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Nde Formula

1. The document provides formulas for key concepts in ultrasonic nondestructive testing including wavelength, acoustic impedance, transmission and reflection coefficients, Snell's law, near field, beam spread, and more. 2. It also lists formulas for radiography nondestructive testing such as the inverse square law, geometric unsharpness, and formulas for determining radiation intensity and strength over time. 3. Additionally, formulas are presented for magnetic particle nondestructive testing including formulas for determining coil current based on number of turns, radius, and part geometry.

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148 views

Nde Formula

1. The document provides formulas for key concepts in ultrasonic nondestructive testing including wavelength, acoustic impedance, transmission and reflection coefficients, Snell's law, near field, beam spread, and more. 2. It also lists formulas for radiography nondestructive testing such as the inverse square law, geometric unsharpness, and formulas for determining radiation intensity and strength over time. 3. Additionally, formulas are presented for magnetic particle nondestructive testing including formulas for determining coil current based on number of turns, radius, and part geometry.

Uploaded by

sbmmla
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Formulas for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing

Ultrasonic Key V = velocity Sin = sine of angle Cos = cosine of angle F = frequency D = diameter of the transducer BS = beam spread = lambda or wavelentgh p = density of the material Z = acoustic impedance dB = decible NF = near field Snell's Law:

Sin / Sin = V / V or Sin = (Sin * V ) / V


1 2 1 2 2 1 2

Near Field:

NF = D F / 4V or NF = D / 4
2 2

Beam's Spread:

BS = K * (V/DF) Note: K = 1.22 for 0 or null point K = 0.7 for 6 dB down


Wave Length:

= V/F
Acoustic Impedance:

Z = pV

Coefficient of Reflection:

((Z - Z ) / (Z + Z ) )
1 2 2 1 2

2 1/2

Decibel Ratio:

dB difference = 20 log (amplitude / amplitude )


10 1 2

Flaw Location Depth:

Depth = cos of the angle X the sound path


Flaw Location from the exit point (surface difference):

Surface = Sound path X Sin of the angle

Formulas for Radiography Nondestructive Testing


Radiography Key I = intensity D = distance Ug = geometric unsharpness F = focal spot size D = distance from the source to the source side of the object ( Unsharpness ) T = the thickness of the object plus the distance from the object to the film SSD = source to the detector (film) distance Inverse Square Law:

I / I = D / D or I = I * D / D
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2

2 2

Unsharpness:

Ug = FT / D
Source to Detector Distance:

SDD = (FT / Ug) + T

To figure the strength of a source after a certain amount of time: If a Ir. 192 source is 120 days old that is 1.6 half lives. So if the source was 100 curies at purchase the strength at 120 days is 39.6 curies. 100 * 0.51.6 = 39.6 If you have a 1/2" of lead and the half value layer is 0.2" you have 2.5 have value layers. If you had 60 Roentgens and put the 1/2" of lead at the point of 60 R you would now have 10.6 R on the opposite side of the lead. 60 * 0.52.5 = 10.6

Formulas for Magnetic Particle Nondestructive Testing


Magnetic Particle Key N = number of turns in the coil I = amperes R = radius of the coil L - is the usable length for the exam Ex. 9" each side of the center coil would allow for a max. length of
18"

All formulas are for American units of measurement. Testing with part next to the inside wall of the coil:

NI = 45000 / (L / D) or I = (45000 / (L / D)) / N


Testing with part centered in the coil and less than a 10% fill factor:

NI = (35000R) / ((6L / D) - 5)
Effective Diameter of hollow round parts:

(OD - ID )
2

2 1/2

Effective Diameter of hollow rectangular parts:

2(A - A / P)
t h

1/2

At = the area of the total cross section of the part and Ah = the area of the hollow cross section of the part

1. Wavelength

where: f = frequency c = acoustic velocity = wavelength where: Z = acoustic impedance c = acoustic velocity = density of transmitting medium

|wave length| |frequency| |velocity| acoustic impedance |acoustic impedance|

2. Acoustic Impedance

3. Transmission Coefficient where: Z1 = acoustic impedance in medium 1 for Normal Z2= acoustic impedance in medium 2 Incidence
D = transmission coefficient

|transmission factor (coefficient) |

4. Reflection Coefficient where: for Normal Z1 = acoustic impedance in medium 1 Incidence Z2 = acoustic impedance in medium 2
R = reflection coeffcient

|reflection coefficient

5. Snell's Law

where: c1 = acoustic velocity in medium 1 c2 = acoustic velocity in medium 2 1 = beam angle in medium 1 2 = beam angle in medium 2 where: D = the diameter of a flat circular oscillator = wavelength of the ultrasound N = length of near zone
|near field| Example |Snell's law|

6. Near Zone

7. Half Angle of Divergence (for flat circular oscillators)

where: = half angle of divergence k dB = constant based on stated dB drop from center maximum = wavelength D = the diameter of a net circular beam spread oscillator Values of k dB vary for the dB drop that is to |divergence| be determined. -1.5dB k=0.37 -3dB k=0.51 -6dB k=0.7 -10dB k=0.87 -12dB k=0.93 where: fx = new focal distance f1 = focal distance in coupling medium c1 = acoustic velocity in coupling medium c2 = acoustic velocity in second medium P1 = pathlength in the coupling medium where: = density c = velocity of sound = angular frequency = particle displacement Z = c = acoustic impedance normally in units of N/m2 where: p = pressure = angular frequency = particle displacement Z = c = acoustic impedance normally in units of W/m2
|acoustic power density| |convergence point| |focused beam|

8. Convergence Point
For determining the focal distance of a focused beam in a 2 media geometry.

9. Sound Pressure

10. Intensity of Acoustic Power

11. Intensity Level

where: Jo is the arbitrary (10-12 W/m2) reference level corresponding to the faintest sound detectable by the ear. Since J is proportional to the sound pressure squared, the difference between two intensity levels can be determined by;

B = 10 log (J/Jo)

normally units are in deciBells (abbr.dB)

12. Attenuation

where: po and p are sound pressures at the start and end of a length d. alpha is the coeffcient of attenuation for a given material alternatively;

|attenuation coefficient| |decibel (dB)|

normally units of attenuation are in dB and the attenuation coeffcient is in dB per unit length

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