AUTONOMOUS REGION IN MUSLIM MINDANAO (ARMM) ARRIVAL OF ISLAM 1380 - Muslim Missionary Shariff Makdum introduced Islam in Sulu

from Malacca. Later in 1390 - Rajah Baginda from Sumatra arrived in Sulu and carried on Makdums work in propagating Islam among the Tausug people. About 1450 Abu Bakr, arrived in Sulu from Johor, married the daughter of Rajah Baginda, and founded the Sulu Sultanate. 1475 - Sharif Kabungsuwan the first Muslim Leader to reach Mindanao and landed in Cotabato, Maguindanao.He also became the first sultan of Maguindanao The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) is the region, located in the Mindanao island group of the Philippines, that is composed of predominantly Muslim provinces, namely: Basilan (except Isabela City), Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. It is the only region that has its own government. The regional capital is at Cotabato City, although this city is outside of its jurisdiction. The ARMM previously included the province of Shariff Kabunsuan until July 16, 2008, when Shariff Kabunsuan ceased to exist as a province after the Supreme Court in Sema v. Comelec declared unconstitutional the "Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act 201", which created it. The Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao region was first created on August 1, 1989 through Republic Act No. 6734 (otherwise known as the Organic Act) in pursuance with a constitutional mandate to provide for an autonomous area in Muslim Mindanao. The ARMM was officially inaugurated on November 6, 1990 in Cotabato City, which was designated as its provisional capital. GEOGRAPHY The ARMM spans two geographical areas: Lanao del Sur and Maguindanao (except Cotabato City) in south western Mindanao, and the island provinces of Basilan (except Isabela City), Sulu and Tawi-Tawi in the Sulu Archipelago. The region covers a total of 12,288 km. FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM Five Pillars of Islam (arkn-al-Islm ; also arkn ad-dn " pillars of the religion") are five basic acts in Sunni Islam, considered obligatory by believers. These are summarized in the famous Hadith of Gabriel. The Qur'an presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith. They are (1) the shahada (Islamic creed), (2) daily prayers (salah), (3) almsgiving (zakt), (4) fasting during Ramadan (sawm), and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime. The minority Shi'a and majority Sunni both agree on the essential details for the performance of these acts, but the Shi'a do not refer to them by the same name. SHAHADAH The Shahadah the declaration of faith, i.e. the professing that there is only one God (Allah) (monotheism) and that Muhammad is God's messenger. The shahadah is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: ash'hadu an l ilha ill-llh, wa-ash'hadu anna muammadan raslu-llh "I testify that there is no god except God and I testify that Muhammad is a messenger of God." Reciting this statement is obligatory in daily prayer (salh) as well as on other occasions; it is also a key part in a person's conversion to Islam. SALAT: PRAYER Salat ( alh) is the Islamic prayer. Salat consists of five daily prayers according to the Sunna; the names are according to the prayer times: Fajr (morning dawn), Zuhr (noon), Asr (afternoon), Maghrib (after-sunset), and 'Isha' (late evening, night). The Fajr prayer is performed before sunrise, Zuhr is performed in the midday after the sun has surpassed its highest above you, Asar is the evening prayer before sunset, Maghrib is the evening prayer after sunset and Isha is the night prayer. All of these prayers are recited while facing the Ka'bah in Mecca. Muslims must wash themselves before prayer, this washing is called wud' ("purification"). The prayer is accompanied by a series of set positions including; bowing with hands on knees, standing, prostrating and sitting in a special position (not on the heels, nor on the buttocks). Salat is the second of the five pillars of Islam. ZAKAT Zakat or alms-giving is the practice of charitable giving by Muslims based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all who are able to do so. It is considered to be a personal responsibility for Muslims to ease economic hardship for others and eliminate inequality. Zakat consists of spending 2.5% of one's wealth for the benefit of the poor or needy, including slaves, debtors and travelers. A Muslim may also donate more as an act of voluntary charity (sadaqah), rather than to achieve additional divine reward. There are two main types of Zakat. First, there is the kajj, which is a fixed amount. There are five principles that should be followed when giving the Zakat: The giver must declare to God his intention to give the Zakat. The Zakat must be paid on the day that it is due. After the Offering, the payer must not exaggerate on spending his money more than usual means. Payment must be in kind. This means if one is wealthy then he or she needs to pay 2.5% of their income. If a person does not have much money, then they should compensate for it in different ways, such as good deeds and good behavior toward others. The Zakat must be distributed in the community from which it was taken. SAWM OF RAMADAN: FASTING

Muslims traditionally break their fasts in the month of Ramadan with dates, as was the recorded practice (Sunnah) of Muhammad. Three types of fasting (Sawm) are recognized by the Qur'an: Ritual fasting, fasting as compensation for repentance (both from sura Al-Baqara), and ascetic fasting (from Al-Ahzab). Ritual fasting is an obligatory act during the month of Ramadan. Muslims must abstain from food and drink from dawn to dusk during this month, and are to be especially mindful of other sins. Fasting is necessary for every Muslim that has reached puberty (unless he/she suffers from a medical condition which prevents him/her from doing so.) HAJJ: PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA The Hajj is a pilgrimage that occurs during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah to the holy city of Mecca. Every able-bodied Muslim is obliged to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime . When the pilgrim is around 10 km (6.2 mi) from Mecca, he must dress in Ihram clothing, which consists of two white sheets. Both men and women are required to make the pilgrimage to Mecca. After a Muslim makes the trip to Mecca, he/she is known as a hajj/hajja (one who made the pilgrimage to Mecca). The main rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the Kaaba, touching the Black Stone, traveling seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah, and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina. The pilgrim, or the haji, is honored in the Muslim community. Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God, not a means to gain social standing. The believer should be selfaware and examine their intentions in performing the pilgrimage. This should lead to constant striving for self-improvement. A pilgrimage made at any time other than the Hajj season is called an Umrah, and while not mandatory is strongly recommended. Also, they make a pilgrimage to the holy city of Jerusalem in their alms giving feast. HERITAGE OF PHILIPPINE MUSLIM Sociopolitical Life The introduction of Islam gave way to a social and political order not completely different from the existing structure known to the early settlers of southern Philippines. It produced an Islamic variant of the barangay where the pre-Islamic timuways evolved into datus of Muslim Filipinos. On the other hand, datus of large barangays became sultans. Under Islam, the datu was ordained as Gods viceregent or deputy whose power was sacred. He was assisted by the pandita (one learned in religious matters), and he administered justice according to the law of Islam and adat. COURTSHIP and MARRIAGE Muslim Filipinos observe traditional courtship and marriage practices just like other Filipino groups. Because marriage is considered an alliance of families, relatives on both sides have a say on the union. Major Moro groups expect the man to court and marry a woman who comes from the same status of his family. Arranged marriage is mainly due to prestige and the parents wish to enable their children to enjoy a better social and economic life. A bride-gift is an essential part of any proposed union. It is meant to compensate the brides family for the loss of a woman-member and to reimburse the cost of her upbringing. CHILD REARING A ceremonial preparation of the child for adulthood called pag-islam (meaning, what Islam has required) or circumcision follows Islamic rites. It may be a simple or elaborate ceremony done by an imam or another religious personality who performs prayers and chants. Another ceremony marking a boys intellectual initiation is called pag-tammat (referring to ending study of the Quran). This is an occasion which is disappearing because most parents send their children to madaris (religious schools). FOOD For the Tausugs, tiyula sug is beef cooked in water with roasted coconut wheat and a mixture of salt, garlic and flavoring herbs called pamapa. The Maguindanaoans have pizinena which is goat meat fried in coconut oil and spices. For the Maranaos, the well-known kiyoning or yellow rice is made by mixing rice, coconut milk and powdered kalawag (turmeric). They are proud of two kinds of Maranao desserts. Tiyateg is made of rice flour, coconut oil and brown sugar. It is strained for thinness, dropped in hot oil and rolled or folded. It is eaten with the fingers. Tiyateg looks like shredded wheat of the Westerners. Another dessert is doldol, a thick pudding made of coconut milk, rice flour and dark sugar cooked for three hours. It is served cut into small pieces. Food is generally eaten with bare hands while sitting on the floor. On special occasions, the floor is covered with woven colorful mats, and food is served on brass trays called talam or tabak. CLOTHES The most prominent traditional wear is the malong, a large, colorful woven cloth wrapped around the body. One common way women wear it is around the waist with its folds draped over the left arm. Men wrap it around the waist like a skirt. The malong has many uses depending on the need of the wearer. It can be used as a cape, coat, blanket or umbrella. Maranao or Maguindanao women wear the malong over a blouse called arbita. Also, they wear a turban called kombong made of muslin fabric. White is used as kombong when the wearer has been to Mecca. In Sulu, patadyong is the peoples version of malong. It is smaller and resembles a sarong worn by people in Indonesia and Malaysia. Sawal or kantyu is loose baggy pants made of soft cloth and worn by both men and women. Men wear the sawal with a polo shirt, while women wear it with a sambra, a collarless, V-neck blouse with short

sleeves. Women also wear it with a sablay, a long-sleeved blouse that reaches the hips. Tausug women also wear a biyatawi which is a blouse with a tight-fitting bodice that flares at the waist. It has a deep neckline that usually goes with a pendant. A dressy biyatawi has gold buttons on the sleeves, neckline and the front opening. The mens traditional headwear is called tobao by the Maguindanao and Maranao. In Tausug, it is called ppis. This headwear is a cloth with geometric or floral designs or Arabic calligraphy. Another common headgear is called kopiya, which is similar to the songkok used in Indonesia and Malaysia. Men who have gone to Mecca wear a white cap called kadi. AMUSEMENT and LEISURE ACTIVITIES Color, excitement and various activities mark the Maranao festival called kalilang. It is usually held to welcome Mecca pilgrims home or to celebrate the coronation of a new sultan. It can go on the whole day or last for several days. Now a rare event, kalilang begins with the parade of dignitaries and their retinue and members of royalty with their colorful and bejeweled parasols (payong-a-diyakatan). They walk to the beat of drums and gongs. The event is marked with fireworks and games such as kang-galawanga (patintero), kapeso (horse racing) and sipa-salama (kicking a rattan ball with the right foot). MUSIC Music is another important part of the culture. However, it should be noted that there is a distinction between music for rituals, which is basically vocal without instruments, and music for entertainment. Kulintang (brass gongs), kagandang (war drums), ceremonial dances and kambaioka (singers or chanters of improvised poetic compositions) are played on various occasions. The gabbang is similar to a xylophone, while suling and saunay are wind instruments. The biyula is a string instrument, and the kulintangan is an ensemble of gongs and drums. The kudyapi is a two-stringed lute plucked to make beautiful sounds. The kubing (jews harp) is made of bamboo and believed to make words and tell stories, if the audience could understand the language of music. Moro musicality is also seen in songs and dances. For the Tausug, there are songs called kissa which tell about the love of datus and princesses, while heroic songs are contained in parang sibil. The Maranao kandidiagao is a melodious lament over the dead. There are five major types of songs for the Maranao. The kambaiok is the free rhythmic rendering of the baiok, which is improvised poetry. Kandarangen is accompanied by a gong or other similar instruments. Kadikir is sung by singers in slow, free rhythm and speaks of verses from the Quran and Maranao compositions with topics on Islam, morals, life, and death. Kandomana is a combination of styles of Kandarangen and Kadikir. Lastly, kapranon is a song of private sentimentality sung softly. DANCE Most Moro dances relate to pre-Islamic history. Pagipat (7 days) and pangubad (3 days) are animistic rituals for healing, while sagaian is a war dance. The most popular dance common to the Maguindanao and Maranao is singkil which has been interpreted by dance troupes over time. The Maranao version of singkil is a female dance solo, as Maranao custom does not allow men and women to dance together. The dance speaks of a princess trying to escape from an earthquake by running and leaping on shaking stones and trying not to get her feet caught. The Maguindanao version shows a prince and princess in a contest in relation to his proposal for marriage. Other dances are kapagasik, a graceful dance of beautiful maidens; kaganat sa darangen, a song and dance that shows ways of wearing the malong; and kapiil sa musala, a handkerchief dance usually performed by girls. DECORATIVE and INDUSTRIAL ARTS Ukir (Maranao) or ukkil (Tausug) means to carve or engrave. Moro artistry is applied to woodworking, from decorative carving to boat-building to house architecture and construction. Skill and artistry in metalwork is applied to tools, weapons, jewelry, and brassware. Clothweaving and matweaving are important crafts for Moros. LITERATURE Moro literature embraces the whole range of oral and written expression of Moro culture, including religious and ritual literature, folk literature such as legends, myths, epics and folktales, and the symbolic speech of courtship, proverbs, and riddles. Poems, songs, and ballads are also included. Islamic religious and ritual literature includes the: adhan (call to prayer), salat (ritual prayer), and dua (supplicatory prayer) which are universal in Islam. It also includes handbooks on prayer, basic beliefs, khutbah (sermons), tafsir (Quranic exegesis), and tasawwuf (literature focusing on the Prophet Mohammad). Hadis is Tausug religious oral literature on locally produced commentaries on specific items of Muslim tradition and jurisprudence. Darangen (epic poetry) may be the best known poetic narrative of the Maranao. It consists of 25 episodes about Prince Bantugen, a godlike hero embodying physical prowess, beauty and intelligence. Tarsila (also called salsila, sarsila or salasila, meaning link) is a written genealogy of an aristocratic family who claims to have descended from sultans and datus from the time of Prophet Muhammad. Although its scope is limited, the tarsila is considered the principal source of information on the early history of the Moros. Stories and symbolic speeches such as riddles, proverbs, courtship dialogues and love spells are part of the literary expression of some Moro groups. Stories, like The Red Star of Islam, seek to edify Muslims as they remember fellow Muslims suffering in communist Russia. Proverbs and other symbolic speeches are used in the instruction of children, formal negotiations for marriage, and courtship, among others.

A notable Muslim Filipino fiction writer is Ibrahim Jubaira who has been respected and admired in the national and international communities. His stories have provided Christians a look into the lives, hearts and dreams of Mulsim Filipinos. The White Horse of Alih By: Emigdio MigAlvarez Enriquez The Issue inside the story Psychological effect of man's alienation from the society he is at Racial Discrimination Traditions in religion Psychological impact of an individuals experiences Quarrel between religions Discrimination based on religion ELEMENTS OF STORY Setting The story happens towards here on July 4th in a city with a parade of people. Characters Alih- a Moro who plans for killing the people celebrating the Filipino- American Friendship Day Omar- the older brother of Alih who dictates him on what to do in every aspects of his life Imam- the village priest who tried to dissuade the two brothers, he explain to them that the prophets did not teach to do it Lucy - girl who lived in the reservation area where the Americans live -she is the first girl Alih liked Fermina - a beautiful bar maid with a mole near her mouth - Alih likes her so much but the woman doesnt like him because of his impertinent manner. Plot Conflict- Alih did not want to kill but the fear he had for his brother while he was growing urged him to the killings and also because his brother taught him that killing will be their way to wash away their shame and gain respect for their father had died by the American soldiers without any reason. Complication- when they decided to become merchants there were rebels who stole their commodities Rising Action - He saw a float with a girl whom he thought of as Fermina. He went near the float and assisted the girl to go down to the ground and found out that it is Fermina when he saw the little black mole on the corner of the girls mouth Climax- As he was about to hold her completely, Omar came but to his surprise, he was drunk and tipsy! All along, he realized that Omar had been drinking tuba. Omar was about to kill Fermina. Falling Action- Alih kills his brother despite their plans to gain the white horse for him to protect Fermina. Theme- the short story tells about the tradition, beliefs and faith of the Filipinos Point of View - third person limited LITERARY APPROACHES USED Historical Approach Since the author was born on 1925, this may influence his work on The White Horse of Alih. The setting of the story happened on July 4th in a city with a parade of people. The author might experience this big event in the history wherein the July 4th is considered as Filipino- American Friendship Day. Mimetic Approach The text is can be related to the reality. It there were discrimination among races, differences among religions and traditions. And the moral aspect of killing is an issue of their faith. Freudian Approach The main character tries to overcome his feelings on this text but Alih shows his intention to Fermina in the middle of story when he ask for a kiss to the lady. SUMMARY OF TEXT The story started of as Alih the protagonist, moved along the crowd which was celebrating the fourth of July celebration. They were expecting a lot of people in this event because they planned a mass assassination in the town. The story then went on concentrating on the actions and what the characters are thinking before their planned killing. Alih was thinking of his houri and the past memories of their family. His father was accused of killing a man that he did not kill. Alih and Omars father was the hadji back then and that he attended the Mecca. The Americans wanted him to submit to the judgement of the Americans. The story continued with the life of Omar and Alih as merchants. They sold their house, their boats, fishing nets and even their mothers pearls. They then worked for Lim Ching which was a Chinese merchant. They were then robbed by men with guns and clubs. They then went back to sea and stayed there for a long time. After the consumed all their stock of food and water Omar began thinking of killing and dying. By killing we can wash our shame away said Omar while staring into the space. The story then went on moving to the parade. Alih saw a girl which resembled his friend that he rode with in the carousel. After confirming that the girl he is looking at is really Fermina, his brother Omar then went berserk and unsheathed his sword and killed people. Omar then went to kill Fermina but Alih protected her and killed his brother Omar.