and Electronics Engineering -other than common fundamental laws High voltage area requires specific knowledge on the extreme end of Electrical Engineering An engineer concerned with radars has more to do with Electronics engineering
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What is Engineering ?

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

In many applications, electrical and electronics engineering is interlaced such as; industrial applications, automotive field, household appliances etc

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What is Engineering ?

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Most engineering disciplines involve use of electrical engg in the system design machine tools used to be an exclusive area of Mechanical Engg But now it is not possible to imagine a modern machine tool without a computer control and a sophisticated speed control system In the civil engineering area, communication, security, alarm, energy control etc systems became a vital part of a modern building
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What is Engineering ?

Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical Engineers apply principles of mechanics and energy to the design of machines and devices Not only concerned with devices that move but is also interested in thermal design, heating, air conditioning etc
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What is Engineering ?

Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical engineers must be able to control mechanical systems and work frequently with electrical engineers in designing systems Mechanical Engineers are also concerned with vibration, noise, fatigue, lubrication
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What is Engineering ?

The Technological Team

Research Development Design Manufacturing & Construction Operations & Maintenance Sales Management Government, Consulting & Teaching Quality Assurance & Control
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What is Engineering ?

Engineering Research
Not the basic research of scientists
seeking phenomena not understood, Rather applied research that uses the results of basic research, aimed at creating a new or improved product, creating new technology, Market conditions determine whether a new product is needed
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What is Engineering ?

Research Engineers
are expected to be bright open minded people, often with higher degrees

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What is Engineering ?

Development Engineer
Works closely with the research engineer, Often research and development is together (R&D) because companies can not afford undirected research, Development must be towards a new product or improvement of a product
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What is Engineering ?

Development Engineer
Must convince management to fund new proposals based on market projections & customer requests from sales engineers, Are not always concerned with latest research, may use existing devices to solve a problem
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What is Engineering ?

Design
The next step in product development
After development engineer shows that a new product or process is possible, management is convinced to spend: resources, people, space, money
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What is Engineering ?

Design Engineer
translates a concept or a model into producible form, While doing that, considers manufacturing facilities available, documents the product, so that manufacturing engineers can set up the machinery, chose materials & components required

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What is Engineering ?

Design Engineer
must balance; economics product quality, aesthetic values etc must have a broad engineering background to balance conflicting requirements of; cost, quality, aesthetics
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What is Engineering ?

Manufacturing and Construction Eng

Converts paper design of a product into a physical reality This requires coordination of many types of people, materials and equipment, Communication with trades people, design engineers & management is important

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What is Engineering ?

Manufacturing and Construction Eng

Must be able to; handle labor disputes, notice and notify management of significant problems, assure flow of materials, keep workforce fully utilized

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What is Engineering ?

Operation and Maintenance Eng.

An existing facility must be operated & maintained, Data from equipment must be analyzed, Measures must be taken to assure, continuity of operation, Maintenance must be scheduled
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What is Engineering ?

Operation and Maintenance Eng.

must be a generalists & be able to deal with electrical systems electronics control systems steam / air systems and specialist to maintain and repair them

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What is Engineering ?

Operations and Maintenance Eng.

also responsible for; plant safety & technician training, must be knowledgeable on union contracts

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What is Engineering ?

Sales Engineer
A vital position for survival of a company A sales engineer must; know of customers needs & why a product matches, Know what customers needs more in quality and quantity, be able to communicate with customer, be technically proficient, Represent the company properly
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What is Engineering ?

Sales Engineer
So usually not a starting position Some experience is needed in manufacturing or service area

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What is Engineering ?

Managers
more than 75% of engineers become managers, It is not always necessary to develop technologies, Using available technologies in industrial area is more important, Technical Managers comprehend new technologies and have an intuitive, understanding of which opinion to accept
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What is Engineering ?

Managers
Engineers because of their education and training develop an intuition & can quickly learn management skills to run technical industries

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What is Engineering ?

Managers
manage resources, people, money & materials, interpersonal skills are necessary, Attend meetings, Read reports etc, Organize, direct & control several tasks and activities simultaneously
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What is Engineering ?

Managers
Most management situations involve problem solving, Managerial difficulties also involve solving peoples problems, a skill that can be learned & an art that can be refined

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What is Engineering ?

Government Engineers
Government Engineers Manage and direct government funds for fundamental and applied research provide an important link in helping the government officials make sound decisions in the light of complex technological systems
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What is Engineering ?

Consulting and Teaching Eng.

Consultant : a specialist for hire many companies can not afford to keep them continuously in their payroll, Teaching must balance research and teaching interests

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What is Engineering ?

Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Part of the manufacturing process but often a separate department, Growingly more important for competitiveness

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What is Engineering ?

What Is Quality?
A quality product or service is expected to have a greater degree of excellence if the price is high compared to competitors, A quality product should show less variable performance

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What is Engineering ?

Need for Quality Control

Manufactured products show variations from the prototype soldering technique of an electronic circuit designed may be difficult to perform and does not assure repeatability needs a revision and quality control is essential To control variability, a product must be designed to tolerate variations in components

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What is Engineering ?

Quality Services
Quality control : checking materials and components as they are received and manufactured Quality assurance : checking product or service after it is completed

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What is Engineering ?

Quality Control
Quality Control yields greater profitably since the number of returned products decreases & company image, customer satisfaction improves

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What is Engineering ?

Cost of Quality Control

Costs associated with implementing a quality control system: tests on final product, tests of materials purchased, Failure costs: from re-manufacture and repair of the returned products because of not meeting the expected performance

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What is Engineering ?

Total Quality Control

Total quality control assures repeatable production by specifying all steps and tests (does not mean a superior product) on the other hand, Standards determine the minimum requirements, but do not assure repeatability

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What is Engineering ?

Total Quality Control

Classical understanding of quality: to check whether the final product is against company standards Modern understanding of quality : to specify steps well and keep under control to end up with less failure and variability

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What is Engineering ?

Total Quality Cost Curve

To spend less, increases the failure costs, To spend more, decreases profitability because of test and appraisal costs, Minimum of total quality cost assumes that there will be A % of defective products and the quality program will incur B expense
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Expenses

Total quality cost Preventive costs

Failure costs 100 A 0 Defects

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