NETWORK THEOREMS Objectives:

After completing this topic, the reader should be able to Apply principle of super position in the analysis of linear circuits. Determine the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits for a given circuit. Determine the maximum power delivered to the load RL using Thevenin equivalent

Linearity property: Linearity property of an element is the combination of homogeneity and additivity property. The homogeneity property requires that of the input is multiplied by a constant then the output is also multiplied by the same constant. For example V=iR If the current is increased by a constant k, then the voltage increases correspondingly by k that is kiR = kV The additivity property requires that the response to a sum of inputs is the sum of responses to each input applied separately. Using the voltage current relationship of a resistor, if V1= i1R; and V2 =i2R then applying (i1+i2) gives

V= (i1+i2)R=i1R+i2R=V1+V2 A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly related (or directly proportional) to its input. A linear circuit consists of only linear elements, linear dependent sources, and independent sources. SUPERPOSITION: The principle of super position states that any voltage or current response in a linear circuit resulting from several voltage and/or current sources may be determined by first considering the response produced by each source individually and algebraically combining the individual responses.

Steps to apply superposition principle: 1. Turn off all independent sources (voltage source by s/c and current source by o/c) except one source. Find the output (voltage or current) due to that active source using the techniques of method of circuit analysis. 2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources. 3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contribution due to the independent sources. Note: Superposition is based on linearity, hence not applicable to the effect on power due to each source, because the power absorbed by a resistor depends on the square of the voltage or current. Example1: Compute the power dissipated in the 9 resistor of figure-1 by applying the superposition principle. The voltage and current source should be treated as ideal sources. All resistances are in ohms.
6 12 + 32V 4 4A 9

Figure -1 Solution: (i) When voltage source acts alone: The constant current source is replaced by an open circuit i.e., infinite resistance. Further the circuit simplification leads to the fact that the total resistance offered to the voltage source is 4+ (12 15) =32/3 A I
6 12 4 + 32 B

Open circuit

Figure -1(a)

Hence, current =32 32/3 =3A. At point A this current divides in two parts. The part going along AB is the one that also passes through the 9 resistor.

I = 3 12 / (15+12) = 4/3 A.

(ii) When current source acts alone: The voltage source is replaced by an short circuit i.e., zero resistance. The 4A current divides in to two parts at point A A 6 I
12 4 4A

Short circuit B Figure -1(b) Hence, I = 4/2 = 2 A. since both I and I flow in the same direction, total current through the 9 resistor is I = I + I = 4/3+ 2 = 10/3 A Power dissipated through 9 resistor = I 2 R = 100W Example 2: Find io in the circuit in figure -2 using superposition
2 3 4A 1 5

5io
+ _ 20V +

io

Figure 2 Solution: The circuit involves a dependent source, which must be left intact. Let us have the total current io = io+ io where io and io are due to the 4-A current source and 20 V voltage source respectively. To obtain io , we turn off the 20 V source that we have the circuit in figure 2a .

2 3 4A

i2 5io
1 + _

i1
5

io

i3
Short circuit

Node 0

We apply mesh analysis in order to obtain io. For loop 1, ii = 4A For loop 2, -3i1+6i2-i3-5io =0 For loop 3 , -5i1-i2+10i3+5io = 0 But at node 0 , i1- i3 = io solving for equation 1, 2, & 3 by substituting 4 we get

(1) (2) (3) (4)

52 A (4a) 17 to obtain io , we turn off the 4-A current source so that the circuit becomes as shown in figure 2(b) io=
2 3 i4 1 5

Open circuit
io
+ 20V

5io
+ _

i5 -

Figure 2(b)

For loop 4, KVL gives, 6i4-i5 -5io =0 and for loop 5 -i4+10i5-20+5io =0

(5)

(6)

But i5 = io substitute in this in equation 5 &6 and solving we get io

io= where as io = io+ io

60 A 17

(6a)

Substituting 4a and 6a in the above equation we get io= EXAMPLE 3: Find Vo in the circuit in figure 3 using the superposition theorem 2H 1 + V 0 +
10cos2t V 2 sin 5t A

8 A = 0.4706 A 17

4 + 0.1F

5V

Figure -3 SOLUTION: Since the circuit operates at three different frequencies, one way to obtain solution is to use superposition, which breaks the problem into single frequency problems. So we let Vo = V1+V2+V3 (A)

Where V1 is due to the 5V dc voltage source, V2 is due to 10 cos2t V voltage source, and V3 is due to the 2sin5t A current source. When 5V dc source acts alone: To find V1, we set to zero all sources except the 5-V dc source. We recall that at steady state, a capacitor acts as open circuit to dc while an inductor short circuit to dc. There is an alternative way of looking at this. Since =0, jL =0, 1/jC= .Either way, the equivalent circuit is as shown in figure 3a.By voltage division rule V1 = 1 (5) = 1V 1+ 4 (1)

1 + V 1

4 +

Figure -3a (ii) When 10cos2t V acts alone:

5V

To find V2, we set zero both the 5-V source and the 2 sin5t current source and transform the circuit to the frequency domain. 10 cos2t 2H 0.1F 10 0o, j4, -j5,

The equivalent circuit is now shown in figure3 (b). 1 j4 4 + V 2

+
10 00

-j5

Figure -3b Let j5 4 = 2.439 j1.951 4 j5 By voltage division, Z j 5 || 4 = V2 = 1 (100 0 ) = 2.498 30.79 o 1+ 4 j + Z

In the time domain, V2 = 2.498 cos (2t-30.790) (2)

(iii) When 2sin 5t A acts alone: j10 1 + V 3 -j2 4

2 -90o A

Figure -3c To obtain V3, we set the voltage sources to zero and transform what is left to the frequency domain. 2sin5t 2H 0.1F 2 -90o, j10, -j2,

The equivalent circuit is shown in figure 3c Let Z1 = j 2 || 4 = j2 4 = 0.8 j1.6 j2 + 4

By current division, I1 = j10 ( 2 90 0 ) A j10 + 1 + Z 1 j10 ( j 2) = 2.328 80 0 V 1.8 + j8.4

V3 = I 1 1 = In the time domain,

V3 =2.33 cos(5t-80o) = 2.33 sin (5t +10o) V Substituting 1 , 2 & 3 in equation (A) we have V0 (t ) = 1 + 2.498 cos(2t 30.79 0 ) + 2.33 sin(5t + 10 0 )V

(3)