FORMULAE

Algebra
1. (a + b)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ 2ab = (a b)
2
+ 4ab
2. (a b)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2ab = (a + b)
2
4ab
3. a
2
b
2
= (a b) (a + b)
4. a
2
+ b
2
= (a + b)
2
2ab = (a b)
2
+ 2ab
5. (a + b)
2
+ (a b)
2
= 2(a
2
+ b
2
)
6. (a + b)
2
(a b)
2
= 4ab
7. (a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
8. a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca =
1
2
[(a b)
2
+ (b c)
2
+ (c a)
2
]
9. (a + b)
3
= a
3
+ b
3
+ 3ab (a + b) = a
3
+ 3a
2
b + 3ab
2
+ b
3
10. (a b)
3
= a
3
b
3
3ab (a b) = a
3
3a
2
b + 3ab
2
b
3
11. a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)
3
3ab (a + b) = (a + b) (a
2
ab + b
2
)
12. a
3
b
3
= (a b)
3
+ 3ab (a b) = (a b) (a
2
+ ab + b
2
)
13. (a + b + c)
3
= a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ 3(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
14. a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3abc = (a + b + c) (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca)
If a + b + c = 0 then a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc
Linear Equations
15. Unique solution
1 1
2 2
a b
a b

16. No solution
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
=
a b c

17. Infinite many solution

1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
= =
a b c
18. If unit digit of a two digit number is x and tens digit is y then the number is 10y + x.
Quadratic Equations
19. Discriminant D = b
2
4ac
20. For D > 0, roots are real & unequal
21. For D = 0, roots are real & equal
22. For D < 0, no real roots.
23. For linear factor D > 0
24. Factorisation of Q.E. = a (x ) (x )
25. Sum of roots ( + ) = b/a
26. Product of roots ( ) = c/a
27.
2
b + b 4ac
Root =
2a
28.
2
b b 4ac
Root =
2a

29. Forming of quadratic equation

x
2
(sum of the roots) x + (product of the root)
30. For two consecutive natural numbers we take x and x + 1.
31. For two consecutive even numbers we take 2x and 2x + 3.
32. For two consecutive odd numbers we take 2x + 1 and 2x + 3.
33.
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
( ) 2 ( ) 2 x x x
x x
x
+ + +
34.
2 2
1 1
( ) ( ) 4 x x
x x
+ +
35.
2 2
1 1
( ) ( ) 4 x x
x x
+
Arithmetic propressions
36. Sequence of series denoted by T
n
or a
n
. First term t
1
or a
1
second term t
2
or a
2
, third
terms t
3
or a
3
........ last term T
n
or a
n
.
37. Last term of an A.P. is l or T
n
or A
n
= a + (n 1) d, where n is the number of terms and
n N.
38. There consecutive terms of A.P. take as (a d), a, (a + d)
39. Four consecutive terms of A.P. take as (a 3d), (a d), (a + d), (a + 3d)
40. d = T
2
T
1
= T
3
T
2
= T
4
T
3
= T
n
T
n1
41. Sum of n terms of an A.P. = T
1
+ T
2
+ T
3
+ ............ T
n
( )
n
= Sn = 2a+(n1) d
2
( )
n
= a+l
2
Instalments
42. Amount = principal
t t
r r
1+ ,A = p 1+
100 100
_ _

, ,

t
A
p =
r
1+
100
_

,
Income Tax
43. Admissible Deduction:
Deductions which are free from Income tax are called admissible deduction.
(i) Standard Deduction [under section 16(i)].
Generally, it is one third of the Gross Income subject to maximum of Rs. 30,000. It
varies from year to year.
(ii) House Rent Allowance (HRA) [under section 10 (13A)].
House Rent Allowance is generally free from Income tax.
(iii) Donations [under section 80G]:
Donations given to approved charitable trusts are free from Income tax under section
Rs. 80G, up to certain percentage.
(iv) Interests on Deposit [under section 80L]:
Interests on the deposit in certain government security are free from Income tax sub-
ject to certain limit.
Tax Rebates [under section 88]:
20% of the savings under certain schemes are deducted from the Income tax payable.
Income tax Rates : Rates for the present financial year is given below :
(i) up to Rs. 50,000 No tax
(ii) From Rs. 50.001 to Rs. 60,000 10% of the amount exceeding Rs. 50,000
(iii) From Rs. 60,000 to Rs. 1,50,000 Rs. 1000 + 20% of the amount exceeding Rs. 60,000
(iv) Rs. 1,50,000 and above Rs. 19,000 + 30% of the amount exceeding
Rs. 1,50,000.
Mensuration
44. Area of triangle =
1 1 1 1
bh = absin C = bc sinA = casinB
2 2 2 2
45. Area of isosceles right triangle =
2
1
a
2
46. Altitude and base of isosceles right triangle = a
47. Hypotenuse of isosceles right triangle =
2a
48. Area of equilateral triangle =
2
3
a
4
49. Heros Formula for area of scalence triangle.
Area of triangle =
s(sa)(sb)(sc)
(a+b+c)
where s =
2
50. Area of rectangle = length breadth
51. Perimeter of rectangle = 2 (l + b)
52. Area of a square = (side)
2
53. Perimeter of square = 4 side
54. Hypotenuse of a square =
2 side
55. Side of square =
area
56. Area of rhombus =
1
2
d
1
d
2
= side corresponding altitude.
57. Perimeter of rhombus = 4 side
58. Side of rhombus =
2 2
1 2
d d
+
2 2
_ _

, ,
a a
a
c b
a
d
1
d
2
59. Area of parallelogram = base corresponding altitude.
60. Area of trapezium =
1
2
(Sum of parallel sides) height.
61. Area of quadrilateral =
1
2
bigger hypotenuse Sum of two altitudes
drawn on this hypotenuse from opposite vertex.
62. Area of scalene quadrilateral =
(sa)(sb)(sc)(sd)
a+b+c+d
s =
2
63. Each angle of a regular polygon
n2
= 180
n
1
1
]
64. Area of regular polygon =
2
1 n
N ah = a cot
2 4 n
65. Perimeter of regular polygon = Na.
66. Area of circle = r
2
= > r =
area

67. Circumfrance of circle = 2 r = > r =

2
c

h
68. Radius of circle = diameter/2
69. Arc length (l) =
2
360
r

70. Area of sector (S.A) =

2
360
r

71.
.
2
l S A
r

72. Area of segment =

2 2
1
sin
360 2
r r

73. Perimeter of sector = 2r + l
74. Area of ring = (R
2
r
2
)
75. Area of semi circle =
2
1
2
r
76. Perimeter of semi circle = r + 2r
77. Volume of cuboid = l b h
78. Surface area of cuboid = 2 (lb + lh + bh)
79. Area of four walls = 2 h (l + b)
80. Diagonal of cuboid =
2 2 2
l +b + h
r
81. Volume of cube = s
3
82. Surface area of cube = 6s
2
83. Side of cube =
3
Volume
84. Diagonal of cube =
3a
Trigonometry
85. Trignometrical ratio : In a right angled triangled the ratio
of any two sides is known as Trignometrical ratio.
86.
p
sin = = 1/cosec
h
87.
b
cos = = 1/sec
h
88.
p
tan = = 1/cot
b
89.
b
cot = = 1/tan
p
90.
h
sec = = 1/cos
b
A
B
C
b
h
p
91.
h
cosec = = 1/sin
p
92. tan = sin /cos
93. cot = cos / sin
94. sin
2
+ cos
2
= 1
sin
2
= 1 cos
2

cos
2
= 1 sin
2

95. sec
2
tan
2
= 1
sec
2
1 = tan
2

1 + tan
2
= sec
2

96. cosec
2
cot
2
= 1
1 + cot
2
= cosec
2

cosec
2
1 = cot
2

97. tan 2 =
2
2tan
1 tan

98. cos 2 = cos

2
sin
2
= 2 cos
2
1 = 1 2 sin
2

99. sin (90 ) = cos
100. cos (90 ) = sin
101. tan (90 ) = cot
102. cot (90 ) = tan
103. sec (90 ) = cosec
104. 1 sin
2
= (1 + sin ) (1 sin )
105. 1 cos
2
= (1 + cos ) (1 cos )
106. AB = 2 r sin /2
(AB = Chord)
107. Curved surface area of cylinder = 2 r h
108. Total surface area of cylinder = 2 r (h + r)
109. Volume of cylinder = r
2
h
110. Height of cylinder (h) =
2
volumeof cylinder
r
111. Volume of cone =
2
1
r h
3

112. Curved surface area of cone = r l,
2 2
l = h + r
113. Total surface area of cone = r (l + r)
114. Lateral height of cone ( l ) =
2 2
h + r
115. Volume of sphere =
3
4
r
3

116. Total surface area of sphere = 4 p r
2
117. Volume of the hemi sphere =
3
2
r
3

h
r
l
h
r
118. Total surface area of hemi sphere = 3 r
2
119. Curved surface area of hemisphere = 2 r
2
120. Volume of sperical cell =
3 3
4
(R r )
3

Frustum of a cone
121. Volume of frustum =
2 2
1
h(R +r +Rr)
3

Lateral surface area = l (R + r)

Total surface area = l (R + r) + R
2
+ r
2
122. Arithmetic mean when frequency is not given

x
x = , x = sumof items,n = No.of items)
n
123. Arithmetic mean when frequency is given
fx
x =
f
124. Arithmetic mean from assumd mean:

fd
x = A + i
f

(A = assumed mean, d = deviation, f = sum of all frequency, i = class interval)

125. Combined mean
1 1 2 2
1 2
n x + n x
x =
n + n
h
r
r
control angle of an item =
Volume of item 360
sumof thevaluesof items
Probability
126. Probability of event P (A) =
formurable outcomes
Totalnumber of outcomes

P(A) = 1 P(A) = P(A) + P(A) = 1
Co-ordinate geometry
127. Distance formula =
2 2
2 1 2 1
(x x ) + (y y )
128. Section Formulae (Internally)
1 2 1 2
lx + mx ly + my
x = , y =
l + m l + m
129. Mid point formulae =
1 2 1 2
x + x y + y
x = , y =
2 2
130. Section Formulae (externally)
1 2 1 2
lx mx ly my
x = , y =
l m l m
131. Co-ordinate of centroid
1 2 3 1 2 3
x + x + x y + y + y
= ,
3 3
_

,
132. Incentre of a triangle =
1 2 3 1 2 3
ax + bx + cx ay + by + cy
,
a + b + c a + b + c
x y
2 2
x

y
1
1