APA 6th Reference Guide

James Cook University Library

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Do I include page numbers in my in-text citation?
For direct quotes you must include page numbers. If it is not a direct quote i.e. paraphrasing, you do not have to include page numbers but you are encouraged to do so (APA, 2010, p.171).

Single page: (Collins, 2012, p.171) Multiple pages: (Collins, 2012, pp. 111-112) Do the page numbers go in the in-text citation? or after the quote?
If you have mentioned the authors name in the sentence, put the page numbers after the quote like this:

According to Clayton (2000), Several rivers aside from the Thames once intersected London, although those rivers have since been covered over by development (p.28).
If you have not mentioned the authors name in the sentence, put the page numbers with the in-text citation after the quote like this:

He said, Several rivers aside from the Thames once intersected London, although those rivers have since been covered over by development (Clayton, 2000, p.28). He found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 2012, p. 199) although he did not know the implications of this. Quote with more than 40 words block quote (APA, 2010, p.171)

Start quote on a new line, indented 1.27 cm from the left margin, omit the quotations marks. Cite the source in parentheses after the final punctuation mark:

A recent study has found that: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (Jones, 1998, p. 199) Quote with less than 40 words. According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). Jones (2012) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? Last updated by MC 10 Apr 2012

Multiple authors ....................................................................................................... 2 Two authors ....................................................................................................... 2 Three to five authors ......................................................................................... 2 Six or seven authors........................................................................................... 2 Eight or more authors ........................................................................................ 2 No author.................................................................................................................. 3 Long author ............................................................................................................... 3 Publishers location ................................................................................................... 4 Lots of publisher locations listed? .................................................................... 4 Reference something that you read about in another source .................................... 4 Books ........................................................................................................................ 5 Book with single author ..................................................................................... 5 Book with editor(s) ............................................................................................ 5 Book, author not known .................................................................................... 5 Book with author and editor ............................................................................. 5 Book other than first edition ............................................................................. 5 Book with more than one volume ..................................................................... 5 Electronic-only book .......................................................................................... 5 Electronic version of print book......................................................................... 5 Book with corporate author .............................................................................. 6 Chapter or article in a book ............................................................................... 6 Book Review ...................................................................................................... 6 Dictionary, encyclopedia ................................................................................... 6 Dictionary/ encyclopedia entry.......................................................................... 6 Journal Articles ......................................................................................................... 7 Journal article .................................................................................................... 7 Web .......................................................................................................................... 8 Web page ........................................................................................................... 8 Facebook............................................................................................................ 8 Podcast .............................................................................................................. 9 Blog .................................................................................................................... 9 YouTube ............................................................................................................. 9 Image (online, no author) .................................................................................. 9 Image (online) .................................................................................................... 9 Audio Visual ............................................................................................................ 10 CD .................................................................................................................... 10 TV episode ....................................................................................................... 10 Newspaper article ............................................................................................ 10 Movie ............................................................................................................... 10 Academic ................................................................................................................ 11 Lecture notes ................................................................................................... 11 Thesis ............................................................................................................... 11 ABS ................................................................................................................... 11 Personal communication ................................................................................. 11 Conference Papers .......................................................................................... 12

Multiple authors
Two authors

In-text citation
If a work has two authors, cite both names every time

Reference List

(Gilbert & Collins, 2012, p. 99). Gilbert & Collins (2012, p. 99) argued that The first time you cite this work
(APA, 2010, p. 177)

Gilbert, R., & Collins, M. (2012). Masculinity. Cairns, Australia: Allen & Unwin.

(Muspratt, Luke & Freebody, 2009, pp. 111-112).

Three to five authors

Muspratt, Luke and Freebody (2009, pp. 111-112) found

The second and subsequent citations

Muspratt, M., Luke, J. & Freebody, F. (2009). Anthropology. London, England: Pluto Press.

(Muspratt et al., 1997, pp. 111-112). Muspratt et al. (1997, pp. 111-112) found that
Every time you cite this work, only give the surname of the first author followed by et al. (APA, 2010, p. 177) Include up to seven authors
(APA, 2010, p. 184)

Six or seven authors

Collins, M., Kenedy, B., Forster, B., Morris, M., Cheer, K., Hooper, H., Fowler, K. (2012). Modern Liberia. Cairns, Australia: Allen & Unwin. Include the first six authors names, then 3 dots with spaces, then the last authors name. (APA, 2010, p. 184) Collins, M., Kenedy, B., Forster, B., Morris, M., Cheer, K., Hooper, H., . . . Jones, J. (2012). Modern Liberia. Cairns, Australia: Allen & Unwin.

(Collins et al., 2012). Collins et al. (2012) disputed this

Every time you cite this work, only give the surname of the first author followed by et al. (APA, 2010, p. 177)

Eight or more authors

(Collins et al., 2012, p. 99). Collins et al. (2012, p. 99) disputed this

Last updated by MC 10 Apr 2012

No author
(APA, 2010, p. 185)

In-text citation
Use the first few words of the reference list entry for your in-text citation If you are using the title of an article, a chapter or a web page for your in-text citation, use double quote marks. Do not italicize.

Reference List
If there is no author listed, place the title in the author position.

~article, ~ chapter, ~web page

(APA, 2010, p. 185)

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2010). Retrieved from http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp

was shown to be false ("New Child Vaccine," 2010, p. 99). as argued in "New Child Vaccine" (2010, p. 99), it can be.

~periodical ~book ~brochure ~report

If you are using the title of a periodical (magazine etc), a book, a brochure or a report for your in-text citation, use italics.

College Bound Seniors. (2011). Retrieved from http://prof-college/ board.com/data-reports/sat/cb-seniors-2011

was shown to be false (College Bound Seniors, 2011). as shown in College Bound Seniors (2011), it can be.

Long author
The first time you cite this work All subsequent in-text citations

(Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2008, p. 99). ... by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008 p. 99) (ABS, 2008, pp. 5-7). ... described by the ABS (2008, pp. 5-7) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Mental health and wellbeing (cat. no. 4326.5). Retrieved from AusStats: http://www.abs.gov.au /ausstats

Last updated by MC 10 Apr 2012

Publishers location
US publishers: give the city and the two letter abbreviation for the state (try Google):

Publisher in the US

Springfield, MA Little Falls, NY

Non-US publishers: give the city and the country in full:

Reynolds, H. (2010). Black pioneers. Springfield, MA: Penguin.

Publisher otside of the the USA

London, England Auckland, New Zealand

Reynolds, H. (2010). Black pioneers. London, England: Penguin.

Lots of publisher locations listed?

If one is the obviously the head office, use that one. If not, use the first one in the list.

Reference something that you read about in another source

Academically, it is better to find the original source and reference that. But if you want to do this... you only reference what you have actually seen so if you are reading Starks book and Stark quotes Shakespeare, you only reference Stark...

In-text citation

Reference List
Only the source that you have actually seen goes in the reference list.

described by Shakespeare (as cited in Stark, 2012, p. 99) or not to be (Shakespeare, 1998 cited in Stark, 2012, p. 99).

Stark, E. (2012). Winter woollies. London, England: Firewall Press.

Last updated by MC 10 Apr 2012

Books
Book with single author

For books with more than one author, also see the Multiple Authors section above.

In-text citation

Reference List

(Reynolds, 2000, p. 99). Reynolds (2000, p. 99) described this as (Broinowski, 2008).

Reynolds, H. (2000). Black pioneers. Ringwood, Australia: Penguin. Broinowski, A. (Ed.). (2008). ASEAN into the 1990s. London, England: Macmillan. Nugent, S. L., & Shore, C. (Eds.). (2011). Anthropology. London, England: Pluto Press.
The title moves to the authors position
(APA, 2010, p. 184)

Book with editor(s)

(Nugent & Shore, 2011) Nugent and Shore (2011) dispute this. (Longman dictionary of the English language, 2009).

Book, author not known

Longman dictionary of the English language (2009) defines this as

Longman dictionary of the English language. (2009). Harlow, England: Longman. Austen, J. (2005). Mansfield Park (J. Wiltshire, Ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Goudie, A. (2010). The human impact on the natural environment (5th ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell. Corsini, R.J. (Ed.). (2002). Encyclopaedia of psychology (Vol 4). New York, NY: J. Wiley.
(APA, 2010, p. 185)

Book with author and editor Book other than first edition Book with more than one volume

(Austen, 2005, p. 99). this was described by Austen (2005, p. 99) as (Goudie, 2010). this was described by Goudie (2010) as (Corsini, 2002, pp. 22-30). this was described by Corsini (2002, pp. 22-30) as (OKeefe, 2010).

OKeefe, E. (2010). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem/225
(APA, 2010, p. 203)

Electronic-only book

It has been argued by OKeefe (2010) that this . (Shotton, 1989) Shotton (1989) says computers will soon force mankind

Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency [DX Reader version]. Retrieved from http:// www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp 5

Electronic version of print book

Last updated by MC 10 Apr 2012

In-text citation
When the author and publisher are identical, use the word "Author" as the name of the publisher

Reference List
(APA, 2010, p.203)

Book with corporate author

(American Psychological Association, 2010). the American Psychological Association (2010) states
Cite the author of the chapter, not the book

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. (6th ed.). Washington, DC : Author.
The title of the book goes in italics, not the title of the chapter

Chapter or article in a book

(Fontana & Frey, 2012, p. 99). Fontana and Frey (2012, p. 99) described this as

Fontana, A., & Frey, J. (2012). The art of science. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 361-376). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Schatz, B. R. (2000, November 17). Learning by text of context? [Review of the book Managing change in schools, by J. S. Brown & P. Duguid]. Science, 290, 1304, doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1304 Smith, A. D. (Ed.). (2000). Oxford dictionary of biochemistry (1st. ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
( APA, 2010, p. 184)

Book Review
(APA, 2010, p. 209)

(Schatz, 2000). described by Schatz (2000) as (Smith, 2000, p. 101). Smith (2000, p. 101) defines this as
If an entry has no author listed, place the title in the author position.

Dictionary, encyclopedia Dictionary/ encyclopedia entry

(Oxford dictionary of biochemistry, 2000).

~ no author given

Oxford dictionary of biochemistry. (2000). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Oxford dictionary of biochemistry (2000) defines this...

If there is no author or title, use the heading or first few significant words of the entry in the place or the author (APA, 2010, p. 200, 205)

~ no author, no title

(Heuristic, 2012, p. 99). Heuristic (2012, p. 99) can be seen to be

Heuristic. (2012). In Merriam-Websters online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.m-.com/dictionary/heuristic

Last updated by MC 10 Apr 2012

Journal Articles
(APA, 2010, pp. 198-199)

For journal articles with more than one author, also see the Multiple Authors section above. A digital object identifier (doi) is a series of numbers and characters that identify online (and some paper) journal articles. It is often found on the on the title page along with the author, title etc. A doi could look like this : doi:10.1037/1065- 9293.59.4.286 Include the doi in your reference if you can find one, like this...

Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of work. Title of Journal, volume(issue if applicable), pages. doi:xxxxx
If you cannot find the doi, use the URL of the home page of the journal that the article appeared in (Google it), like this...

What is a doi?

Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of work. Title of Journal, volume(issue if applicable), pages. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx
If you cannot find the URL of the home page of the journal, you can write the reference without a doi or a URL, like this...

Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of work. Title of Journal, volume(issue if applicable), pages.
Pagination by issue vs. Pagination by volume

Pagination by issue means the page numbers start from 1 at the beginning of each issue Pagination by volume means the page numbers start from 1 at the beginning of each volume
In-text citation Reference list
The title of the journal goes in italics. The title of the article, does not.

Journal article

with doi, pagination by issue with doi, pagination by volume without doi, pagination by issue

(Williams, 2008, p. 31). Williams (2008, p. 31) argues that (Williams, 2008). Williams (2008) argues that (Williams, 2008). Williams (2008) argues that (Williams, 2008, p. 31). Williams (2008, p. 31) argues that

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4), 30-32. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10 Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17, 30-32. doi:10.1177/0269881105058776 Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4), 30-32. Retrieved from www.philipallan.co.uk/sociologyreview/index.htm Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4), 30-32. Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17, 30-32. Retrieved from www.philipallan.co.uk/sociologyreview/index.htm Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17, 30-32. 7

without doi, pagination by volume

Last updated by MC 10 Apr 2012

Web
Web page

Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time e.g., Wikis, blogs etc

(APA, 2010, p. 192)

In-text citation

Reference list

(National Energy Laboratory, 2008). the National Energy Laboratory (2008) argues

Author, A. A. (Date of publication). Title of Page/Document. Retrieved from URL. National Energy Laboratory. (2008). Biofuels. Retrieved from http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_biofuels.html

no author

Use the first few words of the Reference List entry in double quote marks (also see No Author section below)

If there is no author listed, place the title in the author position.

(APA, 2010, p. 184)

was shown to be false ("New Child Vaccine," 2010). as argued in "New Child Vaccine" (2010) it can be.
no author, no year and no page number Facebook

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2010). Retrieved from http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp Heuristic. (2012). In Merriam-Websters online dictionary Retrieved from http://www.m-.com/dictionary/heuristic

(Heuristic, 2012). Heuristic (2012) can be seen to be

Username or Group Name. (n.d.). In Facebook [Page type]. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from http://www.facebook.com/specificpageURL
Only include retrieval date for online material that may change over time e.g. Wikis, blogs, fb etc) If no date given, use either n.d. (no date) or ca (circa = approx)
(APA, 2010, p. 192) (http://blog.apastyle.org/)

(Nonja, n.d.). as seen on the fan page Nonja (n.d.).

Nonja. (n.d.). In Facebook [Fan page]. Retrieved March 17, 2010, from http://www.facebook.com/pages/Nonja/190010092116

(When I was your age, Pluto was a planet, 2011) as seen on When I was your age, Pluto was a planet (2011)

When I was your age, Pluto was a planet. [ca. 2011]. In Facebook [Group page]. Retrieved December 16, 2009, from www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=2207893888

Last updated by MC 10 Apr 2012

In-text citation Podcast

(APA, 2010, p. 210)

Reference list

Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast]. (Van Nuys, 2007). argued by Van Nuys (2007) Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/ Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/

Blog

(Dean, 2008). .. described by Dean (2007)

Include the title of the message and the URL.

Dean, J. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges : Is that me in the mirror? [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/2366ty/

YouTube

The author is the person who posted the video. Give their real name (if known) and their screen name in brackets.

(Apsolon, 2011). as Apsolon (2011) says in

Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx Apsolon, M. [markapsolon]. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on Video Tape

(markapsolon, 2011). as markapsolon (2011) says in

14 [Video file]. Retrieved from www.youtube.com/6457324/45654ss

If you dont know the real name, give the screen name without brackets

markapsolon. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on Video Tape 14 [Video file].
(http://blog.apastyle.org/)

Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/wat632465 (The Queen signing, 1970). as seen in The Queen signing (1970) (Duveneck, 1872). as seen in Duveneck (1872) The Queen signing the visitors book in library [Image]. (1970). Retreived from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jcuniversity587/in/photostream/ Duveneck, Frank (Artist). (1872). Whistling boy [Image of painting]. Cincinnati, OH; Cincinnati Art Museum. Retrieved from http://www.artstor.org 9

Image (online, no author) Image (online)

Last updated by MC 10 Apr 2012

Audio Visual
CD

In-text citation
Include track number

Reference list lang, k.d. (2008). Shadow and the frame. On Watershed [CD]. New York, NY : Nonesuch Records. Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House. New York, NY : Fox.
Online newspapers, use URL of the homepage of the newspaper

(APA, 2010, p. 210)

TV episode

(lang, 2008, track 10). as sung by lang (2008, track 10) (Egan & Alexander, 2005). shown by Egan and Alexander (2005)

Newspaper article ~online

reported by Heinlein (2007)

Heinlein, G. (2007, July 24). Michigan smoking ban takes big step. Detroit News. Retrieved from http://www.detnews.com

~paper

Lawlor (2010, p. 10).

Lawlor, A. (2010, July 20). Phoenician 'find' makes textbooks ancient history. The Courier Mail, pp. 3,7,10-11.

~ no author

Use short title, or full title if it is short

(APA, 2010, p. 200)

If this is no author listed, place the title in the author position

(APA, 2010, p. 184)

("Six Sites Meet", 2006). the article "Six Sites Meet" (2006) describes
Movie

Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang initiative conference. (2006, July.) OJJDP News @ a Glance. Retrieved from www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/news
Give the primary contributors i.e. director or producer or both, but not presenters. Use (brackets) to

(Vasile & Fellini, 2001).

(APA, 2010, p. 209)

identify their contribution. Give the movies country of origin and the name of the studio.

shown by Vasile and Fellini (2001)

Vasile, T. (Producer), & Fellini F. (Director). (2001). Roma [Motion picture]. United States: MGM Home Entertainment.

Last updated by MC 10 Apr 2012

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Academic
Lecture notes

In-text citation

Reference list

Bond, T. (2012). ED1401: Childhood and adolescence, week 12 notes. [PowerPoint (Bond, 2012). was shown by Bond (2012). slides]. Retrieved from http://learnjcu2004.jcu.edu.au Bond, T. (2012). PY1011: Exploring psychology, Psychopaths. [Class handout]. Department of Psychology, James Cook University. Townsville, Australia.

Thesis
(APA, 2010, p. 207)

(Ward, 2010). as shown by Ward (2010).

Ward, I. (2010). Sedimentary history of the Pandora wreck and surrounds (Unpublished master's thesis). James Cook University, Townsville, Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Mental health and wellbeing: Profile of adults, Western Australia (cat. no. 4326.5). Retrieved from: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats
Because they don't provide recoverable information, personal communications are not included in the reference list. Cite in text only.

ABS

Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008). shown by Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008).

Personal communication (interviews, letters, email, telephone conversations etc)

For interviews, give the name of the person interviewed, followed by the words personal communication (not in speech marks) and the date.

(R. Brown, personal communication, July 23, 2000). in conversation with R. Brown (personal communication, April 4, 2002).

Last updated by MC 10 Apr 2012

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Conference Papers

Proceedings of meetings/symposia published in a book format to be formatted as a book citation. Proceedings of meetings/symposia published in journals to be formatted as journal article citations .
(APA, 2010, p. 207)

~ Unpublished conference paper

Author, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of paper. In E. E. Chairperson (Chair), Title of symposium. (Martins, 2011). as shown by Martins (2011) Symposium conducted at the meeting of Organization Name, Location. Martins, J. R. (2011, April). Working with the terminally ill: An integrated theoretical model. In J. R. Tunon (Chair), Cooperative health care in the 21st century. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Counselling Association Conference, San Diego, CA.

~ Published conference paper in conference proceedings

Author. (Year). Title of paper. In Editor (first initial, last name) (Ed.) Title of conference Gibson (2012). as shown by Gibson (2012). proceedings (page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher. doi:xxx.xxxxxxx Gibson, C. C. (2012). In S. Allsop (Ed.) Impact of the larger social context on the distance learner. International Council for Distance Education: One world many voices: Quality in open and distance learning (pp. 279-282). Chicago: Milton Keynes, England.

Last updated by MC 10 Apr 2012

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