N A VI - E NGLISH D ICTIONARY v. 12.

831
Compiled by Mark Miller www.LearnNavi.org Last updated: October 10th , 2012

This is the denitive dictionary for Navi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer for James Camerons lm, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Dr. Frommer. Some notes: The traditional Navi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintained throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inected words and loan words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the ofcial corpus. Some inected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly useful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modier, but are bound as a sufx if situated after it. Bold indicates Navi word. Italics indicate English denition. Plain text indicates grammatical categorization: parentheses such as x represents an inx, where tpre-rst1ar2on are the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots to show inx positions (for beginners), as in [ta.on]. Irregular inxes are marked with (ii). Transitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive, or their transitivity is unable to be deduced. Known modal verbs and verbs known to use modal syntax are marked with vim, vtrm, or vm, depending upon transitivity according to the previous note. Knowledge of lenition and other sound changes will be assumed. Monosyllabic words are not noted for having a single primary stress in the IPA; if an enclitic as added, the root will be assumed to have primary stress. Note also that allomorphs, where specied, are subject only to personal preference, and not syntactic or morphological rules. There are several useful appendices that hold further information. Abbreviations: = morpheme boundary + = leniting morpheme boundary = inx morpheme adj. = adjective adp. = adposition adv. = adverb conj. = conjunction c.w. = compound word dem. = demonstrative intj. = interjection inter. = interrogative n. = noun nfp. = not for people num. = number ofp. = only for people part. = particle ph. = phrase pn. = pronoun prop. n. = proper noun v. = verb svin. = stative intransitive verb vtr. = transitive verb vin. = intransitive verb vm. = modal verb vim. = intransitive modal verb vtrm. = transitive modal verb

An English - Navi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are provided, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in French, Estonian, German, Hungarian, Portugus and Swedish. There are also other, unnished translations in other languages available.

Sources
We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after the IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictionary was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in early March, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been added as it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer has solicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the Lexical Expansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the cannon lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modied by unproductive afxes that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modied semantic meaning due to a productive afx. Order of canonicity, from most to least: PF = Dr. Paul Frommer M = The Movie JC = James Cameron G = the Avatar Games ASG = The Survival Guide PND = Pandorapedia.com

The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly Frommerian, and are thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many words, which Dr. Frommer then legalized. Dr. Frommer legalized some pronunciation errors made during lming: these, like osss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approved several constructions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources. These sources are as follows: CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zo Saldana, CM for Carla Meyer and Skxawng. LN is for LearnNavi, specied when the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous. Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax []. There is no b b rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [tsun] or [tsn], but lu is always [lu], never [l]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [ij], [aj], [iw], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [is], [as], [i], and [a]. Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions have been split in accordance with the Maximum Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers can be difcult to differentiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at.4ki]. Please note the subtle difference between the characters for ejective, and 4for stress. This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any, let me know here or by email to [email protected], and I will correct them. As for version number, Ill change the rst digit when there is a big change, .0x0 for a signicant, but not large change and the .00x number for tiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for enlightenment. 2

I would like to take this opportunity to recognize those who have been instrumental in the creation and maintenance of this dictionary. First, thanks to Dr. Paul Frommer for his monumental effort in creating this amazing language. Eternal thanks to Richard Littauer for originally creating and maintaining this document for a long time. Thanks to Tirea Aean (Corey Scheideman) for keeping track of new vocabulary as it is introduced by Dr. Frommer. Thanks also to Tuiq, who applied signicant time and skills to automate the maintenance of this dictionary and its variants. Tuiqs scripts also make the process of updating this dictionary much easier for the authors of the various translations. Finally, thanks to everyone in the Learn Navi Community who are helping Navi to bloom! - Mark Miller, et alia

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aaw: [4Fw] P F adj. a few, several (Used with countable nouns in the singular form) akra: [4kFr] P F n. soil (fertile) aku: [4Fku] P F vtr. remove, take away, take off ali: [F4liF] P F n. collar / choker ampi: [4mFpi] P F vtr. touch ana: [4Fn] P F n. hanging vine ango: [4Fxo] P F adj. soft (of a sound) are: [4Fi] P F n. poncho, cape, shawl aw: [w] P F num. one awkx: [wk9] P F n. cliff awlie: [wF4liFi] P F adv. once (in the past) awlo: [4wFlo] P F adv. once awm: [wm] P F n. camp awnm: [4wFnsm] P F vtr. avoid (c.w. from awn remain and alm distance) awpo: [4wFpo] P F pn. one individual awsiteng: [wFsiF4tix] P F adv. together (c.w. from aw one and teng same, equal) awstengyem: [wFstixF4jim] P F vtr. bind / bring two or more things together (ii) (c.w. from awsiteng together and yem put) awve: [4wFvi] P F adj. rst (ordinal) (derived from aw one) : [] P F intj. oops! nsyem: [nF4sjim] P F adj. complete rp: [4Fsp] P F vtr. move eal: [4iFl] P F adj. worst efu: [4iFfu] P F vtr. feel, sense, perceive eko: [4iFko] P F vtr. attack ekong: [4iFkox] P F n. beat (rhythmic) ekxin: [iF4k9in] P F adj. tight ekxinum: [iF4k9inFum] P F n. tightness, looseness (c.w. from ekxin tight and um loose) em: [im] P F vtr. cook emyu: [4imFju] P F n. cook, cooker (derived from em cook) en: [in] P F n. guess, informed guess, hunch, intuition engeng: [4ixFix] P F adj. level en si: [4in 4si] P F vin. make an informed guess (derived from en guess) eoio: [4iFoFiFo] P F adj. ceremonious etnaw: [4itFnw] P F n. shoulder evan: [4iFvn] P F n. boy (colloquial) (derived from evengan boy) 5

eve: [4iFvi] P F n. girl (colloquial) (derived from evenge girl) eveng: [4iFvix] P F n. child evengan: [4iFviFxn] P F n. boy (derived from eveng child) evenge: [4iFviFxi] P F n. girl (derived from eveng child) evi: [4iFvi] P F n. kid (affectionate form of eveng child) ewan: [4iFwn] P F adj. young ewll: [4iFwl] P F n. plant 4 eylan: [4ijFln] P F n. friend eyng: [ijx] P F v. answer, respond eyt: [ijt] P F n. the symbol 8 (not the value eight) ia: [4iF] P F vin. end, conclude ia: [4iF] P F vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense) ipu: [4iFpu] P F adj. humorous, funny, amusing it: [it] P F n. bit, a small amount itan: [4iFtn] JC,P F n. son ite: [4iFti] JC,P F n. daughter b itetsyp: [4iFtiFtsjsp] P F n. little daughter (term of endearment) (derived from ite daughter) awn: [sF4wn] P F vin. remain, stay heyu: [sF4hiFju] P F n. spiral n: [sn] P F svin. be busy, be occupied p: [sp] P F vin. disappear, vanish, recede from view llngo: [4lFxo] P F n. hip 4 o: [o] P F adj. bringing fun, exciting ok: [ok] P F n. remembrance okrol: [okF4ol] P F n. history (ancient) (derived from ok remembrance and rol sing) okvur: [okF4vu] P F n. history (non-ancient) (c.w. from ok remembrance and vur story) om: [om] P F adj. violet, purple, magenta ompin: [4omFpin] P F n. violet, purple, magenta (derived from om purple) ong: [ox] P F v. unfold, blossom ongokx: [4oFxok9] P F vin. be born (c.w. from ong unfold and nokx give birth to) opin: [4oFpin] P F n. color, colour ora: [4oF] P F n. lake otxang: [o4t9x] P F n. musical instrument (generic term) rrpxom: [4rFp9om] P F n. thunder 4 u: [u] P F n. thing (object, fact, abstraction)

ul: [ul] P F vin. increase uo: [4uFo] P F pn. something A a: [] P F,LN part. clause-level attributive marker a: [] P F afx adjectival attribution and subordination marker akrrmaw: [F4krFmw] P F conj. after (temporal) 4 allomorph of mawkrra (c.w. from krr time and maw after) akrrta: [F4krFt] P F conj. since (temporal) allo4 morph of takrra (c.w. from krr time and ta from) akum: [F4kum] P F conj. that (as a result) (derived from kum result) this form follows the result, I.E. Poe yawne slolu oer akum, nftxan lu sevin (She was so beautiful that I fell in love with her.); see also kuma alaksi: [F4lkFsi] P F adj. ready alm: [F4lsm] P F adv. far away, at a distance (derived from lm far, be far) alo: [4Flo] P F n. time, turn, instance, one of a number of repeated or recurring actions alu: [4Flu] P F conj. that is, in other words (derived from a subordinator and lu be) (Used for appositions) alunta: [F4lunFt] P F conj. because, from the reason ama: [mF4] P F n. doubt amake: [mF4Fki] P F adj. sure, condent (c.w. from ama doubt and ke not) amaluke: [mF4FluFki] P F adv. without a doubt (derived from amake sure, condent) ie: [F4iFi] P F n. vision (spiritual) o: [4Fo] P F adp. below txle: [F4t9Fli] P F n. request E

upe: [4uFpi] P F inter. what (thing) (c.w. from u thing and pe inter. marker) upxare: [uF4p9Fi] P F n. message

apxa: [F4p9] P F adj. large nfp. asim: [F4sim] P F adv. nearby, at close range (derived from sim near, be near) atan: [F4tn] JC n. light atanvi: [F4tnFvi] P F n. ray (derived from atan light) atanzaw: [F4tnFzw] P F n. forked lightning (derived from atan light and swizaw arrow) atxkxe: [t9F4k9i] P F n. land atxkxerel: [t9F4k9iFil] P F n. map (c.w. from atxkxe land and rel picture) au: [4Fu] JC n. drum (made of skin) au: [F4u] LA intj. exclamation of consternation aungia: [F4uFxiF] P F n. sign, omen awnga: [wF4x] P F pn. we (derived from ayoeng we) ayfo: [jF4fo or 4jFfo] P F pn. they (derived from po he, she) aylaru: [jF4lFu] P F pn. to the others (contraction of ay+laheru) aynga: [jF4x] P F pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived from nga you) ayoe: [jF4oFi] P F pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived from oe I) ayoeng: [jF4wix] P F pn. we, us (inclusive) (derived from oe I) (ayoenga base for sufxes) ayu: [F4ju] P F n. things (derived from u thing) (never plural u)

txle si: [F4t9Fli 4si] P F vin. request (with tsn clause for object) (derived from txle request)

eampin: [4iFmFpin] P F n. blue, green (derived eltu lefngap: [4ilFtu liF4fxp] P rr n. computer from ean blue, green) (c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic) ean: [4iFn] P F adj. blue, green ekxan: [iF4k9n] P F n. barricade, obstruction eltur ttxen si: [4ilFtu tsF4t9in si] P F vin. be ekxtxu: [ik9F4t9u] P F adj. rough interesting, intriguing (derived from eltu-r eltu: [4ilFtu] P F n. brain brain (dative) and ttxen awakeness) 6

eltu si: [4ilFtu si] P F vin. pay attention, quit goong off (derived from eltu brain) emrey: [imF4ij] P F vin. survive emzau: [imF4zFu] P F vtr. pass (a test), overcome (c.w. from zau come) eo: [4iFo] P F adp. before, in front of (place) epang: [ipF4x] P F adj. complex epxang: [iF4p9x] P F n. stone jar used to hold small toxic arachnid F fa: [f] P F adp. with, by means of fahew: [fF4hiw] P F n. smell faoi: [4fFoFi] P F adj. smooth fay+: [fj] P F prex these (c.w. from f this and ay+ plural) fayluta: [fjF4luFt] P F n. these words (contraction of fay+lut a, patientive case) fk: [fF4k] P F vin. go up, ascend (c.w. from fpa top and k go) fpa: [4fFp] P F n. top fzau: [fF4zFu] P F vin. come up, ascend (c.w. from fpa top and zau come) fe: [fi] P F adj. bad nfp. feran: [4fiFrn] P F n. awed nature, something ill-conceived or inherently defective (c.w. from fe bad and ran intrinsic character or nature) feranvi: [4fiFrnFvi] P F n. blemish, deformity, stain, awed feature (derived from feran awed nature, inherently defective) fekem: [4fiFkim] P F n. accident (c.w. from fe bad and kem action) few: [fiw] P F adp. across, aiming for the opposite side of fewi: [4fiFwi] P F vtr. chase fewtusok: [4fiwFtuFsok] P F adj. opposite, on the opposite side (derived from few across)(In casual speech, fewtsok (few.tsok) f: [fs] P F prex this fu: [fsF4u] P F pn. this (thing) (derived from u thing) ffya: [fsF4fj] P F adv. this way, like this (derived from fyao path) fkem: [fsF4kim] P F pn. this (action) (derived from kem action, deed) fpo: [4fsFpo] P F pn. this one (person or thing) (derived from po he, she) ftrr: [fsF4tr] P F adv. today (derived from trr day) 4 7

etrp: [4itFsp] P F adj. favourable, favorable, auspicious eyawr: [iF4jw] P F adj. correct, right eyk: [ijk] JC,P F vtr. lead eyktan: [4ijkFtn] JC n. leader (derived from eyk lead) eykyu: [4ijkFju] P F n. leader (typically temporary, of a small group like a hunting party) (derived from eyk lead)

b ftsap: [fsF4tsp] P F adv. each other (c.w. from po this one and tsapo that one) b ftseng(e): [fsF4tsix@iA] P F adv., n. here, this place (derived from tseng place) ftxan: [fsF4t9n] P F adv. so, to such an extent (derived from txan great, much) ftxon: [fsF4t9on] P F adv., n. tonight (derived from txon night) fkarut: [4fkFut] P F v. peel fkay: [fkj] P F adj. hateful fkew: [fkiw] P F adj. mighty fkeytok: [4fkijFtok] P F vin. exist (derived from kifkeyti tok be in the world) fkip: [fkip] P F adp. up among fko: [fko] P F pn. one, they (singular usage) (unspecied agent) fkxake: [4fk9Fki] P F v. itch fkxen: [fk9in] P F n. vegetable (food) fkxile: [4fk9iFli] P F n. bib necklace awkx: [flwk9] P F n. leather awm: [flwm] P F n. cheek : [fl] P F vin. succeed ew: [fliw] P F n. throat : [fls] P F adj. thin; nfp. nutx: [flsF4nut9] P F n. thickness (c.w. from thin and nutx thick) fmal: [fml] P F vtr. sustain fmawn: [fmwn] P F n. news, something to report fmawnta: [fmwnt] P F n. that news (contraction of fmawnit a) fmetok: [4fmiFtok] P F v. test fmi: [fmi] P F vtrm. try, attempt (with the subjunctive) fmokx: [fmok9] P F n. jealousy, envy fnan: [fnn] P F vtr. be good at fnawe: [fnF4wi] P F adj. cowardly

fnawetu: [fnF4wiFtu] P F n. coward (derived from fnawe cowardly) fne: [fni] P F prex kind, type (derived from fnel kind, type) fnel: [fnil] P F n. kind, type fnepe: [4fniFpi] P F inter. which kind allomorph of pefnel fnetxum: [fniF4t9um] adj. allergic (derived from txum poison); Example usage: Oeri lu swoa fnetxum. fngap: [fxp] P F n. metal fngo: [fxo] P F vtr. require, demand fnu: [fnu] P F vin. quiet, be quiet fo: [fo] P F pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted plural leniting morpheme and po he/she) fpak: [fpk] P F v. hold off, suspend action fpe: [fpi] P F vtr. send fpeio: [fpiF4iFo] P F n. challenge (ceremonial) fpi+: [fpi] P F adp. for the sake of, for the benet of fpl: [fpsl] P F vtr. think fplfya: [4fpslFfj] P F n. thought pattern, way of thinking (c.w. from fpl think and fyao path) fpom: [fpom] P F n. well-being, peace, happiness fpomtokx: [fpomF4tok9] P F n. health (physical) (c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body) fpxkm: [4fp9Fksm] P F vin. enter frau: [4fFu] P F pn. everything (derived from u thing) frakrr: [4fFkr] P F adv. always, all the time (derived from4 krr time) fralo: [4fFlo] P F adv. every time, every instance, each time (derived from alo time) frapo: [4fFpo] P F pn. everyone (derived from po he/she) frato: [4fFto] P F part. superlative marker than all (behaves like an adp.) fratrr: [fF4tr] P F adv. daily, every day (derived 4 from trr day) b fratseng: [4fFtsix] P F adv. everywhere (derived from tseng place) fratxon: [fF4t9on] P F adv. every night (derived from txon night) frawzo: [fwF4zo] P F intj. all is well, everything is ne or OK (derived from frau everything and zo be well) frp: [fsp] P F vtr. bite frrfen: [4frFfin] P F vtr. visit 4 frrtu: [4frFtu] P F n. guest, visitor 4 8

ftang: [ftx] P F vim. stop ftawnemkrr: [ftwF4nimFkr] P F n. past (c.w. 4 from ftawnem pass by (passive participle form) and krr time) ftr: [ft] P F adj. left (not right) fte: [fti] P F conj. so that, in order to (with subjunctive verb in dependant clause) fteke: [4ftiFki] P F conj. so that not, lest (c.w. from fte so that and ke not) (with subjunctive verb in dependant clause) ftem: [ftim] P F vtr. pass by (something) ftia: [ftiF4] P F vtr. study ftu: [ftu] P F adp. from (direction) ftue: [4ftuFi] P F adj. easy, simple ftxavang: [4ft9Fvx] P F adj. passionate ftxey: [ft9ij] P F vtr. choose ftxey: [ft9ij] P F conj. whether, or ftx: [ft9s] P F n. tongue ftxlor: [ft9sF4lo] P F adj. delicious, good tasting (c.w. from ftx tongue and lor beautiful) ftxv: [ft9sF4v] P F adj. bad tasting (c.w. from ftx tongue and v noisome) ftxoz: [ft9oF4z] P F n. celebration, happy occasion ftxoz si: [ft9oF4z si] P F vin. celebrate (derived from ftxoz celebration) ftxulu: [ft9uF4lsFu] P F vin. orate, give speech (c.w. from tftxu weave and lu word) ftxuluyu: [ft9uF4lsFuFju] P F n. orator, (public) speaker (derived from ftxulu orate, give speech) fu: [fu] P F conj. or fuke: [fuF4ki] P F conj. or not (c.w. from fu or and ke not) fula: [4fuFl] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from ful this (agentive) and a subordinator) furia: [4fuFiF] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from furi this (topical) and a subordinator) futa: [4fuFt] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fu-t this (patientive) and a subordinator) fwa: [fw] P F pn., sbd. that (subordinate clause marker) (c.w. from fu this (subjective) and a subordinator) fwefwi: [4fwiFfwi] P F vin. whistle fwel: [fwil] P F adj. broken fwem: [fwim] P F adj. dull, blunt (as a point) fwew: [fwiw] P F vtr. look for, seek, search fyao: [4fjFo] P F n. path, way, manner

fyape: [4fjFpi] P F inter. how allomorph of pefya fyawntxu: [fjFwsnF4t9u] P F vin. guide (with dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fyao path and wntxu show) fyel: [fyil] P F vtr. seal, make impervious fyep: [fjip] P F vtr. hold in the hand, grasp, grip fyeyn: [fjijn] P F adj. ripe, mature, adult fyeyntu: [4fjijnFtu] P F n. adult person (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature) H ha: [h] P F adv. so, in that case ha: [h] P F vin. t, suit, complement, inherently enhance hangir: [hF4xi] P F n. afternoon hahaw: [4hFhw] P F vin. sleep ham: [hm] P F adj. previous hamalo: [hF4mFlo] P F adv. last time (c.w. from ham previous and alo time) hangham: [4hxFhm] P F vin. laugh hangvur: [4hxFvu] P F n. joke, funny story (c.w. from hangham laugh and vur story) hapx: [hF4p9s] P F n. part hapxtu: [hF4p9sFtu] P F n. member (derived from hapx part) hasey: [hF4sij] P F adj. done, nished hasey si: [hF4sij 4si] P F vin. accomplish, bring to a conclusion (derived from hasey done, nished) hawl: [hwl] P F v. prepare hawng: [hwx] P F n. overabundance hawngkrr: [4hwxFkr] P F adv. late (c.w. from 4 hawng overabundance and krr time) b hawntsyokx: [hwnF4tsjok9] P F n. glove (c.w. from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand) hawnu: [4hwFnu] P F vtr. protect, shelter hawnven: [hwnF4vin] P F n. shoe (c.w. from hawnu protect and venu foot) hawre: [hwF4i] P F n. hat (c.w. from hawnu protect and reo head) b hawtsyp: [4hwFtsjsp] P F n. nap (derived from hahaw sleep) hay: [hj] P F adj. next hayalo: [hF4jFlo] P F adv. next time (c.w. from hay next and alo time) hek: [hik] P F vin. be curious, odd, strange, unexpected 9

fyin: [fjin] P F adj. simple fyinepang: [fjinFipF4x] P F n. degree of complexity (c.w. from fyin simple and epang complex) fyinepangpe: [fjinFipF4xFpi] P F ques. how complex? (derived from fyinepang degree of complexity) allomorph of pefyinepang fyole: [4fjoFli] P F adj. sublime, beyond perfection

hermeyp: [hiF4mijp] P F n. snow urry (derived from herw snow and meyp weak) hertxayo: [4hiFt9Fjo] P F n. snow eld (derived from herw snow and txayo eld) herw: [4hiFws] P F n. snow herwva: [4hiFwsFv] P F n. snowake (derived from herw snow and lva ake) hewne: [4hiwFni] P F adj. soft (of an object) heyn: [hijn] P F vin. sit hifwo: [4hiFfwo] P F vin. ee, escape hiyk: [4hiFjsk] P F adj. funny, strange hang: [4hsFx] P F n. insect (c.w. from hi small and ioang animal) hi: [4hsFi] P F adj. small, little (in size) hkrr: [4hsFkr] P F n. second, very short time (c.w. from hi4 little, small and krr time) hm: [hsm] P F adj. small (in quantity) hmpx: [hsmF4p9s] P F n. minority, least, small part hmtxampe: [hsmF4t9mFpi] P F inter. how much allomorph of pmtxan hmtxan: [hsmF4t9n] P F n. amount (c.w. from hm small and txan much) hno: [hsF4no] P F adj. ne, detailed, precise, intricate (of things) htxoa: [hsF4t9oF] P F intj. excuse me (derived from hi small and txoa forgiveness) hoet: [hoF4it] P F adj. vast, broad, expansive hol: [hol] P F adj. few holpxay: [holF4p9j] P F n. number (c.w. from hol few and pxay many) holpxaype: [holF4p9jFpi] P F inter. how many (c.w. from holpxay number and pe how) hona: [4hoFn] P F adj. endearing, adorable, cute hrrap: [4hrFp] P F n. danger 4 hu: [hu] P F adp. with (accompaniment)

b hufwa: [huF4fw] P F conj. although hultstxem: [hulF4tst9im] P F vtr. hinder hufwe: [huF4fwi] P F n. wind hum: [hum] P F vin. leave, depart b hufwetsyp: [huF4fwiFtsjsp] P F n. breeze, light wind (derived from hufwe wind)

I ioi: [iF4oFi] P F n. adornment, or ceremonial apparel (item of) inan: [iF4nn] P F vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gain ioi si: [iF4oFi si] P F vin. adorn (derived from ioi knowledge from sensory input (stress moves adornment) to rst syllable with inxation) irayo: [iF4Fjo] JC n., intj. thank you, thanks io: [4iFo] P F adp. above irayo si: [iF4Fjo 4si] P F vin. thank, give thanks (derived from irayo thanks) ioang: [iF4oFx] P F n. animal, beast ien: [4iFin] JC n. stringed instrument : [sX] P F ller um, er l+: [4sFl or sF4l] P F adp. by, via, following ley: [sF4lij] LA intj. war cry K ka: [k] P F adp. across, covering thoroughly kakrel: [kkF4il] P F adj. blind (derived from rel image, picture) kalin: [kF4lin] P F adj. sweet to the taste kaltx: [klF4t9s] P F intj. hello kaltx si: [klF4t9s 4si] P F vin. say hello, greet (derived from kaltx hello) kam: [km] P F adp. ago kame: [4kFmi] P F vtr. see, see into, understand, know (spiritual sense) kan: [kn] P F vtrm. aim kann: [4knFsn] P F vtr. focus on, specialize in, be particularly interested in (derived from n be busy) kanfpl: [4knFfpsl] P F vin. concentrate, focus ones attention (c.w. from kan aim and fpl think) kangay: [kF4xj] P F adj. valid (cognate with ngay true) kanom: [4kFnom] P F vtr. acquire, get kanu: [4kFnu] P F adj. smart, intelligent ofp. kar: [k] P F vtr. teach karyu: [4kFju] P F n. teacher (derived from kar teach) kato: [4kFto] P F n. rhythm kavuk: [kF4vuk] P F n. treachery kavuk si: [kF4vuk 4si] P F vin. betray (derived from kavuk treachery) kawit: [kwF4it] P F adv. at all, not at all (see ke...kawit not...at all) (c.w. from ke aw not one and it bit) kawkrr: [4kwFkr] P F adv. never (c.w. from ke 4 aw not one and krr time) kawng: [kwx] P F adj. bad, evil kawnglan: [4kwxFln] P F adj. malicious, bad hearted (c.w. from kawng bad, evil and txelan heart) kawngsar: [4kwxFs] P F vtr. exploit b kawtseng: [4kwFtsix] P F adv. nowhere (c.w. from ke aw not one and tseng place) kawtu: [4kwFtu] P F pn. no-one (c.w. from ke aw not one and tute person) kay: [kj] P F adp. from now (in the future) kaym: [kjm] P F n. evening (before twilight), late afternoon k: [k] P F vin. go krp: [kF4Fsp] P F vtr. push (c.w. from k go and rp move) kmakto: [kF4mkFto] P F v. ride out (c.w. from k go and makto ride) kpx: [kF4p9s] P F n. rear (part or section) (c.w. from k go and hapx part) lva: [4slFv] P F n. ake, drop, chip pxa: [sF4p9] RL,P F n. fern

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b ksatseng: [kF4sFtsix] P F adv. out there (c.w. from k go and tseng place) ksrn: [kF4srsn] P F vtr. lend (derived from srn temporarily transfer from one to another) kteng: [4kFtix] P F vin. spend time with, hang out with ke: [ki] P F adv. not keaw: [kiF4w] P F adj. divided, torn apart, strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and aw one) keu: [4kiFu] P F pn., adv. not a thing, nothing at all, not at all (c.w. from ke not and u thing) kea: [4kiF] P F adj. no (before a noun) keftxo: [kiF4ft9o] P F adj., intj. unhappy, upset, How sad! kefyak: [kiF4fjk] P F,P rr part. isnt it?, right? (c.w. from kefya not the way and srak question marker) kehe: [4kiFhi] P F part., intj. no kekem: [4kiFkim] P F pn., adv. no action or activity (c.w. from ke not and kem activity) kelfpomtokx: [kilF4fpomFtok9] P F adj. unhealthy (c.w. from ke not and fpomtokx health) kelku: [4kilFku] P F n. home, house kelku si: [4kilFku 4si] P F vin. live, dwell (derived from kelku home) b keltsun: [kilF4tsun] P F adj. impossible (c.w. from ke not and tsun be able) kem: [kim] P F n. thing (action), deed kemlu: [4kimFlsFu] P F n. verb (c.w. from kem action and lu word) kemluvi: [4kimFlsFuFvi] P F n. inx (derived from kemlu verb) kempe: [4kimFpi] P F inter. what (action) allomorph of pehem (c.w. from kem action, deed) kem si: [4kim 4si] P F vin. do (derived from kem action, deed) keng: [kix] P F adv. even, so much as kenong: [4kiFnox or 4kiFnox] P F v. model, represent, exemplify (ii) (c.w. from ke not and nong follow) kerusey: [4kiFuFsij] P F adj. dead (c.w. from ke not and rusey alive (participle inx)) kesran: [kiF4rn] P F adj. so-so, mediocre (c.w. from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation of this word is not entirely clear. It may have originally been kesrankekehe, literally, not yes, not no, in reference to whether a certain action was performed well or not, and

over time it became shortened to just kesran, its use expanding to include anything only mediocre in quality.) keteng: [4kiFtix] P F adj. different (c.w. from ke not and teng same, equal) b ketsuk: [kiFtsuk] P F prex not able to (c.w. from ke not and tsuk- able to) b b ketsuktswa: [kiFtsukF4tsw] P F adj. unforgettable (derived from tswa forget) ketuwong: [4kiFtuFwox] P F n. alien kew: [kiw] P F num. zero kewong: [4kiFwox] P F adj. alien key: [kij] P F n. face keyawr: [kiF4jw] P F adj. incorrect, wrong, not right (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct) keyeung: [kiF4jiFux] P F n. insanity keyrel: [4kiyFil] n. facial expression (c.w. from key face and rel image) kezemplltxe: [kiFzimFplF4t9i] P F adv. of 4 course, needless to say (contraction of ke+zene+pivlltxe) ki: [ki] P F conj. but rather, but instead kifkey: [kiF4fkij] P F n. world (physical, solid) kilvan: [kilF4vn] P F n. river kin: [kin] P F vtr. need kinam: [kiF4nm] P F n. leg kinamtil: [kiF4nmFtil] P F n. knee (c.w. from kinam leg and til joint) kin: [4kiFn] P F num. seven kintrr: [4kinFtr] P F n. week (derived from kin 4 seven and trr day) kintrram: [4kinFtrm] P F n. last week (derived 4 from kintrr week) kintrray: [4kinFtrj] P F n. next week (derived 4 from kintrr week) kip: [kip] P F adp. among kive: [4kiFvi] P F adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived from kin seven) kong: [ksF4ox] P F adj. slow km: [ksm] P F vtr. spin, to spin (something) Pol rumit kolm He spun the ball kmar: [ksF4mr] P F adj. in season (of foods, vegetable or animal) kng: [ksx] P F n. thread ktee: [ksFtiF4i] P F n. service ktee si: [ksFtiF4i 4si] P F vin. serve (derived from ktee service) kllfro: [klF4fo] P F svin. be responsible 4

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kllk: [klF4k] P F vin. go down, descend (c.w. 4 from kllpa bottom and k go) kllkulat: [klF4kuFlt] P F vtr. dig up 4 kllkxem: [klF4k9im] P F v. stand 4 kllpa: [4klFp] P F n. bottom kllp: [kl4F4p] P F vin. land, reach the ground 4 (c.w. from kllte ground and phem arrive) kllpxltu: [klF4p9slFtu] P F n. territory kllte: [4klFti]4 P F n. ground b 4 klltseng: [4klFtsix] P F n. position (derived from 4 tseng place) klltxay: [klF4t9j] P F vin. lie on the ground (c.w. 4 from kllte ground and txay lie at) klltxeykay: [klFt9ijF4kj] P F vtr. lay (something) 4 on the ground (c.w. from kllte ground and txay lie at) transitive form of klltxay kllvawm: [4klFvwm] P F adj. brown (c.w. from 4 kllte ground and vawm dark) kllwo: [klF4wo] P F vin. alight, land (process of) 4 (c.w. from kllte ground and wo reach for) kllyem: [klF4jim] P F vtr. bury (c.w. from kllte 4 ground and yem put) kllzau: [klF4zFu] P F vin. come down, descend 4 (c.w. from kllte ground and zau come) ko: [ko] P F part. solicit agreement koak: [4koFk] P F adj. old, aged (for living things) Kx kxa: [k9] P F n. mouth kxam: [k9m] P F n. middle, midpoint kxaml: [4k9mFl] P F adp. through (via the middle of) (derived from kxam middle) kxamtrr: [4k9mFtr] P F n. mid-day, noon (c.w. 4 from kxam middle and trr day) kxamtrrmaw: [4k9mFtrFmw] P F n. the time 4 immediately after noon, early afternoon (c.w. from kxamtrr noon and maw after) b kxamtseng: [4k9mFtsix] P F n. center, place in the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tseng place) kxamtxomaw: [4k9mFt9oFmw] P F n. after midnight (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and maw after) kxamtxon: [4k9mFt9on] P F n. midnight (c.w. from kxam middle and txon night) kxangangang: [4k9xFxFx] P F intj. boom (onomatopoeic)

koaktan: [4koFkFtn] P F n. old man (derived from koak old, aged) koakte: [4koFkFti] P F n. old woman (derived from koak old, aged) koaktu: [4koFkFtu] P F n. old person (derived from koak old, aged) kop: [kop] P F adv. too, also koren: [koF4in] P F n. rule, guideline kosman: [koF4smn] P F adj. wonderful, terric, fantastic krr: [kr] P F n. time 4 krra: [4krF] P F conj. when, at the time that (derived4 from krr time) krrnekx: [krF4nik9] P F vin. take/consume time 4 (ii) (c.w. from krr time and nekx consume) krrpe: [4krFpi] P F inter. when allomorph of pe4 hrr (c.w. from krr time) kuup: [4kuFup] P F adj. heavy (physical weight) kulat: [4kuFlt] P F vtr. reveal, bring forth, uncover (literally and metaphorically) kum: [kum] P F n. result kuma: [4kumF] P F conj. that (as a result) (derived from kum result) this form precedes the result, I.E. Lu poe sevin nftxan kuma yawne slolu oer (She was so beautiful that I fell in love with her.); see also akum kurakx: [kuF4k9] P F vtr. drive out

kxan: [4k9Fns] P F adj. forbidden kxawm: [k9wm] P F adv. perhaps, maybe kxayl: [k9jl] P F adj. high kxeltek: [4k9ilFtik] P F vtr. pick up, lift kxem: [k9im] P F vin. be vertical kxemyo: [4k9imFjo] P F n. wall, vertical surface (c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface) kxener: [4k9iFni] P F n. smoke b kxetse: [4k9iFtsi] P F n. tail kxeyey: [4k9iFjij] P F n. error, mistake kxitx: [k9it9] P F n. death kxll: [k9l] P F n. charge, running attack 4 kxll si: [4k9l 4si] P F vin. charge (derived from 4 kxll charge) kxor: [k9o] P F n. a wall or bank of powerful waterfalls noted for its deafening roar and deadly force (countable, but only rarely) kxu: [k9u] P F n. harm

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kxuke: [4k9uFki] P F adj. safe (c.w. from kxu kxukx: [k9uk9] P F vtr. swallow harm and ke not) kxutu: [4k9uFtu] P F n. enemy (derived from kxu harm) L lahe: [4lFhi] P F adj. other, else lam: [lm] P F vin. seem, appear lapo: [4lFpo] P F pn. other one (person or thing) (c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she) laro: [4lFo] P F adj. clean latem: [4lFtim] P F vin. change (leykatem vtr. change) b latsi: [lF4tsi] LA v. keep up with someone law: [lw] P F adj. clear, certain lawk: [lwk] P F vtr. discourse on, talk about, say something concerning lawr: [lwr] P F n. melody law si: [4lw 4si] P F vin. make clear (derived from law clear) layompin: [lF4jomFpin] P F n. black (derived from layon black) layon: [lF4jon] P F adj. black ltxayn: [lF4t9jn] P F vtr. defeat in battle, conquer leaw: [liF4w] P F adj. only leen: [liF4in] P F adj. speculative, intuitive (derived from en guess) nfp. lefkrr: [liF4fkr] P F adj. current (derived from 4 fkrr this time) lefngap: [liF4fxp] P F adj. metallic (derived from fngap metal) lefpom: [liF4fpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joyous, pleasant (derived from fpom happiness, peace) nfp. lefpomtokx: [liF4fpomFtok9] P F adj. healthy (derived from fpomtokx health) lehawng: [liF4hwx] P F adj. excessive (derived from hawng overabundance) lehawngkrr: [liF4hwxFkr] P F adj. late (derived from hawngkrr late) 4 lehrrap: [liF4hrFp] P F adj. dangerous (derived from hrrap4 danger) leioae: [liFiFoF4Fi] P F n. respect leioae si: [liFiFoF4Fi si] P F vin. to respect (derived from leioae respect) lek: [lik] P F vtr. heed, obey lekin: [liF4kin] P F adj. necessary (derived from kin need) lekoren: [liFkoF4in] P F adj. lawlike (derived from koren rule) lekyeung: [likF4jiFux] P F adj. insane, crazy (derived from keyeung insanity) lelfya: [liF4lsFfj] P F adj. concerning language, regarding language (derived from lfya language) lemrey: [limF4ij] P F adj. surviving (e.g. of entities from a group some of whom have died) (derived from emrey survive) lemweypey: [limF4wijFpij] P F adj. patient (derived from maweypey be patient) len: [lin] P F vin. happen, occur leNavi: [liF4nFvi] P F adj. having to do with the Navi, the People (derived from Navi the People) leno: [liF4no] P F adj. thorough, detail-orientated (of a person) lenomum: [liF4noFmum] P F adj. curious (derived from newomum be curious) lenrra: [liF4nrF] P F adj. proud (derived from 4 nrra pride) lepay: [liF4pj] P F adj. watery (derived from pay water) lepwopx: [lipF4wop9] P F adj. cloudy (derived from pwopx cloud) lerk: [liF4sk] P F adj. leafy (derived from rk leaf ) leronsrel: [liF4onFsil] P F adj. imaginary (derived from ronsrelngop imagine) lertu: [4liFtu] P F n. colleague lesar: [liF4s] P F adj. useful (derived from sar use) leskxir: [liF4sk9i] P F adj. wounded (derived from skxir wound) lesngi: [liF4sxFi] P F adj. original, existing at or from the start, rst in a series (derived from sngi begin) lesnonrra: [liFsnoF4nrF] P F adj. full of self-pride 4 (derived from snonrra self-pride) lesoha: [liF4soFh] P F adj. enthusiastic, keen (derived from soha be enthusiastic about) ofp.

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letam: [liF4tm] P F adj. sufcient (derived from tam sufce) letokx: [liF4tok9] P F adj. bodily, physical (derived from tokx body) letrr: [liF4tr] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day) 4 letrrtrr: [liF4trFtr] P F adj. ordinary (derived 4 from trr day) 4 b letsim: [liF4tsim] P F adj. original, unique, not derived from another source (derived from tsim source) b letsranten: [liF4tsnFtin] P F adj. important (derived from tsranten matter) b letsunslu: [liF4tsunFslu] P F adj. possible (derived from tsunslu may, be possible) letwan: [litF4wn] P F adj. dodgy, sneaky (of a person) (derived from tute person and wan hide) letxi: [liF4t9i] P F adj. hurried, frenzied (derived from txi hurry) letxiluke: [liF4t9iFluFki] P F adj. unhurried (c.w. from txi hurry and luke without) lew: [liw] P F n. cover, lid lewte: [liFwF4ti] P F adj. disagreeable, argumentative (of an agent) (derived from wte argue) lew si: [4liw 4si] P F vin. cover (derived from lew cover) leyapay: [liF4jFpj] P F adj. foggy, misty (derived from yapay fog) leyekrr: [liF4jiFkr] P F adj. early (derived from yekrr early) 4 leyewla: [liF4jiwFl] P F adj. disappointing (derived from yewla disappointment) leyn: [lijn] P F vtr. repeat, do again lezeswa: [liF4ziFsw] P F adj. grassy (derived from zeswa grass) li: [li] P F adv. already lisre+: [4liFsi] P F adp. by, before, up to but not after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before) litx: [lit9] P F adj. sharp (as a blade) lfya: [4lsFfj] P F n. language (c.w. from lu word and fyao way)

lfyaolo: [4lsFfjFoF4lo] P F n. language group, language users (c.w. from lfya language and olo clan) lfyavi: [4lsFfjFvi] P F n. expression, bit of language (derived from lfya language) lu: [4lsFu] P F n. word lupam: [4lsFuFpm] P F n. accent, pronunciation (c.w. from lu word and pam sound) lupe: [lsF4uFpi] P F inter. what (word, utterance) allomorph of pelu luvan: [4lsFuFvn] P F n. pun, word-play (c.w. from liu word and uvan game) lm: [lsm] P F svin. far, be far lng: [lsx] P F vin. oat in the air, hover lok: [lok] P F vtr. approach lok: [lok] P F adp. close to lom: [lom] P F adj. missing, missed (as an absent person who is longed for) lomtu: [4lomFtu] P F n. missed person (derived from lom missing, missed) lonu: [loF4nu] P F vtr. release, let go lopx: [lop9] P F vin. panic lor: [lo] P F adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses nfp. loran: [4loFrn] P F n. elegance, grace (c.w. from lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or nature) lrrtok: [4lrFtok] P F n. smile 4 lrrtok si: [4lrFtok 4si] P F vin. smile (derived 4 from lrrtok smile) lu: [lu] P F vin., svin. be, am, is, are (predicative copula, existential verb) (signies possession with dative of possessor) luke: [4luFki] P F adp. without lukpen: [lukF4pin] P F adj. without clothing, naked (c.w. from luke without and pen clothing (plural)) lumpe: [4lumFpi] P F inter. why allomorph of pelun lun: [lun] P F n. reason

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M ma: [m] P F part. O (vocative marker) makto: [4mkFto] P F vtr. ride mal: [ml] P F adj. trustworthy, trust-inspiring masat: [4mFst] P F n. breastplate (armor) maw: [mw] P F adp. after (time) mawey: [mF4wij] CM adj. calm maweypey: [mF4wijFpij] P F svin. be patient (ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait) maweypeyyu: [mF4wijFpijFju] P F n. One who is patient (derived from maweypey be patient) mawkrr: [4mwFkr] P F adv. after, afterwards 4 (c.w. from maw after and krr time) mawkrra: [mwF4krF] P F conj. after (temporal) 4 allomorph of akrrmaw (c.w. from krr time and maw after) mawl: [mwl] P F n. half may: [mj] P F vtrm. try, sample, evaluate, check out, test-drive mkxu: [mF4k9u] P F vtr. interrupt, throw out of harmonious balance (derived from kxu harm) meem: [miF4im] P F adj. harmonious mefo: [4miFfo] P F pn. they, those two (derived from me+ dual marker and po he/she) mek: [mik] P F adj. empty, or metaphorically: having no value mekre: [4mikFi] P F n. supplies melo: [4miFlo] P F adv. twice (derived from me+ dual marker and alo time) menari: [miF4nFi] P F n. eyes (two) (derived from me+ dual and nari eye) meoauniaea: [miFoFFuFniFF4iF] P F n. harmony, living at one with nature mesrram: [miFsrF4m] P F n., adv. the day befo4 re yesterday, two days ago (derived from trr day) mesrray: [miFsrF4j] P F n., adv. the day after tomorrow, two 4days from now (derived from trr day) meuia: [miF4uFiF] P F n. honor meuianga: [miF4uFiFFx] P F adj. honorable, honorably (derived from meuia honor and nga contain) meyam: [miF4ym] P F vtr. hug, embrace, hold in ones arms meyp: [mijp] P F adj. weak mi: [mi] P F adv. yet, still, as before
b miktsang: [4mikFtsx] P F n. earring (c.w. from mikyun ear and tsang piercing) mikyun: [4mikFjun] JC n. ear mip: [mip] P F adj. new m+: [ms] P F adp. in, on mfa: [4msFf or msF4f] P F n., adv. inside mftxele: [msF4ft9iFli] P F adv. in this regard, related to this matter mkam: [msF4km] P F adp. between mn: [msn] P F vin. turn, rotate on an axis Mn ne ftrpa Turn to the left mnyu: [4msnFju] P F n. turner (derived from mn turn) mso: [msF4so] P F adv. away (position) (derived from m in) mllan: [mlF4n] P F vtr. accept 4 mllte: [mlF4ti] P F v. agree 4 mo: [mo] P F n. space, hollow, enclosed open area moe: [4moFi] P F pn. we two, us two (exclusive) (derived from me+ dual and oe I) mok: [mok] P F vtr. suggest mokri: [4mokFi] P F n. voice mong: [mox] P F vtr. depend on, rely on, trust for protection mowan: [moF4wn] P F adj. pleasing, enjoyable (physically, sexually) mrr: [mr] P F num. ve 4 mrrtrr: [4mrFtr] P F n. ve day work week (deri4 4 ved from mrr ve and trr day) mrrve: [4mrFvi] P F adj. fth (ordinal) (derived 4 from mrr ve) mui: [muF4iF] P F adj. proper, fair, right, justied muni: [munF4i] P F v. cut mune: [4muFni] P F num. two munge: [4muFxi] P F vtr. take, bring mungwrr: [muxF4wr] P F adp. except 4 munsna: [4munFsn] P F n. pair (derived from mune two and snao set, group) munsna: [munFsn] P F prex placed before a noun to indicate a single pair of something (derived from munsna pair) muntrr: [4munFtr] P F n. weekend (derived from 4 mune two and trr day) muntrram: [4munFtrFm] P F n. last weekend (de4 rived from muntrr weekend)

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muntrray: [4munFtrFj] P F n. next weekend (de- muntxate: [munF4t9Fti] P F n. wife, female 4 spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse) rived from muntrr weekend) muntxatu: [munF4t9Ftu] P F n. spouse (derived muntxa: [munF4t9] P F adj. mated, married from muntxa mated) muntxa si: [munF4t9 4si] P F vin. mate (with so- muve: [4muFvi] P F adj. second (ordinal) (derimeone), marry (derived from muntxa mated) ved from mune two) muntxatan: [munF4t9Ftn] P F n. husband, male muwntxu: [muFwsnF4t9u] P F vtr. introduce, spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse) present (derived from wntxu show) N na: [n] P F adp. like, as narng: [4nFsx] P F n. forest naer: [nF4i] P F n. drink, something able to be drunk nafu: [nFfsF4u] P F adj. such (c.w. from na as and fu this) namake: [nmF4Fki] P F adv. condently (derived from amake condent) nang: [nx] P F part. surprise, exclamation, encouragement (mirative) nari: [4nFi] P F n. eye nari si: [4nFi si] P F vin. watch out, be careful (derived from nari eye) natkenong: [ntF4kiFnox] P F conj. for example, as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tkenong example) nawm: [nwm] P F adj. great, noble nawmtu: [4nwmFtu] P F n. great person (derived from nawm great) nayn: [njn] P F n. the symbol 9 (not the value nine) nk: [nk] P F vtr. drink nn: [nn] P F vin. decrease ne: [ni] P F adp. to, towards (direction) nem: [niF4sm] P F adv. back (direction) nef: [niF4f] P F adv. up (direction) nekll: [niF4kl] P F adv. down (direction) 4 nekx: [nik9] P F vtr. burn, consume nemfa: [4nimFf] P F adp. into, inside (c.w. from ne towards and mfa inside) nemrey: [nimF4ij] P F adv.,intj. in a fashion as if ones life were at stake (derived from emrey survive) neto: [niF4to] P F adv. away (direction) (derived from ne to) netrp: [4nitFsp] P F adv. luckily, happily new: [niw] P F vtrm. want newomum: [niwF4oFmum] P F svin. be curious, want to know (c.w. from new want and omum know) neympin: [4nijmFpin] P F n. light color (derived from neyn light, shade of white) neyn: [nijn] P F adj. light colors, shades of white ni: [niF4] P F vtr. grab nikre: [4nikFi] P F n. hair nikroi: [nikF4oFi] P F n. hair adornment (c.w. from nikre hair and ioi adornment) nim: [nim] P F adj. timid, shy ninan: [4niFnn] P F adv. by reading (derived from inan read) nitram: [nitF4m] P F adj. happy (of people) n: [ns] P F adverbial deriving afx naw: [nsF4w] P F adv. only (derived from aw one) nawtu: [nsF4wFtu] P F adv. alone (as one person) (c.w. from aw one and tute person) nawve: [nsF4wFvi] P F adv. rst (derived from awve rst) nen: [nsF4in] P F adv. making an informed guess, acting on intuition (derived from en guess) neng: [nsF4ix] P F adv. equally, on the same level (derived from engeng level) neoio: [nsF4iFoFiFo] P F adv. ceremoniously (derived from eoio ceremonious) neveng: [nsF4iFvix] P F adv. like a child, immaturely (derived from eveng child) neyng: [nsF4ijx] P F adv. back, in response, in answer (derived from eyng answer) nia: [nsF4iF] P F adv. nally, at long last (derived from ia end) nit: [nsF4it] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (abstract) (derived from it bit, a small amount) no: [nsF4o] P F adv. in a manner which is enjoyable, enjoyably (derived from o exciting)

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nul: [nsF4ul] P F adv. more nulul: [nsF4ulFul] P F adv. increasingly, more and more (derived from ul increase) nawnomum: [nsFwF4noFmum] P F adv. as you know, as is known (casual speech [nwF4noFmum]) (derived from awn passive participle inx and omum know) nayoeng: [nsFjF4wix] P F adv. like us, as we do (casual speech [njF4wix]) (derived from ayoeng us (inclusive)) nfe: [nsF4fi] P F adv. badly (derived from fe bad) nfkrr: [nsF4fkr] P F adv. lately, currently (deri4 ved from fkrr this time) nfmokx: [nsF4fmok9] P F adv. jealously, enviously (derived from fmokx jealousy) nfnu: [nF4fnu] P F adv. silently (derived from fnu quiet) nfrakrr: [nsF4frFkr] P F adv. as always (derived 4 from frakrr always) nftue: [nsF4ftuFi] P F adv. easily (derived from ftue easy) nftxan: [nsF4ft9n] P F adv. so, to such an extent (derived from ftxan so, to such an extent) nftxavang: [nsF4ft9Fvx] P F adv. passionately, with all heart (derived from ftxavang passionate) nfwefwi: [nsF4fwiFfwi] P F adv. by whistling, in a whistling manner (derived from fwefwi whistle) nfyao: [nsF4fjFo] P F adv. in a manner (derived from fyao way) nfyeyntu: [nsF4fjijnFtu] P F adv. like an adult, maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult) nhawng: [nsF4hwx] P F adv. too, excessively (derived from hawng overabundance) nhay: [nsF4hj] P rr adv. next (derived from hay next) nhek: [nsF4hik] P F adv. strangely, oddly (derived from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not manner, adverbial) nhoet: [nsF4hoFit] P F adv. widely, pervasively (derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive) nhol: [nsF4hol] P F adv. few, not many (derived from hol few) nhona: [nsF4hoFn] P F adv. endearingly, sweetly (derived from hona endearing) nkrp: [nskF4Frsp] P F adv. steadily (derived from ke rp not move) lit.: without letting

it move nkong: [nskF4ox] P F adv. slowly (derived from kong slow) nkanu: [nsF4kFnu] P F adv. intelligently, in a smart way (derived from kanu smart) nkeftxo: [nsFkiF4ft9o] P F adv. unfortunately, sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy) nklonu: [nskFloF4nu] P F adv. rmly, steadfastly, faithfully (derived from ke lonu not let go) lit.: without releasing it nkmar: [nskF4mr] P F adv. in the right season, opportunely (derived from kmar in season) nksman: [nskF4smn] P F adv. wonderfully (derived from kosman wonderful) nksran: [nskF4srn] P F adv. in a mediocre manner (derived from kesran mediocre) nktungzup: [nskFtuxF4zup] P F adv. carefully, rmly (derived from ke tungzup not drop) lit.: without letting it fall nkxem: [nsF4k9im] P F adv. vertically (derived from kxem be vertical) nlam: [nsF4lm] P F adv. apparently (derived from lam seem) nlaw: [nsF4lw] P F adv. clearly (derived from law clear) nli: [nsF4li] P F adv. in advance (derived from li already) nlkeftang: [nslFkiF4ftx] P F adv. continuously, incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from luke without and ftang stop) b nltsan: [nslF4tsn] P F adv. well (derived from sltsan good) nlun: [nsF4lun] P F adv. of course, logically, following common sense nmal: [nsF4ml] P F adv. trustingly, without hesitation (derived from mal trustworthy) nmeyp: [nsF4mijp] P F adv. weakly, loosely (derived from meyp weak) nmun: [nsF4mun] P F adv. again nmwey: [nsmF4wij] P F adv. calmly, peacefully (derived from mawey calm) nmweypey: [nsmF4wijFpij] P F adv. patiently (derived from maweypey be patient) nn: [nsn] P F vtr. look at nNavi: [nsF4nFvi] P F adv. like the Navi, Navi-ly (derived from Navi the People) nnk: [nsF4nk] P F adv. by drinking, in a liquid way (derived from nk drink)

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nnn: [nsF4nn] P F adv. less (derived from nn decrease) nnnn: [nsF4nnFn] P F adv. decreasingly, less and less (derived from nn decrease) nngay: [nsF4xj] P F adv. truly (derived from ngay true) nngong: [nsF4xox] P F adv. lethargically, lazily (derived from ngong lazy) nno: [nsF4no] P F adv. in detail, expansively, thoroughly nnrra: [nsF4nrF] P F adv. proudly, with pride (de4 rived from nrra pride) nolo: [nsF4oFlo] P F adv. (together) as members of a clan (derived from olo clan) nprrte: [nsF4prFti] P F adv. pleasurably, gladly, 4 with pleasure (derived from prrte pleasurable) npxay: [nsF4p9j] P F adv. many, manily (derived from pxay many) npxi: [nsF4p9i] P F adv. especially, pointedly, unambiguously (derived from pxi sharp) npxim: [nsF4p9im] P F adv. erectly, rightly (derived from pxim erect, upright) nran: [nsF4rn] P F adv. basically, fundamentally, in essence (derived from ran intrinsic character or nature) nrangal: [nsF4Fxl] P F adv. wish (contrary to fact, with perfective or imperfective subjunctive) (derived from rangal wish) nronsrel: [nsF4onFsil] P F adv. in imagination, by imagination (derived from ronsrelngop imagine) nslpey: [nsFsslF4pej] P F adv. hopefully (derived from slpey hope) nslele: [nsF4sliFli] P F adv. by swimming (derived from slele swim) nsngi: [nsF4sxFi] P F adv. originally, at rst (derived from sngi begin) nsngum: [nsF4sxum] P F adv. worryingly, fretfully (derived from sngum worry) nsoha: [nsF4soFh] P F adv. enthusiastically (derived from soha be enthusiastic about) nsoaia: [nsFsoF4FiF] P F adv. (together) as members of a family (derived from soaia family) nsteng: [nsF4stix] P F adv. similarly (derived from steng similar) nsti: [nsF4sti] P F adv. angrily (derived from sti be angry)

nsung: [nsF4sux] P F adv. besides, additionally, furthermore (derived from sung add) nswey: [nsF4swij] P F adv. optimally, best (derived from swey best) nsyayvi: [nsF4sjjFvi] P F adv. by chance or coincidence (derived from syayvi luck) nsyen: [nsF4sjin] P F adv. lastly (derived from syen last) nsyep: [nsF4sjip] P F adv. tightly, in an iron grip (derived from syep trap) lit.: like a trap ntam: [nsF4tm] P F adv. enough (after an adjective) (derived from tam sufce) nteng: [nsF4tix] P F adv. too, also, as well, likewise (derived from teng same, equal) ntengfya: [nsF4tixFfj] P F adv. as, same way as (similar action) (derived from tengfya as, same way as (conj.)) ntrrtrr: [nsF4trFtr] P F adv. on a daily basis, regu4 4 larly (derived from trr day) b ntsim: [nsF4tsim] P F adv. originally, in an original way, with originality (derived from tsim source) b ntssy: [nsF4tssFsys] P F adv. by whispering, in a whisper (derived from tssy whisper, v.) b ntsyl: [nsF4tsjsl] P F adv. by climbing (derived from tsyl climb) ntut: [nsF4tut] P F adv. continually (derived from tut continuation marker) ntxan: [nsF4t9n] P F adv. much (abstract), very (derived from txan much) ntxay: [nsF4t9j] P F adv. horizontally (derived from txay be horizontal) ntxi: [nsF4t9i] P F adv. hurriedly, in a frenzied way (derived from txi hurry) ntxiluke: [nsF4t9iFluFki] P F adv. unhurriedly, leisurely (c.w. from txi hurry and luke without) nvingkap: [nsF4vixFkp] P F adv. by the way, incidentally (derived from vingkap occur to one, pop into ones mind) nwan: [nsF4wn] P F adv. secretly, in hiding, by hiding (derived from wan hide) nwawe: [nsFwF4wi] P F adv. meaningfully, signicantly (derived from wawe meaning, signicance) nw: [nsF4w] P F adv. on the contrary, conversely nwte: [nsFwF4ti] P F adv. disagreeably, begrudgingly (derived from wte argue)

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nwin: [nsF4win] P F adv. fast (derived from win fast) nwok: [nsF4wok] P F adv. loudly (derived from wok loud) nwotx: [nsF4wot9] P F adv. all (of), in toto, completely (derived from wotx totality, whole) nyewla: [nsF4jiwFl] P F adv. in a disappointing fashion, in a way failing to meet expectations (derived from yewla disappointment) nyll: [nsF4jl] P F adv. communally, in a communal manner 4(derived from yll communal) nyo: [nsF4yo] P F adv. perfectly, awlessly (derived from yo be perfect) nyol: [nsF4yol] P F adv. briey, shortly (of time) (derived from yol short (of time)) nzawnong: [nsF4zwFnox] P F adv. safely (derived from awn passive participle inx and zong save) nokx: [nok9] P F vtr. give birth to nong: [nox] P F v. follow, proceed after nrr: [nr] P F vin. glow, be luminous 4 Ng nga: [x] P F pn. you nga: [x] P F vtr. contain ngam: [xm] P F n. echo ngampam: [4xmFpm] P F n. rhyme (c.w. from ngam echo and pam sound) ngampam si: [4xmFpm si] P F vin. rhyme (derived from ngampam rhyme) b ngatsyp: [4xFtsjsp] P F pn. little you, you little (derived from nga you) ngawng: [xwx] P F n. worm ngay: [xj] P F adj. true ngaytxoa: [xjF4t9oF] P F intj. sorry, my apologies (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w. from ngey your and txoa forgiveness) ngng: [xx] P F n. stomach ngzk: [4xFzsk] P F adj. difcult, hard ngenga: [xiF4x] P F pn. you (honoric (honouric) form) (derived from nga you) ngep: [xip] P F n. navel

nrra: [4nrF] P F n. pride, feeling of pride 4 nu+: [4nuF] P F adp. beyond nulkrr: [nulF4kr] P F adv. longer (time) (derived 4 from krr time) nulnew: [nulF4niw] P F vtrm. prefer (ii) (derived from new want) nume: [4nuFmi] P F v. learn numeyu: [4nuFmiFju] P F n. student (derived from nume learn) b numtseng: [4numFtsix] P F n. school (c.w. from nume learn and tseng place) b numtsengvi: [4numFtsixFvi] P F n. classroom, division of a school (derived from numtseng school) numultxa: [nuFmulF4t9] P F n. class (for instruction) (c.w. from nume learn and ultxa meeting) numultxatu: [nuFmulF4t9Ftu] P F n. classmate, member of a class (derived from numultxa class (for instruction)) nutx: [nut9] P F adj. thick

ngeyn: [xijn] P F adj. tired ngian: [xiF4n] P F,SW adv. however ngim: [xim] P F adj. long (physical length) ngimpup: [ximF4pup] P F n. length (derived from ngim long and pup short) ngong: [xox] P F adj. lethargic, lacking sufcient energy, lazy ngop: [xop] P F vtr. create ngopyu: [4xopFju] P F n. creator (derived from ngop create) ngrr: [xr] P F n. root 4 ngrrpongu: [xrFpoFxu] P F n. grassroots move4 ment (c.w. from ngrr root and pongu party) ngul: [xul] P F adj. grey, drab ngulpin: [4xulFpin] P F n. grey (derived from ngul grey, drab) nguway: [4xuFwj] P F n. howl, viperwolf cry (derived from way song)

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O oe: [4oFi] P F pn. I, me oeng: [4wix] P F pn. we two, us two (dual inclusive), you and I (derived from oe I) b oetsyp: [4wiFtsjsp] P F pn. little me, little I (derived from oe I) oeyk: [oF4ijk] P F n. cause oeyktng: [oF4ijkFtsx] P F v. explain (why) (ii) (c.w. from oeyk cause and tng give) ohakx: [oF4hk9] P F adj. hungry ohe: [4oFhi] P F pn. I (deferential or ceremonial form) P pao: [4pFo] P F n. side pak: [pk] P F part. disparagement pam: [pm] P F n. sound pamrel: [pmF4il] P F n. writing (c.w. from pam sound and rel image) pamrelfya: [pmF4ilFfj] P F n. spelling (derived from pamrel writing and fyao way) pamrel si: [pmF4il 4si] P F vin. write (derived from pamrel writing) pamrelvi: [pmF4ilFvi] P F n. letter (phonetic symbol) (derived from pamrel writing) b pamtseo: [4pmFtsiFo] P F n. music (c.w. from pam sound and tseo art) b pamtseo si: [4pmFtsiFo 4si] P F vin. play music (with fa for instrument played) (derived from pamtseo music) b pamtseotu: [4pmFtsiFoFtu] P F n. musician (derived from pamtseo music) pan: [pn] P F n. third, one third pate: [4pFti] ZS v. get to a place, arrive pawm: [pwm] P F v. ask pay: [pj] P F n. water, liquid pay+: [pj] P F prex plural inter. marker (from pe+ and ay+) payfya: [4pjFfj] P F n. stream (c.w. from pay water and fyao way) payva: [4pjFsFv] P F n. drop of water (derived from pay water and lva drop) paynga: [4pjFx] P F adj. moist, humid, damp (derived from pay water and nga contain) payoang: [pjF4oFx] P F n. sh (c.w. from pay water and ioang animal) phem: [4pFhim] P F vin. arrive pngkxo: [pxF4k9o] P F vin. chat, converse, have a conversation pngkxoyu: [pxF4k9oFju] P F n. chatter, converser (derived from pngkxo chat) pngkxoyu lekoren: [pxF4k9oFju liFkoF4in] P F n. lawyer (c.w. from pngkxoyu chatter and lekoren lawlike) pnu: [4pFnu] P F n. promise pnutng: [4pFnuFtsx] P F vtr. promise (a thing to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pnu promise and tng give) pe+: [pi] P F afx inter. marker peun: [4piFun] P F vtr. decide pefnel: [piF4fnil] P F inter. which kind allomorph of fnepe pefya: [piF4fj] P F inter. how allomorph of fyape pefyinepang: [piFfjinFipF4x] P F ques. how complex? (derived from fyinepang degree of complexity) allomorph of fyinepangpe pehem: [piF4him] P F inter. what (action) allomorph of kempe (c.w. from kem action, deed) pehrr: [piF4hr] P F inter. when allomorph of krr4 pe (c.w. from krr time) pekxinum: [piF4k9inFum] P F ques. how tight, loose? (derived from ekxinum tightness, looseness) pelu: [piF4lsFu] P F inter. what (word, utterance) allomorph of lupe pelun: [piF4lun] P F inter. why allomorph of lumpe peng: [pix] P F vtr. tell osss: [oFs4sX] LA intj. angry snarl, watch it! olo: [oF4lo] P F n. clan oloeyktan: [oFloF4ijkFtn] JC n. clan leader (c.w. from olo clan and eyktan leader) omum: [oF4mum] P F vtr. know (stress moves to rst syllable with inxation) b ontsang: [4onFtsx] P F n. nose ring (c.w. from ontu nose and tsang piercing) ontu: [4onFtu] JC n. nose

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peseng: [piF4six] P F inter. where allomorph of tsengpe peslosnep: [piFsloF4snip] P F ques. what width, how wide? (derived from snep narrow) (allomorph of slosneppe) pesomwew: [piFsomF4wiw] P F inter. what temperature? (derived from somwew temperature) pesu: [piF4su] P F inter. who allomorph of tupe peu: [piF4u] P F inter. what (thing) allomorph of upe pewn: [piwn] P F n. neck pey: [pij] P F vin. wait, wait for piak: [piF4k] P F adj. open, clear (for cloudless skies) piak si: [piF4k si] P F vin. open (derived from piak open) pil: [pil] P F n. facial stripe pizayu: [4piFzFju] P F n. ancestor pmtxan: [psmF4t9n] P F inter. how much allomorph of hmtxampe pwopx: [psF4wop9] P F n. cloud b pwopxtsyp: [psF4wop9Ftsjsp] P F n. nebula (derived from pwopx cloud) lit.: little cloud pllngay: [plF4xj] P F vin. admit 4 plltxe: [plF4t9i] P F v. speak 4 pn. he, she po: [po] P F poan: [poF4n] P F pn. he (no plural form: use (ay)fo) (derived from po he, she) Px pxan: [p9n] P F adj. worthy pxask: [4p9Fssk] P F intj. screw that!, no way! (vulgar) pxasul: [4p9Fsul] P F adj. fresh, appealing as food pxaw: [p9w] P F adp. around pxawpa: [4p9wFp] P F n. perimeter, circumference, border (c.w. from pxaw around and pao side) pxawpxun: [4p9wFp9un] P F n. armband (c.w. from pxaw around and pxun arm) pxay: [p9j] P F adj. many (used with singular or plural noun forms) pxel: [p9il] P F adp. like, as pxelo: [4p9iFlo] P F adv. thrice, three times (derived from pxe+ trial marker and alo time) pxen: [p9in] P F n. functional clothing (item of)

poe: [poF4i] P F pn. she (no plural form: use (ay)fo) (derived from po he, she) polpxay: [polF4p9j] P F inter. how many (c.w. from holpxay number and pe how) pom: [pom] P F vtr. kiss pongu: [4poFxu] P F n. group of people, party (derived from po he/she) ofp. prrku: [4prFku] P F n. womb (c.w. from prrnen 4 baby and kelku home) prrkxentrrkrr: [prFk9inFtrFkr] Skxawng n. day ti4 4 4 me smoking pleasure, vibrating tongue (Navi idiom) (c.w. from prrte pleasurable, kxener smoke, trr day and krr time) prrnen: [4prFnin] P F n. infant, baby 4 prrnesyul: [4prFniFsjul] P F n. bud (c.w. from prrnen baby4 and syulang ower) prrte: [4prFti] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activi4 ty) prrwll: [4prFwl] P rr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen 4 4 baby and ewll plant) pukap: [4puFkp] P F num. six pum: [pum] P F pn. one (place-holder pronoun referring to a previously mentioned noun or pronoun) pup: [pup] P F adj. short (physical length) puve: [4puFvi] P F adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived from pukap six)

pxesrram: [p9iFsrF4m] P F n., adv. three days ago 4 (derived from trr day) pxesrray: [p9iFsrF4j] P F n., adv. three days from 4 now (derived from trr day) pxey: [p9ij] P F num. three pxeyve: [4p9ijFvi] P F adj. third (ordinal) (derived from pxey three) pxi: [p9i] P F adj. sharp (as a point) pxim: [p9im] P F adj. erect, upright pximaw: [p9iF4mw] P F adp. right after (c.w. from maw after (time) and pxi sharp) pxiset: [p9iF4sit] P F adv. right now (c.w. from set now and pxi sharp) pxisre+: [p9iF4si] P F adp. right before (c.w. from sre before (time) and pxi sharp) pxiswawam: [p9iFswwF4m] P F adv. just a moment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and am

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past) pxiswaway: [p9iFswwF4j] P F adv. in just a second from now (c.w. from swaw moment and ay future marker) pxiyern: [p9iF4jiFsn] P F adv. immediately (not as soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from yern soon and pxi sharp) pxm: [p9sm] P F adv. often R ral: [l] P F n. meaning ralnga: [4lFx] P F adj. meaningful, instructive, something from which a lesson can be learned (c.w. from ral meaning and nga contain) ralpeng: [lF4pix] P F vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w. from ral meaning and peng tell) ram: [m] P F n. mountain b ramtsyp: [4mFtsjsp] P F n. hill (derived from ram mountain) ramunong: [F4muFnox] P F n. well ran: [rn] P F n. intrinsic character or nature, essence, constititution; basic nature of something resulting from the totality of its properties; often best translated as personality" rangal: [4Fxl] P F vin. wish raspu: [F4spu] P F n. leggings (used in war) rawke: [4wFki] P F intj. alarm cry, call to defense rawm: [wm] P F n. lightning (general term) rawmpxom: [4wmFp9om] P F n. thunder and lightning (derived from rawm lightning and rrpxom thunder) rawn: [rwn] P F vtr. replace, substitute r: [F4] P F part. do not (for negative imperatives, commands only) reo: [4iFo] P F n. head rel: [il] P F n. image, picture b reltseo: [4ilFtsiFo] P F n. visual art (c.w. from rel image and tseo art) b reltseotu: [4ilFtsiFoFtu] P F n. artist (derived from reltseo art) reng: [ix] P F adj. shallow (physically) nfp. renten: [4inFtin] P F n. goggles, (made from insect wings, carved from wood, etc) renu: [4iFnu] P F n. pattern rewon: [4iFwon] P F n. morning rey: [ij] P F vin. live

pxmuni: [p9sFmunF4i] P F vtr. divide, cut into parts (c.w. from hapx part and muni cut) pxor: [p9o] P F vin. explode pxorpam: [4p9oFpm] P F n. ejective consonant (c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound) pxun: [p9un] P F n. arm pxuntil: [4p9unFtil] P F n. elbow (c.w. from pxun arm and til joint)

reyeng: [ijF4ix] P F n. the Balance of Life (derived from rey live) reyfya: [4rijFfj] P F n. way of living, culture (c.w. from rey live and fyao path, way) reykol: [ijF4kol] P F vtr. play music, make to sing (poetic) (derived from rol sing and eyk causitive inx) reypay: [4ijFpj] P F n. blood (c.w. from rey live and pay water) rikx: [ik9] P F vin. move, shift position rim: [im] P F adj. yellow rimpin: [4imFpin] P F n. yellow (derived from rim yellow) rina: [iF4n] P F n. seed (derived from atokirina seeds of the great tree) rr: [4rsFsr] P F n. reection rr si: [4rsFsr si] P F vin. reect, imitate (derived from rr reection) rk: [sk] P F n. leaf rkean: [4sFkiFn] P F adj. leaf green (c.w. from rk leaf and ean green) rn: [rsn] P F n. wood ro+: [o] P F adp. at (locative) roa: [4roF] P F vin. be impressive, inspire awe or respect rofa: [4oFf] P F adp. beside, alongside rol: [ol] P F v. sing rolun: [oF4lun] P F intj. Eureka! Ive found it! ronsem: [4onFsim] P F n. mind ronsrel: [4onFsil] P F n. something imagined (derived from ronsrelngop imagine) ronsrelngop: [4onFsilFxop] P F vtr. imagine, envision (c.w. of ronsem mind, rel picture, ngop create, casual pronunciation [4onFsiwFxop] ) rou: [4roFu] P F vin. be, or get drunk (example use: rou fa pxir) rum: [um] P F n. ball

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sloping stream (countable) rusey: [uF4sij] P F adj., n. alive, living, living thing (c.w. from rey live and us active participle inx) rurur: [ruF4rur] P F n. water that is aeriated while owing among the rocks of a very gradually rutxe: [uF4t9i] P F intj. please S sanok: [4sFnok] P F n. mother (from saatenuk C ) sanu: [4sFnu] P F n. mum, mommy (affectionate form of sanok mother) b sanutsyp: [4sFnuFtsjsp] P F n. little mommy (used for young girls) (derived from sanu mommy) sasem: [4sFsim] P F n. parent or set of parents (derived from sanok mother and sempul father) saa: [4sX] LA intj. threatening cry salew: [sF4liw] P F v. proceed, go san: [sn] P F adv. saying, quote sang: [sx] P F adj. warm sar: [s] P F vtr. use sat: [st] P F pn. that (lenited form of tsat) sau: [sF4u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion, urgh sayrp: [4sjFsp] P F adj. handsome, good looking ofp. (male) s: [s] P F prex instrumental noun (c.w. from snume teaching and sspxin disease) sipu: [sF4iFpu] P F n. something humorous (derived from ipu humorous) so: [4sFo] P F n. tool, utensil s: [sF4fl] P F n. success (an instance of succeeding) (derived from succeed) sfngo: [sF4fxo] P F n. requirement, demand (derived from fngo require) sfpl: [sF4fpsl] P F n. idea (derived from fpl think) sftxulu: [sFft9uF4lsFu] P F n. speech, oration (derived from ftxulu orate, give speech) sfyep: [sF4fjip] P F n. handle (derived from fyep hold in the hand) skanom: [sF4kFnom] P F n. something acquired, an acquisition, a possession (derived from kanom acquire) sltxayn: [sFlF4t9jn] P F n. defeat, an instance of defeat (derived from ltxayn defeat) smok: [sF4mok] P F n. suggestion (derived from mok suggest) smyam: [smF4ym] P F n. hug, embrace (derived from meyam hug) snrr: [sFnr] P F n. glow, an instance of glowing (derived 4from nrr glow) snume: [sF4nuFmi] P F n. teaching, instruction (derived from nume learn) snumvi: [sF4numFvi] P F n. lesson (derived from snume teaching) somum: [sF4oFmum] P F n. (piece of) information (derived from omum know) splltxe: [sFplF4t9i] P F n. statement 4 splltxevi: [sFplF4t9iFvi] P F n. comment (deri4 ved from splltxe statement) spom: [sF4pom] P F n. kiss (derived from pom kiss) srawn: [sF4rwn] P F n. replacement, substitute, something that replaces something else (derived from rawn replace) sroa: [sF4roF] P F n. feat, accomplishment, great deed sroa si: [sF4roF si] P F vin. do great deeds (derived from sroa great deed) sspxin: [sF4sp9in] P F n. disease, sickness, illness (derived from spxin sick) b sspxintsyp: [sF4sp9inFtsjsp] P F n. minor ailment (derived from sspxin illness) ssrtx: [sF4srt9] P F n. annoyance (derived from srtx annoy) ssrn: [sF4srsn] P F n. lent or borrowed thing (derived from srn temporarily transfer from one to another) sstarsm: [sF4strFssm] P F n. collection (put together intentionally by a person) (derived from starsm gather, collect) ssuln: [sF4suFlsn] P F n. hobby, pleasureyielding activity (derived from suln be busy (positive sense)) ssyep: [sF4sjip] P F n. trap (derived from syep trap)

run: [un] P F vtr. nd, discover

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stare: [sF4tFi] P F n. connection, relationship (derived from tare connect, relate to) staron: [sF4tFron] P F n. hunt (derived from taron hunt) b stssy: [sF4tssFsys] P F n. whisper (derived from tssy whisper) b stswayon: [sF4tswjFon] P F n. ight (an instance of ying) (derived from tswayon y) b stsyl: [sF4tsjsl] P F n. climbing event, a climb (derived from tsyl climb) swte: [sFwF4ti] P F n. point of contention, source of argument, thing disputed (derived from wte argue) swntxu: [sFwsnF4t9u] P F n. a showing, an exhibition (derived from wntxu show) szrp: [sF4zFsp] RL,P F n. face lead, rein (derived from zarp pull) seayl: [siF4jl] P F n. an individual tall, thin waterfall that pours down a sheer high cliff, or off of a oating mountain (countable) sekrr: [4siFkr] P F n. present (c.w. from set now 4 and krr time) sempu: [4simFpu] P F n. daddy (affectionate form of sempul father) sempul: [4simFpul] P F n. father set: [sit] P F adv. now sevin: [siF4vin] P F adj. pretty ofp. (female) seykxel: [sijF4k9il] P F adj. strong (emotionally, spiritually, not physical), condent seyri: [4sijFi] JC n. lip b seysonltsan: [sijFsoFnslF4tsn] P F intj. well done! (derived from hasey soli nltsan accomplished well) si: [si] P F auxiliary verb, postpositional nonbound verb do, make deriving afx sim: [sim] P F svin. near, be near s: [ss] P F conj. and (connects two things, can be attached as s: for clauses use ulte and) sk: [ssk] P F adv. unquote slpey: [sslF4pij] P F vin. hope (with tsn for thing hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w. from sltsan good and pey wait) slronsem: [sslF4onFsim] P F adj. clever, smart (thing) (c.w. from sltsan good and ronsem mind) b sltsan: [sslF4tsn] P F adj. good (of its kind), well done sn: [ssn] P F adp. on, onto skaa: [skF4] P F vtr. destroy

skepek: [4skiFpik] P F adj. formal skien: [4skiFin] P F adj. right (not left) sko+: [sko] P F adp. as, in the capacity of, in the role of skxakep: [4sk9Fkip] P F adj., adv. probable, probably skxawng: [sk9wx] P F n. moron, idiot skxir: [sk9i] P F n. wound skxir si: [4sk9i 4si] P F vin. wound (derived from skxir wound) b skxirtsyp: [4sk9iFtsjsp] P F n. cut, bruise, minor wound (derived from skxir wound) skxom: [sk9om] P F n. chance, opportunity b slatsu: [4slFtsu] P F vtr. describe slan: [sln] P F vtr. support (emotional, social or personal support) ofp. slantire: [slnFtiF4i] P F n. inspiration (c.w. from slan support and tirea spirit) slantire si: [slnFtiF4i si] P F vin. inspire (derived from slantire inspiration) sl: [sl] P F conj. but slr: [slr] P F n. cave slele: [4sliFli] P F vin. swim sleyku: [slijF4ku] P F vtr. produce (derived from slu become and eyk causative inx) sloa: [4sloF] P F adj. wide sloan: [sloF4n] P F vtr. pour slosnep: [sloF4snip] P F n. width (derived from snep narrow) slosneppe: [sloF4sniFpi] P F ques. what width, how wide? (derived from snep narrow) (allomorph of peslosnep) slu: [slu] P F vin. become (noun predicate with ne in ambiguous constructions) smar: [sm] P F n. prey, hunted thing smon: [smon] P F vin. be familiar, be known (with dative) sna: [sn] P F prex group marker for nouns (abbrev. of snao) Note: sna- indicates naturally occurring groups or sets. Use sstarsm to indicate a collection intentionally put together by a person. snao: [4snFo] P F n. set, group, pile, clump, stand nfp. snafplfya: [snF4fpslFfj] P F n. philosophy (c.w. from snao group and fplfya way of thinking) lit.: a group of mindsets

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snanumultxa: [snFnuFmulF4t9] P F n. course (as a collection of classes) (derived from numultxa class (for instruction)) snapamrelvi: [snFpmF4ilFvi] P F n. alphabet (derived from pamrelvi letter (phonetic symbol)) snatanh: [snFtnF4hs] P F n. constellation (c.w. from snao clump and tanh star) lit.: a clump of stars b snatanhtsyp: [snFtnF4hsFtsjsp] P F n. star cluster (c.w. from snao group and tanh(tsyip) star) snatxrem: [snF4t9Frim] P F n. skeleton (c.w. from snao group and txrem bone) lit.: set of bones snaytu: [4snjFtu] P F n. loser (derived from snaytx lose) snaytx: [snjt9] P F vtr. lose snep: [snip] P F adj. narrow sney: [sniF4j] P F pn. his own, her own, its own (derived from sno his self, her self, its self ) sngap: [sxp] P F vtr. sting sngi: [4sxFi] P F vim. begin, start sngikrr: [4sxFiFkr] P F n. beginning, starting 4 time (c.w. from sngi begin and krr time) b sngitseng: [4sxFsFtsix] P F n. beginning, starting position, initial location (c.w. from sngi start and tseng place) sngiyu: [4sxFiFju] P F n. beginner (derived from sngi begin) sngel: [sxil] P F n. garbage, trash, rubbish b sngeltseng: [4sxilFtsix] P F n. rubbish place, garbage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage and tseng place) sngum: [sxum] P F n. worry sno: [sno] P F pn. his self, her self, its self (reexive, genitive form sney) snomo: [4snoFmo] P F n. private space that one can retreat to (c.w. from sno his or her self and mo space) snonrra: [snoF4nrF] P F n. self-pride (negative 4 connotation) (c.w. from sno his/her self and nrra pride) snumna: [4snuFmsFn] CP adj. dim ofp. (refers to a dim person) soha: [4soFh] P F vtr. be enthusiastic about, show enthusiasm for, be excited about (Note: Being enthusiastic is always transitive in Navi -PF)

soaia: [soF4FiF] P F n. family (irregular genitive form soai) sok: [sok] P F adj. recent som: [som] P F adj. hot somwew: [somF4wiw] P F n. temperature (derived from som hot and wew cold) somwewpe: [somF4wiwFpi] P F inter. what temperature? (more common) (derived from somwew temperature) sop: [sop] P F vin. travel sopyu: [4sopFju] P F n. traveller (derived from sop travel) spaw: [spw] P F vtr. believe sp: [sp] P F v. jump spee: [spiF4i] P F vtr. capture speetu: [spiF4iFtu] P F n. captive (derived from spee capture) speng: [spix] P F v. restore spono: [4spoFno] P F n. island spule: [4spuFli] P F vtr. propel spulmokri: [spulF4mokFi] P F n. telephone (derived from spule propel and mokri voice) spuwin: [4spuFwin] P F adj. old, former nfp. spxam: [sp9m] P F n. mushroom, fungus spxin: [sp9in] P F adj. sick srak(e): [4sk@iA] P F part. inter. marker for yes or no questions sran: [sn] P F part., intj. yes (colloquial) srane: [4sFni] P F part., intj. yes sraw: [sw] P F adj. painful srtx: [srt9] P F vtr. annoy, bother sre+: [si] P F adp. before (time) sre: [si] P F n. tooth srefey: [siF4fij] P F vtr., vin. expect (c.w. from sre+ before and pey wait) srekamtrr: [siF4kmFtr] P F n. the time before noon (c.w. from sre 4before and kxamtrr midday) srekamtxon: [siF4kmFt9on] P F n. before midnight (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon midnight) srekrr: [siF4kr] P F adv. before, already, ahead of 4 time (c.w. from sre before and krr time) srer: [srir] P F vin. appear, materialize, come into view sresea: [siFsiF4] P F v. prophetize, prophesize, prophesy (c.w. from sre+ before and tsea see)

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sresrrong: [siFsrF4ox] P F n. before dawn (c.w. from sre before4 and trrong dawn) sretonong: [siFtonF4ox] P F n. dusk, evening before sunset (c.w. from sre before and txonong night-fall) srew: [siw] P F vin. dance srn: [srsn] P F vtr. transfer from one to another (rarely used without prex) sru: [sru] P F vtr. crush, trample srung: [sux] P F n. help, assistance srung si: [4sux 4si] P F vin. help (derived from srung help) srungsiyu: [4suxFsiFju] P F n. assistant, helper (derived from srung help) b srungtsyp: [4suxFtsjsp] P F n. helpful hint, tip (derived from srung help) starsm: [4stFssm] P F vtr. gather, collect stawm: [stwm] P F vtr. hear stn: [4stFns] P F vtr. catch steftxaw: [stiF4ft9w] P F vtr. examine, check steng: [stix] P F adj. similar steyki: [stijF4ki] P F vtr. anger, make someone angry (derived from sti be angry and eyk causative inx) sti: [sti] P F vin. anger (intransitive), be angry sto: [sto] P F v. refuse (to do something) stum: [stum] P F adv. almost stxeli: [4st9iFli] P F n. gift stxenu: [4st9iFnu] P F n. offer (c.w. from stxeli gift and lonu release) stxenutng: [4st9iDnuDtsx] P F vtr. offer (derived from stxenu offer, n.) stxong: [st9ox] P F adj. strange, unfamiliar, unknown suln: [4suFlsn] P F svin. be busy (positive sense), be engrossed in something one nds especially pleasant and energizing (derived from n be busy) sung: [sux] P F vtr. add sunu: [4suFnu] P F vin. be pleasing or likeable, bring enjoyment

sutx: [sut9] P F vtr. track, follow swaw: [sww] P F n. moment b swawtsyp: [4swwFtsjsp] P F n. little moment, second (derived from swaw moment) swey: [swij] P F adj. best sweylu: [4swijFlu] P F v. should (derived from swey best and lu is) swir: [swiF4] P F n. creature swizaw: [swiF4zw] P F n. arrow swoa: [4swoF] P F n. intoxicating beverage, or spirits swok: [swok] P F adj. sacred swotu: [4swoFtu] P F n. sacred place syanan: [4sjFnn] P F n. a single drop or series of smaller waterfalls occurring sequentially along a stream or series of pools (countable) syaw: [sjw] P F vin. call syay: [sjj] P F n. fate syayvi: [4sjjFvi] P F n. luck, chance (derived from syay fate) sy: [4sjF] P F adj. bitter syeha: [4sjiFh] P F n. breath syeha si: [4sjiFh si] P F vin. breathe (derived from syeha breath) syen: [sjin] P F adj. last, nal syep: [sjip] P F vtr. trap syeprel: [sjipF4il] P F n. camera (c.w. from syep trap and rel image) syo: [sjo] P F adj. light (physical weight), lightweight syon: [sjon] P F n. feature, trait, attribute, characteristic, point, aspect, facet, property syulang: [4sjuFlx] P F n. ower syura: [sjuF4r] P F n. energy (physical or spiritual) syuratan: [sjuF4rFtn] P F,JC n. bioluminescence (c.w. from syura energy and atan light) syuve: [4sjuFvi] P F n. food (collective noun, cannot be pluralised)

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T ta: [t] P F adp. from (locative), from (temporal sense with other time words) taem: [tF4im] P F adv. from above taleng: [4tFlix] P F n. skin talengean: [4tFliFxiFn] P F adj. skin blue (c.w. from taleng skin and ean blue) tafkip: [tF4fkip] P F adp. from up among (c.w. from ta from and fkip up among) tafral: [tF4fl] P F adv. therefore, because of that takip: [tF4kip] P F adp. from among (c.w. from ta from and kip among) takrra: [tF4krF] P F conj. since (temporal) allomorph of 4akrrta (c.w. from krr time and ta from) takuk: [4tFkuk] P F vtr. strike talun: [tF4lun] P F adp. because of, due to talun(a): [tF4lun@A] P F conj. because, from the reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason) tam: [tm] P F vin., intj. that will sufce, that will do, OK tam tam: [4tm 4tm] M intj. calm, be content, there there tangek: [4tFxik] P F n. trunk (of a tree) tanh: [tnF4hs] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle tare: [4tFi] P F vtr. connect, relate to, have a relationship with taron: [4tFon] JC,P F vtr. hunt taronyu: [4tFonFju] JC,P F n. hunter (c.w. from taron hunt and yu agent sufx) b taronyutsyp: [4tFonFjuFtsjsp] P F n. little hunter (derived from taronyu hunter) tatep: [4tFtip] P F vtr. lose track, lose awareness of something tatlam: [ttF4lm] P F adv. apparently (derived from lam seem) taw: [tw] P F n. sky taweyk(a): [tF4wijk@A] P F conj. because, based on the cause tawng: [twx] P F vin. duck, dive tawsyuratan: [twFsjuF4rFtn] P F,LN n. aurora (c.w. from taw sky and syuratan (bio)luminescence) tftxu: [tF4ft9u] P F vtr. weave tftxuyu: [tF4ft9uFju] P F n. weaver (derived from tftxu weave and yu agent sufx) ttxaw: [tF4t9w] P F vin. return te: [ti] JC part. used in full names tel: [til] P F vtr. receive telem: [tiF4lim] P F n. cord tem: [tim] P F vin. shoot temrey: [timF4ij] P F n. survival (derived from emrey survive) teng: [tix] P F adj. same, equal tengfya: [4tixFfj] P F conj. as, same way as (situational similarity) (c.w. from teng same, equal and fyao path) tengkrr: [tixF4kr] P F conj. while, same time as 4 (c.w. from teng same, equal and krr time) teri: [tiF4i] P F adp. about, concerning terkup: [4tiFkup] P F vin. die teswotng: [tiF4swoFtsx] P F vtr. grant (ii) (c.w. from tng give) tete: [4tiFti] P F adj. dull (as a blade) tewng: [tiwx] P F n. loincloth tewti: [4tiwFti] P F intj. wow, expression of surprise and pleasure teya: [tiF4j] P F adj. full teya si: [tiF4j 4si] P F vin. ll (with dative of thing lled) (derived from teya full) teynga: [4tijxF] P F n. that answer (contraction of teyng a) teyngla: [4tijxFl] P F n. that answer (agentive) (contraction of teyngl a) teyngta: [4tijxFt] P F n. that answer (patientive) (contraction of teyngit a) teyr: [tij] P F adj. white teyrpin: [4tijFpin] P F n. white (derived from teyr white) til: [til] P F n. joint, hinge tinan: [4tiFnn] P F n. reading (derived from inan read) tirea: [tiF4iF] P F n. spirit tireafyao: [tiF4iFFfjFo] P F n. spirit path (c.w. from tirea spirit and fyao path) tireaioang: [tiF4iFFiFoFx] P F n. spirit animal (c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal) tireapngkxo: [tiF4iFFpxFk9o] P F v. commune (c.w. from tirea spirit and pngkxo chat) tawm: [tsF4wm] P F n. camping (derived from awm camp) tawm si: [tsF4wm 4si] P F vin. camp (derived from awm camp) tawpo: [tsF4wFpo] P F n. individuality (negative connotation), selshness (derived from

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awpo one individual) tefu: [tsF4iFfu] P F n. feeling (derived from efu feel) tem: [tsF4im] P F n. the art of cooking (derived from em cook) teylan: [tsF4ijFln] P F n. friendship (derived from eylan friend) teyng: [tsF4ijx] P F n. answer, response (derived from eyng answer) tia: [tsF4iF] P F n. ending, conclusion (derived from ia end) tiavay: [tsF4iFFvj] P F adv. until the end (c.w. from ia end and vay until) tipu: [tsF4iFpu] P F n. humor (derived from ipu humorous) to: [tsF4o] P F n. fun, excitement (derived from o exciting) tong: [tsF4ox] P F n. blooming, unfolding (derived from ong bloom) teyktan: [tsF4ijkFtn] P F,JC n. leadership (derived from eyktan leader) tfkeytok: [tsF4fkijFtok] P F n. state, condition, situation (derived from fkeytok exist) t: [tsF4fl] P F n. success (in general) (derived from succeed) tfmetok: [tsF4fmiFtok] P F n. test (derived from fmetok test) tfmi: [tsF4fmi] P F n. attempt (derived from fmi attempt) tfnu: [tsF4fnu] P F n. quiet, silence (derived from fnu quiet) tftang: [tsF4ftx] P F n. stopping, the glottal stop (derived from ftang stop) tftang si: [tsF4ftx si] P F vin. stop (derived from tftang stopping) tftia: [tsFfti4F] P F n. study (derived from ftia study) tftia kifkey: [tsFfti4F kiF4fkiFj] P F n. science, the study of the physical world (c.w. from tftia study and kifkey world) tftxavang: [tsF4ft9Fvx] P F n. passion (derived from ftxavang passionate) tftxey: [tsF4ft9ij] P F n. choice (derived from ftxey choose) tftxulu: [tsFft9uF4lsFu] P F n. speech-making, public speaking (derived from fxtulu orate, give speech) tfyawntxu: [tsFfjFwsnF4t9u] P F n. guidance (derived from fyawntxu guide)

tfyeyn: [tsF4fjijn] P F n. ripeness, maturity, full fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature) thawl: [tsF4hwl] P F n. preparations, plan (derived from hawl prepare) thawnu: [tsF4hwFnu] P F n. protection (derived from hawnu protect, shelter) thawnu si: [tsF4hwFnu 4si] P F vin. protect (derived from thawnu protection) thona: [tsF4hoFn] P F n. cuteness, adorableness (derived from hona endearing) tkn: [tskF4sn] P F n. free time, the absence of business (derived from n be busy) tkan: [tsF4kn] P F n. aim, goal, purpose, target (derived from kan aim) tkangkem: [tsF4kxFkim] P F n. work (derived from kem action, deed) tkangkem si: [tsF4kxFkim 4si] P F vin. work (derived from tkangkem work) tkangkemvi: [tsF4kxFkimFvi] P F n. project, piece of work (derived from tkangkem work) tkanu: [tsF4kFnu] P F n. intelligence (derived from kanu smart) tkawng: [tsF4kwx] P F n. evil (derived from kawng bad) tkenong: [tsF4kiFnox] P F n. example (derived from kenong model) tketeng: [tsF4kiFtix] P F n. difference (c.w. from ke not and teng same) tkin: [tsF4kin] P F n. need (derived from kin need) tkusar: [tsFkuF4s] P F n. teaching (the act) (derived from kar teach) tkxey: [tsF4k9ij] P F n. incorrectness, mistakeness (derived from kxeyey mistake) tkxey si: [tsF4k9ij 4si] P F vin. mess up, foul, do wrong (derived from tkxey incorrectness) tlam: [tsF4lm] P F n. appearance (derived from lam seem) tlen: [tsF4lin] P rr n. event, happening (derived from len happen) tlor: [tsF4lo] P F n. beauty (derived from lor beautiful) tm: [tsm] P F adj. low tmal: [tsF4ml] P F n. trustworthiness (derived from mal trustworthy) tmeem: [tsF4miFim] P F n. harmony (general sense) (derived from meem harmonious) tmeyp: [tsF4ijp] P F n. weakness (derived from meyp weak)

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tmllan: [tsFmlF4n] P F n. acceptance (derived 4 from mllan accept) tmok: [tsF4mok] P F n. suggestion (derived from mok suggest) tmuntxa: [tsFmunF4t9] P F n. mating, marriage (derived from muntxa mated) tmweypey: [tsmF4wijFpij] P F n. patience (derived from maweypey be patient) tn: [tsn] P F n. activity that keeps one busy (derived from n be busy) tng: [tsx] P F vtr. give tngay: [tsF4xj] P F n. truth (derived from ngay true) tngzk: [tsF4xFzsk] P F n. difculty, problem (derived from ngzk difcult) tng lawr: [tsx lwr] P F vin. sing wordlessly, give out a tune or melody (derived from lawr melody) tng mikyun: [4tsm 4mikFjun] P F vin. listen (derived from tng give and mikyun ear) tng nari: [4tsx 4nFi] P F vin. look (derived from tng give and nari eye) tngong: [tsF4xox] P F n. lethargy, laziness (derived from ngong lazy) tngop: [tsF4xop] P F n. creation (derived from ngop create) b tng tseng: [4tsx 4tsix] P F vin. back down, give ground (derived from tng give and tseng ground) tno: [tsF4no] P F n. thoroughness, attention to detail tnomum: [tsF4noFmum] P F n. curiosity (derived from newomum be curious) toeyktng: [tsF4oFijkFtsx] P F n. explanation (derived from eyk cause (root)) (Pronounced [tsF4wijkFtsx] in casual speech) tohakx: [tsFoF4hk9] P F n. hunger (derived from ohakx hungry) tomum: [tsF4oFmum] P F n. knowledge (derived from omum know) tpawm: [tsF4pwm] P F n. question (derived from pawm ask) tphem: [tsF4pFhim] P F n. arrival (derived from phem arrive) tpngkxo: [tsFpxF4k9o] P F n. conversation, discussion (derived from pngkxo chat) b tpngkxotsyp: [tsFpxF4k9oFtsjsp] P F n. little conversation (derived from tpngkxo conversation)

tpeun: [tsF4piFun] P F n. decision (derived from peun decide) tprrte: [tsF4prFti] P F n. pleasure (derived from prrte4pleasurable) tran: [tsF4n] P F vin. walk trawn: [tsF4rwn] P F n. replacement, the act of replacing (derived from rawn replace) trey: [tsF4ij] P F n. life (derived from rey live) trol: [tsF4ol] P F n. song (vocal) (derived from rol sing) tronsrel: [tsF4onFsil] P F n. imagination (derived from ronsrelngop imagine) tskaa: [tsFskF4] P F n. destruction (derived from skaa destroy) b tslatsu: [tsF4slFtsu] P F n. description (derived from slatsu describe) tslan: [tsF4sln] P F n. support (emotional, social or personal support) (derived from slan support) ofp. tsnaytx: [tsF4snjt9] P F n. loss (derived from snaytx lose) tsoha: [tsF4oFh] P F n. enthusiasm, having a good attitude (derived from soha be entusiastic about) tsom: [tsF4som] P F n. heat (derived from som hot) tsop: [tsF4sop] P F n. journey (derived from sop travel) tspee: [tsFspiF4i] P F n. capture (derived from spee capture) tspxin: [tsF4sp9in] P F n. the state of being ill, sickness (derived from spxin sick) tsraw: [tsF4sw] P F n. pain (derived from sraw painful) tsraw seyki: [tsF4sw sijF4ki] P F vtr. hurt (someone or something) (c.w. from tsraw pain and seyki make (causative)) tsraw si: [tsF4sw 4si] P F vin. hurt, be painful (derived from tsraw pain) tsresea: [tsF4siFsiF] P F n. prophecy (derived from sresea prophetize) tsti: [tsF4sti] P F n. anger (derived from sti be angry) tsung: [tsF4sux] Lance n. addition, post script (P.S.) (derived from sung add) ttaron: [tsF4tFon] P F n. hunting (derived from taron hunt) tterkup: [tsF4tiFkup] P F n. death (in abstract sense) (derived from terkup die)Death is in-

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evitable." b ttslam: [tsF4tslm] P F n. understanding, intelligence (derived from tslam understand) b ttstew: [tsF4tstiw] P F n. courage, bravery b ttstewnga: [tsF4tstiwFx] P F adj. courageous, brave (derived from ttstew courage, bravery) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed) b ttstunwi: [tsF4tstunFwi] P F n. kindness (derived from tstunwi kind) b ttsunslu: [tsF4tsunFslu] P F n. possibility (derived from tsunslu may, be possible) b ttsyr: [tsF4tsjr] P F n. rejection (derived from tsyr reject) ttusaron: [tsFtuF4sFon] P F n. hunting (derived from taron hunt) ttxanew: [tsF4t9Fniw] P F n. greed (derived from txanew greedy) ttxen: [tsF4t9in] P F n. awakeness, the state of waking (derived from txen awake) ttxen si: [tsF4t9in si] P F vin. to wake, to waken, wake up (derived from ttxen awakeness) ttxula: [tsF4t9uFl] P F n. construction, constructed thing (derived from txula build) ttxur: [tsF4t9u] P F n. strength, power (derived from txur strong) tvawm: [tsF4vwm] P F n. darkness (derived from vawm dark) tvng: [tsF4vx] P F n. thirst (derived from vng thirsty) tvek: [tsFviF4ks] P F n. hatred (derived from vek hate) twan: [tsF4wn] P F n. obfuscation, cover up (derived from wan hide) twte: [tsFwF4ti] P F n. dispute, argument (derived from wte argue) twew: [tsF4wiw] P F n. coldness, cold (derived from wew cold) twusem: [tsFwuF4sim] P F n. ghting (derived from wem ght) tyawn: [tsF4jwn] P F n. love (derived from yawne beloved) tyawr: [tsF4jw] P F n. correctness (derived from eyawr correct) tyo: [tsF4yo] P F n. perfection (derived from yo be perfect) tyora: [tsFjo4] P F n. victory, a win (derived from yora win) tyusom: [tsFjuF4som] P F n. eating (the act) (derived from yom eat)

to: [to] P F part. comparative marker than (behaves like an adp.) tok: [tok] P F vtr. be at, occupy a space tokx: [tok9] P F n. body tolel: [toF4lil] P F intj. Eureka! I found it! I understand! (synonym: tslolam) toltem: [tolF4tim] P F vtr. shoot tompa: [4tomFp] P F n. rain tompameyp: [tomFpF4mijp] P F n. drizzle (derived from tompa rain and meyp weak) tomperw: [4tomFpiFws] P F n. sleet (derived from tompa rain and herw snow) tompva: [4tomFpsFv] P F n. raindrop (derived from tompa rain and lva drop) tor: [to] P F adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived from toruk last shadow) toruk makto: [4toFuk 4mkFto] JC n. toruk rider (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto ride) trr: [tr] P F n. day 4 trrawve: [trF4wFvi] P F n. Sunday (c.w. from 4 trr day and awve rst) trrong: [trF4ox] P F n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from 4 trr day and ong unfold) trrongmaw: [trF4oxFmw] P F n. dawn after 4 sunrise (c.w. from trrong dawn and maw after) trram: [trF4m] P F adv. yesterday (derived from 4 trr day and ham previous) trray: [trF4j] P F adv. tomorrow (derived from 4 trr day and hay next) trrkive: [trF4kiFvi] P F n. Saturday (c.w. from trr 4 day and kive seventh) trrmrrve: [trF4mrFvi] P F n. Thursday (c.w. from 4 4 trr day and mrrve fth) trrmuve: [trF4muFvi] P F n. Monday (c.w. from 4 trr day and muve second) trrpeve: [trF4piFvi] P F inter. which day (derived 4 from trr day and pe interrogative marker and ve ordinal number marker) trrpuve: [trF4puFvi] P F n. Friday (c.w. from trr day and 4puve sixth) trrpxeyve: [trF4p9ijFvi] P F n. Tuesday (c.w. from 4 trr day and pxeyve third) b trrtsve: [trF4tssFvi] P F n. Wednesday (c.w. from 4 trr day and tsve fourth) trrtxon: [trFt9on] P F n. the day and night cycle of 4 Pandora (c.w. from trr day and txon night) tukru: [tukF4u] P F n. spear

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tul: [tul] P F vin. run tumpin: [4tumFpin] P F n. red, orange (derived from tun red, orange) tun: [tun] P F adj. red, orange tung: [tux] P F v. allow tungzup: [tuxF4zup] P F vtr. drop (ii) (c.w. from tung allow and zup fall) tup: [tup] P F conj. instead of, rather than tupe: [4tuFpi] P F inter. who allomorph of pesu Ts
b tsa: [ts] P F prex that b tsau: [4tsFu] P F dem. that (thing) (c.w. from tsa that and u thing) b tsafya: [tsF4fj] P F adv. that way, like that (c.w. from tsa- that and fyao way) b tsa-hey: [4tsF4hij] ZS intj. expression of warning or frustration, crap!, ah, hell! b tsaheyl si: [tsF4hijl 4si] P F vin. bond with, establish a neural connection (derived from tsaheylu bond) b tsaheylu: [tsF4hijFlu] JC,P F n. bond (neural connection) b b tsakem: [4tsFkim or tsF4kim] P F dem. that (action) (derived from tsa- that and kem action) b tsakrr: [tsF4kr] P F dem. then, at that time (deri4 ved from tsa- that and krr time) b tsakrrvay: [tsF4krFvj] P F adv. until then, in the meantime (c.w.4 from tsakrr then and vay up to) b tsal: [tsl] P F pn. that, it (transitive subject) b tsalsungay: [tslFsuF4xj] P F adv. nevertheless, even so b tsam: [tsm] P F n. war b tsamopin: [4tsFmoFpin] P F n. warpaint (c.w. from tsam war and opin color) b tsampongu: [4tsmFpoFxu] P F n. war party (c.w. from tsam war and pongu party) b tsamsiyu: [4tsmFsiFju] P F n. warrior (derived from tsam si make war and yu agent sufx) b tsang: [tsx] P F n. a piercing b tsapalute: [tspF4FluFti] P F n. apology b tsapalute si: [tspF4FluFti 4si] P F vin. apologise (apologize) (derived from tsapalute apology) b tsapo: [4tsFpo] P F pn. that one (for people only) (c.w. from tsa that and po he/she)

tut: [tut] P F part. continuation marker tut: [tuF4ti] P F n. female (person) (derived from tute person) tutan: [tuF4tn] P F n. male (person) (derived from tute person) tute: [4tuFti] P F n. person tuteo: [4tuFtiFo] P F pn. somebody, someone (derived from tute person) tuvon: [4tuFvon] P F v. lean

b tsaria: [4tsFiF] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from tsau-ri that (topical) and a subordinator) b tsat: [tst] P F pn. that, it (as object) b tsata: [4tsFt] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from tsau-t that (patientive) and a subordinator) b b b b tsatseng: [tsF4tsix or 4tsFtsix] P F dem., n. there, that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng place) b tsatu: [4tsFtu] P F dem. that person (c.w. from tsa that and tute person) b tsaw: [tsw] P F dem., pn. that, it (as intransitive subject) b tsawa: [4tsFw] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from tsau that (subjective) and a subordinator) b tsawke: [4tswFki] P F n. sun b tsawl: [tswl] P F adj. big (in size), tall ofp. b tsawlh: [tswlF4hs] P F n. size (c.w. from tsawl big (in size) and hi small (in size)) b tsawl slu: [4tswl 4slu] P F vin. grow (c.w. from tsawl big and slu become) b tsawlultxa: [tswlFulF4t9] P F n. large gathering, conference (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa meeting) b tsay+: [tsj] P F prex those (c.w. from tsa that and ay+ plural) b ts: [ts] P F v. squirt b tse: [tsi] P F part. well (conversation starter) b tsea: [tsiF4] P F vtr. see (physical sense) b b tseltsul: [4tsilFtsul] P F n. whitewater rapids (countable, but only rarely) b tseng(e): [4tsix@iA] P F n. place b tsengo: [4tsiFxo] P F pn. somewhere (derived from tseng place) b tsengpe: [4tsixFpi] P F inter. where allomorph of peseng b tseo: [4tsiFo] P F n. art b tsewtx: [tsiwt9] P F adj. dirty

31

b tsim: [tsim] P F n. source b tsk: [tssk] P F adv. suddenly, without warning b tsng: [tssx] P F num. four b tssy: [4tssFsys] P F vin. whisper b tsve: [4tssFvi] P F adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived from tsng four) b tskalep: [4tskFlip] P F n. crossbow b tsko: [tsko] P F n. bow (weapon) b tsko swizaw: [4tsko swiF4zw] P F n. bow and arrow (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow) b b tskxaytsyp: [4tsk9jFtsjsp] P F n. hail (derived from tskxepay ice) b tskxe: [tsk9i] P F n. rock, stone b tskxekeng: [4tsk9iFkix] P F n. training, exercise b tskxekeng si: [4tsk9iFkix 4si] P F vin. exercise, train (derived from tskxekeng training) b tskxepay: [4tsk9iFpj] P F n. ice (derived from tskxe stone and pay water) b tslam: [tslm] P F vtr. understand b tsleng: [tslix] P F adj. false b tslolam: [tsloF4lm] P F intj. get it, I understand (derived from tslam understand and ol perfective aspect inx) b tsmm: [tsmsm] P F n. track, trace (of animal or person) b tsmuk: [tsmuk] P F n. sibling b tsmukan: [4tsmuFkn] P F n. brother (derived from tsmuk sibling) b tsmuke: [4tsmuFki] P F n. sister (derived from tsmuk sibling) b tsmuktu: [4tsmukFtu] P F n. sibling (derived from tsmuk sibling) b tsngal: [tsxl] P F n. cup b tsngan: [tsxn] P F n. meat b tsngawpay: [4tsxwFpj] P F n. tears (c.w. from tsngawvk cry and pay water) b tsngawpayvi: [4tsxwFpjFvi] P F n. teardrop (c.w. from tsngawvk cry and pay+vi water, with partitive marker) b tsngawvk: [4tsxwFvsk] P F vin. cry, weep b tsn: [tsns] P F sbd. that (function word) (with subjunctive verb in dependant clause) b tsong: [tsox] P F n. valley b b tsongtsyp: [4tsoxFtsjsp] P F n. dimple (derived from tsong valley) b tsop: [4tsoFps] P F n. lung b tspang: [tspx] P F vtr. kill

b tsranten: [4tsnFtin] P F vin. matter, be of importance b tsray: [tsj] P F n. village b tsrei: [4tsiFi] P F vtr. throw b tstal: [tstl] P F n. knife b tstew: [tstiw] P F adj. brave ofp. b tstu: [tstu] P F adj. closed, shut, overcast (for cloudy skies) b tstunwi: [4tstunFwi] P F adj. kind, thoughtful, considerate b tstu si: [4tstu 4si] P F vin. close (derived from tstu closed) b tstxo: [tst9o] P F n. name b tstxolu: [4tst9oFlsFu] P F n. noun (c.w. from tstxo name and lu word) b tsuo: [4tsuFo] P F n. ability b tsuk: [tsuk] P F prex able to (c.w. from tsun able and fko one) b tsuksm: [4tsukFssm] P F n. chin b b tsuktswa: [tsukF4tsw] P F adj. forgettable (derived from tswa forget) b tsukyom: [tsukF4jom] P F adj. edible (derived from yom eat) b tsulf: [tsulF4f] P F n. mastery b tsulf si: [tsulF4f 4si] P F vin. master (derived from tsulf mastery) b tsulftu: [tsulF4fFtu] P F n. master of an art, craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulf mastery) b tsun: [tsun] P F vim. can, be able b tsunslu: [4tsunFslu] P F vin. may, be possible (c.w. from tsun be able and slu become) b tsurokx: [tsuF4ok9] P F v. rest b tswa: [tsw] P F vtr. forget b tswayon: [4tswjFon] P F vin. y b tswin: [tswin] P F n. queue, braid b b tswintsyp: [4tswinFtsjsp] P F n. little queue (derived from tswin queue) b tsyafe: [4tsjFfi] P F adj. mild, moderate, comfortable b tsyal: [tsjl] P F n. wing b tsyr: [tsjr] P F vtr. reject b tsyl: [tsjsl] P F vtr. climb, scale (pulling entire body up) b tsyo: [tsjo] P F n. our b tsyokx: [tsjok9] P F n. hand b tsyosyu: [4tsjoFsju] P F n. food made from our (c.w. from tsyo our and syuve food)

32

Tx txa: [t9] P F adj. hard txal: [t9l] P F n. back (of the body) txampay: [t9mF4pj] P F n. sea, ocean (c.w. from txan much and pay water) txampx: [t9mF4p9s] P F n. majority, most, large part (derived from txan much) txan: [t9n] P F adj. much txanatan: [4t9FnFtn] P F adj. bright, vivid (c.w. from txan much and atan light) txanew: [4t9Fniw] P F adj. greedy (c.w. from txan much and new want) txanfwerw: [t9nF4fwiFws] P F n. blizzard (derived from txan much and hufwe+herw wind+snow) txankrr: [t9xF4kr] P F adv. for a long time (c.w. 4 from txan much and krr time) txanroa: [t9nF4roF] P F vin. be famous (c.w. from txan much and roa inspire awe or respect) txantompa: [t9nF4tomFp] P F n. rainstorm, heavy rain (c.w. from txan much and tompa rain) b txantsan: [4t9nFtsn] P F adj. excellent b txantslusam: [4t9nFtsluFsm] P F adj. wise (c.w. from txan much and tslusam understand) b txantstew: [4t9nFtstiw] P F n. hero (c.w. from txan much and tstew brave) txantur: [4t9nFtu] P F adj. powerful (c.w. from txan much and txur strong) txanwawe: [t9nFwF4wi] P F adj. personally meaningful, signicant (c.w. from txan much and wawe signicance) txasom: [4t9Fsom] P F adj. very hot (derived from txan much and som hot) txawew: [4t9Fwiw] P F adj. very cold (derived from txan much and wew cold) txay: [t9j] P F vin. be horizontal, lie at txayo: [4t9Fjo] P F n. eld, open terrain, plain txrem: [4t9Fim] P F n. bone txelan: [t9iF4ln] P F n. heart txele: [4t9iFli] P F n. matter (subject) txen: [t9in] P F adj. awake txep: [t9ip] P F n. re txepva: [4t9iFpsFv] P F n. ash, cinder (derived from txep re and lva ake) b txeptseng: [4t9ipFtsix] P F n. place where a re is burning or has burned (c.w. from txep re and tseng place) b txeptsyp: [4t9ipFtsjsp] P F n. dear or cute little re (derived from txep re) txepvi: [4t9ipFvi] P F n. spark (derived from txep re) txew: [t9iw] P F n. edge, brink, limit, border, end txewk: [t9iwk] P F n. club (weapon) txewm: [t9iwm] P F adj. scary, frightening txewnga: [4t9iwFx] P F adj. having a limit, not without bounds, nite (c.w. from txew limit and nga contain) txey: [t9ij] P F v. halt txi: [t9i] P F n. hurry, hurriedness, frenzy txin: [t9in] P F adj. main, primary txintn: [4t9inFtsn] P F n. occupation, primary role in society (c.w. from txin main and tn activity that keeps one busy) txm: [t9sm] P F n. butt, rear end, ass txng: [t9sx] P F vtr. leave, abandon txo: [t9o] P F conj. if txoa: [4t9oF] P F n. forgiveness txokefyaw: [4t9oFkiFfjw] P F conj. if not, or else, otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fyao-aw if not one path) txon: [t9on] P F n. night txonong: [t9onF4ox] P F,P rr n. night-fall, sunset, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and ong unfold) txonongmaw: [t9onF4oxFmw] P F n. twilight, the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from txonong sunset and maw after) txonam: [t9oF4nm] P F adv. last night (derived from txon night and ham previous) txonay: [t9oF4nj] P F adv. tomorrow night (derived from txon night and hay next) txonkrr: [4t9onFkr] P F adv. at night (c.w. from 4 txon night and krr time) txopu: [4t9oFpu] P F n. fear txopu si: [4t9oFpu 4si] P F vin. be afraid (derived from txopu fear) txukx: [t9uk9] P F adj. deep (physically) txula: [4t9uFl] P F vtr. build, construct txum: [t9um] P F n. poison txumnga: [4t9umFx] P F adj. poisonous (derived from txum poison and nga contain) txur: [t9u] P F adj. strong (physically)

33

U uk: [uk] P F n. shadow (derived from toruk last shadow) ukxo: [uF4k9o] P F adj. dry ulte: [4ulFti] P F conj. and (clausal conjunction) ultxa: [ulF4t9] P F n. meeting ultxarun: [ulF4t9Fun] P F vtr. encounter, meet by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and run nd) ultxa si: [ulF4t9 4si] P F vin. meet with someone intentionally (use hu with) (derived from ultxa meeting) ultxatu: [ulF4t9Ftu] P F n. meeting participant (derived from ultxa meeting) um: [um] P F adj. loose V var: [v] P F vim. to persist in a state, to continue to perform an action vawm: [vwm] P F adj. dark vawmpin: [4vwmFpin] P F n. dark color (derived from vawm dark) vay: [vj] P F adp. up to vaykrr: [vjF4kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay 4 up to and krr time) v: [v] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, noisome vng: [vx] P F adj. thirsty vek: [viF4ks] P F vtr. hate veo: [4viFo] P F n. order (as opposed to disorder or chaos), organization vefya: [4viFfj] P F n. system, process, procedure, approach (c.w. from veo order, organization and fyao way, manner) velek: [4viFlik] P F vin. give up, surrender, concede defeat velke: [4vilFke] P F adj. chaotic, messy, disorganized, in shambles (c.w. from veo order, organization and luke without) venga: [4viFx] P F adj. organized, on top of things" (c.w. from veo order, organization and nga contain) venu: [4viFnu] P F n. foot venzek: [4vinFzik] P F n. toe (c.w. from venu foot and zekw nger) vewng: [viwx] P F vtr. look after, take care of, be responsible for vey: [vij] P F n. food made from animal origin, esh vezeyko: [viFzijF4ko] P F vtr. put in order, organize (derived from vezo be in order) vezo: [viF4zo] P F vin. be in order, be organized (c.w. from veo order and zo be as it should be) vin: [vin] P F vtr. request, ask for vingkap: [4vixFkp] P F vtr. occur to one, pop into ones mind, strike one vir: [viF4] P F v. spread, proliferate vitra: [vitF4] P F n. soul vll: [vl] P F vin., vtr. indicate, point at 4 vol: [vol] P F num. eight volve: [4volFvi] P F adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived from vol eight) vospx: [voF4sp9s] P F n. month (derived from vospx twelfth and zst of a year) vospxam: [voFsp9sF4m] P F n. last month (derived from vospx month) vospxay: [voFsp9sF4j] P F n. next month (derived from vospx month) vrrn: [4vrFsn] P F svin. be busy (negative sen4 se): be tired out and overwhelmed by an activity thats keeping one busy (derived from n be busy) vrrtep: [4vrFtip] P F n. demon 4 vul: [vul] P F n. branch (of a tree) vur: [vu] P F n. story vurvi: [4vuFvi] P F n. summary, synopsis (derived from vur story) unil: [4uFnil] JC n. dream uniltrantokx: [uFnilFtsF4nFtok9] JC,P F n. avatar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltranyu dreamwalker and tokx body) uniltranyu: [uFnilFtsF4nFju] P F n. dreamwalker (c.w. from unil dream and tranyu walker) uo: [4uFo] P F adp. behind uran: [4uFn] P F n. boat utral: [4utFl] P F n. tree b utraltsyp: [4utFlFtsjsp] P F n. bush (derived from utral tree) uvan: [uF4vn] P F n. game, uvan letokx sport uvan si: [uF4vn 4si] P F vin. play (a game) (derived from uvan game)

34

W walak: [4wFlk] P F adj. energetic, active wan: [wn] P F vtr. hide wawe: [wF4wi] P F n. meaning, importance, signicance way: [wj] P F n. song (ancient, ceremonial) way a plltxe: [wj plFt9i] P F ph. spoken poem (as a melodic recital) 4(derived from way sing (ceremonial register)) way a rol: [wj ol] P F ph. sung poem (derived from way sing (ceremonial register)) way ayliu: [wjF jlsFu] P F ph. words of a poem or lyrics of a song (derived from way sing (ceremonial register)) way si: [4wj 4si] P F vin. sing (derived from way song) waytelem: [4wjFtiFlim] P F n. song cord (c.w. from way song and telem cord) w+: [w] P F adp. against (as in: ght against) wte: [wF4ti] P F vtr. argue, dispute wtu: [4wFtu] P F n. opponent (derived from w- against) wtx: [wt9] P F vtr. be bad at Y ya: [j] P F n. air yafkeyk: [4jFfkijk] P F n. weather (derived from fkeytok exist) yapay: [4jFpj] P F n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from ya air and pay water) yawne: [4jwFni] P F adj. beloved yawnetu: [4jwFniFtu] P F n. loved one (derived from yawne beloved) yawntu: [4jwnFtu] P F n. loved one (derived from yawne beloved) yawnyewla: [jwnF4jiwFl] P F n. broken heart, broken heartedness (c.w. from yawne beloved and yewla disappointment) yawo: [jF4wo] P F vin. take off, launch (c.w. from ya air and wo reach for) yayayr: [jF4jj] P F n. confusion yaymak: [4jjFmk] P F adj. foolish, ignorant yayo: [4jFjo] P F n. bird (c.w. from ya air and ioang animal) yn: [jn] P F vtr. fasten, tie down ye: [ji] P F adj. satised, content, satiated, full yekrr: [4jiFkr] P F adv. early (derived from yern soon 4and krr time) yern: [4jiFsn] P F adv. soon yehakx: [4jiFhk9] P F adj. satised from hunger, full (derived from ye full and ohakx hungry) yem: [jim] P F vtr. put, place yemfpay: [jimF4fpj] P F n. dipping, immersion (into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay water) yemfpay si: [jimF4fpj 4si] P F vin. dip into liquid (derived from yemfpay dipping) yemstokx: [4jimFstok9] P F vtr. put on (clothing), don (c.w. from yem sn put on and tokx body) yevng: [4jiFvx] P F adj. satised from thirst by drink, feeling quenched, slaked (derived from ye satised and vng thirsty) yewla: [4jiwFl] P F n. disappointment, emotional let-down, failed expectation yey: [jij] P F adj. straight ym: [jsm] P F vtr. bind yll: [jl] P F adj. communal 4 wem: [wim] P F vin. ght wempongu: [4wimFpoFxu] P F n. squad, military clan, battle party (c.w. from wem ght and pongu group) wew: [wiw] P F adj. cold weyn: [wijn] P F v. draw, illustrate win: [win] P F adj. fast win spi: [4win sF4pi] P F vin. hurry (c.w. from win fast and spi do (reexive)) win si: [4win 4si] P F vin. rush something, make something fast (derived from win fast) wiya: [4wiFj] ZS intj. expression of warning or frustration, damn! wntxu: [wsnF4t9u] P F v. show wo: [wo] P F vtr. reach for wok: [wok] P F adj. loud wotx: [wot9] P F n. totality, whole wrrpa: [4wrFp] P F n., adv. outside 4 wum: [wum] P F adv. approximately, roughly wur: [wu] P F adj. cool, chilly b wutso: [4wuFtso] P F n. dinner, served meal

35

ylltxep: [4jlFt9ip] P F n. communal re or re pit 4 (c.w. from yll communal and txep re) yo: [jo] P F n. surface yo: [jo] P F svin. be perfect, awless yol: [jol] P F adj. short (of time) yom: [jom] P F vtr. eat yomtng: [4jomFtsx] P F vin. feed (with dative object) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tng give) Z zarp: [zF4Fsp] P F vtr. pull (derived from rp move) zau: [4zFu] P F vin. come zam: [zm] P F num. sixty four zamunge: [zF4muFxi] P F vtr. bring (derived from munge bring) zapx: [zF4p9s] P F n. front (part or section) (derived from hapx part) zare: [zF4ri] P F n. forehead, brow (c.w. from zapx front and reo head) zasrn: [zF4srsn] P F vtr. borrow (derived from srn temporarily transfer from one to another) zawng: [zwx] P F vin. scream zekw: [4zikFw] P F n. nger zene: [4ziFni] P F vim. must zenke: [4zixFki] P F vim. must not (ii) (c.w. from zene must and ke not) zerok: [4ziFok] P F v. remember zeswa: [4ziFsw] P F n. grass zeswavi: [4ziFswFvi] P F n. blade of grass (derived from zeswa grass) zet: [zit] P F vtr. treat (emotionally), display an attitude towards

yora: [joF4] P F vtr. win yoratu: [joF4Ftu] P F n. winner (derived from yora win) yrrap: [4jrFp] P F n. storm (derived from ya air 4 and hrrap danger) yuey: [4juFij] P F adj. beautiful (inner beauty) ofp. yur: [ju] P F vtr. wash

zey: [zij] P F adj. special, distinct zeyko: [zijF4ko] P F vtr. heal, x (derived from zo be well and eyk causative inx) zmauyu: [zsF4mFuFju] P F n. newcomer, someone who has just arrived on the scene zskrr: [4zsFssFkr] P F n. season (derived from 4 zst year and krr time) zst: [4zsFsst] P F n. year zstay: [4zsFsstFj] P F n. next year (derived from zst year) zo: [zo] P F svin. be well, be intact, be as it should be, work correctly or as nature intended zong: [zox] P F v. save, defend b zongtseng: [4zoxFtsix] P F n. safe place, refuge (c.w. from zong save and tseng place) zoplo: [zopF4lo] P F n. offence, insult zoslu: [4zoFslu] P F vin. heal, become well, get xed (c.w. from zo be well and slu become) zup: [zup] P F vin. fall zusawkrr: [zuF4swFkr] P F n. future (c.w. from 4 zusau coming and krr time)

36

The Number System

The following are charts of Navi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their singular form, like awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9. Note that when using numbers in conversational Navi, Dr. Frommer has introduced a grammatical rule, called the Koren Holpxay, or the Number Principle, which states that in referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence You two are teachers. in Navi would be Menga lu karyu. and the sentence They are teachers. would be Fo lu karyu.. Navi Numbers: 0 39 1 2 3 vol mevol pxevol volaw mevolaw pxevolaw vomun mevomun pxevomun vopey mevopey pxevopey vosng mevosng pxevosng vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr vofu mevofu pxevofu vohin mevohin pxevohin

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 kew aw mune pxey tsng mrr pukap kin

4 tsvol tsvolaw tsvomun tsvopey tsvosng tsvomrr tsvofu tsvohin

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Navi Numbers: 40 63 5 6 7 mrrvol puvol kivol mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw mrrvomun puvomun kivomun mrrvopey puvopey kivopey mrrvosng puvosng kivosng mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr mrrvofu puvofu kivofu mrrvohin puvohin kivohin

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ordinal Numbers Number + -ve 8 volve awve 9 volawve muve 10 vomuve pxeyve 11 vopeyve tsve 12 vosve mrrve 13 vomrrve puve 14 vofuve kive 15 vohive

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

x1 aw mune pxey tsng mrr pukap kin

More Navi Numbers: combining x8 x64 x512 -aw vol zam vozam -mun mevol mezam mevozam -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam tsvozam tsvol tszam -sng -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam puvol puzam puvozam -fu -hin kivol kizam kivozam

x4096 zazam mezazam pxezazam tszazam mrrzazam puzazam kizazam

37

zamtsvosng

Example Number zam + tsvo + sng 64 + 48 + 4 Non-Navi Numbers 8 eyt 9 nayn

100

Time

Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week. Stress is again shown with underlining. Trrtxon trrong trrongmaw rewon srekamtrr kxamtrr kxamtrrmaw hangir kaym sretonong txonong txonongmaw txon srekamtxon kxamtxon kxamtxomaw txon sresrrong trrong dawn after dawn morning before noon noon after noon early afternoon late afternoon before nightfall nightfall after nightfall night before midnight midnight after midnight night before dawn dawn

Days of the Terrestrial Week Sunday trrawve Monday trrmuve Tuesday trrpxeyve Wednesday trrtsve Thursday trrmrrve Friday trrpuve Saturday trrkive

Navi Loan Words

b ngls: [4sxFlsFss] P F n. English language (loa- matsa: [mFts] P F n. matsa, crackers (loaned ned from Eng. English) from Hebrew matsa) Rrta: [4rFt] P F,P rr prop.n. Earth (loaned nFranse: [nsF4fnFsi] P F adv. French, in French 4 (loaned from Eng. French) from Eng. Earth) nToitsye: [nsF4toFiFtsji] P F adv. German, Europa: [iFuF4oFp] P F prop.n. Europe (loaned Deutsch (loaned from Deutsch German) from Greek Europe) b nTsyungwen: [nsF4tsjuxFwin] P F adv. Zhongb hamets: [hFmiFtss] P F n. leavened bread (loawen (loaned from Mandarin Chinese ned from Hebrew chametz) Zhongwen) Jakesully: [ijk9suXli] M n. moron, toruk mak- Pari: [pFi] P F prop.n. Paris (loaned from 4 toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not norFrench Paris) mally allowable under Navi phonotactic psketpol: [pFskitFpol] P F n. basketball (loarules) ned from Eng. basketball) b kunsp: [4kunFssp] P F n. gunship (loaned from pts: [4pFtss] P F n. badge (loaned from Eng. badge) Eng. gunship)

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plok: [psF4lok] P F n. blog (loaned from Eng. blog) puk: [puk] P F n. book (loaned from Eng. book) b puktsyp: [4pukFtsjsp] P F n. pamphlet, booklet (derived from puk book) pxir: [p9i] P F n. beer (loaned from Deutsch bier) skxaypxe: [4sk9jFp9i] P F n. Skype (loaned from English Skype) Sweriye: [swiiji] P F prop.n. Sweden tawsp: [4twFssp] P F n. sky-ship (loaned from Eng. ship) b Toitslan: [4toFiFtsln] P F prop.n. Germany (loaned from German Deutschland)

b Toitsye: [4toFiFtsji] P F adj. German (language) (loaned from German Deutsch) toktor: [4tokFto] P F n. doctor (loaned from Eng. doctor) b tsynel: [tsjFnil] P F n. TV channel (loaned from Eng. channel) b tsyrf: [tsjsFFfs] P F n. giraffe (loaned from Eng. giraffe) wou: [4woFu] P F svin. be amazing, fascinating (slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa) Yeysu: [jijFsu] P F prop.n. Jesus (loaned from Italian Jesu) Yuesey: [juFiFsij] P F prop.n. U.S.A. (loaned from Eng. U.S.A.)

39

Navi Proper Nouns

Newey: [niF4wij] P F prop.n. female Navi Neytiri: [nijFtiFi] JC prop.n. female Navi of the Omatikaya Ninat: [niFnt] JC prop.n. female singer of the Omatikaya Omatikaya: [oFmFtiF4kFj] JC prop.n. Blue Flute Clan Otranyu: [otF4nFju] JC prop.n. name Peyral: [pijF4l] P F prop.n. female of the Omatikaya Ralu: [4Flu] P F prop.n. male Navi Rini: [4iFni] P F prop.n. female Navi Rongloa: [4oxFloF] JC prop.n. a clan Seze: [4siFzi] ZS prop.n. Neytiris banshee Silwanin: [silFwFnin] JC prop.n. Neytiris sister Sorewn: [soF4iwn] P F prop.n. female Navi Swotulu: [4swoFtuFlu] P F prop.n. sacred river (derived from swotu sacred place) Tawtute: [4twFtuFti] P F prop.n. Sky-person, human (c.w. from taw sky and tute person) b Tsahk: [4tsFhsk] JC prop.n. matriarch, high priestess, interpreter b Tsenu: [4tsiFnu] P F prop.n. female Navi b Tskaha: [4tskFh] JC prop.n. a tribe or clan b Tsutey: [tsuF4tij] JC prop.n. male of the Omatikaya b Tsumongwi: [tsuFmoxFwi] JC prop.n. original name for the Omatikaya Tuke: [4tuFki] P F prop.n. female Navi Txew: [4t9iFws] P F prop.n. male Navi Txilte: [4t9ilFti] P F prop.n. female Navi Uniltaron: [uFnilF4tFon] P F prop.n. Dream Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt) Utral Aymokriy: [4utFl jF4mokFiFj] JC,P F prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral tree and mokri voice)(from utraya mokri) Varu: [4vFu] P F prop.n. male Navi

Akwey: [kF4wij] JC prop.n. male Navi Amhul: [mF4hul] P F prop.n. female Navi Ateyitan: [FtijFiFtn] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo (derived from Ateyo male name and itan son) Ateyo: [F4tiFjo] JC prop.n. male Navi ayRam aLusng: [jF4m FluF4ssx] P F prop.n. the Floating Mountains (c.w. from ram mountain and lng hover) ayVitray Ramunong: [jFvitF4Fj F4muFnox] JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and ramunong well) nst: [4nFsst] P F prop.n. male Navi Entu: [4inFtu] P F prop.n. male Navi Eytukan: [4ijFtuFkn] JC prop.n. male leader of the Omatikaya Eywa: [4ijFw] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (derived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL Eywaeveng: [ijFwF4iFvix] JC,P F prop.n. Pandora (informal pronunciation [ijF4wiFvix]) (c.w. from Eywa Gaia and eveng child) Iknimaya: [4ikFniF4mFj] JC prop.n. Stairway to Heaven, the rite of passage for young Navi staw: [sF4stw] P F prop.n. male Navi Kamun: [4kFmun] P F prop.n. male Navi (affectionate form Kamtsyp) Kelutral: [4kilFutFl] P F prop.n. Hometree (c.w. from kelku home and utral tree) Lona: [lsFoFn] G,P F prop.n. a clan Loak: [4loFk] P F prop.n. male Navi Moat: [4moFt] JC prop.n. tsahk of the Omatikaya (also pronounced Moat) Moatite: [moFtFiFti] JC prop.n. daughter of Moat (derived from Moat a woman and ite daughter) Navi: [4nFvi] P F prop.n. the People, indigenous Pandoran sentient race

40

Flora and Fauna

Flora ampirikx: [4mFpiFik9] P F n. leaf pitcher plant (c.w. from ampi touch and rikx move) o: [4Fo] P F n. pitcher plant elewll: [4iFliFwl] P F n. thorny paw, cactus 4 (derived from ewll plant) anheyu: [FnsF4hiFju] P F n. bonacci, blue spiral plant (c.w. from ean blue and heyu spiral) apxangrr: [F4p9Fxr] P F n. delta tree (c.w. from 4 apxa large and ngrr root) atokirina: [FtoFkiF4iFn] JC n. seeds of the great tree awaiei: [FwFiF4iFi] P F n. banshee of paradise eanean: [4iFnF4iFn] P F n. cheadle, herbaceous plant (c.w. from ean blue) eyaye: [iF4jFji] P F n. warbonnet fkxakewll: [4fk9FkiFwl] P F n. itch plant (c.w. 4 from fkxake itch and ewll plant) ee: [4fliFfli] P F n. Sols delight, magnetotrophic plant fngapsutxwll: [4fxpFsut9Fwl] P F n. metalfollowing plant (c.w. from4 fngap metal and sutx follow) fwkwll: [4fwFksFwl] P F n. mantis orchid (c.w. 4 from fwk mantis and ewll plant) hrumwll: [hsF4umFwl] P F n. puffer plant 4 kllpxiwll: [klF4p9iFwl] P F n. lionberry (c.w. from 4 and4 pxiwll sharp plant) kllte ground kxaylte: [4k9jlFti] P F n. cillaphant (derived from kxayl high) loreyu: [loF4iFju] P F n. helicoradian, beautiful spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and heyu spiral) mnyu: [4msnFju] P F n. turner, twisted lily (derived from mn turn) mulpxar: [mulF4p9] P F n. roosterhead plant paliwll: [4pFliFwl] P F n. direhorse pitcher plant (c.w. from pali4 direhorse and ewll plant) b pamtseowll: [4pmFtsiFoFwl] P F n. cat ear, mu4 sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo music and ewll plant) paywll: [4pjFwl] P F n. water plant, dapophet 4 (c.w. from pay water and ewll plant) penghrrap: [pixF4hrFp] P F n. binary sunshine, 4 fringed lamp (c.w. from peng tell and hrrap danger) pxayzekw: [p9jF4zikFw] P F n. spiny whips (c.w. from pxay many and zekw nger) pxiut: [4p9iFut] P F n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w. from pxi sharp and utral tree) pxiwll: [4p9iFwl] P F n. hermit bud plant (c.w. 4 from pxi sharp and ewll plant) pxorna: [4p9oFn] P F n. episoth, exploding seed (c.w. from pxor explode and rina seed) pxornalor: [4p9oFnF4lo] P F n. sari, beautiful exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna exploding seed and lor beautiful) rawp: [wp] P F n. bladder polyp rumut: [4umFut] P F n. ball tree (c.w. from rum ball and utral tree) seze: [4siFzi] P F,ZS n. blue ower smaoe: [smF4oFi] P F n. phalanxia, heavily thorned plant sngukx: [sxuk9] P F n. grub plant somtlor: [4somFtsFlo] P F n. popsicle, hot beauty (c.w. from som hot and tlor beauty) syeptute: [4sjipFtuFti] P F n. hyneman, person trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person) tautral: [4tFutFl] P F n. sky tree (c.w. from taw sky and utral tree) b tawtsngal: [4twFtsxl] P F n. panopyra, sky cup (c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup) thawnuwll: [tsF4hwFnuFwl] P F n. spartan, protection plant (c.w. from4 thawnu protection and ewll plant) tompawll: [4tomFpFwl] P F n. geode, rain plant 4 (c.w. from tompa rain and ewll plant) torukspxam: [4toFukFsp9m] P F n. octoshroom, great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from toruk great leonopteryx and spxam mushroom) b tsawlapxangrr: [4tswlFFp9Fxr] P F n. unidelta tree, lit. tall large root (c.w.4 from tsawl big and ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx) b tstxaa: [4tst9F] P F n. canalyd b tsyorinawll: [tsjoFiF4nFwl] P F n. cycad, our 4 seed plant (c.w. from rina seed and ewll plant) txllu: [4t9lFu] P F n. hookagourd 4 txumpaywll: [4t9umFpjFwl] P F n. scorpion 4 thistle, poison water plant (c.w. from txum poison and paywll water plant)

41

b txumtswll: [t9umF4tsFwl] P F n. Baja tickler, Vitrautral: [vitF4FutFl] P F prop.n. Tree of 4 Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree) poison-squirting plant (c.w. from ts squirt and ewll plant) yomhang: [jomF4hsFx] P F n. small anivfewll: [4vFfiFwl] P F n. Centipede, bad-smell mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eat 4 v unpleasant and fahew plant (c.w. from and hang insect) smell) vrumut: [4vFuFmut] P F n. vein pod (c.w. yomioang: [jomFiF4oFx] P F n. chalice plant (c.w. from yom eat and ioang animal) from v unpleasant and rum ball)

Fauna
b angtsk: [4xFtssk] P F n. hammerhead eltungawng: [4ilFtuFxwx] P F n. brainworm (c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm) fkio: [4fkiFo] P F n. tetrapteron fpxafaw: [4fp9Ffw] P F n. medusa fwampop: [4fwmFpop] P F n. tapirus fwk: [4fwFks] P F n. mantis ikran: [4ikFn] JC n. banshee ikranay: [4ikFFnj] ASG n. forest banshee (Not PF) kaliweya: [kFliFwiFj] ASG n. species of poisonous arachnid kenten: [4kinFtin] P F n. fan lizard lonataya: [loFnFtFj] ASG n. medusa

nantang: [4nnFtx] JC,P F n. viperwolf Caniferratus costatus, striped armored wolf pali: [4pFli] P F n. direhorse palulukan: [pFluF4luFkn] JC n. thanator (colloquial [pF4luFkn]) riti: [4iFti] JC n. stingbat syaksyuk: [sjkF4sjuk] P F n. prolemuris talioang: [4tlFiFoFx] JC n. sturmbeest (derived from ioang animal) teylu: [4tijFlu] JC n. beetle larva toruk: [4toFuk] JC n. great leonopteryx, last shadow yerik: [4jiFik] P F n. hexapede zize: [ziF4zi] P F n. hellre wasp

42

Useful Phrases

These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphemes are probably invariable. Weve included these not only to show instances where a phrase encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. For this reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken from Dr. Frommers blog at Naviteri.org. Theyve been included in no specic conversational order, but rather alphabetically. awa swawtsyp: [] P F ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit efu ohakx: [4iFfu oF4hk9] P F ph. be hungry ivong nkong: [] P F ph. slow is ne n nga fyape nfkrr: [] P F ph. whats been keeping you busy lately? aytele a ngey hapxm kifkey lu fyape?: [] P F ph. How are things in your part of the world? txle pa(lu)lukanur: [F4t9Fli pF4luFkFnu] P F ph. Navi idiom: txle si palulukanur tsn smarit livonu; Ask a thanator to release its prey, its a foregone conclusion etrpa syayvi: [4itFsFp 4sjjFvi] P F ph. good luck Eywa ngahu: [4ijFw 4xFhu] P F,JC ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with you fpor syaw fko staw: [] P F ph. this is staw fnu, ma evi. Sanur leru hawtsyp. Tsivurokx ko.: [] P F ph. Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking a nap. Let her rest. ftia oel lfyati leNavi no nwotx: [] P F ph. studying Navi is a ton of fun for me! ftxey...fuke: [ft9ij fuF4ki] P F ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not) fwk ke fwefwi: [4fwFks ki 4fwiFfwi] P F ph. Navi idiom: a mantis doesnt whistle, its against someones or somethings nature fyape fko syaw ngar?: [4fjFpi fko sjw x] P F ph. what are you called, what is your name hayalo ta oe (oeta): [hF4jFlo t 4oFi @4wiFtA] P F ph. next time from me hayalovay: [hF4jFloFvj] P F ph. until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until) irayo: [iF4Fjo] P F intj. thanks, thank you kaltx: [klF4t9s] P F intj. hello (casual) kaltx sivi, ma staw: [] P F ph. say hello, staw ka wotx: [k wot9] P F ph. generally, for the most part (literally: across the totality) kea tkin: [4kiF tsF4kin] P F ph. no need (for thanks) kefya srak: [kiF4fj 4sk] P F ph. isnt that so? right? no? ke...kawit: [ki kwF4it] P F ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kawit at all) kem amui, kum afe: [] P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: Proper action, bad result (Said when something that should have turned out well didnt) ke pxan: [ki p9n] P F ph. Im not worthy ke tare: [ki 4tFi] P F ph. Its irrelevant; It doesnt matter ke tslolam: [] P F ph. I didnt get that, I didnt understand ke zene win spivi: [] P F ph. take your time, dont rush kyevame: [ksFjiF4vFmi] P F intj. good-bye, see you again soon krro krro: [4krFo 4krFo] P F ph. at times, on occasion 4 4 kunspri txana tmeyp lu tsyal a mn.: [] P F ph. The gunships main weakness is the rotor system. b kxetse s mikyun kop plltxe: [4k9iFtsi ss 4mikFjun kop plF4t9i] LN,P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: 4 the tail and ears also speak; body language is important ma frapo, ayngaru oey tsmukit alu Newey: [] P F ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to you) my sister, Newey makto zong: [4mkFto zox] P F ph. take care, travel safely 43

ne kllte: [4ni 4klFti] P F ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground) 4 nga lpivawk nit nul ko: [] P F ph. tell me a bit more about yourself nga lpivawk nno ko: [] P F ph. tell me all about yourself nga pesuhu kteng ntrrtrr: [] P F ph. who do you normally spend time with? ngari solalew polpxaya zst: [] P F ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed? ngari txelan mawey livu: [4xFi t9iF4ln mF4wij liF4vu] P F ph. dont worry, may your heart be calm ngaru lu fpom srak?: [4xFu lu fpom sk] P F ph. How are you? are you well? ngaru lu pefnetxintn ntrrtrr: [] P F ph. what is your primary role in society? ngaru oey lertut: [] P F ph. allow me to introduce my colleague b ngaru tsulf: [4xFu tsulF4f] P F ph. to your the mastery ngaru tut: [4xFu tut] P F ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject) nga yawne lu oer: [x 4jwFni lu wi] P F ph. I love you, you are beloved to me nga z(ol)au ftu peseng: [] P F ph. where are you from? ngenga lu tupe: [] P F ph. who are you? b ngey kxetse lu oeru: [4xijF 4k9iFtsi lu 4wiFu] P F,JC ph. Navi idiom: your tail is mine!, youre going down! nlun ayioi aeoio ayeyktan lu lor frato: [] P F ph. Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the leaders are the most beautiful nprrte: [nsF4prFti] P F adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure 4 oe olongokx m sray a txampayri sim, sl set kelku si m Helutral: [] P F ph. I was born in a town near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree oe irayo si ngaru: [4oFi iF4jFo si 4xFu] P F ph. I give thanks to you, thank you oel ngati kameie: [wil 4xFti 4kFmiFiFi] P F ph. I see you, hello (familiar) oeri solalew zst apxevol: [] P F ph. I am 24 years old oeru meuia: [4wiFu miF4uFiF] P F ph. an honor to me, it was an honor oeru syaw (fko) Txew: [] P F ph. my name is Txew oeru teya si: [4wiFu tiF4j si] P F ph. lls me with satisfaction, joy oeru txoa livu: [4wiFu 4t9oF liF4vu] P F ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me oe tskxekeng si ssulnur alu tsko swizaw: [] P F ph. I practice my hobby, which is archery oey txintn lu fwa stn fayoangit: [] P F ph. my central role in society is to catch sh pefya nga fpl: [] P F ph. what do you think? (literally: how do you think?) pum ngey: [pum 4xiFj] P F ph. yours, I should thank you rutxe lpivawk nit: [] P F ph. please talk a little bit about yourself rutxe liveyn: [] P F ph. could you repeat that please? rutxe tivng mikyun, ma frapo: [] P F ph. Your attention, please, everyone! sfpl asteng tkan ateng: [] P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: Great minds think alike! seykxel s nitram: [sijF4k9il ss nitF4m] P F ph. strong and happy!, congratulations smon nprrte: [smon nsF4prFti] P F ph. nice to know you 4 srake fnan ngal lfyati leNavi: [] P F ph. are you good at Navi? srake smon ngar oey meylan alu Entu s Kamun: [] P F ph. do you know my friends Entu and Kamun? srefereiey nprrte: [] P F ph. looking forward to it sre fwa sngap zize: [] P F ph. as quickly as possible (Navi idiom: before the hellwasp stings) stum ke: [stum ki] P F ph. almost not (Note: Use instead of hardly, barely, or scarcely.) taronyut yom smarl: [4tFonFjut jom smFsl] P F ph. Navi idiom: the prey eats the hunter, a totally botched situation, chaos tefum oey: [tsF4iFfuFms 4wiFj] P F ph. in my opinion tiavay krr: [tsF4iFFvj 4krF] P F ph. forever, until the end of time 4 44

tori peu sunu ngar frato: [] P F ph. what is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun? tknri kempe si nga: [] P F ph. what do you do in your free time? tkangkemri varmrrn oe nwotx: [] P F ph. I was completely swamped at work tkxey ngaru: [tsF4k9ij 4xFu] P F ph. youre wrong tomumm oey: [tsF4oFmumFms wiFj] P F ph. to my knowledge tyawr ngaru: [tsF4jw 4xFu] P F ph. youre right tokx eo tokx: [4tok9 4iFo 4tok9] P F ph. face to face, in person tsaluri alu X, ral lu upe: [] P F ph. what does X mean? b tstunwi: [4tstunFwi] P F adj. kind, that was kind of you to say tsun mivkxu hkrr srak: [] P F ph. may I interrupt a moment? tsun nga law sivi nit srak: [] P F ph. could you make that a bit clearer?, could you explain that further? b txo ke nyo tsakrr nyol: [t9o ki nsF4yo tsF4kr nsF4yol] P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: If you 4 cant be awless, at least be brief" txon lefpom: [t9on liF4fpom] P F ph. good night, peaceful night X-()ri peral: [] P F ph. what does X mean? X nNavi (slu) pelu: [] P F ph. how do you say X in Navi? Yewla!: [4jiwFl] P F conv. Bummer! Thats a shame! What a shame! zau neng: [4zFu nsF4ix] P F ph. share an interest in common zolau nprrte: [zolF4Fu nsF4prFti] P F ph. come pleasurably, welcome 4

45

The Alphabet

Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Navi way of listing and pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2 pseudo-vowels (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list. The Alphabet k KeK kx Kxekx l LeL ll Ll m MeM n NeN ng NgeNg o O p PeP px PxePx r ReR rr Rr

a aw ay e ew ey f h i

tFtang A AW AY E EW EY F H I

s t tx ts u v w y z

S TeT TxeTx Ts U V W Y Z

46

Inections

Verbal Inxes alm: [lFm] LN perfective past tense verbal inx in position 1 (PERF. PAST), derived from am + ol: Oe tsngalmawvk. I wept. aly: [lFj] LN perfective future tense verbal inx in position 1 (PERF. FUT.), derived from ay + ol: Oe halyangham. I will have laughed. am: [Fm] LN past tense verbal inx in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tswamayon. I ew. arm: [Fm] LN imperfective past tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF. PAST.), derived from am + er: Oe tsngarmawvk. I was weeping. ary: [Fj] LN imperfective future tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF. FUT.), derived from ay + er: Oe haryangham. I will be laughing. asy: [Fsj] P F future tense with determination verbal inx in position 1 (FUT. D .): Oel tspasyang palulukanit. I will denitely kill the thanator. b ats: [Fts] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal inx in position 2 (INFR .): Oel tspatsang poanit. I killed him (I think.) awn: [wFn] P F passive participle verbal inx in position 1 (P. PART.): Oe tawnaron-a tte lu. I am a hunted person. ay: [Fj] LN future tense verbal inx in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit tayaron. I will hunt the yerik. ng: [Fx] LN pejorative affect verbal inx in position 2 (PEJ .): Oe srngew. I dance (ugh!). Optionally, when ng occurs before the vowel i, the vowel of the inx may be raised, giving eng. For example, Fskxawngri tsapalute sengi oe. p: [Fp] P F reexive verbal inx the pre-rst position (REFL .): Oe stpeftxaw. I check myself. ei: [iFi] LN laudative affect verbal inx in position 2 (LAUD .): Oe sreiew. I dance (hooray!). er: [iF] P F imperfective aspect verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe terran. I am walking. eyk: [ijFk] P F causative verbal inx the pre-rst position (CAUS .): Oel teykerkup pot. I caused him to die. ilv: [ilFv] P F present perfective subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (PRES . PER . SUBJ .): Oe new tslilvam. I want to understand. imv: [imFv] P F past subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (PAST. SUBJ .): Oey swizaw nngay timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true. irv: [iFv] P F present imperfective subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (PRES . IMPF. SUBJ .): Oe new tslirvam. I want to be understanding. iv: [iFv] LN subjunctive mood verbal inx in position 1 (SUBJ .): Ngal new futa oe wivem. You want this thing: for me to ght. iyev: [iFjiFv] P F future subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel kiyevame ngati. I will see you. lm: [slFm] LN perfective recent past tense verbal inx in position 1 (PERF. REC . PAST.), derived from m + ol: Oe tlmtxaw. I just now returned. ly: [slFj] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal inx in position 1 (PERF. IMM . FUT.), derived from y + ol: Oe hlyahaw. I will have slept soon. m: [sFm] LN recent past verbal inx in position 1 (REC . PAST.): Oe tswmayon. I just ew. rm: [sFm] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF. REC . PAST.), derived from m + er: Oe trmtxaw. I was just now returning. ry: [sFj] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMPF. IMM . FUT.), derived from y + er: Oe hryahaw. I will be sleeping soon.

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sy: [sFsj] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal inx in position 1 (IMM . FUT. D .): Oel tspsyang palulukanit. I will denitely kill the thanator soon. y: [sFj] LN immediate future tense verbal inx in position 1 (IMM . FUT.): Oel yerikit tyaron. I will hunt the yerik soon. yev: [sFjiFv] P F future subjunctive verbal inx in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel kyevame ngati. I will see you. ol: [oFl] P F perfective aspect verbal inx in position 1 (PERF.): Oe tolran. I walked (nished action). us: [uFs] LN active participle verbal inx in position 1 (A . PART.): Oe tusaron-a tte lu. I am a hunting person. uy: [uFj] P F honoric (honouric) or ceremonial verbal inx in position 2 (HON .): Naviy, luyu hapx. You are part of The People. Noun Case Inections : [] P F genitive sufx for nouns ending in a everything but a, , e, i and (allomorph of y) (GEN .): Oel yom ikran yerikit. I eat the ikrans yerik. it: [it] P F patientive sufx for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allomorph of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik. l: [sl] P F agentive case sufx for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allomorph of l) (ERG .): Ikranl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik. ri: [si] P F topical sufx for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allomorph of ri) (TOP.): Fskxawngri tsapalute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron. l: [l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik. r: [] LN dative sufx for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of ru) (DAT.): eltur ttxen si intriguing ri: [i] P F topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave. ru: [u] LN dative sufx for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet ngaru tng. I give food to you. t: [t] LN patientive sufx for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat kame. I see you. ti: [ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukl. The toruk hunts you. ur: [u] P F dative sufx for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allomorph of ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oey. To my friends. y: [j] P F genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN .): Ngey toruk sltsan lu. Your toruk is good. ya: [j] P F,M vocative sufx for collective nouns: Mawey, Naviya. Calm, you Navi. y: [j] LN genitive sufx for nouns ending in a a, , e, i and (allomorph of ) (GEN .): Oel yeiom Neytiriy yerikit. I happily eat Neytiris yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns: may look like ey) Other Inections This is a list of Navi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect of the meaning. Not all Navi inections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivity, where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicated they can modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of speech that arent specied. All of the verbal inxes and case markers above are entirely productive.

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a: [] P F (pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean tswayon. I y the excellent blue ikran. an: [n] LN masculine sufx for certain nouns: Poan tftxuyu lu. He is a weaver. ay+: [j] P F (pro.) plural for nouns (PL .): Ay+horen . The rules succeed. e: [i] P F feminine sufx for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter. fay+: [fj] P F (pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall. f: [fs] P F (pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fnantangit. I see this viper-wolf. fkeyk: [fkijk] P F (pro.) sufx for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape ftrr? Whats the condition of the river today? fne: [fni] P F (pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsau lu? What kind of tree is that? fra: [f] P F (pro.) every deriving afx Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone. kaw: [kw] P F not one deriving afx Oe kawkrr ke kam. I never went. lo: [lo] P F multiplicative number sufx for aw, mune, pxey: Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang. me+: [mi] LN (pro.) dual for nouns (DU .): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes. o: [o] P F (pro.) indenite sufx, durative sufx: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzsto. I saw someone for years. pay+: [pj] P F (pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsramei? What knives did you throw? pe+: [pi] LN (pro.) afx inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile? pxe+: [p9i] P F (pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI .): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun which often undergoes ellision) sna: [sn] P F prex group marker for nouns; pro. when referring to living things, unpro. otherwise: snanantang a pack of viperwolves b tsa: [ts] P F (pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel kame tsanantangit. I see that nantang. b tsay+: [tsj] P F (pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep. b tswo: [tswo] P F (pro.) sufx that changes a verb to a noun indicating the ability to perform the action of the verb: Pori wemtswo fratsamsiyur roloa ntxan. His ability to ght greatly impressed all the warriors. b tsyp: [tsjsp] P F (pro.) diminutive sufx for nouns, pronouns: Zau ftseng, ma itetsyp. Come here, little daughter. ve: [vi] P F (pro.) ordinal sufx for numbers: Koren aawve trusey awsiteng. The rst rule of living together. vi: [vi] P F partitive relationship marker: Oe nume m numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom. Other Inectional Morphology These derivational morphemes are different than the inectional morphemes (in technical speak) above. In other words, the markers here dont just change the meaning - they change the part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word, like t. Others are productive for certain subsets, like yu, which can go on any verb. le: [li] P F adjective deriving afx Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous. nga: [x] P F adjective deriving afx Akra apaynga lu. It is moist soil. n: [ns] LN adverbial deriving afx Oe nNavi plltxe. I speak navi-ly. (Like a Navi.) (Pro. for adjectives only, unproductive for other forms - otherwise modify nfyao with appropriate adjective or relative clause) s: [s] P F instrumental noun deriving afx Oel snumet nume. I learn the teaching. si: [si] LN postpositional verb deriving afx Oe kelku si Kelutralm. I live in Hometree. (lit. I home make in Hometree.) 49

t: [ts] LN noun deriving afx Tngay sltsan lu. The truth is good. t us: [ts us] P F (pro.) gerund (verbal noun) deriving afx Tkusar eltur ttxen si. Teaching is interesting. tu: [tu] P F (pro.) person noun from non-verbal stem deriving afx Oe reltseotu lu. I am an artist. yu: [ju] LN (pro.) agent noun deriving afx Oe kea skaayu ke lu. I am no destroyer.

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Non-Frommerian Words

These are words that are not from Dr. Frommer: We have included them as they are in the extant corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Navi words. They are, for the most part, spurious inventions for the Activists Survival Guide, Pandorapedia, or the Avatar Game. None of these words were run by Dr. Frommer before being published, and the general consensus is that they ought to be ignored. They are included here for those who would otherwise not know what their denitions or derivations are. These words are not canonical, and their use is highly discouraged. Many of them out Navi inectional rules or phonotactic constraints. Some include illegal sounds, as illustrated below. h [h], b [b], c [k], ch [t], d [d], g [g], h [h], ii [i:], j [], sh [], uu [u:] Amanti: [FmnFti] G prop.n. female of the Tipani Anurai: [FnuFFi] G prop.n. clan name arlek: [rlik] G n. a seed-bearing plant Beydaamo: [ijdmo] G prop.n. male warrior of the Tipani chantu gorek nuuto: [tntu goriknuuto] ASG n. stone jar chey: [tij] ASG n. possesions rack (derived from Pah sivil chey rack) Eywa ksey nivibrista: [ijw ksij niviE rist] ASG n. hammock, from Eywa cradles everyone Eywa silivi maskit nivi: [ijw silivi msE kitnivi] ASG Ewyas wisdom is revealed to all of us Eywa te _ tansey makta: [ijw ti tnE sij mkt] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit. the love of Eywas embrace is gifted to (personal name) feru mpreduk: [firu mpiduk] ASG n. basket Fmilam: [fmiFlm] G prop.n. female of the Tipani Grolryc: [golj] G prop.n. a series of caves Hukato: [huFkFto] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Ikalu: [iFkFlu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani iveh knivi sdir: [ivih knivi sdir] ASG n. baby sling ksey nivi: [ksij nivi] ASG n. group sleep Kaoli Tei: [kFoFliF tiFi] G prop.n. the plains of Goliath b Koo Tsura: [koX tsuF] G prop.n. a Tipani village Kusati: [kuFsFti] G prop.n. female warrior of the Tipani Kyuna: [kjun] G prop.n. female of the Anurai lenayga: [linjg] ASG n. slinger, predatory animal Lompo: [lomFpo] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami Lungoray: [luFxoFj] G prop.n. shaman of the Tipani mreshtuyu: [mituju or mishtuju] ASG n. shield Malimi: [mFliFmi] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami malmoks: [mlmoks] G n. rings of stone Marali: [mFFli] G prop.n. female of the Tipani maskit nivi sanok: [mskitnivi snok] ASG mother loom Maweytakuk: [mFwijFtFkuk] G prop.n. male Navi Mekanei: [miFkFniFi] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Mendala: [minFdFl] G prop.n. male of the Tipani mereshti caupla: [miiti kupl or meeshti kupl] ASG n. banshee catcher, bola, lit. nothing to see meshkai huru: [miki huu] P N D n. cooking pot mreki ulito: [miki ulito] ASG n. re pit Mukata: [muFkFt] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami nahla bukne: [nhl ukni] ASG n. direhorse lead, lit. face pull Naalot: [nXFlot] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Neranak: [niFFnk] G prop.n. female of the Tawkami b niktchey: [nikttshij or nikttij] ASG n. small bit of food, packed lunch nivi: [niFvi] ASG n. hammock (informal), us (derived from Eywa ksey nivibrista Ewya cradles everyone)

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Nok: [nok] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami Oloniwin: [oFloFniFwin] G prop.n. male elder of the Tipani Omati: [oFmFti] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami omati sampta: [omti smpt] ASG n. blue ute Onantu: [oFnnFtu] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami Otamu: [oFtFmu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Pah sivil chey: [ph sivil tij] ASG n. personal belongings rack pxtxawng: [p9t9wx] JC n. douchebag Raiuk: [FiFuk] G prop.n. male of the Anurai Raltaw: [lFtw] G prop.n. male hunter of the Tipani Snume: [sFnuFmi] G prop.n. tsahk of the Tipani (derived from snume teaching) Seyvaro: [sijFvFo] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami shah-tell: [hFtil] ASG n. shuttle (loaned from Eng. shuttle) (not normally allowable under Navi phonotactic rules) sushiri tacto sa: [sushiri tto s or sushiri tto s] ASG n. toy ikran suminsey hulleh: [suminsij hulih] ASG slee4 ping outside of the group sumin jiitluy: [sumin iitluy] ASG n. leaf plate Swawta: [swwFt] G prop.n. male of the Tipani triti so jahmka: [titi so hmk] ASG n. pendulum drum Taantasi: [tFnFtFsi] G prop.n. Tantalus, rocky place on Pandora Tan Jala: [tn jl] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Tasun: [tFsun] G prop.n. male hunter of the Lona

Tawkami: [twFkFmi] G prop.n. a clan (c.w. from taw sky and kame see) Tilikaru: [tiFliFkFu] G prop.n. a Tipani village Tipani: [tiFpFni] G prop.n. a clan ttakuk: [tsF4tFkuk] G n. strike (derived from takuk strike) tmi natsey: [tmi ntsij] ASG n. bladder lantern, from food here b Tsalaw: [tsFlw] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami b Tsaro: [tsFo] G prop.n. male of the Tipani b Tsmuke: [tsmuFki] G prop.n. a Tipani village txei: [t9iFi] G n. plain uimi: [uFiFmi] ASG n. streamer, pendant Uimi huyuticaya: [uimi hujutikj] ASG prop.n. a clan b Ukamtsu: [uFkmFtsu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani b ulivi maritsey makdinito: [livi mritsij mkdinito] ASG loom, lit. branches of the tree look to each other for strength, or many branches together are strong ulutah inibsey mulsi: [uluth inisiy mulE si] ASG n. leaf plate Umkansa: [umFknFs] G prop.n. a Tipani village Unipey: [uFniFpij] G prop.n. female of the Tipani utral utu mauti: [utFl uFtu mFuFti] ASG n. push fruit tree (c.w. from utral tree and utu mauti push fruit) utu mauti: [uFtu mFuFti] ASG n. banana fruit, push fruit Vaer Ramunong: [vFiF FmuFnox] G prop.n. Vaderas Hollow Vayaha: [vFjFh] G prop.n. a Tipani village

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The Changelog
12.831 - Added nfnu and staron 12.83 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, October 2, 2012. 12.821 - Corrected lok as transitive and IPA for zmauyu 12.82 - Added fnetxum from the AvatarMeet Navi class. Also added ttxen si (thanks to Plumps). Removed le- prex from main section. 12.811 - Corrected IPA for tsyr. 12.81 - Added swoa, rou, pamrelvi and snapamrelvi from the Navi class at AvatarMeet 2012. 12.8 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, July 19, 2012. 12.721 - Corrected typos in entries for ekxin, ekxinum and lefkrr. Created autonomous entry for reykol and removed it from the denition of rol. 12.72 - Added talun- as adp. per March 28, 2012 naviteri.org post. Thanks to Blue Elf for staying on this one! :) 12.71 - Added missed words (thanks again, Plumps!), corrected typo for Lona. 12.7 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, July 5, 2012. Added missed words tmeyp and zstay per Plumps. 12.622 - Corrected IPA for ftxuliuyu. Thanks to Temsko. 12.621 - Tweaked denition of awstengyem with additional information from Paul 12.62 - Added tsawlultxa from PF talk. Thanks to keyawn 12.601 - Corrected stress for vospxay and vospxam. Thanks to Wm Annis 12.6 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, June 19, 2012. 12.513 - Corrected pronunciation of Kelutral in proper names. Thanks to plumps 12.512 - Corrected typo for nkrp (thanks to Blue Elf). Tweaked denitions for km and mn. Added example phrase. 12.511 - Corrected typo for klltxeykay. Thanks to Temsko for spotting it. 12.51 - Rened denitions for mn and km, added tterkup and maweypeyyu 12.501 - April 10, 2012: Eana Eltu lexicon and dictionary maintenance system moved to LearnNavis main server at kelutral.learnnavi.org. Eternal thanks to Tuiq for his expertise and time creating and supporting the automation for this project. Please award him karma on the forum! 12.5 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, March 28, 2012 and March 31, 2012 12.412 - Corrected yet more transitivity markings. Thanks to Blue Elf for reminding me. 12.411 - Corrected several .vin markings to svin. 53

Following is a brief record of the most recent revisions...