RAFFLES INSTITUTION

RAFFLES PROGRAMME 2009 Secondary Three Mathematics Topic 6: Quadratic Functions

Worksheet 2 Class: Sec 3 ( ) Date:

Name:

LEARNER OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, students are able to (1) investigate how the nature of roots is related to the discriminant, (2) use the results to solve for unknown constants in an equation. 1. NATURE OF ROOTS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

For the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , where a 0, the roots are

b + b 2 4 ac b b 2 4 ac x1 = and x2 = . 2a 2a
The quantity D = b 2 4ac is called the ___________________ of the equation. When D is positive, x1 and x2 are ____________ and _____________. When D is zero, x1 and x2 are ____________ and _____________. When D is negative, x1 and x2 are _________________. In summary, Graph a>0 a<0 >0 b2 4ac Nature of root No. of Intersections with x-axis

=0

<0

Example 1 Determine the nature of the roots of (a) 3x + 5x + 4 = 0, (b) x 8x + 16 = 0,

(c) 7x +2x 1 = 0.

Example 2 Find the values of k for which the equation x 2 + 5k = kx + x + 19 has real and equal roots.

Example 3 Find the range of values of p for which the equation ( p + 2) x 2 2 px = 5 p has complex roots.

Example 4 Find the range of values of k for which the equation x 2 + 3kx + 2k = x 10 has real roots. State the values of k for equal roots.

Example 5 Show that the equation 3x 2 + kx + k 5 = 0 has real and distinct roots for all values of k.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. Find the range of values of k for which the equation 3x 2 4 x + 4k = 0 has real and distinct roots. Find the range of values of k for which the equation x 2 4kx = k 3 has no real roots. The equation x 2 + x (2 x + p ) + 3 = 0 has equal roots, find the possible values of p. Show that the roots of the equation x 2 + (k + 1) x + k = 0 are real for all values of k.

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HOMEWORK 1. Find the value(s) of k such that the equation x 2 + kx + 2 k 3 = 0 has only one real root. [k=2 or 6] 2. The roots of the equation ax 2 4ax + 4a 5 = 0 are real and distinct. Find the range of values of a. [a>0] 3. Find the range of values of a for which the equation 4ax2 + (4a + 1)x + a 9 = 0 has no real roots.

4. Show that the equation x2 + (2 k)x + k = 3 has real roots for all real values of k.

4 [a < 4 ] 8

2.

POINTS OF INTERSECTION OF LINE AND QUADRATIC CURVE

When a straight line intersect with a quadratic curve, we can find the point(s) of intersection by equating the linear expression (which represents the line) and the quadratic expression (which represents the curve), and solving the new quadratic equation thus formed. Example 6 Find the point(s) of intersection of the line y = x + 3 and curve y = x2 2x 1.

Generally, Graph b2 4ac (of new quadratic equation) >0 Nature of root No. of Intersections with x-axis

=0

<0

Example 7 Find the range of values of m for which the line y = mx + 4 intersects the curve y = x 2 4 x + 5 at two distinct points. Write down the values of m for which the line is tangent to the curve.

Example 8 Find the range of values of k for which the line y = kx + k will not intersect the curve 3 x 2 + 1 = xy .

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Find the range of values of m for which the line y = mx + 5 meets the curve y = x2 + 9 at two distinct points. If this line is to be a tangent, find the coordinates of the points of contact.

2.

Find the value(s) of k such that the curves y = (k 1)x2 kx + 1 and y = x2 3kx k intersect at exactly two points.

HOMEWORK 1. If the line x + y + p = 0 does not intersect the curve y 2 = 2 x + p, find the range of values of p. [p>1]
2. Find the values of k for which the straight line y = k (1 2x) is a tangent to the curve [k = 2 or 1] y = x2 + 2 . Show that the line y = 5 x 4 is a tangent to the curve y = x 2 + x . Find also the condition for y = mx c to be a tangent to the curve. [4c = (1 m)2] 4

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3.

STRICTLY POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Given any quadratic function y = ax 2 + bx + c . If a > 0 and b2 4ac < 0, the curve lies entirely above the xaxis and hence the quadratic function is always _____________. If a < 0 and b2 4ac < 0, the curve lies entirely below the xaxis and hence the quadratic function is always ______________. In the table, fill in if the function is always positive, always negative, non-positive or non-negative.

a>0

a<0

b 2 4ac < 0 b 2 4ac 0

Example 9

Example 10 Show that the expression 2x2 + 5x 7 is negative for all real values of x.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Find the condition for 2x2 + 3kx + 4c to be positive for all real values of x.

2.

Find range of values of k for which kx2 2x + k is always positive.

HOMEWORK 1. Given that y = (6 t ) x 2 + 8 x t , find the range of values of t for which y is always positive.
[t<-2] 2. Find the range of values of k if kx 2 4 x + k 3 is negative for all real values of x. [ k < 1]

3. Find the range of values of k for which k(x2 + 2x + 3) 4x 2 is never negative.

[ 0 < k 1]

EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. Find the range of values of h for which 3 x 2 + hx + 1 = x 2hx 2 has two distinct real 1 roots. [ h < 1 or h > 11, h 1 ] 2 Show that the roots of ( x k )(1 3 x ) + 1 = 0 are real and distinct for all real values of k. Find the value(s) or the range of values of p for which the equation (a) 2x2 4x + 3 = p has real roots, (b) 3x 2 = 2x + p 1 has distinct real roots, (c) p x 2 6x + p = 0 has equal real roots. 4. [ p 1] 2 [p> ] 3 [+3, 3]

2.

3.

Prove that, for all real values of a, the equation x2 + 2ax + 2a2 + a + 1 = 0 has no real roots for x. In the equation ( p 2 + 1) x 2 + 2 pqx + q 2 = 0 , p and q are real numbers and q 0. Show that the equation has no real roots for any real values of p and q (q 0). [D = 4q2] The curve y = mx 2 + 4 x + 12 has a minimum point and cuts the x axis at two points. 1 Find the range of values of m. [0 < m < ] 3 Show that the equation 3 x 2 + kx + k 5 = 0 has real and distinct roots for all real values of k. Find the values of k if the equation ( k 1) x 2 4 x + ( k 1) = 0 has one real root. [k=-1 or 3] Show that the expression 2x2 + 6x + 7 is positive for all real values of x. Hence, or otherwise, solve the inequality (2x2 + 6x + 7) (2x2 + 6x 7) < 0. 3 23 3 + 23 [ <x< ] 2 2

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If p and q are real, prove that the expression x 2 + ( p q ) x + p 2 + pq + q 2 + 1 is always positive. [D = 3(p + q)2 4 < 0] Find the values of k for which the expression (2 k + 3) x 2 6 x + 4 k is a perfect 1 square. [ k = or 3 ] 2

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