EVALUATION OF COASTAL AQUFIER IN RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT USING GIS

A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by

M.RAJIVGHANDHI P.SENTHILKUMARAN G.S.VINOD VASAN C.VINOTH BABU

(REGNO: 90106103041) (REGNO: 90106103043) (REGNO: 90106103054) (REGNO: 90106103055)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

A. C. COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KARAIKUDI 04

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2010

EVALUATION OF COASTAL AQUFIER IN RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT USING GIS

A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by

M.RAJIVGHANDHI P.SENTHILKUMARAN G.S.VINOD VASAN C.VINOTH BABU

(REGNO: 90106103041) (REGNO: 90106103043) (REGNO: 90106103054) (REGNO: 90106103055)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

A. C. COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH., KARAIKUDI 04

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2010

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report EVALUATION OF COASTAL AQUFIER IN RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT USING GIS is the bonafide work of M.RAJIVGHANDHI P.SENTHILKUMARAN G.S.VINOD VASAN C.VINOTH BABU (REGNO: 90106103041) (REGNO: 90106103043) (REGNO: 90106103054) (REGNO: 90106103055)

who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Prof M.S.Komala, Professor & Head of Civil Engg. A.C.C.E.T Karaikudi- 04

SIGNATURE PROJECT SUPERVISOR Dr.S.Balakumaran, Professor of department of geolo A.C.C.E.T Karaikudi -04

Submitted for viva-voce examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report EVALUATION OF COASTAL AQUFIER IN RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT USING GIS is the bonafide work of M.RAJIVGHANDHI (REGNO: 90106103041) who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Prof M.S.Komala, Professor & Head of Civil Engg. A.C.C.E.T Karaikudi- 04

SIGNATURE PROJECT SUPERVISOR Dr.S.Balakumaran, Professor of department of geolo A.C.C.E.T Karaikudi -04

Submitted for viva-voce examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report EVALUATION OF COASTAL AQUFIER IN RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT USING GIS is the bonafide work of P.SENTHILKUMARAN (REGNO: 90106103043) who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Prof M.S.Komala, Professor & Head of Civil Engg. A.C.C.E.T Karaikudi- 04

SIGNATURE PROJECT SUPERVISOR Dr.S.Balakumaran, Professor of department of geolo A.C.C.E.T Karaikudi -04

Submitted for viva-voce examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report EVALUATION OF COASTAL AQUFIER IN RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT USING GIS is the bonafide work of G.S.VINOD VASAN (REGNO: 90106103054) who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Prof M.S.Komala, Professor & Head of Civil Engg. A.C.C.E.T Karaikudi- 04

SIGNATURE PROJECT SUPERVISOR Dr.S.Balakumaran, Professor of department of geolo A.C.C.E.T Karaikudi -04

Submitted for viva-voce examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report EVALUATION OF COASTAL AQUFIER IN RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT USING GIS is the bonafide work of C.VINOTH BABU (REGNO: 90106103055) who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Prof M.S.Komala, Professor & Head of Civil Engg. A.C.C.E.T Karaikudi- 04

SIGNATURE PROJECT SUPERVISOR Dr.S.Balakumaran, Professor of department of geolo A.C.C.E.T Karaikudi -04

Submitted for viva-voce examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are greatly obliged and express our sincere thanks to Dr.V.SEKARAN, Ph.D., Principal, Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering & Technology, Karaikudi. We express our sincere thanks to Prof.M.S.Komala, M.E., Professor and Head of Civil Engineering, A.C.College of Engineering & Technology, Karaikudi, for providing all facilities for the completion of the project work. It is our privilege to work under the guidance of our guide Dr.S.Balakumaran, A.C.College of Engineering & Technology, Karaikudi, for her encouragement and impeccable help and guidance in making this project a success. We express our sincere thanks to our Faculty Advisor Dr.A.S.S.Sekar, M.E.,PhD, A.C.College of Engineering & Technology, Karaikudi, for providing all facilities for the completion of our project work. We also express our sincere thanks to the INSTITUTE REMOTE SENSING Chennai. We would also like to thank all staff members of the department of civil engineering for their advice and support.

ABSTRACT At present day, both surface and sub surface water resource get depleted and polluted due to unscientific management and utilization. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the quality of water resource available in an area for proper planning of socioeconomic activities. An attempt has been made to evaluate the suitability of groundwater in and around Ramanathapuram district, for domestic and irrigation purposes. Totally 20 well sections were selected in all 11 blocks and analyzed for estimating the chemical parameters namely pH, TDS, EC, Alkalinity, Hardness, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, N (as NO2 & NO3), CO3 and HCO3. Using these chemical data various diagrams namely U.S.S.L diagram (Salinity diagram), SAR analysis, Scattered diagrams, sea water intrusion chart, Vector isoline maps, Thematic maps, GIS overlays and Water Quality Index has been drawn and interpreted. In U.S.S.L diagram it is found that seven well sections namely pinnatur, kil Bhuvanagiri and tolayakupam show a high salinity as well as high sodium content and kirappalayam, paluttangarai,vayalur show a high salinity hazard. In WQI interpretation, places like Perunali and Sikkal are the only places showing medium water quality while all the other areas show bad and very bad water quality. In sea water intrusion bar chart that Yervadi, Thondi, Devipattinam, Chitrakottai, Kizhakarai and Mandapam are the places showing high levels of sea water intrusion. Finally the GIS overlays have given suitable water quality zones both for drinking and irrigation. Some parts middle and west of Ramanathapuram

how poor drinking water quality and some parts lying east of Ramanathapuram district show poor irrigation water quality.

TABLE CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS 1 2 INTRODUCTION STUDY AREA i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. 3 4 Geographical location Administrative arrangement Meteorological information Land resources Soil types Geomorphology Hydrogeology PAGE NO iv v vi

REVIEW OF LITERATURE OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

MATERIALS & METHODS i. ii. iii. iv. v. Collection of water samples Water quality index U.S.S.L diagram Isoline maps Physio-chemical parameters

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Vector Isoline map Sea water contamination in Ground water Water Quality Index U.S Salinity diagram Scattered diagrams Interpretation using GIS

7 8 9

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS CONCLUSION REFERENCE

LIST OF TABLES S.NO CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

LIST OF FIGURES S.NO CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Water is a renewable resource of earth and is essential for all living organisms for their existence and metabolic processes in the world. Major water resources in the earth are saline water sources. They are about 99% of the total water and the remaining 1% of water resources includes the fresh water bodies on the earth and the ground water sources. The ground water is an important source of water for agricultural (45% of our countrys agricultural demand is met), industrial (about 85% in rural areas) and domestic purposes. Ground water is the only source of water in Ramanathapuram district as there is a scarcity of surface water and insufficient irrigation works. Ground water in its percolation through soil and rocks, leaches out soluble salts, it is thus typically mineralized and sometimes heavily so. The vulnerability of ground water to contamination is determined by the effectiveness of regulatory action, pollution of ground water supplies can take place rapidly in hard rock areas especially in lime stone regions where extensive cavern system are below the water table. Ground water moves slowly through its zones. Consequently pollutants introduced commonly move along a pollution plume along the flow of ground water until discharged into lake or sea. The ground water quality is normally characterized by different physiochemical characteristics. These parameters change widely due to the type of pollution, seasonal fluctuation, ground water extraction, sea water extrusion etc. hence a continuous monitoring of ground water becomes mandatory so as to minimize ground water pollution. Continuous monitoring of ground water has

become easier with the development of rapid water quality measurement techniques without making much compromise on the accuracy of measurement.

CHAPTER 2 NEED FOR THIS STUDY Ground water pollution is insidious and expensive. It takes many years to show its full effect in quality of water pumped from deep wells and also cost of reclamation of polluted aquifers will be extremely high. Indeed, restoration to drinking water standards is often practically impossible. The recent devastating Tsunami also made a large impact on coast land of Ramanathapuram district by polluting their aquifers. These coastal aquifers are very vulnerable to the sea water intrusion through the overdraft of ground water or insufficient recharge to the aquifer. Hence the problem of sea water intrusion to the ground water has become the considerable concern in many countries, which has coastal areas. Deltas along coastal areas are the fertile land of agricultural activities. The main profession of people living n Delta areas is agricultural based employment potentials, both surface and sub-surface water are used for irrigation purposes. Due to meagre amount of surface water, ground water is largely exploited in delta areas in recent years. Hence the demarcation of salt affected ground area is to be done in all coastal areas for proper management of ground water potential in the area. In view of this point, the present study on ground water quality in parts of Ramanathapuram district has been carried out to access the level of contamination of coastal aquifer

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE There are various evidences available in this world for ground water contamination in coastal aquifers. Some of the important evidences are explained below India has a very long coast line which is the backbone of its national economy. The coastal region occupies some of the most potential aquifer systems of the country. The coastal aquifers of India ranges from that of Jurassic to Recent and is seen almost all along the coast right from Gujarat to West Bengal. Some of the aquifers especially the Tertiary to Recent ones are highly potential and are developed extensively. The problems are also complex in the coastal area. Some of them are sea water intrusion, salinity from the aquifer (in situ) material, pollution, global warming and its impact on these aquifer systems. At 1994 an expert meeting on water quantity and quality management convened by the Economic and Social commission for the pacific (ESCAP), Asian representatives approved which called for national and international action on to assess loss of economic opportunity due to water pollution and to determine the potential; economic impacts on looming water crisis. There is a concern of the delegates to the ESCAP meeting was to demonstrate the economic rather than simply the environment impacts of the water pollution in sustainable development. If the cost remediation exceeds economic benefits, development projects may never be creditworthy. Prime minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh, told the first congress on Groundwater organized by the ministry of water resources (Oct. 2007) that subsidized access to water for economical and commercial purposes can no longer be sustained. The expert group of the planning commission on ground water headed by Dr. Kirit S. Parikh has pointed to the limited value of regulation in

curbing extraction in the country with millions of wells. A massive community-led Programme recharge groundwater and augment surface storage may perform better. The task of evolving a framework to meet the egalitarian objectives of the National Water Policy and the National Environment Policy must be taken up as top priority.

CHAPTER 4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The following are the objectives to evaluate the ground water quality in Ramanathapuram district: To determine the quality of water in the coastal aquifers in Ramanathapuram district by analysis of physio-chemical parameters and also to find out their abnormality that would affect the public. To draw the spatial distribution diagram for each physio-chemical parameter in Ramanathapuram district. To interpret the data through various diagrams like: U.S.S.L diagrams, Scattered diagrams, Sea water intrusion bar chart, Vector isoline maps, Thematic maps, GIS overlays and Water Quality Index.

CHAPTER - 5 LOCATION OF STUDY AREA 5.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION The study area, Ramanathapuram, is one of the coastal districts of Tamilnadu having a seacoast extending to nearly 260 kms. It is bounded on the north by Sivagangai and Pudukottai districts, on the east and south by the Bay of Bengal, and on the west by Thoothukudi and Kamarajar districts. The district headquarters is located at Ramanathapuram. The district lies between 9. 05 and 9.50 north latitude and 78.10 and 79.27 east longitude. The general geographical information of the district is simple and flatted. Vaigai River and Gundar River are flowing in the district and they will be dry during the summer season. The total geographical area of the district is 4089. 57 km2

Fig 5.1 Map of Ramanathapuram district.

5.2 ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENT Ramanathapuram district comprises 7 taluks, 11 blocks and 400 Villages. As regards the hierarchy of administrative arrangement, there are 2 Municipalities, 8 Town Panchayats and 400 Village Panchayats in the district. The Community Development Blocks are Tiruvadanai, Rajasingamangalam, Paramakkudi, Bogalur, Nainarkoil, Kamuthi, Mudukulathur, Kadaladi, Ramanathapuram, Thirupulani, and Mandapam. The details regarding the number of blocks, villages, village panchayats, town panchayats and municipalities with regard to each taluk are given in table below.
S.NO. TALUK AREA IN NO. OF BLOCK NO OF VILLAGES Paramakudi Bogalur 2 Rameswaram 9048 59 Nainarkoil Ramanathapuram 3 Ramanathapuram 77499 69 Mandapam Thirupulani Tiruvadanai 4 5 6 7 Tiruvadanai Mudukulathur Kadaladi Kamuthi Total 81461 48085 61223 57847 408957 98 38 53 49 400 R S Mangalam Mudukulathur Kadaladi Kamuthi 34 23 36 25 19 25 57 41 38 53 49 400

HECTARES VILLAGES 1 Paramakudi 73794 34

Table 5.1 Details of taluks and blocks in Ramanathapuram district.

Fig 5.2.1 Taluks in Ramanathapuram district

Fig 5.2.2 Blocks in Ramanathapuram district

5.3 METEROLOGICAL INFORMATION The district enjoys a Tropical climate. The period from May to June is generally hot and dry. The weather is pleasant during the period from December to January. Usually mornings are more humid than afternoons. The relative humidity is on an average between 79 and 84%. The mean minimum temperature is 25.7C and mean maximum daily temperature is 30.6C respectively. The monthly average rainfall in the district was 75.73 mm. The months of October, November and December receive a rainfall that is more than the annual average rainfall. The district receives the rain under the influence of both southwest and northeast monsoons. The northeast monsoon chiefly contributes to the rainfall in the district. Most of the precipitation occurs in the form of cyclonic storms caused due to the depressions in Bay of Bengal. The southwest monsoon rainfall is highly erratic and summer rains are negligible. 5.4 LAND RESOURCES The cropped area accounts for about 53.68% of the total area. Forest lands cover about 1.30% of the total land. A significant portion (42.13%) of the land falls under the category of non available for cultivation and fallow lands. About 2.89% fall under the category of uncultivated land. 53.68% of the land area in Ramanathapuram District is utilized for cultivation. Hence 1.31% of the land area remains as cultivatable wasteland.

Land utilization- Ramanathapuram District

1% 22% 3% 20% 54% Forest land Non available for cultivation Other uncultivated land Fallow lands Cropped land

Fig 2.3.1 Land utilization chart in ramanathapuram district.

5.5 SOIL TYPES Soils in the area have been classified into i) Black Clayey soil, ii) Sandy soil and iii) Red ferruginous soil. In the Ramanathapuram district, majority of the area is covered by Black Clayey soil type. These soils are mostly black or black to brownish in color and are found in parts of Ramanathapuram, Paramakudi, Kamuthi, Tiruvadanai and Mudukulathur blocks. Sand occur in flat elevation along the Rameswaram and Kadaladi blocks, Alluvial soils occur along the river courses of Vaigai and Gundar river covering in the blocks Paramakudi, Tiruvadanai and Mudukulathur. The Red ferruginous soil of the Chettinad plains occurs as few pockets around Paramakudi and Tiruvadanai blocks. 5.6 GEOMORPHOLOGY Ramanathapuram district has a long coastline of around 260 km. The coastal areas are flanked by Beach ridge complex-sand dunes, swales, swamps and backwater. The sand flat is another feature of the coast comprising of clays and silts, often inundated by seawater and encrusted with salt. Other features are the shallow pediment plain of Kamuthi, parts of Paramakudi and Tiruvadanai taluks with thin veneer of soil cover over weathered hornblende gneiss, laterite and the buried pediments. The major part of Ramanathapuram district falls in Gundar-Vaigai river basin. Vaigai and Gundar are the important rivers and in addition, Virusuli, Kottakariyar & Uppur are the other rivers draining the district. The drainage pattern, in general, is dendritic. All the rivers are seasonal and carry substantial flows during monsoon period. Vaigai, which is one of the important rivers of the district, which is flow

and drain in the Paramakudi, Bogalur, Thirupulani and Mandapam blocks. The Gundar river originates in Kottamalai hills in the Saptura forest and enters the district near Anankulam and flows in a south eastern to due south direction and enters the Bay of Bengal near Mukaiyur. The Kottakariyar, Virusuli and Uppur are other rivers flowing in south easterly direction and entering the Bay of Bengal. 5.7 HYDROGEOLOGY The district is underlain by both porous and fissured formations.The important aquifer systems in the district are constituted by i) ii) Unconsolidated & semi consolidated formations and Weathered and fractured crystalline rocks.

The porous formations can be grouped into three aquifer groups, viz., a. Cretaceous sediments, b. Tertiary Sediments and c. Quaternary Sediments. The cretaceous aquifer is semi confined to confined in nature and consists of two zones. The top unit comprises fossiliferous sandstone red in color and compact in nature, while the bottom is pinkish or grayish sandstone intercalated with shales. The aquifers are characterized by freshwater and occurs at the depth range of 116407 and 205-777 m bgl and has thickness in the range of 68 to 535 m. The wells may yield a discharge of 5-10 lps and can sustain a pumping of 10-15 hours a day. However, because of the presence of potential shallow tertiary aquifer, this aquifer has not been extensively developed. Cuddalore Sandstone of Tertiary sediments consists of Sandstone, Clay & Conglomerate. They are encountered at the depth of 15-75 m bgl with the thickness ranging from 20 to 70 m. The unconfined aquifer can be tapped by dug well/ dug cum bore well and can yield about 10-15 lps and can sustain a pumping

of 10-15 hours a day. The deeper tube wells can yield about 15-20 lps and can sustain a pumping of 10-15 hours a day. Quaternary sediments comprises of fluvial and coastal sands and laterites. The alluvium with alternate layer of sand and clay with a thickness of 15-25 m and are characterized by floating freshwater lenses limited to a depth 6-7 m bgl and can sustain a pumping of 2 3 hours and can yield about 2-5 lps. These aquifers are highly heterogeneous in nature due to variation in lithology, texture and structural features even within short distances. The thickness of weathered zone in the district is in the range of 4 to 15 m.
Aquifer Transmissivity (m2/day) Weathered Crystallizes Fractures Crystallizes Cretaceous Aquifer Tertiary Aquifer Quaternary Aquifer <1 1-10 50-500 5- 3000 5-50 1.32 X 10 -3 to 8.0 X 10 -3 2.7 X 10 -5 to 5.5 X 10 -5 2.5 X 10 -5 Storability Specific yield (%) <2 2-5 6-10

Table 2.7 Aquifer parameters in Ramanathapuram district.

CHAPTER 6 MATERIALS AND METHODS 6.1 Collection of water samples In Ramanathapuram district totally 20 well points were selected are water samples were collected and tested and analyzed. The well points were selected on the basis of their importance, area of land irrigated, distance away from the sea coast, lithological parameters and locality.

Fig 5.1 Location of well points in Ramanathapuram district.

St.no

Location Latitude

Position Longitude 782203 782717 783048 782048 781915 782714 783817 783517 784942 784142 780105 785345 785400 784707 782717 780304 785458 784939 790916 784422 9241439 93515 92051 91138 91358 91005 91446 93249 91653 91225 94200 92835 92840 91416 93515 95047 94005 92209 91641 91850

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20

Kamuthi Ponthampuli Mudukulathur Kadaladi Perunali Sayalkudi Sikkal Paramakudi Thirupulani Yervadi Thondi Devipattinam Chitrakottai Kizhakarai Manjur Thiruvetriyur R S Mangalam Ramanathapuram Mandapam Uthirakosmangai

Table 6.1 Location of well points in Ramanathapuram district

6.2 U.S.S.L DIAGRAMS The US Regional Salinity Laboratory (1954) has constructed a diagram for classification of irrigation water 16 classes, with reference to SAR as index for Sodium Hazard C. the quality classification of irrigation water is given the table below.
Water class Salinity Hazard (EC v/cm) Excellent Good Medium Bad Very bad < 250 250 750 750 2250 2250 4000 > 4000 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) Upto 10 10 18 18 26 > 26 > 26

Table 6.2 Quality classification for irrigation water.

The formula for calculating the Sodium Adsorption Ratio is 6.3 WATER QUALITY INDEX Water quality indices calculation was carried out, adopting the Hortons method and the modifications proposed by Tiwari and Mishra. The overall water quality index for the ground water samples was calculated using the formula suggested by Brown.et.al, which is
Where,

Where Si = Standard value for each parameter prescribed by standards, Qi = Quality rating for each parameter which is calculated as

Where, Ci = Measured concentration for each parameter which is estimated value, Cid = Ideal concentration/ value for each parameter and Cs = Standard concentration for each parameter recommended by standards. 6.4 Physio-chemical parameters There are various physio-chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, SO4, CO3, HCO3, etc., are to be determined for evaluating the quality of water. The tests and experiments conducted to determine each of the parameters are been explained in detail. 1. pH: pH in the water sample is measured using digital pH meter, the value of ph at 28C is obtained. It is calculated using the formula, [ 2. Total Dissolved Solids : A well mixed, measured portion of a sample is filtered through a standard glass-fiber filter and the filtrate is evaporated to dryness in a weighed dish and dried to constant weight at 180 C. The increase in dish weight represents the total dissolved solids. ]

where, A = weight of dish + solids (mg) B = weight of dish before use (mg)

3. Electrical Conductivity Electrical conductivity is measured using the conductivity bridge and specific conductivity (v/cm) is calculated by adopting the following calculations: (v/cm) [ 4. Alkalinity Alkalinity is determined by titration of the sample against a standard solution of a strong mineral acid, hydrochloric acid. The procedure given uses two color indicators to determine the end-points in a titration namely, phenolphthalein and methyl orange. The volume of acid consumed for achieving the end point, appearance of pink color, is noted and alkalinity is calculated as follows: ] (v/cm)

(mg/L) (mg/L)
Where A = Volume of standard acid solution (ml) to reach the phenolphthalein end-point B = Volume of standard acid solution (ml) to reach the methyl orange end point. M = Concentration of acid (mol/l) V = Volume of sample (ml)

6. Total hardness Take 20 to 50 mL sample in a conical flask. Add 2 to 5 drops of 30% Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to adjust the pH to 8 to 10 and boil for 15 minutes and cool. Add 2 drops of Erichrome black-T in triethanolamine and titrate with 0.01M EDTA solution till the solution changes its colour from reddish tinge to blue. (mg/L) 7. Calcium hardness To a 100mL sample add sufficient Potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution to bring pH to about 12 and precipitate Magnesium Mg2+ as Magnesium hydroxide, Mg (OH) 2. Add 5 to 10 drops of carboxylic acid indicator and titrate under magnetic stirring with 0.05M EDTA solution till the colour changes from wine red to pale blue. (mg/L)

8. Calcium Take 50 ml of sample in a conical flask. Add 2 ml of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to the sample and stir. The resulting pH should be between 12and 13. Add 0.1-0.2 mg of Murexide indicator mixture (or 1-2 drops of indicator solution) to the sample. Stir and then add 1-2 drops of EDTA titrant from the burette. Stir until the colour turns from red to an orchid purple. Record the burette reading.

(mg/L)
Where, A = volume of EDTA titrant used for titration of sample (ml) C = is calculated from the standardization of the EDTA titrant

9. Magnesium (i) Removal of Calcium Measure 75 ml of the sample into a beaker or similar vessel. Add 2ml of buffer solution and 1 ml of 5 per cent ammonium oxalate solution. Mix and allow standing for 5-10 minutes. Filter through Whatman No. 5 filter paper or equivalent. Discard the first 5-10 ml of the filtrate. (ii) Titration of solution Dilute 25.0 ml of the filtered sample to about 50 ml with distilled water in a conical flask. Add 2 drops of indicator solution or a small amount of dry-powder indicator mixture. Add the standard EDTA titrant slowly, with continuous stirring, until the last reddish tinge disappears from the solution. (mg/L) where A = volume of EDTA for titration of sample (ml) B = volume of EDTA for titration of blank (ml) C is calculated from the standardization of the EDTA titrant:

10. Sodium Sodium is determined by flame photometry. Set the flame photometer to zero by using distilled water and set the value to 100 by using standard Sodium solution. Place the sample in the flame photometer and measure the meter reading for the sample Na in mg/L. (mg/L)

11. Chlorides Chloride is simply and rapidly determined by titration with Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) solution using Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) as an indicator. The end point is indicated by the appearance of permanent reddish tinge (Mohrs method).

(ppm)

12. Sulphate Sulphate is precipitated in HCl medium, as Barium Sulphate BaSO4, by the addition if Barium Chloride BaCl2. The precipitation is carried out near the boiling temperature and after a period of digestion, the precipitate is filtered, washed with water till free from chloride ignited and weighed as Barium Sulphate, BaSO4. ( Where, W1 = Empty weight of porcelain dish (mg) W2 = Weight of dish after evaporation (mg) V = Volume of sample (ml) 13. Nitrate and Nitrite Nitrates and nitrites are reduced to NH3 by Devaradas alloy (50 Cu, 45 Al , 5 Zn) in strong alkaline solutions, the NH3 is distilled into excess standard acid and finally estimated spectrophotometrically or tritrimetrically: distillation apparatus, 2mL of Nesslers ) * + (ppm)

To the 500 mL sample in

reagent is added and the absorbance at 424 nm is estimated as described under ammonia.

(ppm) 14. Turbidity It is calculated using Turbidity meter. Set the turbidity meter to 0 for distilled water and 100 for standard 100NTU. Now the turbidity of the sample is measured. The table below gives the precise summary of the parameters analyzed and the method of testing. Chemical parameter S.no 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. pH Alkalinity Hardness Electrical Conductivity Calcium Magnesium Sodium Chloride Sulphate Water treatment Water quality Spectrophotometry Gravimetry, Turbidimetry 10. 11. Turbidity Nitrate Nitrite Productivity Toxicity Spectrophotometry Potentiometry Hardness Hardness AAS, titration AAS, titration Water quality Algal productivity Water quality Potentiometry Titration Titration Effect on water Method of analysis

Table 5.5 Summary of procedures for analyses of water quality parameters.

CHAPTER 6 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS The water samples collected from the well points were analyzed by the above mentioned methods and the results are tabulated as follows:

rrrere

TEST RESULTS FOR WATER SAMPLES COLLECTED IN VARIOUS WELL POINTS IN RAMANATHAPURAM DISTRICT

6.1 VECTOR ISOLINE MAP The attribute data are linked to the point features to obtain vector isoline map. The direction and magnitude of chemical parameters of the ground water in the area has been analyzed with respect to geographical space.

6.2 SEA WATER INTRUSION IN GROUND WATER Revelle recommended that the chloride bicarbonate ratio to identify sea water intrusion level. Chloride is the dominant ion in ocean water and normally occurs in small amount in ground water, while bicarbonate is usually the most abundant negative ion in ground water but it occurs in minor amounts in the sea water. Hence, the Chloride-Bicarbonate ratio is determined and analyzed to identify the fresh water/ sea water interface.

DISTANCE FROM THE SEA COAST

0.79 6.1 0.15 0.29 5.43 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.75 0.15 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Cl/HCO3 RATIO
SEA WATER INTRUSION LEVELS

Figure 6.2 Sea water intrusion Bar Chart From the above chart it is seen that Yervadi, Thondi, Devipattinam, Chitrakottai, Kizhakarai and Mandapam are the places showing high levels of sea water intrusion.

This bar chart is prepared by making use of the following table:

St.no W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20

Location Kamuthi Ponthampuli Mudukulathur Kadaladi Perunali Sayalkudi Sikkal Paramakudi Thirupulani Yervadi Thondi Devipattinam Chitrakottai Kizhakarai Manjur Thiruvetriyur R S Mangalam Ramanathapuram Mandapam Uthirakosmangai

Distance from coast 39.4 37 23 19 38 5 6.34 35 4.9 2.6 0.22 0.416 2.3 3.55 30 5 13 16.32 0.89 11.5

Cl/HCO3 ratio 0.15 0.37 2.75 1.35 0.25 21.40 0.35 2.39 0.25 3.20 5.43 1.50 0.29 3.49 0.15 0.10 6.10 6.54 0.79 2.13

Table 6.2 Chloride Bicarbonate ratio for the well sections in the study area

6.3 WATER QUALITY INDEX The standard and ideal values for the water quality parameters and their assigned weightage factors are tabulated as follows: Parameter Si value pH Chloride Sulphate Alkalinity Hardness TDS Sodium Turbidity EC 8.5 250 250 120 300 500 200 5 1400 Ci value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1176 0.0040 0.0040 0.0083 0.0033 0.0020 0.0050 0.2000 0.0007 1/ Si Weightage factor 0.3411 0.0116 0.0116 0.0242 0.0097 0.0058 0.0145 0.5799 0.0021

Table 6.3.1: Water quality parameters, their std values, ideal values and the assigned weightage factors Irrigation water is classified into 5 classes based on WQI which is tabulated below WQI 0-10 10-30 30-50 50-75 >75 Description Excellent Good Medium Bad Very bad Ta ble 6.3 .2 Wa

ter quality classes as per water quality index source

From the experimental values of the sample specimens the Water Quality Index chart is been prepared and tabulates in the following table.
Wi Qi St.no pH Wi W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20 0.341 35.31 32.5 33.71 33.31 33.71 35.72 33.31 34.91 30.90 31.70 32.91 32.91 30.10 32.50 29.29 35.72 32.50 31.70 32.91 30.10 Cl 0.011 1.15 1.15 2.96 1.809 0.245 0.246 0.492 7.897 0.510 5.262 8.718 1.429 0.265 9.869 0.278 0.116 17.27 5.921 1.317 3.619 SO4 0.0116 0.534 0.534 2.585 0.668 0.114 9.354 0.144 0.0558 0.065 1.891 4.640 0.157 0.116 1.289 0.121 0.038 6.682 0.845 0.534 0.668 HCO3 0.024 13.53 13.53 4.678 5.828 4.175 7.018 6.151 14.40 8.853 7.139 6.977 3.932 3.932 10.30 8.127 5.787 12.30 3.935 7.260 7.382 TH 0.010 0.744 0.744 0.905 1.519 0.501 1.940 0.355 1.649 1.261 2.328 2.566 0.631 0.728 4.527 0.243 0.970 5.173 4.850 1.390 0.970 TDS 0.006 0.507 1.341 2.648 1.299 0.402 4.224 0.630 4.223 0.662 3.789 5.607 0.866 0.365 5.758 0.568 0.435 10.05 4.143 1.193 2.367 Na 0.015 0.769 2.668 5.336 1.667 0.515 8.004 1.250 9.004 0.348 5.669 7.424 1.500 0.124 9.171 1.203 0.602 19.17 4.002 1.218 4.502 Turbid ity 0.580 9.988 23.46 46.34 22.73 6.354 73.58 11.02 73.91 11.59 66.32 98.05 15.16 6.354 100.8 9.947 7.552 175.8 74.26 21.50 40.43 EC 0.002 0.129 0.296 0.551 0.270 0.093 0.871 0.145 0.947 25.51 4.639 69.58 57.99 2.319 1.207 0.129 0.093 2.130 0.855 0.246 0.497 62.61 76.243 99.71 67.83 46.109 140.95 53.497 146.99 79.699 128.644 236.472 115.025 44.303 174.621 49.906 51.038 281.05 129.88 67.541 90.499

WQI [ ]

Table 6.3.3 WQI values

From these values it is inferred that Perunali and Sikkal are the only places showing medium water quality while all the other areas show bad and very bad water quality. 6.4 U.S.SALINITY DIAGRAM

6.4.1 Scattered Diagrams The scattered diagrams were drawn to find out correlations of various chemical parameters namely TDS, Chloride, Sulphate and Total Hardness.

8000 7000 6000 Cl (mg/L) 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 2000 4000 TDS (mg/L) 6000 8000 10000

Fig 6.5.1 Scatter Diagram for TDS and Chloride

2500

2000 Sulphate (mg/L)

1500

1000

500

0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 TDS (mg/L) 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Fig 6.5.2 Scatter Diagram for TDS and Sulphate

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Sulphate 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Fig 6.5.3 Scatter Diagram for TDS and Total Hardness

CHAPTER 7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The various data analyzed for the 20 Bore well samples collected in the Ramanathapuram district are concluded as follows: 7.1 EVALUATION OF GROUND WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE QUALITATIVE RESULTS 7.1.1. PH The pH range of the ground water and its desirable limit is prescribed for drinking purpose by ISI (1983) and WHO (1984) is 6.5-8.5 while that of EEC (Lloyd and heathcote,1985) is 6.5-9.0.Certain areas show pH range as 6.9 and another one showing pH of 9.21.pH range upto 3.7 indicate organic acids produced by decomposing vegetation water of peaty moorland. pH range below 3.7 indicates mineral acidity due to strong acids from industrial effluents discharged to surface water. Their values were determined by Digital pH meter with distilled water as standard solution having pH value 8.23 @ 28.7 deg Celsius. Low pH value is corrosive & high value of pH is not suitable for disinfection. 7.1.2. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS WHO (1984) considers the potability of water in terms of TDS below 300mg/l as excellent. The hydro geological properties of rock would have great influence on the extent of water/rock reaction. Includes all of soluble anions and cations and dissolved silica. Higher values are associated with high sulphate or chlorides cause undesirable taste and laxative effects and cause gastro intestinal irritation. In this study area TDS value range between 270-2630 ppm.

7.1.3 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC): Low EC values further signify anoxic condition of the ground water. The class and EC range in micro mhos/cm is given as per IS11624-1986: Low<1500;Medium 1500-3000;High 3000-6000;Very high >6000.Samples having higher value of EC are objectionable from the position of appearance (not a direct equivalent amount of suspended matters). It is a measurement of light interference and is a function of surface area. In this study area EC value ranges between 3873760(v/cm), covering first 3 zones. 7.1.4 TOTAL HARDNESS TH present in ground water is as temporary or permanent depending upon bicarbonate & carbonate or sulphate and chlorides of calcium and magnesium. As per WHO is highest desirable value is 500ppm and as per BIS.IS.105001991,desirable limit is 500ppm and maximum permissible limit is 600. The effects are formation of scales in boilers and hot water system. High dose can also cause cardiovascular diseases, nervous system defects. In this study area TH value ranges between 100-970mg/l. 7.1.5 CHLORIDE Present in ground water due to dissolution from rock and due to salt water intrusions. It imparts undesirable salty taste in combination with calcium and magnesium, water becomes corrosive and causes pitching of boilers and affects people suffering from heart and kidney disease. In this study it ranges between 601475 ppm. As per IS standards 250-100 ppm is allowed for domestic usage.

7.1.6 SULPHATE

Excess of sulphate in water affects taste, Laxative effect and Gastro intestinal irritation. The allowable range for domestic use is 200-400 ppm. In this study area it is found between 95-572 ppm. 7.1.7 ALKALINITY Alkalinity is a function of CO3&HCO3 & OH contents. Its all effects are cooked rice turns yellow. The allowable use is 200-600 ppm. In this study area it is found between 50-120 ppm. 7.2 EVALUATION OF GROUND WATER FOR IRRIGATION USE INTERPRETATION RESULTS 7.2.1 Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC): Irrigation water can be classified according to this RSC values. They are found to marginal ranging between1.25-2.5. suitable type. 7.2.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR): High sodium content leads to development of alkali soil and calcium deficiency. Irrigation water with a low SAR is desirable, but some places towards east of Ramanathapuram show high SAR value. 7.2.3 U.S.S.L Diagram (Salinity Diagrm): This diagram is plotted between specific conductivity (v/cm) and SAR to find the level of salinity. Samples collected show a region medium and high salinity hazard. 7.2.4 Chloride to Bicarbonate ratio analyzes bar chart: Hence, all samples fall under

This reveals that some places in ramanathapuram district have higher Cl/HCO3 ratio. Hence these places if unchecked, in future would lead to serious sea water intrusions. 7.2.5 GIS Overlay Analysis With the help of EC and SAR values the irrigation water quality overlay map was prepared, the regions towards east of Ramanathapuram show a poor quality zone. Similarly, Sodium hazards, salinity hazards, WQI map, Drinking water quality maps were prepared by overlaying base maps of required parameters.

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION 20 well sections were identified and water samples collected from the well sections were analyzed for the following chemical parameter namely: Ca++,Mg++, Cl-,CO3--,HCO3-,SO4-,Na+,K+,pH,TDS,EC and Turbidity. Using the chemical data various diagrams namely: U.S.S.L diagram (salinity diagram), Scatter diagrams, Sea water intrusion bar chart, vector isoline maps, Thematic maps, GIS overlays, water Quality index etc, have been drawn and interpreted. The vector isoline map indicates the spatial distribution of various parameters indicating the direction of increase or decrease in level of contamination. It was observed that east of the major location Ramanathapuram show a increase in parameters like sulphate, pH, TH and decrease in Cl, TDS, EC. The west of Ramanathapuram show increase in Cl, TDS and EC values, therefore irrigation suitabilitys is less in these areas. In U.S.S.L diagram it is found that seven well sections namely pinnatur, kil Bhuvanagiri and tolayakupam show a high salinity as well as high sodium content and kirappalayam, paluttangarai,vayalur show a high salinity hazard. In WQI interpretation, places like Perunali and Sikkal are the only places showing medium water quality while all the other areas show bad and very bad water quality. In sea water intrusion bar chart that Yervadi, Thondi, Devipattinam, Chitrakottai, Kizhakarai and Mandapam are the places showing high levels of sea water intrusion. Finally the GIS overlays have given suitable water quality zones both for drinking and irrigation. Some parts middle and west of Ramanathapuram show poor drinking water quality.

As a remedial salt tolerant crops (upto EC 8000 & RSC 2.5) like barley, tobacco, mustard, beat, cotton, sugarcane can be sea water intruded places. Semi tolerant crops (upto 6000 & RSC 2.5) like rice, tomato, potato, banana can also be grown there. Many dug wells day to day get dried or with decline water table. Hence, these can be used to recharge ground water regime. Diversion of runoff into these structures can also be made as a harvesting method. The additional land, if required can be included in irrigation thereby playing dual role. Hence this study is taken to show the present ground water status of the parts of Ramanathapuram district ,thereby to safeguard and sustain water for the future requirement. This will widen the fresh water resources in hjs region and protect against over exploitation of ground water to meet the ever increasing demands by adopting suitable management techniques like artificial recharge etc.,. It would make water fit for various needs of the society directly/indirectly to many activities such as agriculture, improved water quality for domestic and industrial requirements. Both hydro Geochemical and Geophysical methods of analysis can be employed for the prediction of both ground water quality and quantities. Constructing a simulation model, demarcating the areas vulnerable to sea water intrusion by using the available data. After the model validation, the freshwater-sea water interface can be simulated from the model. From this model the effect of artificial recharge quality. The Ground water simulation models are used to simulate the response of the system to a specified management strategy. Thus, the ground water resources will be managed in such a way that the withdrawal is kept at place with the recharge by conserving the rain water.