RESEARCH INVENTY: International Journal of Engineering and Science

ISBN: 2319-6483, ISSN: 2278-4721, Vol. 1, Issue 8 (November 2012), PP 24-28

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24
Four Force in MOND

1
Manisha R Pund,
2
Maya Nahatkar
2
Shri Rajendra Junior college, Nagpur, India
1
Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, India


Abstract: The transformations of a four force in MOND theory are deduced. They differ to their relativi stic
counter parts.

I. Introduction
The modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a burgeoning theory that proposes a modification of
Newtons second law of dynamics a F m = to explain the galaxy rotation problem.When the uniform velocity
of rotation of cluster of galaxies was first observed (Oort 1932 and Zwicky 1933), it was not in tune with
Newtonian theory of gravity- the galaxies or stars sufficiently away from the centre of the cluster move with
constant velocities more than predicted by the theory. The dark matter was, then postulated to account for this
constant large velocity. However, even after seven decades, there is not a convincing evidence of the dark
matter. In an attempt to explain the observed uniform velocities of galaxies, Professor Milgrom in 1983
propounded an equation of motion that resulted into a theory which is known as MOND (modified Newtonian
dynamics). The Newtons second law of motion now is generalized to
a F
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
a
a
m , (1.1)
which can be considered as modification of Newtonian dynamics,
where

>>
<<
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
0
0 0
0
1
/
a a
a a a a
a
a

.
For
0
a a >> above equation reduces to a F m = which is Newtonian dynamics. The quantity
0
a is constant
and has the dimension of acceleration and is evaluated as
2 -8
0
/ 10 2 s cm a ~ (Milgrom 1983a, Bekenstein
and Milgrom 1984).Basically the early MOND is non-relativistic and hence will be interesting to probe into the
consequences of MOND coupled with Lorentz symmetry. As a first step towards the goal, in this paper, we
deduce the transformat ion of four force in the MOND region. It is observed that the transformations to that
effect are different from their relativistic counter parts, as is expected.

II. The Relativistic Analogue Of MOND In Regard To Velocity
The Newtons second law of motion in the usual notation can be expressed as


) ( u
p
F m
dt
d
dt
d
= =
,
In relativity when u is the velocity of a particle with mass ) (u m m = , above gives


dt
dm
dt
du
m u F + =
(2.1)
Comparing this equation with its analogue in MOND (1.1), we deduce

du
dm
u m
a
a
m + =
0

Considering a to be a constant , k above linear differential equation reduces to a variable separable form

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0
a
a k
u
du
m
dm


On integration, we obtain
Four Force In MOND
25


A
u
u
m
m
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0 0
,
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0
a
a k
A

Noting
2
2
0
1
c
u
m
m

= , above is rewritten as

A
u
u
m
c
u
m
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

0
0
2
2
0
1
or
0
2
1
2
2
1
u
u
c
u
A
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

Neglecting higher order terms of
2
2
c
u
, above yields
0 2
2
2
0
2
2
= + Ac u
u
Ac
u
For real values of u , we get

2
2
0
2
c
u
A > i.e.
2
2
0
0
0
2
c
u
a
a k
>

or
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ >
2
2
0
0
2
1
c
u
a k , (2.2)
where we assume that 0 , ) (
0 0 0
= = u m u m .
This equation seems to be interesting and deserves physical interpretation. At present we conclude that the
conservation of linear momentum is acclaimed for 0 = k which corresponds to a rectilinear mot ion of a
particle. Also
0
m m = corresponds to
0
a k = .

III. The relativistic analogue of MOND in regard to acceleration

From (1.1) and (2.1),
m
c
m
m ,
) (
2 2
=
|

+ a
u a u
a (2.3)
where
|
=
0
m
m and . 1
2
2
c
u
= |
Now we consider following two cases,

Case I: Let a be perpendicular to u. Then 0 = u a and
0
a a = , follows from (2.3). Also (1.1) goes over to
Newtonian dynamics.

Case II: Let a be parallel to u. We consider u a B = , where B is a constant. We investigate the relativistic
analogue of MOND in regard to velocity and acceleration as follows.
Equation (2.3) implies
Four Force In MOND
26

.
) )( / (
0
3
2
0 0
u u
u u
u B
m B c m
B
m

|
=
|

+
|


This simplifies to
.
1
2
0
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
a
a
(2.4)
4. Four force in MOND

Considering four momentum ) , (
4
p p
i
p = , we write

) / (
0
|

=
c
a a m
ds
d a p
or .
c
m
ds
d
|
=
a p

and
|
= |
.
|

\
|
=
2
4
1
c dt
dE
ds
dt
c
E
dt
d
ds
dp
(2.5)
where E represents energy.
The work done dw in moving a system through the displacement dr is
r F d dw = or u a = ) (m
dt
dw

If the work done is used in increasing the kinetic energy T , above gives,
u F = =
dt
dT
dt
dw

u F = =
dt
dE
dt
dT


Using above equation, (2.5) becomes


( )
|

=
2
4
c
m
ds
dp u a
.
Thus four force in MOND can be expressed by
ds
dp
F
i
i
= as a four force,


( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
|

|

=
2
,
c
m
c
m
F
i
u a a
(2.6)

IV. Transformations of the components of four force
i
F in MOND
Considering its components
4 3 2 1
, , , F F F F must transform like the components of a four radius vector
i
x
under LTS i.e.
F , F ,
3 '3 2 '2 4 1
1
'
F F F
c
v
F F = = |
.
|

\
|
o =

2 / 1
2
2
1 4
4
'
c
v
- 1 ,

|
|
.
|

\
|
= o |
.
|

\
|
o = F
c
v
F F

In view of (2.6) in ' S frame, we write


(2.7)
Four Force In MOND
27


( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
|

|

=
'
' ' ' '
,
'
' ' '
2
c
m
c
m
F
i
'
u a a
,
2
2
'
'
1
c
u
= |

Substituting the values of , , ,
4 3 2 1
F F F F from (2.6) in (2.7) and by using the result,

2
2 2 2 2
2
2
'
1
/ 1 / 1
1
c
v u
c u c v
c
u
x

= ,
we get
) (
) (
' '
2
z z y y
x
x x
u a u a
v u c
m v
a m a' m +

=

y
x
y
a m
v u c
c
v
c
a' m'

=
) (
1
'
2
2
2
2
,
z
x
z
a m
v u c
c
v
c
a' m'

=
) (
1
'
2
2
2
2

( ) )] ( ) ( [
) (
' ' ' '
2
2
z z y y x x
x
u a u a v u a
v u c
m c
m + +

= u a
Using
r
GMa
a
0
| | ~ = a , (see Milgrom (1983), Bekenstein (2004)), we get transformat ions of acceleration
components

) (
) (
2
z z y y
x
x x
u a u a
v u c r
mv
r
ma
r'
m'a'
+

= ,

r
ma
v u c
c
v
c
r'
m'a'
y
x
y
) (
1
2
2
2
2

= ,
r
ma
v u c
c
v
c
r'
m'a'
z
x
z
) (
1
2
2
2
2

= ,
) ( ) ( [
) ( '
) ' ' (
'
2
2
z z y y x x
x
u a u a v u a
v u c r
mc
r
m + +

=
u a

Defining a F m
N
=
) (
analogous to Newtonian force mass acceleration relationship, the above transformation
can be rewritten as
) (
) (
)
(
)
(
2
)
( ) ( '
z
N
z y
N
y
x
N
x
N
x
u F u F
v u c r
v
r
F
r'
F
+

= (2.8)

r
F
v u c
c
v
c
r'
F
N
y
x
N
y
) (
2
2
2
2
) ( '
1

= (2.9)

r
F
v u c
c
v
c
r'
F
N
z
x
N
z
) (
2
2
2
2
) ( '
1

= (2.10)
Four Force In MOND
28

and
'
' ) ( ' ' ) ( ' ' ) ( '
r
u F u F u F z
N
z
y
N
y
x
N
x
+ +

] ) ( [
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
z
N
z y
N
y x
N
x
x
u F u F v u F
v u c r
c
+ +

= . (2.11)
Conclusion
When a is perpendicular to u , MOND boils down to Newtonian mechanics and for a parallel to u yields to
(2.4), the relativistic analogue of MOND in regard to velocity and acceleration. The four force transformat ions
in MOND are given by the equations (2.6), (2.8), (2.9), (2.10) and (2.11).
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to Professor T M Karade for suggesting the problem.
References
[1.] Oort J, Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth. 6, 249 1932
[2.] Zwicky F, Helv. Phys. Acta 6, 110 1933
[3.] Milgrom M, 1983a, Ap J, 270, 365
[4.] Milgrom M, 1983b, Ap J, 270, 371.
[5.] Milgrom M, 1983c, Ap J, 270, 384.
[6.] Bekenstein J, 2004, Phys Rev D, 70, 083509.