I.T.

U Applied Electromagnetic Theory Homework I & Homework - II

AHMET SEFER

HOMEWORK # 1 WKB METHOD AND METHOD OF MOMENT SOLUTION FOR 1-D SCATTERING PROBLEM IN INHOMOGENOUS MEDIA i) WKB Method solution for the media which has

According to the question, a normally incident plane wave incident upon a medium has a dielectric constant is a function of dimension z, instead of a constant. To start the solution, it is applied to Maxwells two equations: (1) (2) Taking cross product of (1) and write use (2) into (1): (3) Noting that Now it is possible to acquire the one dimensional homogenous Helmholtz equation: (5) Where is the square of refractive index, function of dielectric permittivity function, and is the wave number in free space. WKB is the first term of an asymptotic expansion. There are two ways of obtaining asymptotic series [1]. Here it is concerned with expansion of the fields phase in series. (6) Here the first term is the WKB solution: (7) Apply phase integral approach [1-2] to (7): (8) (4)

Apply (7) & (8) into (5): (9) can be expanded into inverse powers of : (10) Substituting (10) into (9) and expanding (9) in inverse powers of : (11) Equating each powers of gives: to zero, it is acquired infinite number equations. First two terms

(12) (13) Applying (8) (12) and (13) into (7): (14) The general solution to (5) is therefore: (15)

The first derivative of the field

according to (15) is: (16)

Our refractive index is: Substituting (i.1) into (14) we get:

(i.1)

(i.2)

For the solution,

frequency is selected as 3 GHz:

1.4

1.2

E-field

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.005

0.01

0.015 0.02 0.025 z-axis in meters

0.03

0.035

0.04

Fig. 1: field in inhomogeneous media;

WKB-phase of field in inhomogenous media 100 80 60

Phase-E-field (in degrees)

40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100

0.005

0.01

0.015 0.02 0.025 z-axis in meters

0.03

0.035

0.04

Fig.2 phase of the field in inhomogeneous media;

ii)

Integral Equation Method (Method Of Moments) solution:

Lets write the Helmholtz Equation defined in (4) & (5): (17) Where stands for total field (incident plus scattered field) in the inhomogeneous media: (18) is the incident field; is the unknown scattered field. homogeneous media can be defined as: = , the wave-number in

(19)

Re-write (17), by substituting (19) and by adding and subtracting to the equation:

,wave number in free space,

(20) Re-arrange (20) for scattered wave by substituting (18) for the scattered wave, (21) Right hand side of (21) can be defined as object function, : (22) Solution of (21) can be written in integral form with 1-D free space greens functions: (23) Substituting (18) into (23) so that it is possible to write general the solution in integral form for total field, (24) (24) is a second Kind integral equation [3] & [4]; unknown total field the integral. MoM Approach The inhomogeneous media is divided into n segments and (24) can be discretized as: (25) Here the distance between two segments is so little (at most ) so that the variation of object function, and is assumed to be constant. Thus, (25) can be written as: (26) The integral form (24) now be written in matrix form: (27) is inside and outside of

Where the elements of the matrix

is:

(28)

Now, the Greens function has to be calculated analytically. Analytical Solution for 1-D Greens Function In [5] green function in free space for 1-D is defined as:

(29) To analyze analytical solution of Greens function in (26) & (28) there are three possibility between the source and observation points 1- Observation point is in the middle of segment the source is distributed between the segments The integral becomes: (30) (30) is analysed into two parts: from And from (30) becomes: where source is behind the observation point: where source is in front of the observation point: ; (therefore on the point : ) and

(31) Substituting (31) into (30) yields:

2- Observation point is in the middle of segment the source distributed between the segments (n>m)

; (therefore on the point ) and behind the observation point

(32)

Substituting (32) into (30) yields: (33) Where (34)

3- Observation point is in the middle of segment the source distributed between the segments (m>n)

; (therefore on the point ) and in front of the observation point

If the same steps are followed from (30) to (34), green function is found as:

(35) In all equations from (29) to (35): is the distance between two segments ( )

is equal to free space wave number, (34) & (35) are examined carefully; it is obvious that they are symmetrical. According to (27) inverse of matrix A times the vector consist of incident fields gives us total field in inhomogeneous media: (36) Owing to (18), scattered field can be calculated as: (37)

2.2 2 1.8 total field scattered field incident field field

magnitude of the fields

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02 0.025 z in meters

0.03

0.035

0.04

Fig.3 magnitude of fields: total, scattered and incident

MoM-phase of field in inhomogenous media 100 80 60

Phase- total E-field (in degrees)

40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100

0.005

0.01

0.015 0.02 0.025 z-axis in meters

0.03

0.035

0.04

Fig.4 Phase of total field in inhomogeneous media;

MoM-WKB phase of field in inhomogenous media 100 80 60 MoM WKB

Phase- total E-field (in degrees)

40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100

0.005

0.01

0.015 0.02 0.025 z-axis in meters

0.03

0.035

0.04

Fig.5 comparing results: blue corresponds to WKB solution, red corresponds to MoM solution for the phases of the field.

MoM-WKB absolute value of field in inhomogenous media 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 MoM WKB

E-field

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

0.005

0.01

0.015 0.02 0.025 z-axis (in meters)

0.03

0.035

0.04

Fig.6 comparing results: blue corresponds to WKB solution, red corresponds to MoM solution for the magnitude of field. iii) Analytical results for a=0; reflection and transmission method

There are three region, as the permittivity is a constant instead of a function, it is possible solve the problem analytically by applying Reflection Transmission method [6] Region I: Region II: Region III: In Region I: (38.1) (38.2)

In Region II

(39.1) (39.2)

In Region III (40.1) (40.2)

Where,

There are 4 unknowns: It is needed 4 independent equations. Two equations will come from E-fields at boundaries (z=0, z=d) Two medium, free space and the dielectric one, has same permeability, therefore, two of them will come from H-fields at boundaries (z=0; z=d)

@ z=0; (41.1) (41.2)

@ z=d; (42.1) (42.2)

(43)

can be written as: (44) (45)

, unknowns vector has been calculated with respect to (45)

In fact, WKB method is also can be applied. WKB method also applied where permittivity is a constant. Therefore, (8), phase integral approach will become: (46)

Total field in inhomogeneous media, defined in (15) can be calculated as: (47) And 1st derivative of total field, defined in (47) can be found by applying (16) to it

(48) The incident field and transmitted field outside of the medium are the same with the fields defined in (38.1) and (40.1). If Boundary conditions @z=0 and @z=d are applied to (47) and (48):

(49)

Again, we have four independent equations for four unknowns. Except the magnitude of coefficients A and B, the results are the same with WKB and Transmission-Reflection Method.
WKB-Transmission reflection Soln. absolute value of field in inhomogenous media 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 WKB Transmission-Refl. Soln.

Normalized E-field

0.005

0.01

0.015 0.02 0.025 z-axis (in meters)

0.03

0.035

0.04

fig.7 WKB

solution and Reflection-Transmission (Analytic) Solution

Fig.7 shows that they have the same solutions. Comparing WKB solution with analytic result tells us that our algorithm is also true for inhomogeneous media which has a function for permittivity instead of a constant.

HOMEWORK # 2 SCATTERING IN A DIELECTRIC CYLINDER 1- Analytical Solution: To be able to handle analytical solution, there are two options: either magnetic field is transverse (TM) or electric field (TE) i) TM CASE:

For transverse magnetic case, the electric fields for both incident and scattered parts can be defined due to [6]: (50)

(51) Note that my approach is, in fact, to be able to write the incident plane wave and scattered one as a Fourier series transform. In a same manner, the transmitted electric field can be written in Fourier series form. In addition due to Hankels functions behavior around the origin, the part of the series which has Hankel function part is neglected. The resulting transmitted field is: (52) Magnetic fields, can also be defined according to Maxwells equation: (53) Now, apply (53) in cylindrical coordinates to both incident and scattered electric fields. (54) Magnetic field can also be thought in two parts: incident and scattered parts. Substituting (54) into (50) gives the incident magnetic field:

(55) Similarly, scattered H-field can be found by Substituting (54) into (51):

(56) Applying Boundary conditions which suggest that tangential E-fields on the boundary are equal; tangential H-fields on the boundary are equal (both regions have same permeability constant) With two boundary conditions, we have two independent solutions for two unknowns, : Suppose that cylinder has a radius , then we have: + (57) (58) Solving (57) and (58) gives the un known coefficients & : (59) (60) ii) TE case &

Same procedure is applied, the only difference is, here magnetic field has normal component; electric field has only transverse part; (61) Transverse E-field is defined according to Maxwells equation: (62) (63) Where the coefficients, been founded from boundary conditions, are defined as: (64) (65)

2- Numerical Method (MoM) Procedures of Method of Moments are given in the first homework. Here, the same approach is applied; the difference is that it is 2-D circular problem. To accomplish with 2-D a square is created. Then inner and outer radius are determined as inner radius is and outer radius is from zero and with if clause, any part not equal to value between radius outer and radius inner was thrown. Cells are showed in fig.8

Fig.8 cells in circular shell shape The cells are discritized as where the operating frequency is selected as .

Similar process, given from (27) to (37), is applied. Incident field is known, greens function in 2-D is also known. Then matrix is created. The results are shown in figures given below:

Electric field distribution in circular dielectric cylindrical shell with plane wave incident 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4

|E|

1.3 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.8

20

40

60

80 100 Degrees

120

140

160

180

Fig.9 Electric field dist. In circular dielectric shell

Fig.10 scattering patterns of a homogenous plane wave slab with a plane wave having normal incidence.

Distant scattering pattern of circular dielectric cylindrical shell with plane wave incident 4.5 4 3.5

Echo Width/Wavelength

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

20

40

60

80

100 120 Degrees

140

160

180

200

Fig.11 Scattering pattern of a circular dielectric cylindrical shell in the presence of a nearby parallel line source, calculated with the integral-equation technique.

REFERANCES [1] Ishimaru Akira, Electromagneticwave propagation, radiation and scattering.Prentice-Hallin EnglewoodCliffs, 1991. [2] Yapar Ali, AppliedElectromagneticTheory Course Notebook, 2012 [3] Garg Ramesh, Analytical and Computational Methods in Electromagnetic,Artech House,2008 [4] Sadiku N.O., Numerical Techniques in Electromagnetics with MATLAB, CRC Press,2009 [5] Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, John Wiley&Sons, Publishers, Inc., New York., 1989 [6] Pozar David, Microwave Engineering,John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005