ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4 standard for data communications with business and consumer devices. It isdesigned around low-power consumption allowing batteries to essentially last forever. The ZigBee standard provides network, security, and application support services operating on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) wireless standard. It employs a suite of technologies to enable scalable, selforganizing, self-healing networks that can manage various data traffic patterns. ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh networking standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range.ZigBee has been developed to meet the growing demand for capable wireless networking between numerous lowpower devices. In industry ZigBee is being used for next generation automatedmanufacturing, with small transmitters in every device on the floor, allowing for communication between devices to a central computer. This new level of communication permits finely-tuned remote monitoring and manipulation. Keywords: Medium Access Control (MAC), Physical Layer (PHY), Wireless Personal Area Networking (WPAN), (OSI). Open Systems Interconnection

1. INTRODUCTION Evolution of Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN) Standardization The IEEE 802.11 working group for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is formed, to create a wireless local area network standard. Whereas IEEE 802.11 was on a space around a person or object that typically extends up to 10m in all directions. The focus of WPANs is low-cost, low power, short range and very small size. The IEEE 802.15 working group create WPAN standard. This group has currently defined three classes of WPANs that are differentiated by data rate, battery drain and quality of service (QoS). The high data rate WPAN (IEEE 802.15.3) is suitable for multi-media applications that require very high personal area networks QoS. Medium rate WPANs(IEEE

concerned with features such as Ethernet matching speed, long range(100m),

complexity to handle seamless roaming, message forwarding, and data throughput of 211Mbps. Wireless

(WPANs) are used to convey information over relatively short distances. WPANs are focused

802.15.1/Bluetooth) will handle a

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variety of tasks ranging from cell phones to PDA communications and have The QoS suitable for voice ZigBee technology takes full advantage of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and extends the capabilities of this new radio standard by defining a flexible and secure network layer WPANs (IEEE that supports a variety of architectures to provide highly reliable wireless

communications. low rate

802.15.4/LR-WPAN) is intended to serve a set of industrial, residential and medical applications with very low power consumption, with relaxed needs for data rate and QoS. The low data rate enables the LR-WPAN to consume very little power. This feature allows small, power-efficient, inexpensive solutions to be

communications in harsh or dynamic RF environments. ZigBee technology also offers

simplicity and a cost-effective approach to building, construction and remodelling with wireless technology. ZigBee is all set to provide the consumers with ultimate

flexibility, mobility, and ease of use by building wireless intelligence and capabilities into every day devices. ZigBee is expected to provide low cost

implemented for a wide range of devices. 1.2 Zigbee and IEEE 802.15.4 The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is a simple packet data protocol for lightweight wireless networks and specifies the Physical (PHY) and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers for Multiple Radio Frequency (RF) bands,

and low power connectivity for equipment that needs battery life as long as several months to several years but does not require data transfer rates as high as those enabled by Bluetooth. This kind of network eliminates use of physical Ethernet cables. The devices could include telephones, hand-held digital

including 868 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2.4 GHz. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is designed to provide reliable data transmission of modest amounts of data up to 100 meters or more while consuming very little power. IEEE 802.15.4 is typically less than 32 kb in size, featuring a 64-bit address space, source and destination addressing, error detection, and advanced power management.

assistants, sensors and controls located within a few meters of each other. Thus, ZigBee technology is a low data rate, low power consumption, low cost; wireless networking protocol targeted towards automation and remote control applications.

ZigBee Alliance

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The ZigBee Alliance is an association of companies working together to enable reliable, cost-effective, low-power, wirelessly networked, monitoring and control products based on an open global standard. The goal of the ZigBee Alliance is to provide the consumer with ultimate flexibility, The three license-free frequencies of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard include sixteen channels at 2.4 GHz, ten channels at 915 MHz, and one channel at 868 MHz, to support global or regional deployment. The maximum data rates for each band are 250 kbps, 40 kbps and 20 kbps, respectively. The air interface is direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) using binary phase shift keying (BPSK) for 868 MHz and 915 MHz and offset-quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) for 2.4 GHz.

mobility, and ease of use by building wireless intelligence and capabilities into every day devices. ZigBee technology will be embedded in a wide range of products and applications across consumer, commercial, industrial and government markets worldwide. For the first time, companies will have a standards-based wireless platform optimized for the unique needs of remote monitoring and control applications, including simplicity, reliability, low-cost and low-power. Why is it called Zigbee? The network name comes from the zigzagging path a bee (a data packet) takes to get from flower to flower (or node to node). The technique that honeybees use to communicate newfound food sources to other members of the colony is referred to as the ZigBee Principle. Using this silent, but powerful communication system,

Other features of the IEEE 802.15.4 PHY include receiver energy detection, link quality indication Both and clear channel and

assessment.

contention-based

contention-free channel access methods are supported. Maximum packet size is 128 bytes, including a variable payload of up to 104 bytes. IEEE 802.15.4 employs 64-bit IEEE and 16-bit short addresses, which supports over 65,000 nodes per network. The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC also enables network association and disassociation, has an optional super frame structure with beacons for time synchronization, and a guaranteed time slot (GTS) mechanism for high priority communications. The access method is carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA). Network routing schemes are designed to ensure power conservation, and low latency through guaranteed time slots. A unique feature of ZigBee network layer is

whereby the bee dances in a zigzag pattern, they are able to share information such as the location, distance, and direction of a newly discovered food source to her fellow colony members.

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communication redundancy eliminating Maximum data rates allowed for each of these frequency bands are fixed as 250 kbps @2.4 GHz, 40 kbps @ 915 MHz, IEEE and ZigBee Alliance have been working closely to specify the entire protocol stack. IEEE 802.15.4 focuses on the and 20 kbps @868 MHz Allocated 16 bit short or 64 bit extended addresses. Allocation of guaranteed time slots (GTSs) Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) single point of failure in mesh networks.

specification of the lower two layers of the protocol (physical and data link layer). On the other hand, ZigBee Alliance aims to provide the upper layers of the protocol stack (from network to the data application layer) for

channel access Yields high throughput and low latency for low duty cycle devices like sensors and controls. Fully hand-shake acknowledged

interoperable

networking,

security

services and a range of wireless home and building control solutions. Zigbee characteristics The focus of network applications under the IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee standard include the features of low power consumption, needed for only two major modes (Tx/Rx or Sleep), high density of nodes per network, low costs and simple implementation. These features are enabled by the following characteristics 2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz dual PHY modes. This represents three license-free bands: 2.4-2.4835 GHz, 868-870 MHz and 902928 MHz The number of channels allotted to each frequency band is fixed at 16 channels in the 2.45 GHz band, 10 channels in the 915 MHz band, and 1 channel in the 868 MHz band

protocol for transfer reliability. Low power consumption with battery life ranging from months to years. Energy detection (ED). Link quality indication (LQI). Multiple topologies : star, peer-to-peer, mesh topologies Device Types ZigBee devices are required to

conform to the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) standard. ZigBee wireless devices are expected to transmit 10-75 meters, depending on the RF environment and the power output

consumption required for a given application, and will operate in the unlicensed RF worldwide (2.4GHz global, 915MHz Americas

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or 868 MHz Europe). The data rate is 250kbps at 2.4GHz, 40kbps at 915MHz and 20kbps at 868MHz. devices. Requiring even less memory, (no flash, very little ROM and RAM), an RFD will thus be cheaper than an FFD. This device talks only to a network coordinator There are three different ZigBee device types that operate on these layers in any selforganizing application network. These devices have 64-bit IEEE addresses, with option to enable shorter addresses to reduce packet size, and work in either of two addressing modes star and peer-to-peer. The ZigBee (PAN) coordinator node: The most capable device, the coordinator forms the root of the network tree and might bridge to other networks. It is able to store information about the network. There is one, and only one, ZigBee coordinator in each network to act as the router to other network. It also acts as the repository for security keys. The Full Function Device (FFD): The FFD is an intermediary router transmitting data from other devices. It needs lesser memory than the ZigBee coordinator node, and entails lesser manufacturing costs. It can operate in all topologies and can act as a coordinator. The Reduced Function Device (RFD) : This device is just capable of talking in the network; it cannot relay data from other Star Topology In the star topology, the and can be implemented very simply in star topology. Network Topologies Three types of topologies that ZigBee supports: star topology, peer-to-peer topology and cluster tree.

communication is established between devices and a single central controller, called the PAN coordinator. The PAN coordinator may be mains powered while the devices will most likely be battery powered. Applications that benefit from this topology include home automation, personal computer (PC)

peripherals, toys and games.

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Peer-to-peer Topology In peer-to-peer topology, there is also one PAN coordinator. In contrast to star topology, any device can communicate with any other device as long as they are in range of one another. A peer-to-peer network can be ad hoc, self-organizing and self-healing. Architecture The LR-WPAN architecture is defined in terms of a number of blocks in order to simplify the standard. These blocks are called layers. Each layer is responsible for one part of the standard and offers services to the higher layers. The layout of the blocks is based on the open systems interconnection (OSI) sevenlayer model. The interfaces between the layers serve to define the logical links between layers. The LR-WPAN architecture can be implemented either as embedded devices or as devices requiring the support of an external device such as a PC. Network and Application Support layer: The network layer permits growth of network sans high power transmitters. This layer can handle huge numbers of nodes. This level in the ZigBee architecture includes The ZigBee Device Object (ZDO) User-Defined Application Profile(s) The Application Support (APS) Sublayer. The APS sub-layer's responsibilities

Applications such as industrial control and monitoring, wireless sensor networks, asset and inventory tracking would benefit from such a topology. It also allows multiple hops to route messages from any device to any other device in the network. It can provide reliability by multipath routing. Cluster-tree Topology Cluster-tree network is a special case of a peer-to-peer network in which most devices are FFDs and an RFD may connect to a cluster-tree network as a leave node at the end of a branch. Any of the FFD can act as a coordinator and provide synchronization

services to other devices and coordinators. The advantage of this clustered

structure is the increased coverage area at the cost of increased message lat

include maintenance of tables that enable matching between two devices and and also

communication

among

them,

discovery, the aspect that identifies other

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devices that operate in the operating space of any device. The responsibility of determining the nature of the device (Coordinator / FFD or RFD) in the network, commencing and replying to binding requests and ensuring a secure relationship between devices rests with the ZDO (Zigbee Define Object). The userdefined application refers to the end device that conforms to the ZigBee Standard. Physical (PHY) layer: The features of the IEEE 802.15.4 PHY physical layer are Activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver, energy detection (ED), Link quality indication (LQI), channel selection, clear channel assessment (CCA) and transmitting as well as receiving packets across the physical medium. Media access control (MAC) layer: The MAC service enables the Operating Frequency Bands transmission and reception of MAC protocol data units (MPDU) across the PHY data service. The features of MAC sub layer are beacon management, channel access, GTS management, frame validation, acknowledged frame delivery, association and disassociation The standard offers two PHY options based on the frequency band. Both are based on direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). The data rate is 250kbps at 2.4GHz, 40kbps at There is a single channel between 868 and 868.6MHz, 10 channels between 902.0 and 928.0MHz, and 16 channels between 2.4 and 2.4835GHz as shown in Figure 3.3. Several channels in different frequency bands enable the ability to relocate within spectrum. The standard also allows dynamic Channel selection, a scan function that steps through a list of supported channels in search of beacon, receiver energy detection, link quality 915MHz and 20kbps at 868MHz. The higher data rate at 2.4GHz is attributed to a higherorder modulation scheme.

indication, channel switching.

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3.1 Receiver Energy Detection (ED) The receiver energy detection (ED) measurement is intended for use by a network layer as part of channel selection algorithm. It is an estimate of the received signal power within the bandwidth of an IEEE 802.15.4 channel. No attempt is made to identify or decode signals on the channel. The ED time should be equal to 8 symbol periods. The ED result shall be reported as an 8-bit integer ranging from 0x00 to 0xff. The minimum ED value (0) shall indicate received power less than 10dB above the specified receiver sensitivity. The range of received power spanned by the ED values shall be at least 40dB. Within this range, the mapping from the received power in decibels to ED values shall be linear with an accuracy of + or 6dB. 3.2 Link Quality Indication (LQI) Upon reception of a packet, the PHY sends the PSDU length, PSDU itself and link quality (LQ) in the PD-DATA. Indication primitive. The LQI measurement is a associated with the lowest and highest quality IEEE 802.15.4 signals detectable by the receiver and LQ values should be uniformly distributed between these two limits. 3.3 Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) The clear channel assessment (CCA) is performed according to at least one of the following three methods: Energy above threshold. CCA shall report a busy medium upon detecting any energy above the ED threshold. Carrier sense only. CCA shall report a busy medium only upon the detection of a signal with the modulation and spreading characteristics of IEEE

802.15.4. This signal may be above or below the ED threshold. Carrier sense with energy above threshold. CCA shall report a busy medium only upon the detection of a signal with the modulation and IEEE

spreading characteristics of

802.15.4 with energy above the ED threshold. 3.4 PPDU Format The PPDU packet structure is

characterization of the strength and/or quality of a received packet. The measurement may be implemented using receiver ED, a signal-tonoise estimation or a combination of these methods. The use of LQI result is up to the network or application layers. The LQI result should be reported as an integer ranging from 0x00 to 0xff. The minimum and maximum LQI values should be

illustrated in Figure 3.4. Each PPDU packet consists of the following basic components: SHR, which allows a receiving device to synchronize and lock into the bit stream PHR, which contains frame length information

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A variable length payload, which carries the MAC sub layer frame. MAC sub layer conceptually includes a management entity called the MLME. This entity provides the service interfaces through

Figure 3.4

which layer Format of the PPDU

management functions may be

invoked. The MLME is also responsible for maintaining a database of managed objects pertaining to the MAC sub layer. This database is referred to as the MAC sub layer PIB. The MAC sub layer provides two services: The MAC data service and The MAC management service interfacing to the MAC sub layer management entity (MLME) service access point (SAP) (MLMESAP). The MAC data service enables the transmission and reception of MAC protocol data units (MPDU) across the PHY data service. The features of MAC sub layer are 4. IEEE 802.15.4 MAC beacon management, channel access, GTS management, frame validation, acknowledged

MCPS_SAP

MLME_SAP

frame delivery, association and disassociation. 4.1 Super frame Structure LR-WPAN allows the optional use of MLME

MAC LAYER

a super frame structure. The format of the

MAC

super frame is defined by the coordinator. The LIB super frame is bounded by network beacons

PD_SAP

and is divided into 16 equally sized slots. The

PLME_SAP

beacon frame is sent in the first slot of each Figure Figuredepicts MAC components and 4.1 4.1 the SUBLAYER REFERENCE MODEL super frame. If a coordinator does not want to interfaces of the MAC sub layer. use the super frame structure, it may turn off The MAC sub layer provides an the beacon transmissions. The beacons are interface between the SSCS and the PHY. The used to synchronize the attached devices, to

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identify the PAN and to describe the structure of super frames. The super frame can have an active and an inactive portion. During the inactive portion, the coordinator shall not interact with its PAN and may enter a low-power mode. The active portion portion consists of contention access period (CAP) and contention free period (CFP). Any device wishing to communicate during the CAP shall compete with other devices using a slotted CSMACA mechanism. On the other hand, the CFP contains guaranteed time slots (GTSs). The GTSs always appear at the end of the active super frame starting at a slot boundary immediately following the CAP. The PAN coordinator may allocate up to seven of these GTSs and a GTS can occupy more than one slot period. 4.3 Traffic Types ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 addresses three typical traffic types. IEEE 802.15.4 MAC can accommodate all the types. Data is periodic. The application dictates the rate, and the sensor activates checks for data and deactivates. Data is intermittent. The application, or network, unslotted CSMA-CA algorithm is used. In both cases, the algorithm is

implemented using units of time called back off periods; this is equal to a Unit Back off Period symbols. In slotted CSMA-CA channel access mechanism, the back off period boundaries of every device in the PAN are aligned with the super frame slot boundaries of the PAN coordinator. In slotted CSMA-CA, each time a device wishes to transmit data frames during the CAP, it shall locate the Boundary of the next back off period. In unslotted

CSMA-CA, the back off periods of one device does not need to be synchronized to the back off periods of another device.

Figure 4.2
4.2 CSMA-CA Algorithm

SUPER FRAME STRUCTURE other stimulus, determines the rate, as in

the case of say smoke detectors. The device needs to connect to the network only when communication is necessitated. This type enables optimum saving on energy.

If super frame structure is used in the PAN, then slotted CSMA-CA shall be used. If beacons are not being used in the PAN or a beacon cannot be located in a beacon-enabled

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Data is repetitive, and the rate is fixed a priori. Depending on allotted time slots, called GTS (guaranteed time slot), devices operate for fixed durations. ZigBee employs either of two modes, beacon or non-beacon to enable the to-and-fro data traffic. Beacon mode is used when the coordinator runs on batteries and thus offers maximum power savings, whereas the nonbeacon mode finds favour when the acknowledgement at the end as shown in Figure 4.3.

coordinator is mains-powered. 4.4 Data Transfer model Three types of data transfer In the beacon mode, a device watches out for the coordinator's beacon that gets transmitted at periodically, locks on and looks for messages addressed to it. If message transmission is complete, the coordinator dictates a schedule for the next beacon so that The non-beacon mode will be the device goes to sleep'; in fact, the coordinator itself switches to sleep mode. While using the beacon mode, all the devices in a mesh network know when to communicate with each other. In this mode, necessarily, the timing circuits have to be quite accurate, or wake up sooner to be sure not to miss the beacon. This in turn means an increase in power consumption by the coordinator's receiver, entailing an optimal increase in costs. When a device wishes to transfer data to a coordinator in a beacon-enabled network, it first listens for the network beacon. When included in a system where devices are asleep' nearly always, as in smoke detectors and burglar alarms. The devices wake up and confirm their continued presence in the network at random intervals. When a device wishes to transfer data in a no beacon-enabled network, it simply transmits its data frame, using the unslotted CSMA-CA, to the coordinator. On detection of activity, the sensors spring to attention', as it were, and transmit to the ever-waiting coordinator's receiver (since it is mainspowered). There is also an optional

transactions exist: from a coordinator to a device, from a device to a coordinator and between two peer devices. The mechanism for each of these transfers depends on whether the network supports the transmission of beacons.

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the beacon is found, it synchronizes to the super frame structure. At the right time, it transmits its data frame, using slotted CSMACA, to the coordinator. There is an optional acknowledgement at the end as shown in Figure 4.4. successful reception of the data by transmitting an acknowledgement frame. Upon receiving the acknowledgement, the message is removed from the list of pending messages in the beacon as shown in Figure 4.5.

When a coordinator wishes to transfer data to a device in a nonbeacon-enabled network, it stores the data for the appropriate The applications transfers are device to make contact and request data. A device may make contact by transmitting a MAC command requesting the data, using unslotted CSMA-CA, to its coordinator at an application-defined rate. The coordinator completely controlled by the devices on a PAN rather than by the coordinator. This provides the energy-conservation feature of the ZigBee network. When a coordinator wishes to transfer data to a device in a beacon-enabled network, it indicates in the network beacon that the data message is pending. The device periodically listens to the network beacon, and if a message is pending, transmits a MAC command requesting this data, using slotted CSMA-CA. The coordinator optionally acknowledges the successful transmission of this packet. The pending data frame is then sent using slotted CSMA-CA. The device acknowledged the

acknowledges this packet. If data are pending, the coordinator transmits the data frame using unslotted CSMA-CA. If data are not pending, the coordinator transmits a data frame with a zero-length payload to indicate that no data were pending. The device acknowledges this packet as shown in Figure 4.6.

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routing table exchanges. Further, a node does not have to discover and maintain a route to another node until the two needs to

communicate, unless the former node is offering services as an intermediate

forwarding station to maintain connectivity between two other nodes. The primary objectives of the algorithm are to broadcast discovery packets only when necessary, to distinguish management In a peer-to-peer network, every device can communicate with any other device in its transmission radius. There are two options for this. In the first case, the node will listen constantly and transmit its data using unslotted CSMA-CA. In the second case, the nodes synchronize with each Other so that they can save power. . between and local general connectivity topology

maintenance and to disseminate information about Changes in local connectivity to those neighbouring mobile nodes those are likely to need the information. When a source node needs to

communicate with another node for which it has no routing information in its table, the Path Discovery process is initiated. Every node maintains two separate counters: sequence number and broadcast id. The source node initiates path discovery by broadcasting a route request (RREQ) packet to its neighbours, which includes source addr, source sequence number, broadcast id, dest addr, dest sequence

5. ZigBee Routing Layer 5.1 AODV: Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector AODV is a pure on-demand route acquisition algorithm: nodes that do not lie on active paths neither maintain any routing information nor participate in any periodic

number, hop cnt. (Source sequence number is for maintaining freshness information about the reverse route whereas the destination sequence number is for maintaining freshness of the route to the destination before it can be accepted by the source.)The pair source addr, broadcast id uniquely identifies a RREQ, where broadcast id is incremented whenever

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the source issues a new RREQ. When an intermediate node receives a RREQ, if it has already received a RREQ with the same broadcast id and source address, it drops the redundant RREQ and does not rebroadcast it. Otherwise, it rebroadcasts it to its own neighbours after increasing hop cnt. Each node keeps the following information: destination IP address, source IP address, broadcast id, expiration time for reverse path route entry and source nodes sequence number. As the RREQ travels from a source to destinations, it automatically sets up the reverse path from all nodes back to the source. To set up a reverse path, a node records the address of the neighbour from which it received the first copy of RREQ. These reverse path route entries are maintained for at least enough time for the RREQ to traverse the network and produce a reply to the sender. When the RREQ arrives at a node, possibly the destination itself that possesses a current route to the destination, the receiving node first checks that the RREQ was received over a bi-directional link. If this node is not destination but has route to the destination, it determines whether the route is current by comparing the destination sequence number in its own route entry to the destination sequence number in the RREQ. If RREQs sequence number for the destination is greater than that recorded by the intermediate node, the intermediate node must not use this route to respond to the RREQ, instead rebroadcasts the RREQ. If the route has a destination sequence number that is greater than that contained in the RREQ or equal to that contained in the RREQ but a smaller hop count, it can unicasts a route reply packet (RREP) back to its neighbour from which it received the RREQ. A RREP contains the following information: source addr, dest addr, dest sequence number, hop cnt and lifetime. As the RREP travels back to the source, each node along the path sets up a forward pointer to the node from which the RREP came, updates its timeout information for route entries to the source and destination, and records the latest destination sequence number for the requested destination. Nodes that are along the path determined by the RREP will timeout after route request expiration timer and will delete the reverse pointers since they are not on the path from source to destination as shown in Figure 5.1. The value of this timeout time depends on the size of the ad hoc network.

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6. SUMMARY 6.1 Technology Comparisons domestic utilities usage, but also feed it to a computer system for data analysis. A recent analyst report issued by West Technology Research Solutions estimates that by the year 2008, "annual shipments for ZigBee chipsets into the home automation segment alone will exceed 339 million units," and will show up in "light switches, fire and smoke detectors, thermostats, appliances in the kitchen, video and audio remote controls, landscaping, and security systems." Futurists are sure to hold ZigBee up and say, "See, I told you so". The ZigBee Alliance is nearly 300 strong and growing, with more OEM's signing up. This means that

Table more and more products and even later, all

6.2 ZigBee Applications The Zigbee Alliance targets devices and their controls will be based on this standard. Since Wireless personal Area

applications "across consumer, commercial, industrial and government markets

Networking applies not only to household devices, but also to individualized office automation applications, ZigBee is here to stay. It is more than likely the basis of future home-networking solutions. The technology is designed to be simpler and cheaper than other WPANs such

worldwide". Unwired applications are highly sought after in many networks that are characterized by numerous nodes consuming minimum power and enjoying long battery lives. ZigBee technology is designed to best suit these applications, for the reason that it enables reduced costs of development, very fast market adoption, and rapid ROI. With ZigBee designed to enable twoway communications, not only will the consumer be able to monitor and keep track of

as Bluetooth. The most capable ZigBee node type is said to require only about 10% of the software of a typical Bluetooth or Wireless Internet node, while the simplest nodes are about 2%. ZigBee is aimed at applications with low data rates and low power

consumption. Applications areas:

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to run for years on inexpensive primary Enterprise systems: health care and patient monitoring, environmental, Monitoring and hazard detection. Industrial systems: remote controlled machines such as in tracking wind turbines. Military and government systems: asset tracking, personnel monitoring and surveillance. Transportation systems: audio control and automation, security and access control. Consumer products: cellular handsets, computer peripherals, remote controls and other portable devices. Climate control: customize the temperatures of ac machines or thermostats as differently needed. Home automation: turn on or off ovens, air conditioners, geysers, lights without any hassles only when needed. Also sprinkle water to plants in garden monitoring moisture content in soil. Private Security: this also acts like a private security to monitor kids or aged even from office and alert in case of medical emergencies. batteries (for a typical monitoring application). It is also, of course, capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh networking

technologies .ZigBee is all set to provide the consumers with ultimate flexibility, mobility, and ease of use by building wireless intelligence and capabilities into every day devices. The mission of the ZigBee Working Group is to bring about the existence of a broad range of interoperable consumer devices by establishing open industry specifications for unlicensed, untethered peripheral, control and entertainment devices requiring the lowest cost and lowest power consumption

communications between compliant devices anywhere in and around the home.

7. CONCLUSION The ZigBee Standard enables the broad-based deployment of reliable wireless networks with low complexity, low cost solutions and provides the ability for a product

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8. References 1. ZigBee wireless sensors and control networks presented at Wireless Congress 2008. 2. ZigBee the green wireless solution published by Bob Heile, Chairman, and ZigBee alliance - December 1, 2008. 3. ZigBee Technical Overview, Tokyo

Members Meeting Open House, Tokyo, Japan - February 28, 2008.

Websites: 1. http://www.technologyreview.com/arti cles/zigbee 2. http://www.tutorialreports.com/wireless/zigbee 3. http://www.zigbee.org 4. http://www.wisegeek.com

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