EVALUATIONS OF THE IMPROPER INTEGRALS

0
sin
2m
(x)
x
2n
cos(bx) dx AND
_

0
sin
2m+1
(x)
x
2n+1
cos(bx) dx
QIU-MING LUO AND FENG QI
Abstract. In this article, using LHospital rule, mathematical induction, the
trigonometric power formulae and integration by parts, some integral formulae
for improper integrals

0
sin
2m
(x)
x
2n
cos(bx) dx and

0
sin
2m+1
(x)
x
2n+1
cos(bx) dx
are established, where m n are all positive integers and real numbers = 0
and b 0.
1. Introduction
The following improper integral is well-known and is synonymous with names of
Laplace and Dirichlet
_

0
sin x
x
dx =

2
. (1)
In fact, in 1781, it was rst obtained using the residue method by Euler. It
can be found in standard textbooks for undergraduate students, for examples, [9,
pp. 226227] and [13, pp. 168170].
Depending on the partial fraction decomposition
1
sin t
=
1
t
+

i=1
(1)
i
_
1
t n
+
1
t + n
_
, (2)
an elegant calculation of formula (1) is provided in [5, pp. 436437] and [6, pp. 382384],
due to the noted geometrician N. I. Lobatscheuski. Another polished proof of iden-
tity (1) is given in [6, pp. 381382].
As exercises in [10, p. 53, p. 147 and p. 335] and [12, p. 495], using the Laplace
transform, the Parseval identities of sine and cosine Fourier transforms and the
residue theorem, the following formulae are requested to compute:
_

0
sin
2
t
t
2
dt =

2
,
_

0
sin
4
t
t
2
dt =

2
,
_

0
sin
3
t
t
3
dt =
3
8
. (3)
2000 Mathematics Subject Classication. Primary 26A42; Secondary 26A06, 30E20.
Key words and phrases. evaluation, improper integral, integral formula, inequality, integration
by parts, LHospital rule, Dirichlet integral, mathematical induction.
The authors were supported in part by NNSF (#10001016) of China, SF for the Prominent
Youth of Henan Province (#0112000200), SF of Henan Innovation Talents at Universities, NSF
of Henan Province (#004051800), SF for Pure Research of Natural Science of the Education
Department of Henan Province (#1999110004), Doctor Fund of Jiaozuo Institute of Technology,
China.
This paper was typeset using A
M
S-L
A
T
E
X.
1
2 Q.-M. LUO AND F. QI
In [14, pp. 7475 and p. 84], using the Mellin transform and by approaches in
theory of Fourier analysis or theory of residues, the following formulae are obtained:
_

0
cos(tx)x
z
dx
x
= (z)t
z
cos
z
2
, Re(z) > 0, t > 0; (4)
_

0
sin(tx)x
z
dx
x
= (z)t
z
sin
z
2
, Re(z) > 1, t > 0; (5)
_

0
sin x
x
z
dx = (1 z) cos
z
2
=

2(z) sin
z
2
. (6)
Especially, taking t = 1 and z 0 in (5) or taking z = 1 in (6) produces (1).
The following generalisation of formula (1) can be found in [2] and [3, p. 458,
No. 3.836.5]:
2

_

0
_
sin x
x
_
n
cos(bx) dx = n(2
n1
n!)
1
[r]

k=0
(1)
k
_
n
k
_
(n b 2k)
n1
, (7)
where 0 b < n, n 1, r =
nb
2
, and [r] is the largest integer contained in r.
In [11], some general results related to formulae (1) and (7) were obtained.
In [1] and [7, p. 606], the following inequality is given:
_

sin t
t

p
dt
_
2
p
, p 2; (8)
Equality is valid only if p = 2.
The integral (1) and other integral formulae stated above are useful and arising in
research of damping vibration and other science or engineering. This was mentioned
in [13, p. 170].
Recently, Q.-M. Luo and B.-N. Guo in [8] obtained the following
Theorem A ([8]). For a nonnegative integer k 0 and = 0, we have
_

0
_
sin(x)
x
_
2k+1
dx =
sgn

k
i=0
(1)
i
(2k 2i + 1)
2k
C
i
2k+1
4
k
(2k)!

2k

2
, (9)
_

0
_
sin(x)
x
_
2k
dx =
sgn

k1
i=0
(1)
i
(k i)
2k1
C
i
2k
(2k 1)!

2k1

2
. (10)
If taking k = 0 in (9), the formula (1) follows.
In this article, using the LHospital rule, mathematical induction, trigonometric
power formulae and integration by parts, we will establish integral formulae of
the improper integrals
_

0
sin
2m
(x)
x
2n
cos(bx) dx and
_

0
sin
2m+1
(x)
x
2n+1
cos(bx) dx, where
m n are all positive integers and real numbers = 0 and b 0. The following
theorem holds.
Theorem 1. Let m, n be nonnegatine integer , m n, and b 0. Then
_

0
sin
r
x
x
s
cos(bx) dx =
EVALUATIONS OF THE IMPROPER INTEGRALS 3
_

_
(1)
m+n

m
i=0
(1)
i
u(m, n, i, b)C
i
2m+1
2
2m+1
(2n)!


2
for r = 2m + 1, s = 2n + 1,
(1)
m+n

m1
i=0
(1)
i
v(m, n, i, b)C
i
2m
+ (1)
n
C
m
2m
b
2n1
2
2m
(2n 1)!


2
for r = 2m, s = 2n,
(11)
where
u(m, n, i, b) = (2m2i + b + 1)
2n
+ (2m2i b + 1)
2n
sgn(2m2i b + 1),
(12)
v(m, n, i, b) = (2m2i + b)
2n1
+ (2m2i b)
2n1
sgn(2m2i b).
(13)
Theorem 2. Let m, n be nonnegatine integer , m n, and real numbers = 0
and b 0. Then
_

0
sin
r
(x)
x
s
cos(bx) dx =
_

_
(1)
m+n

m
i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2m+1
u(m, n, i, b, )
2
2m+1
(2n)!


2
sgn
if r = 2m + 1, s = 2n + 1,
(1)
m+n

m1
i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2m
v(m, n, i, b, ) + (1)
n
C
m
2m
b
2n1
2
2m
(2n 1)!


2
sgn
if r = 2m, s = 2n,
(14)
where
u(m, n, i, b, ) = (2m 2i + b + )
2n
+ (2m 2i b + )
2n
sgn(2m2i
b

+ 1),
(15)
v(m, n, i, b, ) = (2m 2i + b)
2n1
+ (2m 2i b)
2n1
sgn(2m2i
b

).
(16)
As direct consequences of Theorem 1 and Theorem 2, the following integral
formulae hold.
Corollary 1. Let m, n be nonnegatine integer , m n, and = 0. Then
_

0
sin
r
(x)
x
s
dx =
_

_
(1)
m+n
sgn

m
i=0
(1)
i
(2m2i + 1)
2n
C
i
2m+1
4
m
(2n)!

2n

2
if r = 2m + 1, s = 2n + 1,
(1)
m+n
sgn

m1
i=0
(1)
i
(mi)
2n1
C
i
2m
4
mn
(2n 1)!

2n1

2
if r = 2m, s = 2n.
(17)
4 Q.-M. LUO AND F. QI
Corollary 2. For nonnegative integer m and n, we have
_

0
sin
r
x
x
s
dx =
_

_
(1)
m+n

m
i=0
(1)
i
(2m2i + 1)
2n
C
i
2m+1
4
m
(2n)!


2
if r = 2m + 1, s = 2n + 1,
(1)
m+n

m1
i=0
(1)
i
(mi)
2n1
C
i
2m
4
mn
(2n 1)!


2
if r = 2m, s = 2n.
(18)
Corollary 3. Let m be a nonnegative integer, R, then we have
_

0
sin
2m+1
(x)
x
dx = sgn
(2m)!
4
m
(m!)
2


2
. (19)
2. Lemmae
The following trigonometric power formulae are the basis and key of our proof
for Theorem 1.
Lemma 1 ([4, p. 41 and p. 280] and [15]). For R and k N, we have
_

0
sin(x)
x
dx =

2
sgn(), (20)
sin
2k+1
x =
1
2
2k
k

i=0
(1)
k+i
C
i
2k+1
sin[(2k 2i + 1)x], (21)
sin
2k
x =
1
2
2k1
_
k1

i=0
(1)
k+i
C
i
2k
cos[2(k i)x] +
1
2
C
k
2k
_
, (22)
where C
k
n
=
n!
(nk)!k!
.
The following three combinatorial identities can be regarded as by-products,
enabling us to employ the LHospital rule in the proof of Theorem 1. They can also
be found in [8].
Lemma 2. For 1 m k, k N and real number b 0, we have
k

i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2k+1
_
(2k 2i + b + 1)
2m1
+ (2k 2i b + 1)
2m1

= 0, (23)
k1

i=0
(1)
k+i
C
i
2k
+
1
2
C
k
2k
= 0. (24)
For 1 k 1 , 2 k N and real number b 0, we have
k1

i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2k
_
(2k 2i + b)
2
+ (2k 2i b)
2

+ C
k
2k
b
2
= 0. (25)
EVALUATIONS OF THE IMPROPER INTEGRALS 5
Proof. By the trigonometric power formula (21), it is easy to see that
lim
x0

k
i=0
(1)
k+i
C
i
2k+1
_
sin[(2k 2i + b + 1)x] + sin[(2k 2i b + 1)x]

x
2k
= 2 lim
x0

k
i=0
(1)
k+i
C
i
2k+1
sin[(2k 2i + 1)x] cos(bx)
x
2k
= 2
2k+1
lim
x0
sin
2k+1
x
x
2k
cos(bx) = 0,
(26)
this means that the function

k
i=0
(1)
k+i
C
i
2k+1
_
sin[(2k 2i +b +1)x] +sin[(2k
2i b + 1)x]

tends to zero at higher speed than x

2k
as x 0, that is
k

i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2k+1
_
sin[(2k 2i +b +1)x] +sin[(2k 2i b +1)x]

= o(x
2k
) as x 0,
then, for 0 j 2k, by LHospital rule, from (26), it follows that
lim
x0
_

k
i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2k+1
_
sin[(2k 2i + b + 1)x] + sin[(2k 2i b + 1)x]

_
(j)
x
2kj
= 0,
which is equivalent to
_
k

i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2k+1
_
sin[(2k 2i + b + 1)x] + sin[(2k 2i b + 1)x]

_
(j)
= o(x
2kj
)
as x 0. Therefore, for any natural number 1 m k, we have
0 = lim
x0
_
k

i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2k+1
_
sin[(2k 2i + b + 1)x] + sin[(2k 2i b + 1)x]
_
_
(2m1)
= lim
x0
_
(1)
m1
k

i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2k+1
_
(2k 2i + b + 1)
2m1
cos[(2k 2i + b + 1)x]
+ (2k 2i b + 1)
2m1
cos[(2k 2i b + 1)x]
_
_
= (1)
m1
k

i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2k+1
_
(2k 2i + b + 1)
2m1
+ (2k 2i b + 1)
2m1

.
(27)
Identity (23) follows.
By the trigonometric power formula (22), it is not dicult to obtain
lim
x0

k1
i=0
(1)
k+i
C
i
2k
_
cos[(2k 2i + b)x] + cos[(2k 2i b)x]
_
+ C
k
2k
cos(bx)
x
2k1
= 2 lim
x0

k1
i=0
(1)
k+i
C
i
2k
cos[2(k i)x] cos(bx) +
1
2
C
k
2k
cos(bx)
x
2k1
= 2
2k
lim
x0
sin
2k
x
x
2k1
cos(bx) = 0,
6 Q.-M. LUO AND F. QI
hence
k1

i=0
(1)
k+i
C
i
2k
_
cos[(2k 2i + b)x] + cos[(2k 2i b)x]
_
+ C
k
2k
cos(bx) = o(x
2k1
)
as x 0. Consequently
0 = lim
x0
_
k1

i=0
(1)
k+i
C
i
2k
cos[2(k i)x] cos(bx) +
1
2
C
k
2k
cos(bx)
_
=
k1

i=0
(1)
k+i
C
i
2k
+
1
2
C
k
2k
and, for 1 j 2k 1,
_
k1

i=0
(1)
k+i
C
i
2k
_
cos[(2k 2i + b)x] + cos[(2k 2i b)x]
_
+ C
k
2k
cos(bx)
_
(j)
= o(x
2kj1
) as x 0,
then, for any positive integer such that 1 k 1, we have
0 = lim
x0
_
k1

i=0
(1)
k+i
C
i
2k
_
cos[(2k 2i + b)x] + cos[(2k 2i b)x]
_
+ C
k
2k
cos(bx)
_
(2)
= (1)

lim
x0
_
k1

i=0
(1)
k+i
C
i
2k
_
(2k 2i + b)
2
cos[(2k 2i + b)x]
+ (2k 2i b)
2
cos[(2k 2i b)x]
_
+ C
k
2k
b
2
cos(bx)
_
= (1)
k+
_
k1

i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2k
_
(2k 2i + b)
2
+ (2k 2i b)
2
_
+ C
k
2k
b
2
_
.
Identities (24) and (25) follow. The proof is complete.
3. Proofs of theorems
Proof of Theorem 1. From Lemma 1 and formula (23) in Lemma 2, using the
LHospital rule and integration by parts yields
_

0
sin
2m+1
x
x
2n+1
cos(bx) dx =
1
2
2m
_

0

m
i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m+1
sin[(2m2i + 1)x] cos(bx)
x
2n+1
dx
=
1
2
2m+1
_

0

m
i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m+1
_
sin[(2m2i + b + 1)x] + sin[(2m2i b + 1)x]
_
x
2n+1
dx
=
(1)
2j1
(2n j)!
2
2m+1
(2n)!

_
_
m

i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m+1
_
(2m2i + b + 1)
j1
sin
_
(2m2i + b + 1)x +
(j 1)
2

+ (2m2i b + 1)
j1
sin
_
(2m2i b + 1)x +
(j 1)
2

_
_
1
x
2nj+1

0
EVALUATIONS OF THE IMPROPER INTEGRALS 7

_

0
_
m

i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m+1
_
(2m2i + b + 1)
j
sin
_
(2m2i + b + 1)x +
j
2

+ (2m2i b + 1)
j
sin
_
(2m2i b + 1)x +
j
2

_
_
1
x
2nj+1
dx
_
=
(1)
n
2
2m+1
(2n)!
_

0
_
m

i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m+1
_
(2m2i + b + 1)
2n
sin
_
(2m2i + b + 1)x

+ (2m2i b + 1)
2n
sin
_
(2m2i b + 1)x

_
_
1
x
dx
=
(1)
m+n
2
2m+1
(2n)!
m

i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2m+1
_
(2m2i + b + 1)
2n
_

0
sin[(2m2i + b + 1)x]
x
dx
+ (2m2i b + 1)
2n
_

0
sin[(2m2i b + 1)x]
x
dx
_
=
(1)
m+n

m
i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2m+1
u(m, n, i, b)
2
2m+1
(2n)!


2
,
where u(m, n, i, b) = (2m2i +b +1)
2n
+(2m2i b +1)
2n
sgn(2m2i b +1)
and 1 j 2n.
By formula (22), using the LHospital rule, from Lemma 2, integration by parts
gives us
_

0
sin
2m
x
x
2n
cos(bx) dx
=
1
2
2m1
_

0

m1
i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m
cos[2(mi)x] cos(bx) +
1
2
C
m
2m
cos(bx)
x
2n
dx
=
1
2
2m
_

0

m1
i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m
_
cos[(2m2i + b)x] + cos[(2m2i b)x]
_
+ C
m
2m
cos(bx)
x
2n
dx
=
1
2
2m

1
2n 1
_

0
_
m1

i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m
_
cos[(2m2i + b)x] + cos[(2m2i b)x]
_
+ C
m
2m
cos(bx)
_
d
_
1
x
2n1
_
=
1
(2n 1) 2
2m
__
m1

i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m
_
cos[(2m2i + b)x]
+ cos[(2m2i b)x]
_
+ C
m
2m
cos(bx)
_
1
x
2n1

0
+
_

0
_
m1

i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m
_
(2m2i + b) sin[(2m2i + b)x]
+ (2m2i b) sin[(2m2i b)x]
_
+ C
m
2m
b sin(bx)
_
1
x
2n1
dx
_
8 Q.-M. LUO AND F. QI
(by integration by part)
=
1
(2n 1) 2
2m
_

0
_
m1

i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m
_
(2m2i + b) sin[(2m2i + b)x]
+ (2m2i b) sin[(2m2i b)x]
_
+ C
m
2m
b sin(bx)
_
1
x
2n1
dx
(by Lemma 2)
=
(2n j 2)!
2
2m
(2n 1)!
__
m1

i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m
_
(2m2i + b)
j
sin
_
(2m2i + b)x +
(j 1)
2
_
+ (2m2i b)
j
sin
_
(2m2i b)x +
(j 1)
2
_
_
+ C
m
2m
b
j
sin
_
bx +
(j 1)
2
_
_
1
x
2nj1

_

0
_
m1

i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m
_
(2m2i + b)
j+1
sin
_
(2m2i + b)x +
j
2
_
+ (2m2i b)
j+1
sin
_
(2m2i b)x +
j
2
_
_
+ C
m
2m
b
j+1
sin
_
bx +
j
2
__
1
x
2nj1
dx
_
(by integration by part)
=
(1)
n
2
2m
(2n 1)!
_

0
_
m1

i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m
_
(2m2i + b)
2n1
sin[(2m2i + b)x]
+ (2m2i b)
2n1
sin[(2m2i b)x]
_
+ C
m
2m
b
2n1
sin(bx)
_
1
x
dx
(by mathematical induction on j 2n 2)
=
(1)
n
2
2m
(2n 1)!
_
m1

i=0
(1)
m+i
C
i
2m
_
(2m2i + b)
2n1
_

0
sin[(2m2i + b)x]
x
dx
+ (2m2i b)
2n1
_

0
sin[(2m2i b)x]
x
dx
_
+ C
m
2m
b
2n1
_

0
sin(bx)
x
dx
_
=
_
(1)
m+n
m1

i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2m
_
(2m2i + b)
2n1
+ (2m2i b)
2n1
sgn(2m2i b)
_
+ (1)
n
C
m
2m
b
2n1
_
1
2
2m
(2n 1)!


2
.
(by formula (20))
=
(1)
m+n

m1
i=0
(1)
i
C
i
2m
v(m, n, i, b) + (1)
n
C
m
2m
b
2n1
2
2m
(2n 1)!


2
,
where v(m, n, i, b) = (2m2i + b)
2n1
+ (2m2i b)
2n1
sgn(2m2i b).
The proof of Theorem 1 is thus complete.
EVALUATIONS OF THE IMPROPER INTEGRALS 9
Proof of Theorem 2. From standard argument, for = 0, by transformation x =
t, we have
_

0
sin
r
(x)
x
s
cos(bx) dx =
s1
sgn
_

0
sin
r
t
t
s
cos
_
b

_
dt. (28)
From Theorem 1, Theorem 2 follows.
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online at http://www.math.ustc.edu.cn/Encyclopedia/contents/.
(Luo) Department of Broadcast-Television-Teaching, Jiaozuo University, Jiaozuo
City, Henan 454003, China
(Qi) Department of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Jiaozuo Institute of Tech-
nology, #142, Mid-Jiefang Road, Jiaozuo City, Henan 454000, China
E-mail address: [email protected]
URL: http://rgmia.vu.edu.au/qi.html