Example : 1

dy = x. dx

Solve the differential equation :

Solution The given differential equation is : dy xdx

dy = xdx
y=

x2 +C ........(i) 2 where C is an arbitrary constant. Note that (i) is the general solution of the given differential equation.

Example : 2 Solve the differential equation :

dy = x 1 if y = 0 for x = 1. dx

Solution The given differential equation is : dy = (x 1) dx

dy = ( x 1) dx

y=

x2 x+C 2
1 2

(general solution)

This is the general solution. We can find value of C using y = 0 for x = 1. 0=

1 1+C 2

C=

y=

1 x2 x+ is the particular solution. 2 2

Example : 3 Solve the differential equation : (1 + x) y dx + (1 y) x dy = 0 Solution Separate the term of x and y to get : (1 + x) y dx = (1 y) x dy
y 1 1+ x dx = y dy x

Example : 4

1+ x dx = x

y 1 y dy

log x + x = y log y + C log xy + x y = C is the general solution.

Solve the differential equation : xy2 Solution The given differential equation : xy2
dy = (1 x2) (1 + y2) dx

dy = 1 x2 + y2 x2y2 dx

dy = 1 x2 + y2 x2y2 dx

xy2

y 2 dy 1+ y
2

(1 x 2 ) dx x

Page # 1.

1+ y

y2

dy =

x x dx
x2 + C is the general solution of the given differential equation. 2

y tan1 y = log x

Example : 5 Solve Solution The given differential equation is :

d2 y dx 2 d2 y dx
2

= x + sin x if y = 0 and

dy = 1 for x = 0 dx

= x + sin x

...........(i)

It is an order 2 differential equation. But it can be easily reduced to order 1 differential equation by integrating both sides. On Integrating both sides of equation (i), we get
dy = dx

( x + sin x) dx
...........(ii)

dy x2 = cos x + C1 , where C1 is an arbitrary constant dx 2

dy = (x2/2 cos x + C1) dx

x2 cos x + C1 dx dy = 2

y=

x3 sin x + C1x + C2 6

This is the genral solution. For particular solution, we have to find C1 and C2 for x = 0, y = 0
dy =1 dx

0=

03 sin 0 + 0 C1 + C2 6

C2 = 0

for x = 0,

1=

02 cos 0 + C1 2

C1 = 0 [put x = 0 and dy/dx = 1 in (2)]

y=

x3 sin x is the particular solution of the given differential equation. 6

Example : 6 Solve the differential equation : Solution The given differential equation is : Put z=yx
dz dy = 1 dx dx dy dz = +1 dx dx
dz + 1 x tan z = 1 dx
dy x tan (y x) = 1 dx dy x tan (y x) = 1 dx

the given equation becomes :

Page # 2.

dz = x tan z dx

cot z dz = x dx
log sin z =

Example : 7

x2 +C 2
2

sin (y x) = e x

/2
2

. eC where k is an arbitrary constant.

x sin (y x) = ke

/2

Solve the differential equation : Solution

2x y dy = x+y dx 2x y dy = x+y dx

The given differential equation is :

2 y/x dy = 1+ y / x dx

Let y = mx

dy dm =m+x dx dx

m+x

dm 2m = dx 1+ m

dm 2 2m m 2 = dx 1+ m (1 + m) dm

2 2m m 2

dx x

Integrate both sides :

1 2

2 2m m

2 2m

dm =

dx x

1 log (2 2m m2) = log x + log C, 2

where C is an arbitrary constant

(2 2m m2) =

1 C2 x 2

2 2 2y y 2 x x 2 x = K,

where K is an arbitrary constant.

2x2 2xy y2 = K is the required general solution.

Page # 3.

Example : 8 Solve the differential equation : xdy ydx = Solution The given differential equation is : xdy ydx =
dy y + x2 + y2 = dx x

x 2 + y 2 dx

x 2 + y 2 dx

Let y = mx

dy dm =m+x dx dx

dm 1 + m2
=

dx x

dm 1+ m
2

dx x

2 log m + 1 + m

= log x + log C,

where C is an arbitrary constant.

y + x

1+

y2 x2

= Cx

Example : 9 Solve the differential equation : (2x + y 3) dy = (x + 2y 3) dx Solution The given differential equation is :
x 2y 3 dy = 2x + y 3 dx

x + 2y 3 = 0 , we get : x = 1, y = 1 Solving 2 x + y 3 = 0

Put

x=u+1
dy dv = dx du

and

y=v+1

(1 + u) + 2(1 + v ) 3 dv u + 2v = = 2(1 + u) + (1 + v ) 3 du 2u + v

dv dm =m+u du du

Now put v = mu

m+u
2+m 1 m
2

dm 1 + 2m = du 2+m

dm =

du u

1 m

2+m
2

dm =

du

1 + m + 1 m dm = u

1/ 2

3/2

du

(Resolving into partial fractions)

Page # 4.

1 3 log |1 + m| log |1 m| = log u + log C 2 2

(1 + m) (1 m)3 = u2 C2 where m =
y 1 y 1 1 + x 1 1 x 1
3

v y 1 = u x 1

and

u=x1

Example : 10

= (x 1)2 C2

(x + y 2) = (x y)3 C2 where c2 is a constant

Solve the differential equation : x Solution The given equation is : x

dy + y = x3 . dx

dy + y = x3 . dx

Convert to standard from by dividing by x.

dy 1 + y = x2 dx x

P=
P dx

1 and x

Q = x2

If = e

= e

dx x

= elnx = x yx =

Solution is :

( x ) dx + C

(using the formula)

xy =

x4 =C 4

is the genral solution

Example : 11 Solve sin x

dy + y cos x = 2 sin2x cos x dx

Solution The given differential equation is :

dy + cot x y = 2 sin x cos x dx

P = cot x

and

Q = 2 sin x cos x

P dx = cot x dx = log sin x

I.F. = elog sin x = sin x Using the standard result, the solution is : y (I.F.) = y sin x = y sin x =

Q (I.F.) dx + C

2 sin x cos x sin x dx + C

2 sin3x + C is the general solution. 3

Page # 5.

Example : 12 Solve the differential equation : x2 Solution The differential equation is :

1 y2
dy y2 y + = 2 dx x x

dy + xy = y2. dx

(Bernoullis Differential Equation)

1 1 dy + xy = 2 dx x

.........(i)

Let

1 y =t

1 dy dt = y 2 dx dx

On substituting in (i), we get

1 dy t = 2 dx x x
1

i.e.

linear differential equation.

x Using the standard result, the solution of the differential equation is : t = x

I.F.

= e

x dx = elux = 1
1

1 x2

dx + C

1 1 xy = + 2x 2 + C is the general solution.

Example : 13 Solve the differential equation : y2 Solution The given differential equation is : y2
x dy = 2 +y y dx
dy y = xy2 dx dy = x + y3 . dx

dy = x + y3 dx

(Bernoullis Differential Equation)

y2

dy y3 = x dx

Let

y3 = t

3y2

dy dt = dx dx

On substituting in the differential equation, it reduces to linear differential equation : i.e.

dt dt = 3x dx

I.F. = e = e3x Using the standard result, the solution of the differential equation is :
3 dx

e3x t = 3

xe

3 x

dx + C

Page # 6.

 Example : 14

1 3 x dx + e 3 x dx + C y3 e3x = 3 x e 3

y3 = x 1/3 + Ce3x 3 (y3 + x) + 1 = ke3x

is the general solution

Solve the differential equation : xyp2 (x2 y2) p xy = 0, where Solution The given differential equation is : xyp2 x2 p + y2 p xy = 0 (xyp2 + y2p) (x2p + xy) = 0 yp (xp + y) x (xp + y) = 0 (xp + y) (yp x) = 0 Case I x
dy +y=0 dx

dy = p. dx

xdy + ydx = 0 On integrating, we get : xy = k Case II xp x = 0 y

dy x=0 dx

d(xy) = 0

integrating, we get

y2 x2 =k 2 2

or y2 x2 2k = 0 Hence the solution is (xy k) (y2 x2 2k) = 0 Example : 15 Solve the differential equation : p(p + x) = y (x + y), where p = Solution The given differential equation is : p2 + px xy y2 = 0 (p2 y2) + (px xy) = 0 (p y) ( p + y) + x(p y) = 0 (p y) (p + x + y) = 0 Case I
dy y=0 dx dy dx

dy y dx = 0

Integrating, we get : log y = x + log A = log (Aex) x or y = Ae , where A is an arbitrary constant Case II p+x+y=0 I.F. =
dy +x+y=0 dx

..........(i)

dy +yx dx
dx

which is a linear equation.

e = ex Using the standard result, the solution of the differential equation is :

y ex =

xe

dx + A

Page # 7.

 y.ex = ex (1 x) + A y = 1 x + Aex ............(ii) From (i) and (ii), we get the combined solution of the given equation as (y Aex) (y + x 1 Aex) = 0 Example : 16 Solve the differential equation : y = (1 + p) x + ap2 , where p = Solution The given differential equation is : y = (1 + p) x + ap2 Differentiating the given equation w.r.t. x, we get
dy dp dp =p=1+p+x + 2ap dx dx dx dy dx

[solvable for y, refer section 3.3] .........(i)

I.F. =

0=1+

dp (x + 2ap) dx

dx + x + 2ap = 0, which is a linear equation. dp

dp

e = ep Using the standard result, the solution of the differential equation is :

x ep = 2a

pe

dp + C = 2a(p 1) ep + C

x = 2a (1 p) + Cep ............(ii) The p-eliminant of (i) and (ii) is the required solution. Example : 17 Solve the differential equation : p2y + 2px = y Solution The given differential is : x =

y yp 2p 2

[solvable for x, refer section 3.4] ........(i)

Differentiating with respect to y, we get

dx y dp 1 1 p y dp dy = p = 2p 2p 2 dy 2 2 dy

1 p y dp + = 2p 2 2 dy

1 p 2 + 1

2 1 + p2 y dp 1+ p = 2 2p p 2 dy

1=

y dp p dy

as 1 + p2 0

d py + ydp = 0 d(py) = 0
C p= y

Integrating, we get py = k

Putting the value of p in (i), we get

C2

y.

C + 2x . y = y

Page # 8.

C2 + 2Cx = y2 which si the required solution. Example : 18 Solve the differential equation : x = yp + ap2 . Solution The given differential is : x = yp + ap2 Differentiating with respect to y, we get
dx dp dp 1 = = p + y dy + 2ap dy dy p

i.e.

dp 1 p = dy (y + 2ap) p py 2ap 2 dy = + dp 1 p2 1 p2 p 2ap 2 dy y= which is linear equation dp 1 p2 1 p2

i.e.

i.e.

I.F. =

1 p2

= e2

log(1 p 2 )

Using the standard result, the solution of the differential equation is : y

1 p
2

= 2a

1 p 1 p

p2

1 p 2 dp

= 2a

p 2 dp
2

= 2a

(1 p 2 ) 1 1 p2

dp

= 2a

1 p 2 dp + 2a

dp 1 p2

1 1 2 1 = 2a p 1 p + sin p + 2a sin1 p + k 2 2

=y

1 p 2 = ap

1 p 2 + a sin1 p + k.

.........(ii)

The p-eliminant of (i) and (ii) is the required solution. Example : 19 Solve the differential equation : p3x p2y 1 = 0 Solution The given differential equation is : y = px 1/p2 Differentiating with respect to x, we get
2 dy dp =p=p+x + 3 p dx dx
dp dx

dp dx

2 x + p3

=0

Page # 9.

 or

dp =0 dx

.........(ii)

p3 =

2 x

.........(iii)

Consider (2) Integrate both sides to get : p = c where c is an arbitrary constant put p = c in (i) to get the general solution of the differential equation i.e. is the general solution y = cx 1/c2 Consider (3) Eliminate p between (iii) and (i) to get the singular solution i.e.
2 x 1 x 2 x
2/3

y=

3 2 x
2/3

Take cube of both sides to get : y3 =

27

4 / x2 4y3 = 2yx2 is the singular solution.

Example : 20 Form the differential equation satisfied by the general circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 Solution In forming differential equations for curve, we have to eliminate the arbitrary constants (g, f, v) for n arbitrary constant, we get will finally get an nth order differential equation. Here we will get a third order differential equation in this example. Differentiating once, 2x + 2yy + 2g + 2fy = 0 ..........(i) 2 Differentiating again 1 + y + yy + fy = 0 ..........(ii) Differentiating again 2yy + yy + yy + fy = 0 We can now eliminate from (i) and (ii) y (1 + yy + y2) y (yy + 3y y) = 0 y (1 + y2) 3y y2 = 0 is the required differential equation Example : 21 Find the differential equation satisfied by : ax2 + by2 = 1 Solution The given solution is : ax2 + by2 = 1 Differentiate the above solution to get : 2ax + 2byy = 0 ..........(i) Differentiating again, we get 2a + 2b(y2 + y) = 0 ..........(ii) Eliminating a and b from (i) and (ii), we will get the required differential equation from (i), we have
a yy = b x

and

from (ii), we have

a = (y2 + yy) b

yy = (y2 + yy) x yy = xy2 + xyy xyy + xy2 yy = 0 is the required differential equation.

Page # 10.

Example : 22 The slope of curve passing through (4, 3) at any point is reciprocal of twice the ordinate at that point. Show that the curve is a parabola. Solution The slope of the curve is the reciprocal of twice the ordinate at each point of the curve. Using this property, we can define the differential equation of the curve i.e. slope =
1 dy = 2y dx

Integrate both sides to get :

2y dy = dx
y2 = x + C As the required curve passes through (4, 3), it lies on it. 9=4+C C=5 So the required curve is : y2 = x + 5 which is a parabola Example : 23 Find the equation of the curve passing through (2, 1) which has constant subtangent. Solution The length of subtangent is constant. Using this property, we can define the differential equation of the curve i.e.
y subtangent = y = k

where k is a constant

dy =y dx

Integrate both sides to get :

k dy y =

dx

k log y = x + C where C is an arbitrary constant. As the required curve passes through (2, 1), it lies on it. 0=2+k C=2 the equation of the curve is : k log y = x 2. Note that above equation can also be put in the form y = AeBx . Example : 24 Find the curve through (2, 0) so that the segment of tangent between point of tangency and y-axis has a constant length equal to 2 Solution The segment of the tangent between the point of tangency and y-axis has a constant length = PT = 2. Using this property, we can define the differential equation of the curve i.e. PT = x sec = x 1 + tan 2 = x
dy x 1+ dx
2
2

1 + y2

=2

dy 4 1= = 2 x dx
dy = dx

4 x2 x2

Page # 11.

Integrate both sides to get : y=

4 x2 x2

dx + C1 dx = 2 cos d

Put x = 2 sin y=2 2

cos 2 d + C1 = sin
1

(cos ec sin ) d + C

= (2 log |cosec cot | + 2 cos ) + C

2 2 4x y = 2 log + 4 x2 + C x
C=0

As (2, 0) lies on the curve, it should satisfy its equation, i.e.

2 2 4x + 4 x2 the equation of the curve is : y = 2 log x

Example : 25 Find the equation of the curve passing through the origin if the mid-point of the segment of the normal drawn at any point of the curve and the X-axis lies on the parabola 2y2 = x. Solution OB = OM + MB = x + y tan = x + yy B (x + yy, 0)
yy y , N (mid point of PB) x + 2 2

N lies on 2y2 = x Put

y yy 2 =x+ 2 2
2

yy y2 = 2x (Divide both sides by y and check that it is a Bernoullis differential equation) y2 = t 2yy =
dt dx

1 dt t = 2x 2 dx
dt 2t = 4x dx

which is a linear differential equation.

2 dx

I.F. = Integrating factor = e = e2x Using the standard result, the solution of the differential equation is ; te2x =

4x

2 x

dx

te

2x

xe 2 x e 2 x + dx = 2 2

xe 2 x e 2 x te2x = 4 2 4 + C
t = 2x + 1 + Ce2x

Page # 12.

 y2 = 2x + 1 + Ce2x As it passes through (0, 0), C = 1 y2 = 2x + 1 e2x is the required curve. Example : 26 Find equation of curves which intersect the hyperbola xy = 4 at an angle /2. Solution Let m1 =
dy for the required family of curves at (x, y) dx dy for xy = 4 curve. dx

Let m2 = value of m2 =

4 dy = 2 dx x

As the requied family is perpendicular to the given curve, we can have : m1 m2 = 1

4 dy 2 = 1 dx x

for required family of curves :

dy x2 = dx 4

dy =

x 2 dx 4

y=

x3 + C is the requied family which intersects xy = 4 curve at an angle /2 12

Example : 27
x Solve the differential equation : (1 + ex/y) dx = ex/y 1 y dy = 0

Solution
x The given differential equation is : (1 + ex/y) dx = ex/y 1 y dy = 0 which is a homogenous differential

equation. Put x = my
dx dm = m + y dy dy

dm The given equation reduces to (1 + em) m + y dy + em (1 m) = 0 dm (m + mem + em mem) = (1 + em) y dy

dy 1 + em = dm y m + em

Integrating both sides, we get : log y + log (m + em) = C1

x x/y log y y + e = C1

x + yex/y = C is the requied general solution.

Page # 13.

Example : 28 Solve the equation :

2 2 1 + x x 2 + y 2 dx + 1 + x + y y dy = 0

Solution The given differential equation can be written as : dx ydy + x dx ydy + dx ydy +
x 2 + y 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 ydy = 0

x 2 + y 2 (xdx + ydy) = 0

1 x 2 + y 2 d (x2 + y2) = 0 2 Integrating both the sides, we get :

1 y2 + 2 2

t dt + C = 0

where t = x2 + y2

1 2 y2 + (x + y2)3/2 = C 3 2

Example : 29 Determine the equation of the curve passing through the origin in the form y = f(x), which satisfies the differential equation dy/dx = sin (10 + 6y) Solution Let 10x + 6y = m
dy 1 dm 10 = dx dx 6

So, we get,

dm = 2 (3 sin m = 5) dx

2(3 sinm + 5) = dx
5t + 3 1 =x+C tan1 4 4

dm

Put tan m/2 = t and solve integral on LHS to get :

As curve passes through (0, 0) C =

1 3 tan1 4 4

tan (4x + tan13/4) =

5 tan(5 x + 3 y ) + 3 4
tan A + tan B use tan( A + B ) = 1 tan A tan B

Simplify to get : y=
5 tan 4 x 1 5x tan1 3 3 4 3 tan 4 x

Example : 30 Solve the differential equation : (xy4 + y) dx x dy = 0 Solution The given differential equation is : (xy4 + y) dx x dy = 0 x
dy = xy4 + y dx

dy y = y4 dx x

(Bernoullis differential equation)

Divide both sides by y4 to get :

Page # 14.

1 y
4

1 dy 3 =1 y x dx

.........(i)
3 dy dt = y 4 dx dx

Let

=t

After substitution, (i) reduces to :

dt 3t + =3 dx x

(linear differential equation)

3 dx

I.F.

P dx

= e x

= e3lnx = x3

Using the standard result, the solution of differential equation is : tx3 =

3x dx + C
3

tx3 =
x3 y3 x3 3y
3

3x 4 +C 4
=
3 4 x +C 4 1 4 x =C 4

is the required general solution.

Alternate Method Consider the given differential equation, (xy4 + y) dx x dy = 0 dy4dx + ydx xdy = 0 Divide both sides by y4 to get
ydx xdy

xdx +

y4

=0

Multiply both sides by x2 to get :

x2 x dx + 2 y
2

ydx xdy =0 y2
x d y = 0

x dx +

x2 y
2

Integrate both sides

x 3 dx +

x2 x d = 0 y2 y

x3 x4 + = C is the requied general solution 3y 3 4

Example : 31
xdx + ydy Solve the following differential equation : xdy ydx = 1 (x2 + y2 ) x2 + y2

Solution The given differential equation can be written as

xdx + ydy 1 (x + y )
2 2

xdy ydx

x2 + y2

Page # 15.

Divide both sides by

xdx + ydy x + y 2 1 (x 2 + y 2 )
2

x 2 + y 2 to get
xdy ydx

x2 + y2

xdy ydx 1 y Using the fact that d [x2 + y2] = 2 (xdx + ydy) and d tan = x 2 + y 2 , we get x

1 d (x2 + y2 ) 2 x2 + y2

1 y = d tan x 1 (x 2 + y 2 )

Put x2 + y2 = t2 in the LHS to get :

tdt t 1 t
2

1 y = d tan x

Integrate both sides

tdt t 1 t
2

= tan1

y + C1 x

sin1 t = tan1 (y/x) + C

x 2 + y 2 = tan1 y +C x

so the general solution is : sin1

Example : 32 Solve the differential equation : Solution The given differential equation is :
dy + x sin 2y = x3 cos2y dx

dy + x sin 2y = x3 cos2y. dx

Dividing both sides by cos2y, we get sec2y

dy + 2x tan y = x3 dx

Let

tan y = t

sec2y

dy dt = dx dx

On substitution, differential equation reduces to :

dt + 2xt = x3 dx

(linear differential equation)

2

I.F. = e = ex Using the standard result, the general solution is :

2 x dx

te x =

x e
2

3 x2

dx + C1

Integrate RHS yourself to get the general solution :

2 1 2 (x 1) e x + C 2 Replace t by tan y, we get :

te x =

tan y =

2 1 2 (x 1) C e x which is the requied solution 2

Page # 16.

Example : 33 A normal is drawn at a point P(x, y) of a curve. It meets the x-axis at Q. If PQ is of constant length k, then show that the differential equation describing such curves is y
dy = dx

k 2 y 2 . Also find the equation of

the curve if it passes through (0, k) point Solution Let M be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P to the x-axis In triangle PMQ, PQ = k (given), QM = subnormal = y (dy/dx) and PM = y Apply pythagoras theorem in triangle PMQ to get : PQ2 = PM2 + MQ2
dy k2 = y2 + y3 dx
2

dy = dx

k2 y2

which is requied to be shown

Solving the above differential equation, we get :

ydy k2 y2

dx
C=0

k2 y2 = x + C

As (0, k) lies on it, 0 = 0 + C equation of curve is : x2 + y2 = k2

k2 y2 = x

is the required equation of the curve.

Example : 34 A curve y = f(x) passes through the point P(1, 1). The normal to the curve at P is : a(y 1) + (x 1) = 0. If the slope of the tangent at any point on the curve is proportional to the ordinate of that point, determine the equation of the curve. Also obtain the area bounded by the y-axis, the curve and the normal to the curve at P. Solution It is given that equation of the normal at point P(1, 1) is ay + x = a + 1 slope of tangent at P = 1/(slope of normal at P)
dy =a dx at P

...........(i)

It is also given that slope of the tangent at any point of the curve is proportional to the ordinate i.e. tan =
dy = dy dx

dy = ay dx

[Q from (i0, at P(1, 1), dy/dx = a]

On solving, we get : lnx = ax + C As curve passes through (1, 1), 0=a+C x(x1) equation of the curve is : y = e

C=a
1

requied Area

1 x x ( x 1) a + 1 e dx =

x x2 e x( x 1) +x a 2a a

a 1 1 1 2e a 1 + 2a + 1 + e = = a a 2a a 2a

Page # 17.

Example : 35 Find the equation to the curve such that the distance between the origin and the tangent at an arbitrary point is equal to the distance between the origin and the normal at the same point. Solution Equation of tangent to the curve y = f(x) and any point (x, y) is : Y y = f(x) (X x) .............(i)
| y f ( x ) x |

The distance of the tangent from origin =

1 + ( f ( x ))2

..........(i)

Equation of norma to the curve y = f(x) and any point (x, y) is :

1 Yy= (X x) f ( x)
y+ 1 x ( x ) f
2

The distance of the normal from origin =

..........(ii)

1 1+ f ( x )

From (i) and (ii) and using the fact that the distance of the tangent and normal from origin is equal, we get:
1 y f(x) x = f(x) y + x f (x)

= [f(x) y + x]
dy dx

y x = (x + y)
yx dy = y+x dx

dy dx

or

x + y = (x y)

or

x+y dy = xy dx

Consider case I
yx y / x 1 dy = y + x = y / x + 1 which is a homogeneous equation. dx

Put y = mx dy/dx = m + x (dm/dx) On substituting in the differential equation, we get : m+x

dm m 1 = dx m +1

1+ m dx dm = 1 + m2 x

Integrate both sides, to get :

dx = x

1+ m
1/ 2

1 2m . dm 2 1 + m2

log x = tan1 m 1/2 log (1 + m2) + C log x (1 + m2)1/2 = tan1 m + C

y2 x 1 + 2 x

= Ce tan
1

y/x

tan x 2 + y 2 = Ce

y/x

is the general solution

Consider case II
x+y 1+ y / x dy = x y = 1 y / x which is a homogeneous equation. dx

Page # 18.

On solving the above homogenous differential equation, we can get :

1 x 2 + y 2 = Ce tan y / x as the general solution

Example : 36 Show that curve such that the ratio of the distance between the normal at any of its points and the origin to the distance between the same normal and the point (a, b) si equal to the constant k(k > 0) is a circle if k 1. Solution Equation of the normal at any point (x, y) to curve y = f(x) is

1 Yy= (X x) f ( x)
y+ x f ( x )
2

its distance from origin =

1 1+ f ( x )

yb

The distance of the normal from (a, b) =

1 ( x a) f ( x )
2

1 1+ f ( x )

As the ratio of these distances is k, we get :

y+ x f ( x ) 1 = k y b + ( x a) f (x) 1 y b + ( x a) f ( x )

x y+ =k f ( x)

dx (1 k) y + bk = (kx x ak) dy

and

dx (1 + k) y bk = (kx x + ak) dy

(1 k) ydy + bkdy = kxdx xdx akdx and Integrating both the sides

(1 + k) ydy bkdy = kxdx xdx + akdx

2 2 k x x + akx + C2 2 2

y2 (1 k) = bky = 2

x2 x2 k akx + C 2 1 2

and

y2 (1 + k) bky = 2

(1 k ) 2 y2 x + (1 k) + bky + akx + C1 = 0 2 2

and

(1 k ) 2 y2 x + (1 + k) bky akx + C2 = 0 2 2

If k 1, then both the above equations represent circle. Example : 37 Let y = f(x) be a curve passing through (1, 1) such that the triangle formed by the coordinate axes and the tangent at any point of the curve lies in the first quadrant and has area 2. From the differential equation and determine all such possible curves. Solution Equation of tangent at (x, y) = Y y =
y Xintercept = x dy / dx
dy (X x) dx
dy dx

and

Yintercept = y x

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Area of the triangle =

1 Xint ercept Yint ercept = 2 2

Both X-intercept and Y-intercept are positive as the triangle lies in the first quadrant. So we can remove mod sign.
y x (y xy) = 4 y

(xy y)2 = 4y xy y = 2 y = xy + 2
y
y

xdy >0 Q y int = y dx

xy y < 0

(Clairauts differential equation) ...........(i)

Differentiate both sides w.r.t. to x, to get :

2
y = xy + y +

2 y (y) 1

y = 0 or

x=

consider y = 0 integrate both sides to get : y = c Put y = c in (i) to get the general solution of the equation i.e. y = cx + 2 2 c As the curve passes through (1, 1), c = 1 the equation of the curve is : x + y = 2 (check yourself)

1
Consider : x =
1 x2

y
............(ii)

y =

To find singular solution of the Clairauts equation, eliminate y in (i) and (ii) Replace y from (ii) into (i) to get : y=
x x
2

+2

1 x
2

1 2 1 + = x x x

the requied curves are y = 1/x and x + y = 2.

Example : 38 Let u(x) and v(x) satisfy the differential equations

du dv + P(x) u = f(x) and + P(x) v = g(x) where P(x), dx dx

f(x) and g(x) are continuous function. If u(x1) > v(x1) for some x1 and f(x) > g(x) for all x > x1 , prove that any point (x, y) where x > x1 Solution The given differential equation are :
du = P(x) = u = f(x) dx dv = P(x) v = g(x) dx

...........(i)

...........(ii)

On subtracting the two differential equations, we get

d (u v) + P(x) (u v) = f(x) g(x) dx

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For x > x1 ,

f(x) > g(x)

d (u v) + P(x) (u v) > 0 dx

d(u v ) > P(x) dx uv

Integrate both sides to get : ln (u v) + C >

P(x) dx

u v > e As RHS > 0 for all x, u > v for all x > x1 y = u(x) and y = v(x) have no solution (i.e. no point of intersection as one curve lies above the other)
P( x ) dx C

Example : 39 A and B are two separate reservoirs of water. Capacity of reservoir A is double the capacity of reservoir B. Both the reservoirs are filled completely with water, their inlets are closed and then the water is released simultaneously from both the reservoirs. The rate of flow of water out of each reservoir at any instant of time is proportional to the quantity of water in the reservoir at that time. One hour after the water is
1 times the quantity of water in reservoir B. After how 2 many hours do both the reservoir have the same quantity of water? Solution Let VAi and VBi be the initial amounts of water in reservoirs A and B respectively As capacity of reservoir A si double that of B and both are completely filled initially, we can have: VAi = 2VBi Let VA and Vn be the amount of water in reservoirs A and B respectively at any instant fo time t. As the rate of flow of water out of each reservoir at any instant of time is proportional to the quantity of water in the reservoir at that time, we can have :

released, the quantity of water in reservoir is 1

dVA = k1 VA dt

............(i)

and

dVB = k2 VB dt

............(ii)

where k1 and k2 are proportionality constants. Let VAf and VBf be the amounts of water in reservoirs A and B respectively after 1 hour. To find VAr and Abf integrate (i) and (ii)
VAf

VAi

dVA VA =

k dt
1 0

VAf ln V = k1 Ai 3 k 2 VAi e k1 = V 2 Bi e

VBf Similarity we can get : ln V = k2 Bi

4 k1 k2 = ln 3

............(iii)

After time t

VA = VB

VAi e k1t = VBi e k 2 t

2e k1t = e k 2 t (k1 k2) t = ln 2

............(iv)
ln2 4 ln 3

Solving (iii) and (iv), we get : t =

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