(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,

Vol. 3, No. 10, 2012

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FPGA Implementation of 5/3 Integer DWT for Image
Compression
M.Puttaraju
1

Professor, Department of Medical Electronics
DayanandaSagra College of Engineering
Bangalore, India
Dr.A.R.Aswatha
2

Professor, Department of Telecommunication
DayanandaSagra College of Engineering
Bangalore, India


Abstract The wavelet transform has emerged as a cutting edge
technology, in the field of image compression. Wavelet-based
coding provides substantial improvements in picture quality at
higher compression ratios. In this paper an approach is proposed
for the compression of an image using 5/3(lossless) Integer
discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for Image Compression. The
proposed architecture, based on new and fast lifting scheme
approach for (5, 3) filter in DWT. Here an attempt is made to
establish a Standard for a data compression algorithm applied to
two-dimensional digital spatial image data from payload
instruments.
Keywords-2D-DWT; Lifting; CCDS; wavelet transform; 1DDWT.
I. INTRODUCTION
The wavelet transform has gained widespread acceptance
in signal processing in general and in image compression
research in particular. In applications such as still image
compression, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) based
schemes have outperformed other coding schemes like the
ones based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). The DWT
has been introduced as a highly efficient and flexible method
for sub band decomposition of signals. The two dimensional
DWT (2D-DWT) is nowadays established as a key operation
in image processing. This is due to the fact that DWT supports
features like progressive image transmission (by quality, by
resolution), ease of compressed image manipulation, region of
interest, etc. In addition to image compression, the DWT has
important applications in many areas, such as computer
graphics, numerical analysis, radar target distinguishing and so
forth.
The transform coding part utilizes Discrete Fourier
Transform (DFT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and
Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) etc. Most widely used
and efficient compression scheme JPEG uses Discrete Cosine
Transform in its transform coding part. It splits the whole
image into 8X8 pixel blocks and then for each block DCT is
applied. The DCT has the disadvantage of blocking artefacts
(blurring of images at edges of the image blocks) at higher
compression ratios. This is overcome by the use of Discrete
Wavelet Transform, since it considers image as a whole and
moreover, it does not have pre-processing of image (splitting it
into 8X8 pixel blocks). Thus for the same quality of the output
image DWT has better compression ratios.
DWT has traditionally been implemented by convolution.
Such an implementation demands both a large number of
computations and a large storagefeatures that are not
desirable for either high-speed or low-power applications.
Recently, a lifting-based scheme that often requires far fewer
computations has been proposed for the DWT [1].The
transform coding part which we would be developing will be a
5/3 Integer Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Suitable
architecture is selected (lifting) [1] and the core is developed
using VHDL.
II. CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE FOR SPACE DATA
SYSTEMS
The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
(CCDS) is the recommendation for space data system
standards. The main purpose of this paper is to establish a data
compression algorithm applied to two-dimensional digital
spatial image data from payload instruments based upon the
recommendation [1].
III. LIFTING BASED DWT
The wavelet Lifting Scheme is a method for decomposing
wavelet transforms into a set of stages. The convolution-based
1-D DWT requires both a large number of arithmetic
computations and a large memory for storage. Such features
are not desirable for either high speed or low-power image
processing applications. The main feature of the lifting-based
wavelet transform is to break-up the high pass and the low
pass wavelet filters into a sequence of smaller filters. The
lifting scheme requires fewer computations compared to the
convolution-based DWT. Therefore the computational
complexity is reduced to almost a half of those needed with a
convolution approach [2][3].The Fig.1 illustrates Lifting
Concept.
The main advantages of lifting scheme are as follows:
I) It allows a faster implementation of the wavelet
transform.
II) The lifting scheme allows a fully in-place calculation of
the wavelet transform. In other words, no auxiliary memory
is needed and the original signal (image) can be replaced with
its wavelet transform.
III) With the lifting scheme, the inverse wavelet transform
can immediately be found by undoing the operations of the
forward transform. In practice, this comes down to simply
reversing the order of the operations and changing each + into
a - and vice versa.
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Fig. 1 Lifting Scheme
The three main steps of Lifting are
a) Predict step: where the odd samples are multiplied by
the time domain equivalent of s(z) and are added to the even
samples.
b) Update step: where updated even samples are multiplied
by the time domain equivalent of t(z) and are added to the odd
samples.
c) Scaling step: where the even samples are multiplied by
1/K and odd samples by K .
A. Two-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform
The basic idea of 2-D architecture is similar to 1-
Darchitecture. A 2-D DWT can be seen as a 1-D wavelet
transform along the rows and then a 1-D wavelet transform
along the columns, as illustrated in Figure 2.The 2- DWT
operates in a straightforward manner by inserting array
transposition between the two 1-D DWT. The rows of the
array are processed first with only one level of decomposition.
This essentially divides the array into two vertical halves, with
the first half storing the average coefficients, while the second
vertical half stores the detail coefficients. This process is
repeated again with the columns, resulting in four sub-bands
(see Fig.4) within the array defined by filter output. The LL
sub-band represents an approximation of the original image,
the LL1 sub-band can be considered as a2:1 sub-sampled
(both horizontally and vertically) version of the original
image.
Fig .2 2_d DWT(one level)
The other three sub-bands HL1,LH1, and HH1 contain
higher frequency detail information (mostly local
discontinuities in the edges of the image). This process is
repeated for as many levels of decomposition as are desired.
Here level of decomposition is chosen as three. To increase
compression effectiveness, correlation remaining in the LL
sub band after the 2-d DWT decomposition is exploited by
applying further levels of DWT decomposition to produce a
multi-level 2-d DWT (Fig.3). This produces the pyramidal
decomposition [4].
CCSDS Recommendation standard specifies three level
decomposition. As from the Figure.4 it is clear. Original
Image undergoes first level decomposition to obtain four sub
bands namely LL1, HL1, LH1, and HH1. Now the LL1
undergoes the second level decomposition to obtain the sub
bands LL2, HL2, LH2 and HH2. In the final stage LL2
undergoes third level decomposition to obtain the sub bands
LL3, HL3, LH3 and HH3. The DWT stage performs three
levels of 2-D wavelet decomposition to obtain 10 sub bands as
shown in the fig.4. Once LL1 undergoes first level
decomposition remaining HL1, LH1 and HH1 are stored in
DWT buffer as shown in fig 3.Similarly HL2, LH2 and HH2
are stored in buffer during next level decomposition. at each
level of decomposition, the LL sub band from the previous
level is decomposed, using a 2-d DWT, and is replaced with
four new sub bands. Each new sub band is half the width and
half the height of the LL sub band from which it was
computed. Each additional level of decomposition thus
increases the number of sub bands by three.
Fig.3 Program and Data Flow of DWT Module

Fig. 4: Three-Level 2-d DWT Decomposition of a Image
IV. IMPLEMENTATION
CCSDS Recommended Standard use of a three-level, two
dimensional (2-d), separable Discrete Wavelet Transform
(DWT) with five and three taps for low- and high-pass filters,
respectively.fig 5 shows the general schematic coder .
Two specific 1-d wavelets are specified with this
Recommended Standard [1] Integer DWT which strictly
supports lossless compression. Integer DWT is purely
reversible i.e. reconstructed image will be same as original
image.
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Fig .5 General Schematic of the coder
1-d Integer DWT maps a signal vector(shown in equation
1) to two sets of wavelet coefficients, one high-pass set, Dj,
and one low pass set, Cj, in accordance with equations 2
and3[1] [2] [5]
For N>2 let
{X
0
,X1,.............X
2N-1
} (1)
(

+ =
+ +
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
D
2 2 2 1 2 j j j j
x x x
(2)
For j=1N-3
(

+ +
+ =
+
4
2 D D
Cj
1 2j 1 2j
2 j
x
(3)
For j=1N-1
Where

indicates floor brackets. Equations (2) and
(3) define the integer transform that shall be used with this
Recommended Standard. Given input values xi, the Djvalues
in equation (2) shall be computed first and used subsequently
to compute Cjvalues in equation (3).These equations are
Lifting Equations.
A. Lifting Equations Implementation
The wavelet Lifting Scheme is a method for decomposing
wavelet transforms into a set of stages .As compared to
convolutional method the arithmetic computations required is
less i.e computational complexity is reduced by half .Its
implementation is described in fig.6

Fig .6 Lifting Concepts
The Figure .6 shows lifting concept where the odd samples
are predicted from even samples which are called as prediction
stage to obtain High Pass coefficients [6]. Then by using high
Pass coefficients, Low Pass is updated which is the next step
of lifting. Analysis of filter coefficients are shown in table no
1.

Table 1:Filter Coefficients for the 5/3 Integer DWT Filter

V. VHDL IMPLEMENTATION

Fig .7.1 Block diagram for 1-level 2d-dwt
This is the basic block diagram for 1-level 2d-dwt which
will produce the 1
st
level 4 sub bands ,among them only LL
band is used for the 2
nd
level dwt[7].

Fig 7.2 Block diagram of ROW processor

Fig 7.3 Block diagram of High pass generation block (ROW processor)
i Low pass Filter
hi
High pass filter
gi
0
1
1/4 -1/4
2
-1/8

DWT

Bit-Plane
Encoder
Input
data
Coded
Data
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,
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Fig 7.4 Block diagram of Low pass generation block (ROW processor)

Fig 7.5 Block diagram of column processor

Fig 7.6 simulation results of 1 level 2d- DWT
VI. MEASURING OF PERFORMANCE
Mean Squared Error (MSE): MSE [1] is defined as
follows:
2
i
M
1 i

i
) x - x (
M
1
MSE

=
=
Where, M is the number of elements in the signal, or
image. For example, if we wanted to find the MSE between
the reconstructed and the original image, then we would take
the difference between the two images pixel by pixel, square
the results, and average the results. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio
(PSNR): The PSNR [1] is defined as follows:
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
MSE
1 2
10log PSNR
2
n
10

Where, n is the number of bits per symbol. As an
example, if we want to find the PSNR between two 256 gray
level images, then we set n to 8 bits. The following table no 3
give the psnr and rms calculation done for the 128128 size of
different images
Table 2: performance measures results for 1 level 2D DWT (with flooring
and ceiling function)
VII. RESULTS AND OBSERVATION

Fig.8.1 vhdl row processor output

Fig .8.2 column processor output.

Image Avg
error
RMS
error
PSNR SNR
Lenna 0.0 0.0 infinity infinity
Baboon 0.0 0.0 infinity infinity
Peppers 0.0 0.0 infinity infinity
cameraman 0.0 0.0 infinity infinity
goldhill 0.0 0.0 infinity infinity
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,
Vol. 3, No. 10, 2012

191 | P a g e
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Fig.9 Three Level decomposition of Lena Image using C++ code.
The DWT level chosen is one for FPGA implementation in
this paper.
VIII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an approach is made proposed architecture
for the5/3 Integer 2D-DWT to meet the requirements of real-
time image processing.As mentioned in CCSDS document for
three level decomposition of 9/7 Integer DWT is used to
implement 5/3 filter.
The proposed architecture has been correctly verified by
writing the code using VHDL Language. The code is
synthesized using Axcelerator FPGA family.The estimated
frequency of operation is around 60MHz.
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