Cebuano Study Notes
Cebuano Study Notes
Tom Marking
November 7, 2005
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
For Cathy,
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
Abstract
Price: Free
Description: Cebuano Study Notes was written for the beginning Cebuano
student who would like to extend his or her knowledge of the
language. It provides concise information on the Cebuano
language with a particular focus on the grammar. It has the
following features:
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Conventions .................................................................................................................. 8
1.2 Formula Notation.......................................................................................................... 9
2. Language Map of the Philippines ....................................................................................10
3. Language Map of Cebuano Dialects...............................................................................11
4. Phonemes ...........................................................................................................................12
4.1 Alphabet.......................................................................................................................12
4.2 Vowels .........................................................................................................................13
4.3 Diphthongs and Consonant Combinations ............................................................14
5. Accents ................................................................................................................................14
6. Morphological Processes..................................................................................................15
6.1 Assimilation.................................................................................................................15
6.2 Deletion........................................................................................................................16
6.3 Metathesis ...................................................................................................................16
6.4 Epenthesis...................................................................................................................17
6.5 Alternation...................................................................................................................17
7. Contractions ........................................................................................................................17
8. Dialects ................................................................................................................................18
8.1 Cebu City Dialect .......................................................................................................18
8.2 Provincial Dialect........................................................................................................19
9. Nouns ...................................................................................................................................19
9.1 Personal Nouns ..........................................................................................................19
9.2 Impersonal Nouns ......................................................................................................21
9.3 Pluralizer......................................................................................................................21
9.4 Linkers .........................................................................................................................21
9.5 Particularizers .............................................................................................................22
9.6 Noun List .....................................................................................................................23
9.6.1 People and Professions ....................................................................................23
9.6.2 Doer of Some Action .........................................................................................26
9.6.3 Family...................................................................................................................27
9.6.4 Parts of the Body................................................................................................28
9.6.5 Food and Eating .................................................................................................30
9.6.6 Things You Wear ...............................................................................................32
9.6.7 Household Items ................................................................................................34
9.6.8 Around Town.......................................................................................................36
9.6.9 In School..............................................................................................................38
9.6.10 Nationalities and Languages ............................................................................39
9.6.11 Animals ................................................................................................................42
9.6.12 Nature and the Weather....................................................................................43
9.6.13 Related to Time ..................................................................................................46
9.6.14 Seasons of the Year ..........................................................................................47
9.6.15 Months of the Year.............................................................................................47
9.6.16 Days of the Week...............................................................................................47
9.6.17 Units of Measure ................................................................................................48
9.6.18 Singularized Plurals ...........................................................................................49
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1. Introduction
I wrote this document in order to aid myself in learning the Cebuano language. It is a
distillation of knowledge which I have obtained from various sources over approximately
five years of trying to learn Cebuano. I hope it can be of assistance to you in your quest
to master the Cebuano language.
Cebuano is the primary language of approximately 15 million people living in the central
Philippines (i.e., the Visayas) and also large parts of Mindanao. It is spoken in the
following regions:
• Cebu
• Bohol
• Western Leyte
• Eastern Negros
• Northern coast of Mindanao
• Davao region of Mindanao
1.1 Conventions
The following conventions are used throughout this document:
• Bolding will be used to emphasize example words, letters, and affixes (e.g.,
mikaon).
• A phoneme is a basic speech sound which cannot be broken down into more
primitive sounds. It may be represented by either a single letter (e.g., a, b, k) or
by a group of letters (e.g., ts).
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• A literal which follows a variable with no intervening plus sign represents a suffix
(e.g., <verb root>on )
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Tagalog
17 million
(national language)
Cebuano (Visayan) 15 million
Luzon Ilocano 8 million
Hiligaynon (Visayan)
7 million
(i.e., Ilonggo)
Bicolano 3.5 million
Waray-Waray (Visayan) 2.5 million
Pampangan 1.9 million
Manila Pangasinan 1.2 million
Mindoro
Samar
Panay
Visayas
Palawan Leyte
Cebu
Negros
Bohol
Mindanao
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Dialect Color
Manila
Mindoro
Samar
Panay
Visayas
Palawan Leyte
Cebu
Negros
Bohol
Mindanao
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4. Phonemes
4.1 Alphabet
There are 15 consonants and 3 vowels in Cebuano:
The letter g is always pronounced like a hard g in English (e.g., get). Unlike English, in
Cebuano the ng sound can occur at the beginning of a word (e.g., ngalan). It takes a
while for an English speaker to master this pronunciation.
The following letters are absent from Cebuano except for foreign words:
• c (hard c is replaced by k; soft c is replaced by s)
• f (replaced by p)
• j (replaced by dy)
• q (replaced by kw)
• v (replaced by b)
• x (replaced by ks)
• z
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4.2 Vowels
There are only 3 vowel sounds in Cebuano:
• a is always pronounced like the first vowel in the English word father.
• If two vowels are adjacent to one another then they do NOT form a diphthong.
Rather, each vowel must be pronounced separately (e.g., taas, gabii,
makainom).
• o is used for the last syllable of a word and u is used for previous syllables
(e.g., mubo) but there are some notable exceptions:
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Consonants Description
5. Accents
There are a number of rules concerning accents in Cebuano:
• Words of Cebuano origin have their accent either on the last syllable (e.g.,
karon) or on the second to the last syllable (e.g., mahigugma).
• If a word is composed of duplicate subunits then the primary accent goes on the
second occurrence of the subunit and the secondary accent goes on the first
occurrence (e.g., buangbuang has a primary accent on the 4th syllable and a
secondary accent on the 2nd syllable).
• If a Cebuano word ends with a vowel then the final vowel may contain a glottal
stop. The final vowel sounds like it is cut off abruptly (e.g., dako, mubo).
Cebuano words ending with the o/u vowel (spelled o) typically have a glottal
stop.
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• Borrowing from Tagalog we can define the following accent patterns for Cebuano
words:
o malumay : accent on second to last syllable, no glottal stop on final vowel
(e.g., se’ro - Spanish origin and hence no glottal stop)
o malumi : accent on second to last syllable, glottal stop on final vowel
(e.g., napu’lo)
o mabilis : accent on last syllable, no glottal stop on final vowel
(e.g., usa’)
o maragsa : accent on last syllable, glottal stop on final vowel
(e.g., dako’)
• Sometimes the placement of the accent determines the meaning of the word.
Here are some examples:
o tu’o (accent on 1st syllable) - verb root meaning to believe
o tuo’ (accent on 2nd syllable) - adjective meaning right
6. Morphological Processes
There are a number of morphological processes which occur in the Cebuano language.
Most of these processes exist in order to achieve euphony (i.e., they make the word
easier to pronounce).
6.1 Assimilation
Assimilation is a process in which the ending phoneme of a prefix combines with the
beginning phoneme of the verb stem in order to form a new phoneme. The type of
assimilation depends upon the starting phoneme in the verb stem being modified. As
an example, let us consider the prefix for verbs in the plural mood which is mang.
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• If the verb stem begins with b or p then the prefix is assimilated to mam (e.g.,
mangbalik changes to mamalik, mangpalit changes to mamalit).
• If the verb stem begins with d, s, or t then the prefix is assimilated to man (e.g.,
mangdagan changes to managan, mangsakay changes to manakay, mangtago
changes to manago).
• If the verb stem begins with k then the prefix is assimilated to mang (e.g.,
mangkaon changes to mangaon).
• If the verb has stative mood (i.e., uses the ma- prefix) then the prefix is
assimilated to manga (e.g., mangtulog changes to mangatulog).
6.2 Deletion
Deletion is a process in which the final vowel sound of a verb stem is dropped when a
suffix is added to it. Here are some examples:
• The Cebuano root for the verb sleep is tulog. Forming the adjective sleepy we
add the prefix ka- and the suffix -on. Thus: katulogon. Due to deletion the last
vowel in tulog is dropped and we end up with katulgon.
• The Cebuano root for the verb eat is kaon. Forming the "goal as subject"
conjugation we add the suffix -on. Thus: kaonon. Due to deletion the last vowel
in kaon is dropped and we end up with kan-on.
6.3 Metathesis
Metathesis is a process in which adjacent phonemes are swapped during the addition of
a suffix. It usually takes place after the deletion process has already occurred. Here is
an example:
• The Cebuano root for the verb enter is sulod. Forming the "beneficiary as
subject" conjugation we add the suffix -an. Thus: sulodan. Deletion brings us to
suldan. Due to metathesis the l and the d swap places and we end up with
sudlan.
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6.4 Epenthesis
Epenthesis is a process in which extra phonemes are added to words which are
borrowed from other languages. Here are some examples:
6.5 Alternation
Alternation is a process in which one phoneme is replaced with another during the
addition of a suffix. Here is an example:
• The Cebuano root for the verb translate is hubad. Forming the "goal as subject"
command we add the suffix -a. Thus: hubada. Due to alternation the d is
replaced by r and we end up with hubara.
7. Contractions
Cebuano supports a wide variety of contractions. Typically the apostrophe is not used
to denote a contraction as it is in English. The following list shows some typical
Cebuano contractions:
akog ako og
akong ako ng
among amo ng
atong ato ng
bang ba ng
di dili
ilang ila ng
imong imo ng
inyong inyo ng
iyang iya ng
kadtong kadto ng
kag ka og
kamig kami og
kamog kamo og
kanang kana ng
kining kini ng
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kinsang kinsa ng
kinsay kinsa ang
kitag kita og
ko ako
kog ko og
may man ang
mi kami
mig mi og
mo kamo
mog mo og
nganong ngano ng
niadtong niadto ng
nianang niana ng
niining niini ng
pilay pila ang
silag sila og
siyag siya og
ta kita
tag ta og
unsang unsa ng
unsay unsa ang
walay wala ang
8. Dialects
There are two basic dialects of Cebuano which differ from one another in pronunciation
mainly. They are defined as follows:
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9. Nouns
Nouns are words that refer to people, places, or things. They fall into the following two
categories:
subject of sentence subjective sila si Misumbag sila si Juan ug Juan and Pedro punch me.
Pedro kanako.
(plural) (plural)
possessor of possessive ni Awto ni Juan kini. This is Juan's car.
something
possessor of possessive nila ni Awto nila ni Juan ug Pedro This is the car of Juan and
kini. Pedro.
something (plural) (plural)
object of sentence objective kang Misumbag ako kang Juan. I punch Juan.
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The following table shows some common personal nouns which are used in referring to
various categories of people. These common personal nouns function just like names.
For example, one might have the sentence:
The following table shows some common titles which are used in conjunction with
names:
Ginang, Senyora Mrs. Miadto si Ginang Ortega sa tindahan. Mrs. Ortega goes to the store.
Gining, Senyorita Miss Miadto si Gining Ortega sa tindahan. Miss Ortega goes to the store.
Doktor (male), Dr. Miadto si Doktor Ortega sa tindahan. Dr. Ortega goes to the store.
Doktora (female)
Padre (priest) Father Miadto si Padre Ortega sa tindahan. Father Ortega goes to the store.
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9.3 Pluralizer
Pluralization of impersonal nouns is achieved by inserting the word mga (pronounced
manga) in front of the noun. Some examples are as follows:
9.4 Linkers
Words which precede impersonal nouns in order to modify them (e.g., adjectives,
demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns , etc.) must be separated from the
noun by a linker. The following rules apply:
• If the preceding word ends in a vowel then ng is used (the linker may be
combined with the preceding word to form a contraction).
• If the preceding word ends in a consonant then nga is used.
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9.5 Particularizers
If an impersonal noun is being modified by either a demonstrative pronoun or by an
interrogative pronoun then a particularizer suffix must be appended to the noun in order
to denote that a particular instance of the noun is being referred to. The following rules
apply:
Sometimes the noun is changed for the sake of euphony (e.g., tawoha --> tawhana,
babayeha --> bayhana). Some examples are as follows:
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abogado lawyer
adlawng natawhan birthday
aktor, artista, maghihimo actor
aktora, artista, maghihimo actress
amiga friend (female)
amigo friend (male)
amo boss
angga nickname
apelyido surname
atleta, magdudula athlete, player
babaye woman
bakakon, butbuton liar
bakla, bayot homosexual
banda, magkakanta band
Bathala, Dios, Ginuo God
binilanggo convict, prisoner
birhen virgin
bisita guest, visitor
boda, kasal wedding
buhat work
buluhaton task
dalaga lady, single woman
dautang palad bad luck, misfortune
dentista dentist
direktor director
doktor doctor (male)
doktora doctor (female)
drayber driver
edad, panuigon age
embahador ambassador
emperador emperor
empleado employee
empleyo, pangita occupation
estudyante, magtutuon, tinun-an student
Fernando Magallanes Ferdinand Magellan
gastador spendthrift
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ngalan name
nigro negro (person with black skin)
obispo bishop
padad-anan address
pagkabata childhood
pagbunyag baptism
pagkamatay death
pagkatawo birth
pagkatigulang old age
pagpanamkon conception
pagpanganak childbirth
palad, swerte luck
palikero playboy
panday carpenter
pari priest (Catholic)
piloto pilot
politiko politician
presidente president
prinsipal principal (of a school)
propesor professor
Protestante Protestant (person of the Protestant religion)
pulis policeman
puta prostitute
sekretarya secretary (female)
sekretaryo secretary (male)
silingan neighbor
sundalo soldier
sweldo salary
tawo man, person
tig-alagad waiter, waitress
trabaho job
tulisan bandit
ulitawo bachelor
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Sometimes an ordinary noun may be used in place of a verb root and sometimes there
are morphological changes. The following is a list of such nouns:
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9.6.3 Family
ama-ama stepfather
amahan, papa, tatay father
anak nga babaye daughter
anak nga lalaki son
anak sa gawas bastard, illegitimate child
apo grandchild
apuhan grandparents
apuhang babaye, lola grandmother
apuhang lalaki, lolo grandfather
apong babaye granddaughter
apong lalaki grandson
asawa wife
bana husband
banay, pamilya family
bata child
bayaw nga babaye sister-in-law
bayaw nga lalaki brother-in-law
ginikanan parents
hinigugma, pinangga sweetheart
humabdos stepchild
humabdos nga babaye stepdaughter
humabdos nga lalaki stepson
ig-agaw cousin
igsoong sibling
igsoong babaye sister
igsoong lalaki brother
inahan, mama, nanay mother
ina-ina stepmother
kadugo, paryente relative
kagikanan ancestor
kamagulangan eldest
kerida mistress
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kinugos godchild
kinugos nga babaye goddaughter
kinugos nga lalaki godson
komadre, ninang godmother
kompadre, ninong godfather
magulang elder sibling
magulang nga babaye elder sister
magulang nga lalaki elder brother
manghod younger sibling
manghod nga babaye younger sister
manghod nga lalaki younger brother
masuso baby
nobya, trato fiancée (woman)
nobyo, pamanhunon fiancé (man)
pag-umangkong babaye niece
pag-umangkong lalaki nephew
tita, tiya, iyaan aunt
tito, tiyo, uyuan uncle
ugangang babaye mother-in-law
ugangang lalaki father-in-law
umagad nga babaye daughter-in-law
umagad nga lalaki son-in-law
uyab nga babaye girlfriend
uyab nga lalaki boyfriend
abaga shoulder
agtang forehead
amimislon, rinyon kidney
aping cheek
atay liver
baba mouth
baga lungs
balatang, bat-ang hips
balbas, bangas, bungot beard
balahibo body hair
bigote mustache
bilat, buto, puday vagina
bitiis shin (lower leg)
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panit skin
pilok eyelash
pulso wrist
pusod navel
sakit pain
sampot buttocks
sid-ok hiccup
siko elbow
singot sweat
suso, tutoy breast (woman's)
suwang chin, jaw
tabon-tabon eyelid
tai feces
tangkugo back of the neck (nape)
tiil foot
tiyan stomach
tudlo finger
tudlo sa tiil toe
tuhod knee
tulos semen, sperm
tutunlan throat
tuway-tuway kneecap
ubo cough
ulo head
utok brain
utot fart
ahos garlic
alak, bino wine
asin salt
asukar sugar
balatong beans
banilya vanilla
baso glass (drinking)
bayabas guava
bibingka, budbod rice cake
bihon, miki, tanghon noodles
botilya bottle
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panihapon dinner
paniudto lunch
pasayan shrimp
pasas, ubas grapes
patatas potato
pinggan, plato plate, dish
piniritong manok fried chicken
pinya pineapple
prutas fruit
repolyo cabbage
restawran restaurant
sabaw soup
saging banana
serbesa beer
serbilyeta napkin
sibuyas onion
sili pepper (vegetable)
sud-an main dish
talong eggplant
tasa cup
tenedor fork
tsa tea
tuba coconut wine
tubo sugarcane
tubig water
utanon vegetables
alahas jewelry
amerikana suit (worn by men)
antepara eyeglasses
arites earrings
bakos, sinturon belt
bakya wooden shoes
baligtos shoelace
barong traditional shirt (worn by men)
bestida dress (worn by women)
blusa blouse
bolsa pocket
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abang rent
abuhan, halingan fireplace
alkoba, kisame ceiling
alpombra carpet
aparador, armaryo, pingganan cupboard
angang stair (single step)
arko arch
atop roof
awto, kotse car
balay house
balili, sagbot grass
balilihan lawn
balkon, kayda porch
banig sleeping mat
banyo bathroom (has the washtub)
basura garbage
batiya tub
bentana window
bongbong, dingding wall
dilaab, siga flame
distornilyador screwdriver
elektrisidad electricity
estante shelf
estante sa mga libro bookcase
gabas saw (tool)
garahe garage
gasolina gasoline
habol blanket
hagdan stairs
hagdanan staircase, ladder
halaman, hardin, tanaman garden
haligi post, pillar
higdaan, kama, katre bed
himan tool
hudnohan oven
hunos drawer
igtutupi sa balili lawn mower
itaas upstairs
kaha, kahon, sudlanan box
kaha sa mga hunos chest of drawers
kalayo fire
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kandela candle
kasilyas restroom, toilet
koreyo mail
kusina kitchen
kwarto, lawak bedroom
lagwerta, nataran yard
lamesa, talad table
lampara, lamparilya, sugaan lamp
lansang nail (to be hammered)
lawaktipiganan closet
lingkuranan seat
makina engine, machine
makinang igpanglaba washing machine
martilyo, maso, pakang hammer
pakamiganan refrigerator
palansa, utaw iron (for pressing clothes)
panimalay, pinuy-anan home
parol lantern
pintura painting
posporo match (used to light something)
pultahan, pwerta door
punlas shampoo
radyo radio
roska, tornilyo screw
sabon soap
sala living room
salog floor
salog nga kahoy wooden floor
sigarilyo cigarette
silong downstairs
siya chair
sopa sofa
suga light (something that gives light)
telebisyon television
telepono telephone
toalya towel
tustahanan toaster
tustus cigar
unlan pillow
yawi key
yuta ground, land, soil, lot
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9.6.9 In School
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adberbyo adverb
adhetibo adjective
Aleman German (a person)
Alemanya Germany
Amerika America (i.e., the United States)
Amerikana, Kana American (a woman)
Amerikano, Kano American (a man)
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pulong word
pusil gun
riple rifle
sentensya sentence (group of words)
Sinugbuanon Cebuano (the language)
sinulat article (literary composition)
Sugbo Cebu
Sugbuanon Cebuano (a person)
sugo command
suheto subject (of a sentence)
Syudad sa Sugbo Cebu City
Tagalog Tagalog (a person)
Tinagalog Tagalog (the language)
Tsina China
9.6.11 Animals
agila eagle
alibangbang, kabakaba butterfly
alimango crab
amo, unggoy monkey
bao turtle
baboy pig
baka cow
bakbak, baki frog
baktin piglet
balay sa iro kennel
banog hawk
bitin, halas snake
buaya crocodile
bulang cockfight, cockfighting
bulangan cockpit (place for cockfighting)
elepante elephant
gansa goose
hawla, tangkal cage
hayop, mananap animal, beast
hikot, pugong leash
hiniktan fighting rooster (for cockfighting)
hulmigas ant
ilaga mouse, rat
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iring cat
iro dog
itik, pato duck
itoy puppy
kabaw carabao
kabayo horse
kalanggaman birds
kanding goat
kasili eel
koneho rabbit
kugita octopus
laking manok, sunoy rooster
lamok mosquito
langaw fly (insect)
langgam bird
lawa, lawalawa spider
liyon lion
lobo wolf
manok chicken
miming kitten
oso bear
pabo turkey
pugaran chicken coop
pusta bet, wager
putyukan bee
tabili, taluto small lizard
tabugok squid
talisik grasshopper
tigbakay illegal cockfighting
tigre tiger
tiki, tuko gecko
uk-uk cockroach
ulod worm
usa deer
abo ashes
abog, alikabo, aliyabok dust
adlaw sun
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kalibunan jungle
kalibutan world
kamingawan wilderness (deserted place)
kangitngit darkness
kapuluan archipelago, islands
kasadpan west
kilat, lipak, liti lightning
kinaiyahan nature
klima climate
kweba, langob cave
langit heaven, sky
lapok mud
lapyahan beach
linog earthquake
minahan mine (excavation in the earth)
nyebe snow
pagba sa adlaw sunburn
pagbasabasa humidity
pagsubang sa adlaw sunrise
pagsalop sa adlaw sunset
panahon weather
pangpang cliff
patag plain (flat stretch of land)
pulo island
puthaw iron (mineral)
sapa brook, creek, stream
sidlakan, silangan east
suba river
taay, taya rust
takdol sa bulan full moon
taligsik, talisik, talithi, taliti drizzle
tanom plant (tree, bush, etc.)
taob high tide
tuburan spring (water coming out of the ground)
ulan rain
walog valley
yamog dew, fog
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adlaw day
Adlaw ni Bonifacio Bonifacio Day (Nov. 30th - Philippines)
Adlaw ni Rizal Rizal Day (Dec. 30th - Philippines)
Adlaw sa Kagawasan Independence Day (June 12th - Philippines)
Adlaw sa mga Mamumuo Labor Day (May 1st - Philippines)
Adlaw sa mga Santo All Saints' Day (Nov. 1st)
Adlaw sa Nasudnong mga Bayani National Heroes' Day (Aug. 31st - Philippines)
Bag-ong Tuig New Years
bulan month
buntag morning
Byernes Santo Good Friday
Dominggo sa mga Lukay Palm Sunday
Dominggo sa Pagkabanhaw Easter Sunday
gabii night
gatusan, siglo century
hapon, palis afternoon
higayon occasion
kaadlawon, kadlawon dawn
kabuntagon early part of the day
kadiyot moment
kagabhion night time
kahapunon dusk
kalendaryo calendar
kasumaran anniversary
katuigan era
minuto minute
oras, takna hour
Pagkabanhaw Easter
panahon season, time
Pasko Christmas (Dec. 25th)
petsa date (of the year)
segundo second (unit of time)
semana week
Semana Santa Holy Week
tapos sa semana weekend
tinagpulo ka tuig decade
tuig year
tungang gabii midnight
udto noon
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tingpamulak spring
tinginit summer
tingdagdag autumn, fall
tingtugnaw winter
tingulan rainy season (June to February in Cebu)
Enero January
Pebrero February
Marso March
Abril April
Mayo May
Hunyo June
Hulyo July
Agosto August
Septembre September
Oktobre October
Nobyembre November
Disyembre December
Dominggo Sunday
Lunes Monday
Martes Tuesday
Myerkoles Wednesday
Hwebes Thursday
Byernes Friday
Sabado Saturday
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porsyento percent
pulgada inch
pulgada kubiko cubic inch
pulgada kwadrado square inch
pye foot (12 inches)
pye kubiko cubic foot
pye kwadrado square foot
sentigrado centigrade (water freezes at 0 degrees)
sentimetro centimeter
sentimetro kubiko cubic centimeter
sentimetro kwadrado square centimeter
sintabo centavo (one hundreth of a peso)
temperatura temperature
termometro thermometer
tonelada ton (2,000 pounds)
tulin speed, velocity
wat watt
ka<base noun>an
If the <base noun> ends with an unaccented vowel then the suffix -an changes to -han.
Sometimes there are other morphological changes. The following is a list of such
nouns:
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ka<adjective>
pagka<adjective>
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10. Pronouns
Pronouns are substitutes for nouns. There are three basic types of pronouns in
Cebuano which are defined as follows:
• number
o singular - pronoun represents only one person
o plural - pronoun represents more than one person
• person
o 1st person - speaker
o 2nd person - the person being spoken to
o 3rd person - the person being spoken of
• case
o subjective - pronoun is subject of sentence
o possessive - pronoun possesses something
o objective - pronoun is object of sentence
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Cebuano has two forms of the possessive case, one in which the pronoun comes
before the thing being possessed and one in which the pronoun comes after. These
two forms are called pre-possessive and post-possessive, respectively. The following
tables show the forms for personal pronouns in the various cases:
Subjective Case
singular 2nd person ka, ikaw you Misumbag ka og tawo. You punch a man.
Ikaw misumbag og tawo.
(singular)
singular 3rd person siya he, she Misumbag siya og tawo. He punches a man.
Siya misumbag og tawo.
plural 3rd person sila they Misumbag sila og tawo. They punch a man.
Sila misumbag og tawo.
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Pre-possessive Case
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Post-possessive Case
singular 2nd person nimo your Awto nimo kini. This is your car.
(singular)
singular 3rd person niya his, her Awto niya kini. This is his car.
plural 1st person nato our Awto nato kini. This is our car.
(including person (inclusive)
being spoken to)
plural 1st person namo our Awto namo kini. This is our car.
(excluding person (exclusive)
being spoken to)
plural 2nd person ninyo your Awto ninyo kini. This is your car.
(plural)
plural 3rd person nila their Awto nila kini. This is their car.
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Objective Case
singular 2nd person (ka)nimo you Misumbag ang tawo The man punches you.
kanimo.
(singular)
singular 3rd person (ka)niya him, her Misumbag ang tawo The man punches him.
kaniya.
plural 1st person (ka)nato us Misumbag ang tawo The man punches us.
kanato.
(including person (inclusive)
being spoken to)
plural 1st person (ka)namo us Misumbag ang tawo The man punches us.
kanamo.
(excluding person (exclusive)
being spoken to)
plural 2nd person (ka)ninyo you Misumbag ang tawo The man punches you.
kaninyo.
(plural)
plural 3rd person (ka)nila them Misumbag ang tawo kanila. The man punches them.
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• case
o subjective - pronoun is subject of sentence
o objective - pronoun is object of sentence
• relative location
o pronoun is near to speaker
o pronoun is far from speaker but near to listener
o pronoun is far from both speaker and listener
There is no inflection for number (i.e., singular versus plural) for Cebuano demonstrative
pronouns. The following table shows the forms for demonstrative pronouns in the
various cases:
Subjective Case
far from speaker kana that, those Akong awto kana. That is my car.
Akong mga awto kana. Those are my cars.
but near to listener
far from both kadto that over there, Akong awto kadto. That is my car over there.
Akong mga awto kadto. Those are my cars over there.
speaker and listener those over there
Objective Case
far from speaker (ni)ana that, those Mipalit ako niana. I buy that.
but near to listener
far from both (ni)adto that over there, Mipalit ako niadto. I buy that one over there.
speaker and listener those over there
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The demonstrative pronouns may also be used as adjectives as shown in the following
examples:
The demonstrative pronouns used as subjective case adjectives (i.e., kining, kanang,
kadtong) replace the subjective case marker (e.g., ang). The demonstrative pronouns
used as objective case adjectives (i.e., niining, nianang, niadtong) replace the
objective case marker (e.g., og). These objective case adjectives may also include an
implicit preposition. Take for example:
Anaay daghang tawo niining syudada. There are many people in this city.
Moadto ako nianang tindahana. I will go to that store.
The following adverbs follow the same inflection for relative location as demonstrative
pronouns:
far from speaker diha, dinha there Mibutang akog libro I put a book there.
dinha.
but near to listener
far from both didto over there Mibutang akog libro I put a book over there.
didto.
speaker and listener
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The following pseudoverbs follow the same inflection for relative location as
demonstrative pronouns:
far from speaker (a)naa is there Anaa ang tawo. The man is there.
but near to listener
far from both (a)tua is over there Atua ang taw o. The man is over there.
speaker and listener
Naila ako sa tawo nga misumbag I know the man who punched you.
kanimo.
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walay usa nobody, Mitan-aw walay usa nianang Nobody watches that movie.
salidaha.
no one
usa ka tawo somebody, Mitan-aw usa ka tawo nianang Somebody watches that movie.
salidaha.
someone
tanan everything, Anaa akoy tanan. I have everything.
all
bisan unsa anything Anaa ka bay bisan unsa? Do you have anything?
• number
o singular - pronoun represents only one person
o plural - pronoun represents more tha n one person
• person
o 1st person - speaker
o 2nd person - the person being spoken to
o 3rd person - the person being spoken of
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The following table shows the various forms for reflexive pronouns:
singular 2nd person sa imong yourself Misumbag ka sa imong You punch yourself.
kaugalingon.
kaugalingon (singular)
singular 3rd person sa iyang himself, Misumbag siya sa iyang He punches himself.
kaugalingon.
kaugalingon herself
plural 1st person sa atong ourselves Misumbag kita sa atong We punch ourselv es.
kaugalingon.
(including person kaugalingon (inclusive)
being spoken to)
plural 1st person sa among ourselves Misumbag kami sa We punch ourselves.
among kaugalingon.
(excluding person kaugalingon (exclusive)
being spoken to)
plural 2nd person sa inyong yourselves Misumbag kamo sa You punch yourselves.
inyong kaugalingon.
kaugalingon (plural)
plural 3rd person sa ilang themselves Misumbag sila sa ilang They punch themselves.
kaugalingon.
kaugalingon
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kang kinsang whose Kang kinsang awtoha kini? Whose car is this?
para kang kinsa for whom Para kang kinsa ang regalo? For whom is the gift?
diin (past tense), where Diin ka? Where have you been?
Asa ka? Where are you?
asa (present/future tense), Hain ka? Where are you?
hain (present/future tense)
kanus-a (past/present tense), when Kanus-a ka mikaon? When did you eat?
Anus -a ka mokaon? When will you eat?
anus-a (future tense)
giunsa (past/present tense), how Giunsa nimo pagbuhat kana? How do you do that?
Unsaon nimo pagbuhat kana? How will you do that?
unsaon (future tense)
pila how much Pila ang awto? How much is the car?
(Pilay awto?)
tagpila how much Tagpila ang isda? How much does the fish cost (per
(Tagpilay isda?) unit)?
(per unit)
pila ka buok how many Pila ka buok ang imong libro? How many books do you have?
(Pila ka libro anaa ka?)
(ma)kapila how often Makapila ka magtuon sa usa ka How often do you study in a week?
semana?
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11. Adjectives
Adjectives are words which are used to modify nouns or to specify that a noun has
some particular quality or characteristic.
before the noun plural <adjective> + <linker> + mga + maayo ng mga libro good books
(maayong mga libro)
<noun>
after the noun singular <noun> + <linker> + <adjective> libro ng maayo good book
(librong maayo)
after the noun plural mga + <noun> + <linker> + mga libro ng maayo good books
(mga librong maayo)
<adjective>
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duol dug-ol duol nga balay near house dug-ol nga mga balay near houses
gamay gagmay gamay ng libro small book gagmay ng mga libro small books
(gamayng libro) (gagmayng mga libro)
layo lagyo layo ng balay far house lagyo ng mga balay far houses
(layong balay) (lagyong mga balay)
mubo mugbo mubo ng tawo short man mugbo ng mga tawo short men
(mubong tawo) (mugbong mga tawo)
taas tag-as taas nga tawo tall man tag-as nga mga tawo tall men
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Mas taas si Juan kay kang Pedro. Juan is taller than Pedro.
Mas dako ang suba kay sa sapa. The river is bigger than the stream.
Mas maayo kini kay niana. This is better than that.
Mas mubo ikaw kay kanako. You are shorter than me.
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The objective noun phrase is optional. The following are some examples:
Ang suba ang pinakadako sa nasod. The river is the biggest in the country.
Ang suba ang labing dako sa nasod. The river is the biggest in the country.
Ikaw ang pinakamubong tawo dinhi. You are the shortest person here.
Ikaw a ng labing mubong tawo dinhi. You are the shortest person here.
Ingon sa sapa ang suba kadako. The river is as big as the stream.
Pareho sa sapa ang suba kadako. The river is as big as the stream.
Sama sa sapa ang suba kadako. The river is as big as the stream.
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11.11.1 Antonyms
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mabdos pregnant
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mas daghan more (in quantity) mas dyutay, fewer (in quantity)
mas menos
11.11.2 Colors
abuhon gray
asul blue
berde green
dalag yellow
itom black
morado purple, violet
pula red
puti white
rosa pink, rose colored
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11.11.3 Numbers
Numbers may be expressed using either the Cebuano word (e.g., duha) or the Spanish
word (e.g., dos). Spanish numbers are used for money, for telling the time of day, and
for specifying the year. Cebuano numbers are typically used for counting items where
the number is less than or equal to ten. Spanish numbers are typically used for
counting items where the number is greater than ten.
When specifying the number of some item either of the following formulas is used:
- siro zero
tunga medya half
usa uno one
duha dos two
tulo tres three
upat kwatro four
lima singko five
unom sayes six
pito syete seven
walo otso eight
siyam nwebe nine
napulo dyes ten
napulog usa onse eleven
napulog duha dose twelve
napulog tulo trese thirteen
napulog upat katorse fourteen
napulog lima kinse fifteen
napulog unom desisayes sixteen
napulog pito desisyete seventeen
napulog walo desiotso eighteen
napulog siyam desinwebe nineteen
kawhaan baynte twenty
kawhaag usa baynte-uno twenty-one
kawhaag duha baynte-dos twenty-two
kawhaag tulo baynte-tres twenty-three
kawhaag upat baynte-kwatro twenty-four
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11.11.4 Quantities
The following formula is used for questions which inquire about the quantity of some
item:
Sometimes the Cebuano word buok is used for <unit> to indicate the number of
individual items.
Also, either of the following formulas can be used to express approximate numerical
values:
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Pila ka buok ang imong iring? How many cats do you have?
(Pila ka iring anaa ka? --> alternate)
Anaa akoy tulo ka iring. I have three cats.
Pila ka adlaw sa usa ka semana? How many days are there in one week?
May pito ka adlaw sa usa ka semana. There are seven days in one week.
Pila ka bulan sa usa ka tuig? How many months are there in one year?
May dose ka bulan sa usa ka tuig. There are twelve months in one year.
Pila ka adlaw sa usa ka tuig? How many days are there in one year?
May tres-syentos saysenta -i-singko There are three hundred and sixty-five days
ka adlaw sa usa ka tuig. in one year.
Pila ka buok ang iyang libro? How many books does he have?
Anaa siyay mga otsenta ka libro. He has approximately eighty books.
11.11.5 Money
The following formula is used to specify the cost of some item per unit:
In addition, the prefix tag- is prepended to the question word pila (how much) when
inquiring about the cost of some item per unit.
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Tagpila ang saging? How much are the bananas (per unit)?
Tag-dos pisos ang buok ang presyo. The price is two pesos per piece.
Tagpila ang itlog? How much are the eggs (per unit)?
Tag-kwarenta pisos ang dosena ang The price is forty pesos per dozen.
presyo.
ika<Cebuano number>
ika<Spanish number> (optional for numbers greater than 10)
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The following formula is used for questions which inquire about numerical ranking:
<noun>an
<verb root>an
<noun>on
ka<verb root>on
ma<noun>
ma<noun>on
ma<verb root>on
maka<noun>
na<verb root>
nag<verb root>
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If the noun or verb root ends with an unaccented vowel then the suffix -han is used
instead of -an and the suffix -hon is used instead of -on. Sometimes there are other
morphological changes. The following is a list of such adjectives:
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12. Adverbs
Adverbs are words which are used to modify verbs or adjectives. When they are used
with verbs they typically specify the time, manner, or frequency of the action. Adverbs
which modify verbs typically come at the end of Cebuano sentences.
og + <adjective>
This is the equivalent of the English suffix -ly which is appended to an English adjective
in order to form an English adverb. Here are some examples:
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og + ka<Cebuano number>
og + ka<Spanish number>
The number specified is the number of times that some event happens over some
specified time period. Either of the following formulas may be used to inquire about the
frequency of some action:
Kapila moulan dinhi sa usa ka tuig? How often does it rain here in one year?
Moulan dinhi og mga kasingkwenta sa It rains here approximately fifty times i n
usa ka tuig. one year.
sa + ala + una
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The Cebuano word medya can be substituted for <Spanish number: minutes> to
represent 30 minutes. In order to specify a certain number of minutes before the hour
the following formula is used:
In addition, the following formulas can be appended in order to specify which part of the
day it is:
The following are some example sentences related to the time of day:
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The following formula is used to express the day of the week on which some past action
has taken place:
The following are some example sentences related to the day of the week:
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The following formula is used to express the month in which some past action has taken
place:
If a specific date is needed then the following formula can be appended in order to
specify the day of the month:
<Spanish number>
The following are some example sentences related to months and dates:
If the number being specified is one then <Cebuano number> + ka may be replaced by
the Cebuano word miaging.
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The following are some example sentences related to dates in the past:
Miabot siya kaniadtong usa ka adlaw. He arrived one day ago (day before
yesterday).
Miabot siya kaniadtong miaging adlaw. He arrived one day ago (day before
yesterday).
Miabot siya niadtong duha ka adlaw. He arrived two days ago.
Miabot siya niadtong miaging semana. He arrived one week ago (last week).
Miabot siya niadtong duha ka semana. He arrived two weeks ago.
Miabot siya niadtong miaging bulan. He arrived one month ago (last month).
Miabot siya niadtong duha ka bulan. He arrived two months ago.
Miabot siya niadtong miaging tuig. He arrived one year ago (last year).
Miabot siya niadtong duha ka tuig. He arrived two years ago.
Natawo si Carlos niadtong mil Carlos was born in 1965.
nobesyentos saysenta -i-singko.
Namatay si Magallanes niadtong Abril Magellan died on April 27th, 1521.
baynte syete sa mil kinyentos baynte
uno.
Unsang tuiga natawo ka? In what year were you born?
Unsang petsaha natawo ka? On what date were you born?
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basin might
busa therefore
didto there (far from both speaker and listener)
diha there (far from speaker but near to listener)
dinha there (far from speaker but near to listener)
dinhi here
diri here
bisan even
bisan pa even if
daw somewhat
gawas pa besides
ilabi na, labi na especially
inigkabuntag when morning comes
inigkagabii when night comes
inigkahapon when afternoon comes
inigkahuman when finished
inigkaugma when tomorrow comes
matod according to
pagkahuman afterwards
pagusab again
pinaagi niana thereby
pod, sab, usab also, too
sa bisan asa, sa bisan diin anywhere, everywhere
sa bisan unsang paagiha anyhow, anyway
sa gawas outside
sa sulod inside
sa usa ka dapit somewhere
sa usa ka paagi somehow
tingali maybe
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13. Prepositions
Prepositions are words which are used to specify the beneficiary of some action, time,
relative time, location, relative location, etc.
13.1 For
The English preposition for can be represented by the following Cebuano phrases:
alang
alang kang
alang ni
alang sa
para
para kang
para ni
para sa
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13.2 From
The English preposition from can be represented by the following Cebuano phrases:
gikan
gikan kang
gikan ni
gikan sa
taga-
13.3 Of
The English preposition of can be represented by the following Cebuano phrases:
ni
sa
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13.4 To
The English preposition to can be represented by the following Cebuano phrases:
kang
sa
ngadto sa
padulong sa
paingon sa
Sometimes no explicit Cebuano phrase is used but the meaning is implied. Here are
some examples:
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kapin more than Anaa akoy kapin sa I have more than fifty
singkwenta ka libro. books.
kay than Felipe is taller than me. Si Felipe mas taas kay
kanako.
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sa atbang across from Atua ang tindahan sa The store is over there
atbang sa simbahan. across from the church.
sa atubangan in front of Atua ang iyang balay sa His house is over there
atubangan sa bangko. in front of the bank.
sa luyo behind Atua ang among balay Our house is over there
sa luyo sa simbahan. behind the church.
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14. Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words which are used to connect clauses together within a sentence.
The following is a list of conjunctions:
apan, pero but Si Felipe pobre apan Felipe is poor but happy.
malipayon.
Wala akoy awto pero I don't have a car but
mopalit akog awto. I will buy a car.
kon, kung if Mopalit akog awto kon I will buy a car if I have
anaa akoy igong kwarta. enough money.
Mopauli ako kung moulan. I will go home if it rains.
kon dili unless Mopauli ako kon dili I will go home unless you
mokuyog ka kanako. accompany me.
nga that Miingon siya kanako nga He tells me that they are
gigutom sila. hungry.
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sukad nga since Nagkaon sila sukad nga They have been eating
miabot sila. since they arrived.
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15. Particles
Particles are Cebuano words which are used to provide emphasis, indicate a question,
or change the meaning of the verb in some other way. Cebuano particles do not
necessarily have a direct translation into English. They are typically placed right after
the verb in statements and right after the question word in questions. The following is a
list of particles:
di(li) ba confirmation Estudyante siya, dili ba? He's a student, isn't he?
Amerikano ka, di ba? You're an American,
aren't you?
lamang, just, only Moinom lamang akog I'll just drink water.
lang tubig.
Mopauli lang ako. I'll just go home.
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unta hope, wish Moabot unta sila kagabii. Hopefully they will arrive
tonight.
• The particles must occur consecutively (i.e., they must all be adjacent).
• The subjective pronoun ka must come before the first particle.
• A subjective pronoun other than ka must come after the final particle.
• The particles na and pa must come before the particle ba.
• The 2-letter particles (i.e., ba, na, pa, etc.) must come before longer particles.
• The particle man typically comes before longer particles.
• The particle diay typically comes at the end.
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16. Verbs
Verbs are words used to express action, state of being, or the influence of an action. In
Cebuano almost all words can become verbs by affixation. Cebuano verbs are inflected
for the following qualities: voice, mood, and tense.
16.1 Voice
Voice determines who the subject of the sentence is. Cebuano supports the following
voices:
• Direct passive - The person or thing who receives the action (i.e., the
goal) is the subject of the sentence. Another way of
saying this is that the direct object is the subject of
the sentence. This is also known as goal focus.
• Instrumental passive - The thing by which the action is performed (i.e., the
instrument) is the subject of the sentence. This is
also known as instrument focus. This voice can
also be used in cases where the thing being
conveyed or transferred from one person to another
is the subject of the sentence.
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16.2 Mood
Mood determines the quality of the action in terms of its duration or in terms of its
relationship to the doer of the action. Cebuano supports the following moods:
• Abilitive - The action expresses the ability of the subject to perform the
action, the possibility of the action occuring, or the unintentional
nature of the action. For some verbs this mood does not express
ability, possibility, or unintended action. But rather, it expresses
the fact that the action is completed either in the past, present, or
future.
16.3 Tense
Tense determines when the action takes place. It is also used to indicate whether or
not a command is being issued. Cebuano supports the following tenses:
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The following are some example sentences which use these verb stems:
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• If the verb stem ends with an unaccented vowel then the -on suffix changes to -
hon, the -an suffix changes to -han, the -a suffix changes to -ha, and the -i suffix
changes to -hi. Sometimes there are other morphological changes.
• The mi- prefix and the ni- prefix are interchangeable. They both mean the same
thing.
• The mo- prefix is used for actions which repeat themselves. For example:
Moulan sa Sugbo matag Enero (It rains in Cebu every January)
• The mi-, ni-, and mo- prefixes can be prepended to an adjective in order to form
a verb which means "to become the adjective". For example:
Motambok ako (I will become fat)
• The naga- prefix is used for ongoing action in the present tense. The nag- prefix
is used for ongoing action in the past tense.
• The maga- prefix and the mag- prefix are interchangeable. They both are used
for ongoing action in the future tense.
• A conjugated verb of the form maka<verb stem> can usually be translated into
English as: can <verb>. A conjugated verb of the form naka<verb> can usually
be translated into English as: could <verb>. However, there are some verbs
where the naka- and maka- prefixes are used to express completed action.
• The -on suffix and its related prefix gi- (i.e., the affixes for the direct passive
voice) may only be used with verbs which have a direct object. Verbs which
have a direct object but in which the effect of the action does not "remain in the
object" use the instrumental passive voice (i.e., the i- prefix and its related prefix
gi-).
• Verbs of motion (e.g., to go, to travel, etc.) use the mi-, ni-, and mo- prefixes.
Verbs of motion do not use the nag-, mag-, naga-, maga-, na-, or ma- prefixes.
A sentence containing a verb of motion does not have a direct object.
• The active voice command tense for the temporal/durative mood may be
alternatively represented by just the verb stem (without the pag- prefix) if a
mi-/ni-/mo- conjugation of the verb exists.
• For verbs in which the plural mood of the active voice replaces the temporal and
durative moods the command tense uses the prefix -pang.
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16.7 Infinitives
Cebuano lacks a true infinitive (i.e., unconjugated) form for verbs.
For sentences containing certain pseudoverbs (e.g., gusto, kinahanglan, etc.) the
infinitive form is specified by the prefix mo-, maga-, mag-, ma-, maka-, or mang-. The
infinitive form of the verb is preceded by the linker ng or nga (which is sometimes
combined with the preceding word). Here are some examples:
In other cases the infinitive form is represented by an unconjugated verb stem. The
verb stem is preceded by the nonspecific objective case marker og (which is sometimes
combined with the preceding word). This form is also used in sentences containing a
primary verb and a secondary verb in which the secondary verb is translated into
English as a present progressive verb (i.e., ending with the -ing suffix). Here are some
examples:
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Note that there is no equivalent of the English to be verb. Also note that the predicate
comes before the subject.
Note that there is no equivalent of the English to be verb. Also note that the predicate
comes before the subject.
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Note that there is no equivalent of the English to be verb. Also note that the predicate
comes before the subject. Here are some examples:
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For the present/past tense <negator> is wala and for the future tense <negator> is dili.
In addition, if <subjective noun phrase> begins with a subjective personal pronoun then
that pronoun is moved to be between the negator and the conjugated verb.
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Wala ako motan-aw og telebisyon I did not watch television last night.
kagabii.
Wala mokaon ang babaye og isda. The woman does not eat fish.
Wala magabasa si Carlos. Carlos is not reading.
Wala sila magdula og basketbol. They were not playing basketball.
Wala ka matulog kagabii. You did not sleep last night.
Wala makadawat ang tawo og regalo. The man does not receive a gift.
Wala sila manglangoy kagahapon. They did not swim yesterday.
Dili ka moadto sa akong balay. You will not come to my house.
Dili magatawag si Ana sa iyang Ana will not be calling her friend.
higala.
Dili siya maghalok sa iyang bana She will not be kissing her husband
ugma. tomorrow.
Dili malimot si Felipe sa akong ngalan. Felipe will not forget my name.
Dili ako makasulti og Binisaya. I can't speak Visayan.
Dili sila mangadto sa sine karong They will not go to the movies tonight.
gabii.
<prefix><verb stem>
<prefix><verb stem> + na
<prefix><verb stem> + <objective noun phrase>
For the temporal mood <prefix> is pag- or is omitted. For the durative mood <prefix> is
pag-. For the stative mood <prefix> is ka- or pagka-. If the command is addressed to
more than one person then the subjective personal pronoun kamo is inserted right after
the conjugated verb.
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Pagkanta. Sing.
Lingkod. Sit.
Pagsayaw na. Dance now.
Kanta kamo na. Sing now (all of you).
Pagpalit og awto. Buy a car.
Katulog na. Sleep now.
Pagbasa kamo niining libroha. Read this book (all of you).
Pagkalingaw kamog salidaha. Enjoy a movie (all of you).
For the temporal mood <prefix> is pag- or is omitted. For the durative mood <prefix> is
pag-. For the stative mood <prefix> is ka- or pagka-. If the command is addressed to
more than one person then the subjective personal pronoun kamo is inserted just
before the conjugated verb.
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If <verb stem> ends in an unaccented vowel then the -on suffix changes to -hon.
Sometimes there are other morphological changes. If <actor noun phrase> is a
post-possessive personal pronoun then there is an alternative form of these statements
in which the pronoun is moved before the conjugated verb, the case of the pronoun
shifts to pre-possessive, and the linker ng is placed between it and the verb. Here are
some examples:
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If <verb stem> ends in an unaccented vowel then the -a suffix changes to -ha and the
-on suffix changes to -hon. Sometimes there are other morphological changes. If
<actor noun phrase> is a post-possessive personal pronoun then it is moved just before
the conjugated verb. Here are some examples:
If <verb stem> ends in an unaccented vowel then the -a suffix changes to -ha.
Sometimes there are other morphological changes. If the command is addressed to
more than one person then the post-possessive personal pronoun ninyo is inserted
right after the conjugated verb.
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If <verb stem> ends in an unaccented vowel then the -a suffix changes to -ha.
Sometimes there are other morphological changes. If the command is addressed to
more than one person then the post-possessive personal pronoun ninyo is inserted just
before the conjugated verb. Here are some examples:
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If <verb stem> ends in an unaccented vowel then the -on suffix changes to -hon.
Sometimes there are other morphological changes. If <actor noun phrase> is a
post-possessive personal pronoun then there is an alternative form of these questions
in which the pronoun is moved before the conjugated verb, the case of the pronoun
shifts to pre-possessive, and the linker ng is placed between it and the verb. Here are
some examples:
If <verb stem> ends in an unaccented vowel then the -on suffix changes to -hon.
Sometimes there are other morphological changes. If <actor noun phrase> is a
post-possessive personal pronoun then there is an alternative form of these questions
in which the pronoun is moved before the conjugated verb, the case of the pronoun
shifts to pre-possessive, and the linker ng is placed between it and the verb.
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If <verb stem> ends in an unaccented vowel then the -an suffix changes to -han.
Sometimes there are other morphological changes. If <actor noun phrase> is a
post-possessive personal pronoun then there is an alternative form of these statements
in which the pronoun is moved before the conjugated verb, the case of the pronoun
shifts to pre-possessive, and the linker ng is placed between it and the verb. Here are
some examples:
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If <verb stem> ends in an unaccented vowel then the -i suffix changes to -hi and the
-an suffix changes to -han. Sometimes there are other morphological changes. If
<actor noun phrase> is a post-possessive personal pronoun then it is moved just before
the conjugated verb. Here are some examples:
Wala nako paliti si Juan og balay. For Juan I am not buying a house.
Dili palitan ni Gloria ikaw niini ugma. For you Gloria will not buy this tomorrow.
Dili nila hatagan ang babaye og regalo. For the woman they will not give a gift.
Dili nimo padalhan ang lalaki og sulat. For the man you will not send a letter.
Wala nila tulisi ang bangko. The bank is not the place that they are
robbing.
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If <verb stem> ends in an unaccented vowel then the -i suffix changes to -hi.
Sometimes there are other morphological changes. If the command is addressed to
more than one person then the post-possessive personal pronoun ninyo is inserted
right after the conjugated verb. Here are some examples:
If <verb stem> ends in an unaccented vowel then the -i suffix changes to -hi.
Sometimes there are other morphological changes. If the command is addressed to
more than one person then the post-possessive personal pronoun ninyo is inserted just
before the conjugated verb. Here are some examples:
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If <verb stem> ends in an unaccented vowel then the -an suffix changes to -han.
Sometimes there are other morphological changes. If <actor noun phrase> is a
post-possessive personal pronoun then there is an alternative form of these questions
in which the pronoun is moved before the conjugated verb, the case of the pronoun
shifts to pre-possessive, and the linker ng is placed between it and the verb. Here are
some examples:
Gipalitan ba nimo si Juan og balay? For Juan are you buying a house?
Palitan ni Carlos ikaw niining awtoha, For you Carlos will buy this car, won't he?
dili ba?
Ilang hatagan ba ang babaye og For the woman will they give a gift?
regalo?
Gitulisan ba nila ang bangko? Is the bank the place that they are robbing?
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If <verb stem> ends in an unaccented vowel then the -an suffix changes to -han.
Sometimes there are other morphological changes. If <actor noun phrase> is a
post-possessive personal pronoun then there is an alternative form of these questions
in which the pronoun is moved before the conjugated verb, the case of the pronoun
shifts to pre-possessive, and the linker ng is placed between it and the verb.
Kinsay imong gipalitan og balay? For whom are you buying a house?
(kinsay is an abbreviation of kinsa ang)
Kinsay palitan ni Carlos niining awtoha? For whom will Carlos buy this car?
Unsay ilang gitulisan? What place are they robbing?
(unsay is an abbreviation of unsa ang)
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Ibaligya nako ang balay ugma. The house will be sold by me tomorrow.
Gihatag ni Felipe ang regalo. The gift is being given by Felipe.
Ipalit sa lalaki ang kwarta og awto. With the money the man will buy a car.
Iyang giputol ang kutsilyo og karne. With the knife he is cutting the meat.
For the present/past tense <negator> is wala and for the future tense <negator> is dili.
If <actor noun phrase> is a post-possessive personal pronoun then it is moved just
before the conjugated verb. Here are some examples:
Dili nako ibaligya ang balay ugma. The house will not be sold by me tomorrow.
Wala gihatag ni Felipe ang regalo. The gift is not being given by Felipe.
Dili ipalit sa lalaki ang kwarta og awto. With the money the man will not buy a car.
Wala niya giputol ang kutsilyo og With the knife he is not cutting the meat.
karne.
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If the command is addressed to more than one person then the post-possessive
personal pronoun ninyo is inserted right after the conjugated verb. Here are some
examples:
If the command is addressed to more than one person then the post-possessive
personal pronoun ninyo is inserted just before the conjugated verb. Here are some
examples:
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Ibaligya ba nimo ang balay? Will the house will be sold by you?
Gihatag ni Felipe ang regalo, dili ba? The gift is being given by Felipe, isn't it?
Ipalit ba sa lalaki ang kwarta og awto? With the money will the man buy a car?
Iyang giputol ang kutsilyo og karne, With the knife he is cutting the meat,
di ba? isn't he?
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active abilitive present/ nakaabli Nakaabli akog pultahan. I could have opened a
door.
past
active abilitive future makaabli Makaabli akog pultahan. I can open a door.
direct temporal/ present/ giabli Giabli nako ang The door is being
pultahan. opened by me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future ablihon Ablihon nako ang The door will be opened
pultahan. by me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command abliha Abliha ang pultahan. Open the door.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ naabli Naabli ang pultahan. The door could have
been opened.
passive past
direct abilitive future maabli Maabli ang pultahan. The door can be
opened.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ giablihan Giablihan nako si Ana For Ana I open a door.
og pultahan.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future ablihan Ablihan nako si Ana og For Ana I will open a
pultahan. door.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command ablihi Ablihi si Ana og For Ana open a door.
pultahan.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ giabli Giabli nako ang yawi og With a key I open a
pultahan. door.
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future iabli Iabli nako ang yawi og With a key I will open a
pultahan. door.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command iabli Iabli ang yawi og With a key open a door.
pultahan.
passive durative
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verb root: abot verb stem: abot English translation: arrive, reach
active abilitive present/ nakaabot Nakaabot siya sa balay. He could have arrived at
the house.
past
active abilitive future makaabot Makaabot siya sa balay. He can arrive at the
house.
active plural present/ nangabot Nangabot sila sa balay. They arrive at the
house.
past
active plural future mangabot Mangabot sila sa balay. They will arrive at the
house.
direct temporal/ present/ giabot Giabot niya ang balay. The house is being
reached by him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future abton Abton niya ang balay. The house will be
reached by him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command abta Abta ang balay. Reach the house.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ naabot Naabot ang balay. The house could have
been reached.
passive past
direct abilitive future maabot Maabot ang balay. The house can be
reached.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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active abilitive present/ nakaadto Nakaadto ako sa I could have gone to the
tindahan. store.
past
active abilitive future makaadto Makaadto ako sa I can go to the store.
tindahan.
direct temporal/ present/ giadto Giadto nako ang The store is where I am
tindahan. going.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future adtoon Adtoon nako ang The store is where I will
tindahan. go.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command adtoa Adtoa ang tindahan. Go to the store.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ giadtoan Giadtoan nako ang For food I go to the
pagkaon sa tindahan. store.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future adtoan Adtoan nako ang For food I will go to the
pagkaon sa tindahan. store.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command adtoi Adtoi ang pagkaon sa For food go to the store.
tindahan.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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active abilitive present/ nakaanhi Nakaanhi siya sa balay. He could have come to
the house.
past
active abilitive future makaanhi Makaanhi siya sa balay. He can come to the
house.
active plural present/ nanganhi Nanganhi sila sa balay. They come to the house.
past
active plural future manganhi Manganhi sila sa balay. They will come to the
house.
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active abilitive present/ nakabaligya Nakabaligya akog awto. I could have sold a car.
past
active abilitive future makabaligya Makabaligya akog awto. I can sell a car.
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active abilitive present/ nakabalik Nakabalik ako sa balay. I could have returned to
the house.
past
active abilitive future makabalik Makabalik ako sa balay. I can return to the
house.
active plural present/ namalik Namalik sila sa balay. They return to the
house.
past
active plural future mamalik Mamalik sila sa balay. They will return to the
house.
direct temporal/ present/ gibalik Gibalik nako ang balay. The house is where I am
returning.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future balikon Balikon nako ang balay. The house is where I will
return.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command balika Balika ang balay. Return to the house.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gibalikan Gibalikan nako ang For money I return to the
kwarta sa balay. house.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future balikan Balikan nako ang kwarta For money I will return to
sa balay. the house.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command baliki Baliki ang kwarta sa For money return to the
balay. house.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ gibalik Gibalik nako ang kwarta The money is being
sa balay. returned to the house by
passive durative past me.
instrumental temporal/ future ibalik Ibalik nako ang kwarta The money will be
sa balay. returned to the house by
passive durative
me.
instrumental temporal/ command ibalik Ibalik ang kwarta sa Return the money to the
balay. house.
passive durative
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active abilitive present/ nakabasa Nakabasa siyag libro. He could have read a
book.
past
active abilitive future makabasa Makabasa siyag libro. He can read a book.
active plural present/ namasa Namasa silag mga libro. They read books.
past
active plural future mamasa Mamasa silag mga libro. They will read books.
direct temporal/ present/ gibasa Gibasa niya ang libro. The book is being read
by him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future basahon Basahon niya ang libro. The book will be read by
him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command basaha Basaha ang libro. Read the book.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nabasa Nabasa ang libro. The book could have
been read.
passive past
direct abilitive future mabasa Mabasa ang libro. The book can be read.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gibasahan Gibasahan niya si Pedro For Pedro he reads a
og libro. book.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future basahan Basahan niya si Pedro For Pedro he will read a
og libro. book.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command basahi Basahi si Pedro og libro. For Pedro read a book.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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active durative present/ nagabayad Nagabayad kag kwarta. You are paying money.
Nagbayad kag kwarta. You were paying money.
past nagbayad
active durative future magabayad Magabayad kag kwarta. You will be paying
money.
magbayad Magbayad kag kwarta. You will be paying
money.
active temporal/ command pagbayad Pagbayad og kwarta. Pay money.
Bayad og kwarta. Pay money.
durative bayad
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakabayad Nakabayad kag kwarta. You could have paid
money.
past
active abilitive future makabayad Makabayad kag kwarta. You can pay money.
active plural present/ namayad Namayad kamog You (all) pay money.
kwarta.
past
active plural future mamayad Mamayad kamog You (all) will pay money.
kwarta.
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active abilitive present/ nakabiya Nakabiya ako sa balay. I could have left the
house.
past
active abilitive future makabiya Makabiya ako sa balay. I can leave the house.
active plural present/ namiya Namiya kami sa balay. We leave the house.
past
active plural future mamiya Mamiya kami sa balay. We will leave the house.
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direct temporal/ present/ gibuak Gibuak nako ang radyo. The radio is being
broken by me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future buk-on Buk-on nako ang radyo. The radio will be broken
by me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command buk-a Buk-a ang radyo. Break the radio.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nabuak Nabuak ang radyo. The radio could have
been broken.
passive past
direct abilitive future mabuak Mabuak ang radyo. The radio can be
broken.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gibuk-an Gibuk-an nako si Carlos For Carlos I break a
og radyo. radio.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future buk-an Buk-an nako si Carlos For Carlos I will break a
og radyo. radio.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command buk-i Buk-i si Carlos og radyo. For Carlos break a
radio.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The abilitive mood in this case functions just like the temporal mood.
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active abilitive present/ nakabuhat Nakabuhat siya niana. He could have done
that.
past
active abilitive future makabuhat Makabuhat siya niana. He can do that.
direct temporal/ present/ gibuhat Gibuhat niya kana. That is being done by
him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future buhaton Buhaton niya kana. That will be done by
him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command buhata Buhata kana. Do that.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nabuhat Nabuhat kana. That could have been
done.
passive past
direct abilitive future mabuhat Mabuhat kana. That can be done.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gibuhatan Gibuhatan niya si Elena For Elena he does a job.
og trabaho.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future buhatan Buhatan niya si Elena For Elena he will do a
og trabaho. job.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command buhati Buhati si Elena og For Elena do a job.
trabaho.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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active durative present/ nagabutang Nagabutang kag plato You put the plate on the
sa lamesa. table.
past nagbutang Nagbutang kag plato sa You put (past) the plate
lamesa. on the table.
active durative future magabutang Magabutang kag plato You will put the plate on
sa lamesa. the table.
magbutang Magbutang kag plato sa You will put the plate on
lamesa. the table.
active temporal/ command pagbutang Pagbutang og plato sa Put the plate on the
lamesa. table.
durative
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakabutang Nakabutang kag plato You could have put the
sa lamesa. plate on the table.
past
active abilitive future makabutang Makabutang kag plato You can put the plate on
sa lamesa. the table.
active plural present/ namutang Namutang kamog plato You (all) put the plate on
sa lamesa. the table.
past
active plural future mamutang Mamutang kamog plato You (all) will put the
sa lamesa. plate on the table.
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active abilitive present/ nakadagan Nakadagan ako sa I could have run to the
balay. house.
past
active abilitive future makadagan Makadagan ako sa I can run to the house.
balay.
active plural present/ nanagan Nanagan kami sa balay. We run to the house.
past
active plural future managan Managan kami sa balay. We will run to the house.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakadala Nakadala siyag kwarta. He could have brought
money.
past
active abilitive future makadala Makadala siyag kwarta. He can bring money.
active plural present/ nangdala* Nangdala silag kwarta. They bring money.
past
active plural future mangdala* Mangdala silag kwarta. They will bring money.
direct temporal/ present/ gidala Gidala niya ang kwarta. The money is being
brought by him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future dalhon Dalhon niya ang kwarta. The money will be
brought by him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command dalha Dalha ang kwarta. Bring the money.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nadala Nadala ang kwarta. The money could have
been brought.
passive past
direct abilitive future madala Madala ang kwarta. The money can be
brought.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gidalhan Gidalhan niya si Felipe For Felipe he brings
og kwarta. money.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future dalhan Dalhan niya si Felipe og For Felipe he will bring
kwarta. money.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command dalhi Dalhi si Felipe og For Felipe bring money.
kwarta.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The default assimilation of mangd -> man does not take place.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
direct temporal/ present/ gidawat Gidawat nako ang The gift is being
regalo. received by me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future dawaton Dawaton nako ang The gift will be received
regalo. by me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command dawata Dawata ang regalo. Receive the gift.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nadawat Nadawat ang regalo. The gift could have been
received.
passive past
direct abilitive future madawat Madawat ang regalo. The gift can be received.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gidawatan Gidawatan nako si For Pedro I receive a
Pedro og regalo. gift.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future dawatan Dawatan nako si Pedro For Pedro I will receive a
og regalo. gift.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command dawati Dawati si Pedro og For Pedro receive a gift.
regalo.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The abilitive mood in this case functions just like the temporal mood.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active durative present/ nagadula Nagadula kag bola. You are playing with a
ball.
past nagdula Nagdula kag bola. You were playing with a
ball.
active durative future magadula Magadula kag bola. You will be playing with
a ball.
magdula Magdula kag bola. You will be playing with
a ball.
active temporal/ command pagdula Pagdula og bola. Play with a ball.
Dula og bola. Play with a ball.
durative dula
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakadula Nakadula kag bola. You could have played
with a ball.
past
active abilitive future makadula Makadula kag bola. You can play with a ball.
active plural present/ nanula Nanula kamog bola. You (all) play with a ball.
past
active plural future manula Manula kamog bola. You (all) will play with a
ball.
direct temporal/ present/ gidula Gidula nimo ang bola. The ball is being played
with by you.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future dulaon Dulaon nimo ang bola. The ball will be played
with by you.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command dulaa Dulaa ang bola. Play with the ball.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nadula Nadula ang bola. The ball could have
been played with.
passive past
direct abilitive future madula Madula ang bola. The ball can be played
with.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gidulaan Gidulaan nimo si Juan For Juan you play with a
og bola. ball.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future dulaan Dulaan nimo si Juan og For Juan you will play
bola. with a ball.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command dulai Dulai si Juan og bola. For Juan play a ball.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
direct temporal/ present/ gidungog Gidungog niya kana. That is heard by him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future dunggon Dunggon niya kana. That will be heard by
him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command dungga Dungga kana. Hear that.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nadungog Nadungog kana. That could have been
heard.
passive past
direct abilitive future madungog Madungog kana. That can be heard.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gidungogan - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future dungogan - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command dungogi - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ gidungog - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future idungog - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command idungog - -
passive durative
* The abilitive mood in this case functions just like the temporal mood.
** The default assimilation of mangd -> man does not take place.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakagakos Nakagakos akog bata. I could have hugged a
child.
past
active abilitive future makagakos Makagakos akog bata. I can hug a child.
direct temporal/ present/ gigakos Gigakos nako ang bata. The child is being
hugged by me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future gak son Gakson nako ang bata. The child will be hugged
by me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command gak sa Gaksa ang bata. Hug the child.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nagakos Nagakos ang bata. The child could have
been hugged.
passive past
direct abilitive future magakos Magakos ang bata. The child can be
hugged.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active durative present/ nagagamit Nagagamit kag martilyo. You are using a
hammer.
past naggamit Naggamit kag martilyo. You were using a
hammer.
active durative future magagamit Magagamit kag martilyo. You will be using a
hammer.
maggamit Maggamit kag martilyo. You will be using a
hammer.
active temporal/ command paggamit Paggamit og martilyo. Use a hammer.
Gamit og martilyo. Use a hammer.
durative gamit
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakagamit Nakagamit kag martilyo. You could have used a
hammer.
past
active abilitive future makagamit Makagamit kag martilyo. You can use a hammer.
active plural present/ nanggamit Nanggamit kamog You (all) use a hammer.
martilyo.
past
active plural future manggamit Manggamit kamog You (all) will use a
martilyo. hammer.
direct temporal/ present/ gigamit Gigamit nimo ang The hammer is being
martilyo. used by you.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future gamiton Gamiton nimo ang The hammer will be
martilyo. used by you.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command gamita Gamita ang martilyo. Use the hammer.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nagamit Nagamit ang martilyo. The hammer could have
been used.
passive past
direct abilitive future magamit Magamit ang martilyo. The hammer can be
used.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gigamitan Gigamitan nimo si Maria For Maria you use a
og martilyo. hammer.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future gamitan Gamitan nimo si Maria For Maria you will use a
og martilyo. hammer.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command gamiti Gamiti si Maria og For Maria use a
martilyo. hammer.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakagasto Nakagasto siyag kwarta. He could have spent
money.
past
active abilitive future makagasto Makagasto siyag kwarta. He can spend money.
active plural present/ nanggasto Nanggasto silag kwarta. They spend money.
past
active plural future manggasto Manggasto silag kwarta. They will spend money.
direct temporal/ present/ gigasto Gigasto niya ang kwarta. The money is being
spent by him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future gastohon Gastohon niya ang The money will be spent
kwarta. by him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command gastoha Gastoha ang kwarta. Spend the money.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nagasto Nagasto ang kwarta. The money could have
been spent.
passive past
direct abilitive future magasto Magasto ang kwarta. The money can be
spent.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gigastohan Gigastohan niya si For Carlos he spends
Carlos og kwarta. money.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future gastohan Gastohan niya si Carlos For Carlos he will spend
og kwarta. money.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command gastohi Gastohi si Carlos og For Carlos spend
kwarta. money.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakahigugma Nakahigugma ako kang I could have loved
Maria. Maria.
past
active abilitive future makahigugma Makahigugma ako kang I can love Maria.
Maria.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active durative present/ nagahalok Nagahalok sila si Pedro Pedro and Ana are
ug Ana. kissing each other.
past naghalok Naghalok sila si Pedro Pedro and Ana kiss
ug Ana. each other.
active durative future magahalok Magahalok sila si Pedro Pedro and Ana will kiss
ug Ana. each other.
maghalok Maghalok sila si Pedro Pedro and Ana will kiss
ug Ana. each other.
active temporal/ command paghalok Paghalok kang Ana. Kiss Ana.
Halok kang Ana. Kiss Ana.
durative halok
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakahalok Nakahalok ako kang I could have kissed Ana.
Ana.
past
active abilitive future makahalok Makahalok ako kang I can kiss Ana.
Ana.
active plural present/ nanghalok Nanghalok sila. They kiss each other.
past
active plural future manghalok Manghalok sila. They will kiss each
other.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakahatag Nakahatag akog regalo. I could have given a gift.
past
active abilitive future makahatag Makahatag akog regalo. I can give a gift.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
verb root: hibalo verb stem: hibalo English translation: know (a fact)
active abilitive present/ nakahibalo Nakahibalo ka niana. You could have known
that.
past
active abilitive future makahibalo Makahibalo ka niana. You can know that.
active plural present/ nangahibalo Nangahibalo kamo You (all) know that.
niana.
past
active plural future mangahibalo Mangahibalo kamo You (all) will know that.
niana.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
verb root: higda verb stem: higda English translation: lie down
active abilitive present/ nakahigda Nakahigda siyag sopa. He could have lain down
on a sofa.
past
active abilitive future makahigda Makahigda siyag sopa. He can lie down on a
sofa.
active plural present/ nanghigda Nanghigda silag sopa. They lie down on a sofa.
past
active plural future manghigda Manghigda silag sopa. They will lie down on a
sofa.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakahikap Nakahikap akog plato. I could have touched a
plate.
past
active abilitive future makahikap Makahikap akog plato. I can touch a plate.
direct temporal/ present/ gihikap Gihikap nako ang plato. The plate is being
touched by me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future hikapon Hikapon nako ang plato. The plate will be
touched by me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command hikapa Hikapa ang plato. Touch the plate.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nahikap Nahikap ang plato. The plate could have
been touched.
passive past
direct abilitive future mahikap Mahikap ang plato. The plate can be
touched.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakahilak Nakahilak ka. You could have cried.
past
active abilitive future makahilak Makahilak ka. You can cry.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakahimo Nakahimo siya niana. He could have made
that.
past
active abilitive future makahimo Makahimo siya niana. He can make that.
active plural present/ nanghimo Nanghimo sila niana. They make that.
past
active plural future manghimo Manghimo sila niana. They will make that.
direct temporal/ present/ gihimo Gihimo niya kana. That is being made by
him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future himoon Himoon niya kana. That will be made by
him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command himoa Himoa kana. Make that.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nahimo Nahimo kana. That could have been
made.
passive past
direct abilitive future mahimo Mahimo kana. That can be made.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gihimoan Gihimoan niya si Felipe For Felipe he makes
niana. that.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future himoan Himoan niya si Felipe For Felipe he will make
niana. that.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command himoi Himoi si Felipe niana. For Felipe make that.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
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active durative present/ nagahugas Nagahugas ka sa awto. You are washing a car.
Naghugas ka sa awto. You were washing a car.
past naghugas
active durative future magahugas Magahugas ka sa awto. You will be washing a
car.
maghugas Maghugas ka sa awto. You will be washing a
car.
active temporal/ command paghugas Paghugas sa awto. Wash a car.
Hugas sa awto. Wash a car.
durative hugas
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakahugas Nakahugas ka sa awto. You could have washed
a car.
past
active abilitive future makahugas Makahugas ka sa awto. You can wash a car.
active plural present/ nanghugas Nanghugas kamo sa You (all) wash a car.
awto.
past
active plural future manghugas Manghugas kamo sa You (all) will wash a car.
awto.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakahulat Nakahulat siyag He could have waited for
maestro. a teacher.
past
active abilitive future makahulat Makahulat siyag He can wait for a
maestro. teacher.
active plural present/ nanghulat Nanghulat silag They wait for a teacher.
maestro.
past
active plural future manghulat Manghulat silag They will wait for a
maestro. teacher.
direct temporal/ present/ gihulat Gihulat niya ang The teacher is being
maestro. waited for by him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future hulaton Hulaton niya ang The teacher will be
maestro. waited for by him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command hulata Hulata ang maestro. Wait for the teacher.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nahulat Nahulat ang maestro. The teacher could have
been waited for.
passive past
direct abilitive future mahulat Mahulat ang maestro. The teacher can be
waited for.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
verb root: hulog verb stem: hulog English translation: drop, fall
active abilitive present/ nakahulog Nakahulog akog bola. I could have dropped a
ball.
past
active abilitive future makahulog Makahulog akog bola. I can drop a ball.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakahuman Nakahuman kag You could have finished
trabaho. a job.
past
active abilitive future makahuman Makahuman kag You can finish a job.
trabaho.
direct temporal/ present/ gihuman Gihuman nimo ang The job is being finished
trabaho. by you.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future humanon Humanon nimo ang The job will be finished
trabaho. by you.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command humana Humana ang trabaho. Finish the job.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nahuman Nahuman ang trabaho. The job could have been
finished.
passive past
direct abilitive future mahuman Mahuman ang trabaho. The job can be finished.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
direct temporal/ present/ gihunahuna Gihunahuna niya kana. That is being thought by
him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future hunahunaon Hunahunaon niya kana. That will be thought by
him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command hunahunaa Hunahunaa kana. Think that.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nahunahuna Nahunahuna kana. That could have been
thought.
passive past
direct abilitive future mahunahuna Mahunahuna kana. That can be thought.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active durative present/ nagahunong Nagahunong kag awto. You are stopping a car.
Naghunong kag awto. You were stopping a
past naghunong car.
active durative future magahunong Magahunong kag awto. You will be stopping a
car.
maghunong
Maghunong kag awto. You will be stopping a
car.
active temporal/ command paghunong Paghunong og awto. Stop a car.
Hunong og awto. Stop a car.
durative hunong
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakahunong Nakahunong kag awto. You could have stopped
a car.
past
active abilitive future makahunong Makahunong kag awto. You can stop a car.
active plural present/ nanghunong Nanghunong kamog You (all) stop a car.
awto.
past
active plural future manghunong Manghunong kamog You (all) will stop a car.
awto.
direct temporal/ present/ gihunong Gihunong nimo ang The car is being stopped
awto. by you.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future hunongon Hunongon nimo ang The car will be stopped
awto. by you.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command hunonga Hunonga ang awto. Stop the car.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gihunongan Gihunongan nimo si For Maria you stop a
Maria og awto. car.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future hunongan Hunongan nimo si Maria For Maria you will stop a
og awto. car.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command hunongi Hunongi si Maria og For Maria stop a car.
awto.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
verb root: ila verb stem: ila English translation: know (a person)
active abilitive present/ nakaila* Nakaila siya kang Ana. He knows Ana.
past
active abilitive future makaila* Makaila siya kang Ana. He will know Ana.
direct temporal/ present/ nailhan** Nailhan niya si Ana. Ana is known to him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future ilhon Ilhon niya si Ana. Ana will be known to
him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command ilha Ilha si Ana. Know Ana.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nailhan** Nailhan si Ana. Ana c ould have been
known.
passive past
direct abilitive future mailhan** Mailhan si Ana. Ana can be known.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The abilitive mood in this case functions just like the temporal mood.
** The suffix -han is appended.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
verb root: ingon verb stem: ingon English translation: say, tell
active abilitive present/ nakaingon Nakaingon ako niana. I could have said that.
past
active abilitive future makaingon Makaingon ako niana. I can say that.
direct temporal/ present/ giingon Giingon nako kana. That is being said by
me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future ingnon Ingnon nako kana. That will be said by me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command ingna Ingna kana. Say that.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ giingnan Giingnan nako si Felipe To Felipe I say that.
niana.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future ingnan Ingnan nako si Felipe To Felipe I will say that.
niana.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command ingni Ingni si Felipe niana. To Felipe say that.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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active durative present/ nagainom Nagainom kag tubig. You are drinking water.
Naginom kag tubig. You w ere drinking water.
past naginom
active durative future magainom Magainom kag tubig. You will be drinking
water.
maginom Maginom kag tubig. You will be drinking
water.
active temporal/ command paginom Paginom og tubig. Drink water.
Inom og tubig. Drink water.
durative inom
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakainom Nakainom kag tubig. You could have drunk
water.
past
active abilitive future makainom Makainom kag tubig. You c an drink water.
direct temporal/ present/ giinom Giinom nimo ang tubig. The water is being drunk
by you.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future imnon Imnon nimo ang tubig. The water will be drunk
by you.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command imna Imna ang tubig. Drink the water.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nainom Nainom ang tubig. The water could have
been drunk.
passive past
direct abilitive future mainom Mainom ang tubig. The water can be drunk.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
verb root: ita verb stem: ita English translation: look for, search
active plural present/ nangita** Nangita siyag tindahan. He looks for a store.
past
active plural future mangita** Mangita siyag tindahan. He will look for a store.
direct temporal/ present/ gipangita* Gipangita niya ang The store is what he's
tindahan. looking for.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future pangitaon* Pangitaon niya ang The store is what he will
tindahan. be looking for.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command pangitaa* Pangitaa ang tindahan. Look for the store.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gipangitaan* Gipangitaan niya si Juan For Juan he looks for a
og tindahan. store.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future pangitaan* Pangitaan niya si Juan For Juan he will look for
og tindahan. a store.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command pangitai* Pangitai si Juan og For Juan look for a
tindahan. store.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The affix pang- is inserted before the verb stem.
** The plural mood in this case functions just like the temporal mood (i.e., the subject can be singular).
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active abilitive present/ nakakanta Nakakanta akog awit. I could have sung a
song.
past
active abilitive future makakanta Makakanta akog awit. I can sing a song.
direct temporal/ present/ gikanta Gikanta nako ang awit. The song is being sung
by me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future kantahon Kantahon nako ang awit. The song will be sung by
me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command kantaha Kantaha ang awit. Sing the song.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nakanta Nakanta ang awit. The song could have
been sung.
passive past
direct abilitive future makanta Makanta ang awit. The song can be sung.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gikantahan Gikantahan nako si For Maria I sing a song.
Maria og awit.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future kantahan Kantahan nako si Maria For Maria I will sing a
og awit. song.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command kantahi Kantahi si Maria og awit. For Maria sing a song.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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active abilitive present/ nakakaon Nakakaon akog isda. I could have eaten fish.
past
active abilitive future makakaon Makakaon akog isda. I can eat fish.
direct temporal/ present/ gikaon Gikaon nako ang isda. The fish is being eaten
by me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future kan-on* Kan-on nako ang isda. The fish will be eaten by
me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command kan-a* Kan-a ang isda. Eat the fish.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nakaon Nakaon ang isda. The fish could have
been eaten.
passive past
direct abilitive future makaon Makaon ang isda. The fish can be eaten.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The verb stem changes from kaon to kan-.
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active abilitive present/ nakakatawa Nakakatawa ka. You could have laughed.
past
active abilitive future makakatawa Makakatawa ka. You can laugh.
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direct temporal/ present/ gikinahanglan Gikinahanglan niya ang The money is needed by
kwarta. him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future kinahanglanon Kinahanglanon niya ang The money will be
kwarta. needed by him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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active durative present/ nagkita* Nagkita sila. They saw each other.
past
active durative future magkita* Magkita sila. They will see each
other.
direct temporal/ present/ gikita* Gikita nako si Carlos. Carlos and I saw each
other.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future kitaon* Kitaon nako si Carlos. Carlos and I will see
each other.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command kitaa* Kitaa si Carlos. You and Carlos see
each other.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nakita Nakita ang bukid. The mountain could
have been seen.
passive past
direct abilitive future makita Makita ang bukid. The mountain can be
seen.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The nag-, mag-, gi-, -on, and -a affixes denote reciprocal action.
** The abilitive mood in this case functions just like the temporal mood.
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verb root: kuha verb stem: kuha English translation: get, take
active durative present/ nagakuha Nagakuha kag kwarta. You get money.
Nagkuha kag kwarta. You got money.
past nagkuha
active durative future magakuha Magakuha kag kwarta. You will get money.
Magkuha kag kwarta. You will get money.
magkuha
active temporal/ command pagkuha Pagkuha og kwarta. Get money.
durative
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakakuha Nakakuha kag kwarta. You could have gotten
money.
past
active abilitive future makakuha Makakuha kag kwarta. You can get money.
active plural present/ nanguha Nanguha kamog kwarta. You (all) get money.
past
active plural future manguha Manguha kamog kwarta. You (all) will get money.
direct temporal/ present/ gikuha Gikuha nimo ang The money is being
kwarta. gotten by you.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future kuhaon Kuhaon nimo ang The money will be
kwarta. gotten by you.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command kuhaa Kuhaa ang kwarta. Get the money.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nakuha Nakuha ang kwarta. The money could have
been gotten.
passive past
direct abilitive future makuha Makuha ang kwarta. The money can be
gotten.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gikuhaan Gikuhaan nimo si Elena For Elena you got
og kwarta. money.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future kuhaan Kuhaan nimo si Elena For Elena you will get
og kwarta. money.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command kuhai Kuhai si Elena og For Elena get money.
kwarta.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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direct temporal/ present/ gipangutana* Gipangutana niya si Pedro is the one whom
Pedro. he asks.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future pangutan-on** Pangutan-on niya si Pedro is the one whom
Pedro. he will ask.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command pangutan-a** Pangutan-a si Pedro. Ask Pedro.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ napangutana* Napangutana si Pedro could have been
Pedro. asked.
passive past
direct abilitive future mapangutana* Mapangutana si Pedro can be asked.
Pedro.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The verb stem kutana is replaced with pangutana.
** The verb stem kutana is replaced with pangutan followed by an internal pause.
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verb root: laba verb stem: laba English translation: wash (clothes)
active abilitive present/ nakalaba Nakalaba kag bestida. You could have washed
a dress.
past
active abilitive future makalaba Makalaba kag bestida. You can wash a dress.
active plural present/ nanglaba** Nanglaba kag bestida. You wash a dress.
past
active plural future manglaba** Manglaba kag bestida. You will wash a dress.
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direct temporal/ present/ gilakaw Gilakaw niya ang The bank is the place he
bangko. is walking to.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future lakwon* Lakwon niya ang The bank is the place he
bangko. will walk to.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command lakwa* Lakwa ang bangko. Walk to the bank.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nalakaw Nalakaw ang bangko. The bank could have
been walked to.
passive past
direct abilitive future malakaw Malakaw ang bangko. The bank can be walked
to.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The verb stem lakaw undergoes deletion and becomes lakw.
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active abilitive present/ nakalangoy Nakalangoy ako sa I could have swum in the
dagat. sea.
past
active abilitive future makalangoy Makalangoy ako sa I can swim in the sea.
dagat.
direct temporal/ present/ gilangoy Gilangoy nako ang The sea is where I swim.
dagat.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future langoyon Langoyon nako ang The sea is where I will
dagat. swim.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command langoya Langoya ang dagat. Swim in the sea.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nalangoy Nalangoy ang dagat. The sea is where one
could have swum.
passive past
direct abilitive future malangoy Malangoy ang dagat. The sea is where one
can swim.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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active plural present/ nangalibang Nangalibang kamo sa You (all) defecate in the
kasilyas. restroom.
past
active plural future mangalibang Mangalibang kamo sa You (all) will defecate in
kasilyas. the restroom.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakaligo Nakaligo siya sa banyo. He could have bathed in
the bathroom.
past
active abilitive future makaligo Makaligo siya sa banyo. He can bathe in the
bathroom.
active plural present/ nangaligo Nangaligo sila sa banyo. They bathe in the
bathroom.
past
active plural future mangaligo Mangaligo sila sa banyo. They will bathe in the
bathroom.
direct temporal/ present/ giligo Giligo niya ang bata. The child is being
bathed by him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future ligoon Ligoon niya ang bata. The child will be bathed
by him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command ligoa Ligoa ang bata. Bathe the child.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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active abilitive present/ nakalimpyo Nakalimpyo kag kusina. You could have cleaned
the kitchen.
past
active abilitive future makalimpyo Makalimpyo kag kusina. You can clean the
kitchen.
active plural present/ nanglimpyo** Nanglimpyo kag kusina. You clean the kitchen.
past
active plural future manglimpyo** Manglimpyo kag kusina. You will clean the
kitchen.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
verb root: lingaw verb stem: lingaw English translation: enjoy, entertain
active plural present/ nangalingaw Nangalingaw sila sa They enjoy the movie.
salida.
past
active plural future mangalingaw Mangalingaw sila sa They will enjoy the
salida. movie.
direct temporal/ present/ gilingaw Gilingaw niya si Ana. Ana is being entertained
by him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future lingawon Lingawon niya si Ana. Ana will be entertained
by him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command lingawa Lingawa si Ana. Entertain Ana.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The suffix -lingaw is appended to the end of the verb stem.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakalukso Nakalukso ka sa kama. You could have jumped
on a bed.
past
active abilitive future makalukso Makalukso ka sa kama. You can jump on a bed.
active plural present/ nanglukso Nanglukso kamo sa You (all) jump on a bed.
kama.
past
active plural future manglukso Manglukso kamo sa You (all) will jump on a
kama. bed.
direct temporal/ present/ gilukso Gilukso nimo ang kama. The bed is being jumped
on by you.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future luksohon Luksohon nimo ang The bed will be jumped
kama. on by you.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command luksoha Luksoha ang kama. Jump on the bed.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakaluto Nakaluto siyag karne. He could have cooked
meat.
past
active abilitive future makaluto Makaluto siyag karne. He can cook meat.
active plural present/ nangluto Nangluto silag karne. They cook meat.
past
active plural future mangluto Mangluto silag karne. They will cook meat.
direct temporal/ present/ giluto Giluto niya ang karne. The meat is being
cooked by him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future lutoon Lutoon niya ang karne. The meat will be cooked
by him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command lutoa Lutoa ang karne. Cook the meat.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ naluto Naluto ang karne. The meat could have
been cooked.
passive past
direct abilitive future maluto Maluto ang karne. The meat can be
cooked.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gilutoan Gilutoan niya si Juan og For Juan he cooks meat.
karne.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future lutoan Lutoan niya si Juan og For Juan he will cook
karne. meat.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command lutoi Lutoi si Juan og karne. For Juan cook meat.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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active abilitive present/ nakamata Nakamata ako sa alas I could have woken up
dos. at two o'clock.
past
active abilitive future makamata Makamata ako sa alas I can wake up at two
dos. o'clock.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
direct temporal/ present/ gipaminaw** Gipaminaw nako ang The music is being
musika. listened to by me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future paminawon** Paminawon nako ang The music will be
musika. listened to by me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command paminawa** Paminawa ang Listen to the music.
musika.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The prefix ka- is replaced with pa-.
** The verb stem changes from minaw to paminaw.
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active durative present/ nagapadala Nagapadala kag libro. You are sending a book.
Nagpadala kag libro. You were sending a
past nagpadala book.
active durative future magapadala Magapadala kag libro. You will be sending a
book.
magpadala
Magpadala kag libro. You will be sending a
book.
active temporal/ command pagpadala Pagpadala og libro. Send a book.
Padala og libro. Send a book.
durative padala
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakapadala Nakapadala kag libro. You could have sent a
book.
past
active abilitive future makapadala Makapadala kag libro. You can send a book.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
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active abilitive present/ nakapalit Nakapalit akog awto. I could have bought a
car.
past
active abilitive future makapalit Makapalit akog awto. I can buy a car.
direct temporal/ present/ gipalit Gipalit nako ang awto. The car is being bought
by me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future paliton Paliton nako ang awto. The car will be bought
by me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command palita Palita ang awto. Buy the car.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ napalit Napalit ang awto. The car could have been
bought.
passive past
direct abilitive future mapalit Mapalit ang awto. The car can be bought.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gipalitan Gipalitan nako si Juan For Juan I buy a car.
og awto.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future palitan Palitan nako si Juan og For Juan I will buy a car.
awto.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command paliti Paliti si Juan og awto. For Juan buy a car.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ gipalit Gipalit nako kining With this money I buy a
kwartaha og awto. car.
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future ipalit Ipalit nako kining With this money I will
kwartaha og awto. buy a car.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command ipalit Ipalit kining kwartaha og With this money buy a
awto. car.
passive durative
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active durative present/ nagapatay Nagapatay kag iro. You are killing a dog.
Nagpatay kag iro. You were killing a dog.
past nagpatay
active durative future magapatay Magapatay kag iro. You will be killing a dog.
Magpatay kag iro. You will be killing a dog.
magpatay
active temporal/ command - - -
durative
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakapatay Nakapatay kag iro. You could have killed a
dog.
past
active abilitive future makapatay Makapatay kag iro. You can kill a dog.
active plural present/ namatay Namatay kamog iro. You (all) kill a dog.
past
active plural future mamatay Mamatay kamog iro. You (all) will kill a dog.
direct temporal/ present/ gipatay Gipatay nimo ang iro. The dog is being killed
by you.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future patyon* Patyon nimo ang iro. The dog will be killed by
you.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command patya* Patya ang iro. Kill the dog.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ napatay Napatay ang iro. The dog could have
been killed.
passive past
direct abilitive future mapatay Mapatay ang iro. The dog can be killed.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gipatayan - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future patayan - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command patayi - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ gipatay - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future ipatay - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command ipatay - -
passive durative
* The verb stem changes from patay to paty.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakapatid Nakapatid siyag bola. He could have kicked a
ball.
past
active abilitive future makapatid Makapatid siyag bola. He can kick a ball.
active plural present/ namatid Namatid silag bola. They kick a ball.
past
active plural future mamatid Mamatid silag bola. They will kick a ball.
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active abilitive present/ nakapauli Nakapauli ako. I could have gone home.
past
active abilitive future makapauli Makapauli ako. I can go home.
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active durative present/ nagapili Nagapili kag pulang You are choosing a red
awto. car.
past nagpili Nagpili kag pulang awto. You were choosing a
red car.
active durative future magapili Magapili kag pulang You will be choosing a
awto. red car.
magpili Magpili kag pulang awto. You will be choosing a
red car.
active temporal/ command pagpili Pagpili og pulang awto. Choose a red car.
Pili og pulang awto. Choose a red car.
durative pili
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakapili Nakapili kag pulang You could have chosen
awto. a red car.
past
active abilitive future makapili Makapili kag pulang You can choose a red
awto. car.
active plural present/ namili Namili kamog pulang You (all) choose a red
awto. car.
past
active plural future mamili Mamili kamog pulang You (all) will choose a
awto. red car.
direct temporal/ present/ gipili Gipili nimo ang pulang The red car is being
awto. chosen by you.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future pilion Pilion nimo ang pulang The red car will be
awto. chosen by you.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command pilia Pilia ang pulang awto. Choose the red car.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gipilian Gipilian nimo si Pedro For Pedro you choose a
og pulang awto. red car.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future pilian Pilian nimo si Pedro og For Pedro you will
pulang awto. choose a red car.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command pilii Pilii si Pedro og pulang For Pedro choose a red
awto. car.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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active abilitive present/ nakaputol Nakaputol siyag kahoy. He could have cut a
tree.
past
active abilitive future makaputol Makaputol siyag kahoy. He can cut a tree.
active plural present/ namutol Namutol silag kahoy. They cut a tree.
past
active plural future mamutol Mamutol silag kahoy. They will cut a tree.
direct temporal/ present/ giputol Giputol niya ang kahoy. The tree is being cut by
him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future putlon* Putlon niya ang kahoy. The tree will be cut by
him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command putla* Putla ang kahoy. Cut the tree.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ naputol Naputol ang kahoy. The tree could have
been cut.
passive past
direct abilitive future maputol Maputol ang kahoy. The tree can be cut.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ giputlan* Giputlan niya si Ana og For Ana he cuts a tree.
kahoy.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future putlan* Putlan niya si Ana og For Ana he will cut a
kahoy. tree.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command putli* Putli si Ana og kahoy. For Ana cut a tree.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ giputol Giputol niya ang gabas With the saw he cuts a
og kahoy. tree.
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future iputol Iputol niya ang gabas og With the saw he will cut
kahoy. a tree.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command iputol Iputol ang gabas og With the saw cut a tree.
kahoy.
passive durative
* The verb stem changes from putol to putl.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
verb root: puyo verb stem: puyo English translation: live (in a place)
active abilitive present/ nakapuyo Nakapuyo akog balay. I could have lived in a
house.
past
active abilitive future makapuyo Makapuyo akog balay. I can live in a house.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakasakay Nakasakay siya sa taksi. He could have ridden a
taxi.
past
active abilitive future makasakay Makasakay siya sa He can ride a taxi.
taksi.
active plural present/ nanakay Nanakay sila sa taksi. They ride a taxi.
past
active plural future manakay Manakay sila sa taksi. They will ride a taxi.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
verb root: sakit verb stem: sakit English translation: hurt, be sick
direct temporal/ present/ gisakit Gisakit nako ang iring. The cat is being hurt by
me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future sakiton Sakiton nako ang iring. The cat will be hurt by
me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command sakita Sakita ang iring. Hurt the cat.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
207
Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakasayaw Nakasayaw ka. You could have danced.
past
active abilitive future makasayaw Makasayaw ka. You can dance.
direct temporal/ present/ gisayaw Gisayaw nimo ang The curac ha is being
kuratsa. danced by you.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future sayawon Sayawon nimo ang The curacha will be
kuratsa. danced by you.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command sayawa Sayawa ang kuratsa. Dance the curacha.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nasayaw Nasayaw ang kuratsa. The curacha could have
been danced.
passive past
direct abilitive future masayaw Masayaw ang kuratsa. The curacha can be
danced.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gisayawan Gisayawan nimo si For Felipe you dance.
Felipe.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future sayawan Sayawan nimo si Felipe. For Felipe you will
dance.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command sayawi Sayawi si Felipe. For Felipe dance.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
direct temporal/ present/ gisinggit Gisinggit niya kana. That is being shouted by
him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future singgiton Singgiton niya kana. That will be shouted by
him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command singgita Singgita kana. Shout that.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gisinggitan Gisinggitan niya si For Elena he shouts.
Elena.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future singgitan Singgitan niya si Elena. For Elena he will shout.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command singgiti Singgiti si Elena. For Elena shout.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakasira Nakasira akog pultahan. I could have closed a
door.
past
active abilitive future makasira Makasira akog pultahan. I can close a door.
direct temporal/ present/ gisira Gisira nako ang The door is being closed
pultahan. by me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future sirhon* Sirhon nako ang The door will be closed
pultahan. by me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command sirha* Sirha ang pultahan. Close the door.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nasira Nasira ang pultahan. The door could have
been closed.
passive past
direct abilitive future masira Masira ang pultahan. The door can be closed.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gisirhan* Gisirhan nako si Carlos For Carlos I close a
og pultahan. door.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future sirhan* Sirhan nako si Carlos og For Carlos I will close a
pultahan. door.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command sirhi Sirhi si Carlos og For Carlos close a door.
pultahan.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The verb stem changes from sira to sir.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
verb root: sugod verb stem: sugod English translation: begin, start
active durative present/ nagasugod Nagasugod kag trabaho. You are starting a job.
Nagsugod kag trabaho. You were starting a job.
past nagsugod
active durative future magasugod Magasugod kag You will be starting a
trabaho. job.
magsugod Magsugod kag trabaho. You will be starting a
job.
active temporal/ command pagsugod Pagsugod og trabaho. Start a job.
Sugod og trabaho. Start a job.
durative sugod
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakasugod Nakasugod kag trabaho. You could have started
a job.
past
active abilitive future makasugod Makasugod kag trabaho. You can start a job.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakasulat Nakasulat siyag libro. He could have written a
book.
past
active abilitive future makasulat Makasulat siyag libro. He can write a book.
active plural present/ nanulat Nanulat silag libro. They write a book.
past
active plural future manulat Manulat silag libro. They will write a book.
direct temporal/ present/ gisulat Gisulat niya ang libro. The book is being
written by him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future sulaton Sulaton niya ang libro. The book will be written
by him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command sulata Sulata ang libro. Write the book.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gisulatan Gisulatan niya si Maria For Maria he writes a
og libro. book.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future sulatan Sulatan niya si Maria og For Maria he will write a
libro. book.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command sulati Sulati si Maria og libro. For Maria write a book.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ gisulat Gisulat niya ang bolpen With a pen he writes a
og karton. card.
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future isulat Isulat niya ang bolpen With a pen he will write
og karton. a card.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command isulat Isulat ang bolpen og With a pen write a card.
karton.
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakasulod Nakasulod ako sa balay. I could have entered a
house.
past
active abilitive future makasulod Makasulod ako sa balay. I can enter a house.
direct temporal/ present/ gisulod Gisulod nako ang balay. The house is being
entered by me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future sudlon* Sudlon nako ang balay. The house will be
entered by me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command sudla* Sudla ang balay. Enter the house.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ nasulod Nasulod ang awto sa The car could have been
garahe. put inside a garage.
passive past
direct abilitive future masulod Masulod ang awto sa The car can be put
garahe. inside a garage.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gisudlan* Gisudlan nako ang The wallet is where I put
pitaka og kwarta. money.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future sudlan* Sudlan nako ang pitaka The wallet is where I will
og kwarta. put money.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command sudli* Sudli ang pitaka og Put money in the wallet.
kwarta.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ gisulod** Gisulod nako ang awto The car is being put
sa garahe. inside a garage by me.
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future isulod** Isulod nako ang awto sa The car will be put inside
garahe. a garage by me.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command isulod** Isulod ang awto sa Put the car inside a
garahe. garage.
passive durative
* The verb stem changes from sulod to sudl.
** The focus of the sentence is the object being put inside.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
verb root: sulti verb stem: sulti English translation: speak, tell
active durative present/ nagasulti Nagasulti kag Binisaya. You are speaking
Visayan.
past nagsulti Nagsulti kag Binisaya. You were speaking
Visayan.
active durative future magasulti Magasulti kag Binisaya. You will be speaking
Visayan.
magsulti Magsulti kag Binisaya. You will be speaking
Visayan.
active temporal/ command sulti Sulti og Binisaya. Speak Visayan.
durative
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakasulti Nakasulti kag Binisaya. You could have spoken
Visayan.
past
active abilitive future makasulti Makasulti kag Binisaya. You can speak Visayan.
active plural present/ nanulti Nanulti kamog Binisaya. You (all) speak Visayan.
past
active plural future manulti Manulti kamog Binisaya. You (all) will speak
Visayan.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
verb root: sumbag verb stem: sumbag English translation: punch, hit
active durative present/ nagasumbagay* Nagasumbagay sila. They punch each other.
Nagsumbagay sila. They punch each other.
past nagsumbagay*
active durative future magasumbagay* Magasumbagay sila. They will punch each
other.
magsumbagay* Magsumbagay sila. They will punch each
other.
active temporal/ command - - -
durative
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
direct temporal/ present/ gisumbag Gisumbag niya ang The man is being
tawo. punched by him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future sumbagon Sumbagon niya ang The man will be
tawo. punched by him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command sumbaga Sumbaga ang tawo. Punch the man.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ - - -
passive past
direct abilitive future - - -
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The suffix -ay is added in order to specify reciprocal action.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active durative present/ nagatabi* Nagatabi kamo. You (all) talk to each
other.
past nagtabi* Nagtabi kamo. You (all) talk to each
other.
active durative future magatabi* Magatabi kamo. You (all) will talk to each
other.
magtabi* Magtabi kamo. You (all) will talk to each
other.
active temporal/ command pagtabi Pagtabi og tawo. Talk to a man.
durative
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakatabi Nakatabi kag tawo. You could have talked to
a man.
past
active abilitive future makatabi Makatabi kag tawo. You can talk to a man.
active plural present/ nanabi Nanabi kamog tawo. You (all) talk to a man.
past
active plural future manabi Manabi kamog tawo. You (all) will talk to a
man.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakatago Nakatago siya sa balay. He could have hidden in
the house.
past
active abilitive future makatago Makatago siya sa balay. He can hide in the
house.
active plural present/ nanago Nanago sila sa balay. They hide in the house.
past
active plural future manago Manago sila sa balay. They will hide in the
house.
direct temporal/ present/ gitago Gitago niya ang kwarta. The money is being
hidden by him.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future tagoon Tagoon niya ang kwarta. The money will be
hidden by him.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command tagoa Tagoa ang kwarta. Hide the money.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ natagoan*** Natagoan ang kwarta. The money could have
been hidden.
passive past
direct abilitive future matagoan*** Matagoan ang kwarta. The money can be
hidden.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gitagoan Gitagoan niya si Pedro For Pedro he hides
og kwarta. money.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future tagoan Tagoan niya si Pedro og For Pedro he will hide
kwarta. money.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command tagoi Tagoi si Pedro og For Pedro hide money.
kwarta.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The prefixes mi-, ni-, and mo- are used to denote hiding oneself.
* The prefixes naga-, nag-, maga-, and mag- are used to denote hiding an object.
* The suffix -an is appended to the verb stem.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
verb root: tan-aw verb stem: tan-aw English translation: watch, look at
active abilitive present/ nakatan-aw Nakatan-aw akog salida. I could have watched a
movie.
past
active abilitive future makatan-aw Makatan-aw akog I can watch a movie.
salida.
direct temporal/ present/ gitan-aw Gitan-aw nako ang The movie is being
salida. watched by me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future tan-awon Tan-awon nako ang The movie will be
salida. watched by me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command tan-awa Tan-awa ang salida. Watch the movie.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ natan-aw Natan-aw ang salida. The movie could have
been watched.
passive past
direct abilitive future matan-aw Matan-aw ang salida. The movie can be
watched.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gitan-awan Gitan-awan nako si Ana For Ana I look at a car.
og awto.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future tan-awan Tan-awan nako si Ana For Ana I will look at a
og aw to. car.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command tan-awi Tan-a w i si Ana og awto. For Ana look at a car.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active durative present/ nagatawag Nagatawag kag tawo. You are calling a man.
Nagtawag kag tawo. You were calling a man.
past nagtawag
active durative future magatawag Magatawag kag tawo. You will be calling a
man.
magtawag Magtawag kag tawo. You will be calling a
man.
active temporal/ command - - -
durative
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakatawag Nakatawag kag tawo. You could have called a
man.
past
active abilitive future makatawag Makatawag kag tawo. You can call a man.
active plural present/ nanawag Nanawag kamog tawo. You (all) call a man.
past
active plural future manawag Manawag kamog tawo. You (all) will call a man.
direct temporal/ present/ gitawag Gitawag nimo ang tawo. The man is being called
by you.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future tawgon* Tawgon nimo ang tawo. The man will be called
by you.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command tawga* Tawga ang tawo. Call the man.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ natawag Natawag ang tawo. The man could have
been called.
passive past
direct abilitive future matawag Matawag ang tawo. The man can be called.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gitawgan* Gitawgan nimo si Felipe For Felipe you call a
og taksi. taxi.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future tawgan* Tawgan nimo si Felipe For Felipe you will call a
og taksi. taxi.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command tawgi* Tawgi si Felipe og taksi. For Felipe call a taxi.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The verb stem changes from tawag to tawg.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
direct temporal/ present/ gitrabaho Gitrabaho nako ang The car is being worked
awto. on by me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future trabahoon Trabahoon nako ang The car will be worked
awto. on by me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command trabahoa Trabahoa ang awto. Work on the car.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ natrabaho Natrabaho ang awto. The car could have been
worked on.
passive past
direct abilitive future matrabaho Matrabaho ang awto. The car can be worked
on.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gitrabahoan Gitrabahoan nako si For Elena I work on a
Elena og awto. car.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future trabahoan Trabahoan nako si For Elena I will work on
Elena og awto. a car.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command trabahoi Trabahoi si Elena og For Elena work on a car.
awto.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active durative present/ nagatubag Nagatubag ka niana. You are answering that.
Nagtubag ka niana. You were answering
past nagtubag that.
active durative future magatubag Magatubag ka niana. You will be answering
that.
magtubag
Magtubag ka niana. You will be answering
that.
active temporal/ command tubag Tubag niana. Answer that.
durative
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active plural present/ nanubag Nanubag kamo niana. You (all) answer that.
past
active plural future manubag Manubag kamo niana. You (all) will answer
that.
direct temporal/ present/ gitubag Gitubag nimo kana. That is being answered
by you.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future tubagon Tubagon nimo kana. That will be answered by
you.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command tubaga Tubaga kana. Answer that.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ natubag Natubag kana. That could have been
answered.
passive past
direct abilitive future matubag Matubag kana. That can be answered.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active plural present/ nanudlo Nanudlo silag Iningles. They teach English.
past
active plural future manudlo Manudlo silag Iningles. They will teach English.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakatukod Nakatukod akog balay. I could have built a
house.
past
active abilitive future makatukod Makatukod akog balay. I can build a house.
direct temporal/ present/ gitukod Gitukod nako ang balay. The house is being built
by me.
passive durative past
direct temporal/ future tukoron* Tukoron nako ang balay. The house will be built
by me.
passive durative
direct temporal/ command tukora* Tukora ang balay. Build the house.
passive durative
direct abilitive present/ natukod Natukod ang balay. The house could have
been built.
passive past
direct abilitive future matukod Matukod ang balay. The house can be built.
passive
indirect temporal/ present/ gitukoran* Gitukoran nako si Maria For Maria I build a
og balay. house.
passive durative past
indirect temporal/ future tukoran* Tukoran nako si Maria For Maria I will build a
og balay. house.
passive durative
indirect temporal/ command tukori* Tukori si Maria og balay. For Maria build a house.
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ present/ - - -
passive durative past
instrumental temporal/ future - - -
passive durative
instrumental temporal/ command - - -
passive durative
* The verb stem changes from tukod to tukor.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active durative present/ nagatuo Nagatuo ka niana. You are believing that.
Nagtuo ka niana. You were believing that.
past nagtuo
active durative future magatuo Magatuo ka niana. You will be believing
that.
magtuo Magtuo ka niana. You will be believing
that.
active temporal/ command tuo Tuo niana. Believe that.
durative
active stative present/ - - -
past
active stative future - - -
active abilitive present/ nakatuo Nakatuo ka niana. You could have believed
that.
past
active abilitive future makatuo Makatuo ka niana. You can believe that.
active plural present/ nanuo Nanuo kamo niana. You (all) believe that.
past
active plural future manuo Manuo kamo niana. You (all) will believe
that.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
verb root: tuon verb stem: tuon English translation: teach, study
active abilitive present/ nakatuon Nakatuon siyag Iningles. He could have taught
English.
past
active abilitive future makatuon Makatuon siyag Iningles. He can teach English.
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
active abilitive present/ nakaulan Nakaulan kagabii. It could have rained last
night.
past
active abilitive future makaulan Makaulan karong gabii. It can rain tonight.
229
Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
17. Pseudoverbs
Pseudoverbs are action words which remain unconjugated. Sometimes a Cebuano
word may be used both as a pseudoverb and the root of a real verb. For example, the
word gusto can be used both as a pseudoverb and the root of the verb makagusto
(meaning to like a person). The formulas which follow use the component definitions
which were defined in section 16.8. In addition, for the formulas which follow
<future prefix><verb stem> represents the infinitive form of some secondary verb where
<future prefix> is one of the following: mo-, maga-, mag-, ma-, maka-, or mang-. The
following are some common pseudoverbs:
If the liked/wanted object is the subject of the sentence then either of the following
formulas is used:
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
If the unliked/unwanted object is the subject of the sentence then either of the following
formulas is used:
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
If the secondary verb is the subject of the sentence then one of the following formulas is
used:
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Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
If the secondary verb is the subject of the sentence then one of the following formulas is
used:
233
Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
In order to ask what object does the actor like/want or what does the actor like/want to
do, one of the following formulas is used:
234
Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
235
Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
Dili sila kinahanglan nga matulog They don't have to sleep now.
karon.
Dili kinahanglan si Carlos mobayad og Carlos does not have to pay rent.
abang.
Dili kinahanglan ang babayeng The woman does not have to go home.
mopauli.
<linker> is optional.
236
Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005
17.3 To Wish
The Cebuano pseudoverbs buot and hinaot are used to express the English verb
to wish. Typically they are used in statements which follow one of the following
formulas:
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Buot ako nga moulan karong gabii. I wish that it would rain tonight.
Hinaot si Felipe nga moabot ang iyang Felipe wishes that his friend would arrive.
higala.
17.4 To Have
The Cebuano pseudoverbs (a)dunay, (a)naay, and may are used to express the
English verb to have. The Cebuano pseudoverb walay is used to express the English
verb not to have. They may be used in the following ways:
For the first two formulas if <subjective noun phrase> is a subjective personal pronoun
then the pronoun is moved just after the pseudoverb and the final -y is removed from
the pseudoverb and appended onto the end of the pronoun. Here are some examples:
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For the first four formulas if <subjective noun phrase> is a subjective personal pronoun
then the pronoun is moved just before <simple object> (or just after the pseudoverb if
the pronoun is ka) and the final -y is removed from the pseudoverb and appended onto
the end of the pronoun (or appended onto the particle ba if the pronoun is ka).
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In order to ask who doesn't have some object the following formula is used:
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Aduna bay mga lalaki sa pultahan? Are there men at the door?
Dunay pagkaon sa lamesa, dili ba? There is food on the table, isn't there?
Anaay pulang awto sa garahe, di ba? There is a red car in the garage, isn't there?
Naa bay salo-salo sa imong balay? Is there a party at your house?
May problema ba dinhi? Is there a problem here?
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Wala ang babaye sa pultahan. The woman is not here at the door.
Wala ang baso sa lamesa. The glass is not there on the table.
Wala sila sa tindahan. They are not over there in the store.
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<linker> is optional.
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For the present/past tense of the durative mood the prefixes naga- and nag- are
replaced with the prefix nakig-.
For the future tense of the durative mood the prefixes maga- and mag- are
replaced with the prefix makig-.
For the command tense of the durative mood the prefix pag- is replaced with
the prefix pakig-.
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For those sentences in which the English translation contains the phrase each other
(e.g., They punch each other) the suffix -ay is appended to the end of the conjugated
verb (for the temporal/durative mood of the active voice). Here are some examples:
Makigtabi ako kang Elena ugma. I will be talking with Elena tomorrow
(and she will be talking with me).
Nakigsulti ka kanila kagahapon. You were speaking with them yesterday
(and they were speaking with you).
Pakigtabi kanako. Talk with me (and I'll talk with you).
Misumbagay sila. They punch each other.
Mohalokay sila si Juan ug Gloria. Juan and Gloria will kiss each other.
<prefix> is either mag- or mang-. If <prefix> is mang- then the morphological changes
described in section 6.1 occur. Here are some examples:
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Adyos. Goodbye.
Ah diay! Oh! (expression of surprise)
Ako, si Juan. It's me, Juan.
Ambot lang. I don't know.
Asa ka paingon? Where are you going?
Asa pa? Where else?
Balikbalik kamo. Come again.
Balikbalik mo. Come again.
Daghang salamat. Thank you very much.
Dali diri. Come here.
Dali ra. Come here.
Dawata ang among pahalipay. Accept our congratulations.
Dawata ang among pahasubo. Accept our condolences.
Dayon lang. Come in.
Dili. No.
Dili ako salamat. No thank you.
Dili ko salamat. No thank you.
Dili ako sigurado. I'm not sure.
Dili ko sigurado. I'm not sure.
Gihigugma ko ikaw. I love you.
Gihigugma nako ikaw. I love you.
Gikalipay nako ang imong pagila-ila. I'm pleased to meet you.
Gikalipay nako usab. I'm pleased too.
Gikasubo nako. I'm sorry.
Gusto akong ipaila-ila nimo si Pedro. I want to introduce you to Pedro.
Gusto kong ipaila-ila nimo si Pedro. I want to introduce you to Pedro.
Hala! (reaction to something unexpected)
Hala sige. Go on. (continue what you were saying)
Halo. Hello.
Hangtod sa sunod panahon. See you next time.
Inom usa. Have a drink.
Inom usa kita. Let's have a drink.
Inom usa ta. Let's have a drink.
Kadiyot lang. Just a moment.
Karon dayon Right now
Kinsa kana? Who's there?
Kinsa pa? Who else?
Kon mao kana If that is so
Kuan What you may call it
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