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Petroleum Refining Study

Refining consists of separating usable products from the hydrocarbon mixture that is the nature made crude oil or petroleum. It involves unit operations and unit processed or physical and chemical reaction operations. Chemical engineering developed in the beginning of the era of refining.

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159 views26 pages

Petroleum Refining Study

Refining consists of separating usable products from the hydrocarbon mixture that is the nature made crude oil or petroleum. It involves unit operations and unit processed or physical and chemical reaction operations. Chemical engineering developed in the beginning of the era of refining.

Uploaded by

H.J.Prabhu
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Petroleum refining Study

Crude Oil components Refinery Flowchart What is done in refining

What is Crude Oil?


Mixture of organic

carbon chain molecules Impurities include sulfur and nitrogen compounds Some metals and salts too

Crude oil components

Cycloparaffin hydrocarbons in which all of the available bonds of the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen are called naphthenes. Typical examples of these are cyclopentane, cyclohexane, etc.

Aromatic hydrocarbons contain a benzene ring which is unsaturated but very stable and frequently behaves as a saturated compound.

In refining, oil is processed

1.To reduce to a pure component


state, to remove impurities

2. To improve or perfect
3. To make blended products with end
use.

Processes in a Refinery. . .?
Separation of components by distillation, e.g.:

Atmospheric Vacuum Hydrotreating (uses excess hydrogen)

Breaking apart molecules to make smaller ones, e.g.:

catalytic cracking hydrocracking


Reforming - alkylation that lengthens the hydrocarbon chain Reforming - cyclic that generates hydrogen

Joining molecules to make bigger ones, e.g.:


Fractionation utilizes a mass separation technique called distillation in which the feedstock is distilled into

various cuts of target boiling ranges or even separated


into individual hydrocarbon compounds. Distillation is accomplished by imposing a temperature

profile across the tower enabling differences in the


equilibrium compositions of the vapor and liquid phases to change the compositions throughout the distillation

tower.

The refinery processes include chemical reactions on the hydrocarbons being processed. Generally, the reactions are carried out at elevated temperatures in the 600-

1,000F range depending on the process, and


in most cases at elevated pressures, from 200 pounds per square inch (psi) to as high as 3,000 psi.

Refinery Process Flow Chart


Sulfur Gas Plant Isom Splitter Reformer Hydrotreating Jet Fuel Distillate Fuel Alky Gasoline Fuel Gas

Leffler, 1985

Distilling

Hydrotreating

CCU
Flasher Visbreaker

Residual Fuel

Other Refinery Units



Steam Generation Wastewater Treatment Hydrogen Generation Power Generation (e.g., cogen) Air Separation Plant Loading/Unloading - Railcar, Trucks, etc. Storage (high pressure hydrocarbon, crude oil, intermediates) Floating-Roof Tanks - 150 diameter is common Spherical Tanks - 50 are common Horton Spheroid (refrigerated) Steam-Heated Tanks for Heavier Products Self-Contained Firewater Supply Firewater Pumps

Hazardous Materials handled



Sulfur Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) Ammonia (NH3) Sodium Hypochlorite Radioactive Materials Chlorine Amines

MEK Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Heavy Metal Catalysts Sour Water Caustic (fresh/spent) Alcohol Asbestos

Physical Hazards

High Pressure/Temperature Steam Oil/Gas-Fired Furnaces Acoustic High Voltage (4160V, 480V, 13.2 kV) Falling Hazards Confined Space Hazards Cranes/Lifting Hazards Hot Work Hazards Acid Exposure Toxic Vapors Radiation Flammability Hazards

Common PPE Requirements


Hardhat Hardsoled / Hardtoe Shoes Safety Glasses with Side

Protection Safety Goggles or Faceshield Fire-Resistant Clothing

Process Hazards

Emergency Flare Atmospheric Pressure Relief High Temperature (up to 2000oF) Low Temperature (e.g., Brittle Fracture) High Pressure (up to 3000 psig) Low Pressure (e.g., vacuum)

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