Multicast in Wireless
Multicast in Wireless
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Agenda
Multicast Overview
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
What is IP Multicast?
Bandwidth Conserving Technology
Inside a routing domain Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) or MOSPF are used
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
L3 Multicast Addressing
Controlled by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Multicast Employs Class D Destination Address format
Multicast Range: 224.0.0.0- 239.255.255.255 224.0.0.0/24 Link Local, Reserved for Routing Protocols 224.0.1.0 through 238.255.255.255 Globally Scoped
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
L2 Multicast Addressing
Network interface cards receive only packets destined for their burned-in MAC address or the broadcast MAC address LAN specifications made provisions for the transmission of broadcast and/or multicast packets With Multicast Addressing, Multiple hosts receive same packet and still be capable of differentiating among multicast groups
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Sample L3 to L2 Mapping
Multicast group address 224.10.8.5 (E0-0A-08-05) mapped into an Ethernet (IEEE-802) multicast address
Mapping may place up to 32 diff. IP groups into same Ethernet addr because upper 5 bits of IP multicast group ID are ignored
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Interested Receivers notify their IP layer that they want to receive datagrams addressed to the group
Each router needs to implement a group membership protocol that allows it to learn about the existence of group members on its directly attached subnetworks
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Hosts identify group memberships by sending IGMP messages to their local multicast router Routers listen to IGMP messages and periodically send out queries to discover which groups are active or inactive on a particular subnet
+ 0 32
Presentation_ID
Bits 0 - 7 Type
16 - 23
24 - 31
Checksum
Group Address
Cisco Confidential
10
IGMP Snooping
Allows L2 Switches to Snoop L3 Multicast Data for IGMP Control Messages between hosts and routers
Allows switch to add or delete the hosts port number to the associated multicast table entry Since Multicast is like Broadcast, IGMP Snooping limits traffic to ports that need to receive data Highly CPU intensive, recommended on High End Switches with Special ASICs that perform IGMP checks in hardware
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
11
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
12
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
13
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
14
Multicast Forwarding
Unicast Forwarding only cares about destination IP
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
15
Multicast Routing
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)
Uses unicast routing information to perform multicast forwarding function (RPF checks)
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
16
Commonly used by a client to announce a conference session by periodically multicasting an announcement packet to a well-known multicast address and port using SAP
SAP and SDP display multicast session names and correlate the names with multicast traffic
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
17
References
Cisco IOS IP Multicast Configuration Guide, Rel. 12.4 http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/ipmulti/configurati on/guide/12_4/imc_12_4_book.html
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
18
MAIN DRIVERS
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Cisco Confidential
19
Demand for Wired and Wireless System Integration High throughput (better PHY and MAC) on 802.11n will improve multicast delivery over wireless
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
20
Interactive
TelePresence Collaboration Desktop Collaboration
VoD
Video on Demand
Many to Few
Few to Many
Storage > Storage Source >Clients Storabe >Client (Multicast) Source > Client (Multicast) IP Convergence Opening up usage and applications Higher quality video requirements driving higher bandwidth (up to 34 Mbps per camera) Demand for higher quality video increases each stream (SD: 18 Mbps with Full Motion HD/DVD: 720 Mbps)
Collaboration across geographies Growing peerto-peer model driving higher on-demand bandwidth (Under 1 Mbps)
Tremendous increase in applications driving more streams (SD: 14 Mbps; HD: 6 10 Mbps)
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
21
Video Teleconferencing
HD Video Teleconferencing Video on Demand
High
High
Low
Medium
High Low
High Low
High Medium
High Low
Medium
Medium
Medium
High
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
22
% of customers
% of customers
Multicast in Wireless
CHALLENGES
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
24
WLC
SWITCH
AP
AP
AP
AP
POOR PERFORMANCE
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
POOR PERFORMANCE
25
WLC
SWITCH
AP
AP
AP
AP
GOOD PERFORMANCE
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
GOOD PERFORMANCE
Cisco Confidential
GOOD PERFORMANCE
POOR PERFORMANCE
26
Other Complexities
Variable Data Rates
Packet Loss Power Save Mode on Clients
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
27
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
28
Packet Loss
Unreliability due to underlying L2 Transport
Wireless loses more packets than wired Collisions Two Wi-Fi devices attempting to transmit at the same time
Combination of collisions, fades, and data rate selection can yield a packet error rate (PER) close to 5%
To compensate PER, Wi-Fi uses retransmissions whereby packets that are not successfully received and acknowledged are resent Retransmissions reduce the packet loss rate (PLR) to less than 0.1 percent, but lead to jitter and eats into overall network throughput, both of which can impact QoS
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
29
DTIM and Beacon interval settings must be adjusted for optimum performance of multicast
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
30
Multicast Unreliability
Multicast traffic is Broadcast over the air
On the wired network, APs subscribe to a multi-cast group, but the multi-cast traffic is then broadcast over air to all the associated clients Broadcast not only consumes over-the-air bandwidth, but it also does not take into account the types of the connected devices
No Retransmissions implies PLR is equal to PER (~5%), which can be a serious problem for video (Loss of even a single packet can result in an error that propagates for many video frames)
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
31
Multicast packets (UDP) are sent as broadcast packets over the air per 802.11 standard Broadcast packets do not use error correction: fire and forget Broadcast packets are sent at the highest mandatory data rate: 1 MB for B/G 6 MB for A (400K actual) (2.7 MB actual)
Video Impact
Choppy, Unreliable Video
Video Stream does not utilize 802.11 N High Throughput data rates Heavy utilization of channel due to high rate of very slow packets Video delivery is not reliable causing poor Quality of Experience
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
B/G
12 18 24 36
48
54 M0
M1
... M14 M15
N AP 1140
Video Server
Default 802.11B/G mandatory data rates
32
1 MB Video Stream
Channel utilization maxed out Hub environment affects ALL clients in cell
Wireless becomes unusable
400 KB Max
Video stream choppy on wireless Entire WiFi cell consumed with video
33
34
Multicast Forwarding
Multicast: Unicast Multicast: Multicast
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
35
If multicast mode is Unicast and broadcast is turned on, broadcast traffic is replicated and unicast to each AP If multicast mode is Multicast with a multicast address, each broadcast packet is sent via the multicast group to the APs
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
36
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
37
Multicast: Unicast
Doing Multicast conversion at the Controller puts a burden on the Controller. In addition it strains the network resources (higher streams)
Processor Intensive
One multicast packet in LWAPP Encapsulated Packets
Multiple Copies of the same Multicast Packet Encapsulated with LWAPP Unicast packets out to each AP
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
38
Multicast: Multicast
Network replicates packet as needed
LWAPP
Multicast Group
Improved multicast performance over wireless networks Multicast packet replication occurs only at points in the network where it is required, saving wired network bandwidth Pre-requisite: Multicast Enabled network between the Controller and APs
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
39
AP downloads LWAPP multicast group addr. during join process AP issues IGMP JOIN to the controller LWAPP multicast group
Controller becomes multicast source and AP as multicast receiver
40
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
41
Clients IGMP Join request is bridged to the router Controller forwards multicast packets to the LWAPP multicast group address using its management interface at the lowest QoS level
Mcast Traffic
IGMP
All APs in multicast group receive the packet and broadcast it to all the BSSIDs mapped to the interface on which clients receive multicast
Broadcast
LWAPP
Broadcast
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
42
Controller bridges the IGMP join through the upstream switch to the PIM enabled router IGMP is Bridged
ROUTER#show ip igmp groups IGMP Connected Group Membership Group Address Interface Uptime 233.0.0.1 Vlan119 3w1d
Expires 00:01:52 Last Reporter 10.1.1.130
(*,G)
Controller IP 10.1.1.2
IP 10.1.1.130
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
43
Controller bridges the IGMP leave through the upstream switch to the PIM enabled router
(*,G)
IGMP is Bridged
Controller IP 10.1.1.2
IP 10.1.1.130
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
44
Controller acts as IGMP proxy and facilitates roaming Controller periodically sends IGMP queries to clients to update its MGID database Controller forwards Multicast (either unicast or multicast) to all APs
Mcast Traffic
IGMP
Only those APs that have active clients subscribed (based on MGID table) to the multicast group broadcast multicast traffic on that particular WLAN, otherwise it is dropped
SSID
Blizzard Tsunami
SSID
LWAPP
Blizzard Tsunami
MGID
233.0.1.1 NONE Broadcast
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
45
Controller intercepts the join and creates a table entry for the client multicast group Controller then proxies IGMP join through upstream switch to the PIM enabled router
(*,G)
ROUTER#show ip igmp groups IGMP Connected Group Membership Group Address Interface Uptime 233.0.0.1 Vlan119 3w1d
Expires 00:01:52
Controller IP 10.1.1.2
IP 10.1.1.130
46
Controller intercepts the leave and removes the table entry for the client multicast group NO leave is forwarded to network, it will time out based on the configuration of the controller
(*,G) IGMP
Cam Table Entry Remains
01:00:5E:XX:XX:XX
IGMP
Controller IP 10.1.1.2
IP 10.1.1.130
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
47
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
48
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
49
corp1
guest management voice
260
240 320 251
11
13 0 12
Layer3 MGID Mapping: Number of Layer3 MGIDs........................... 6 Group address Vlan MGID
224.0.0.251
224.0.0.252 224.0.1.60 224.1.0.38 239.255.255.250
260
260 260 260 260
550
555 554 628 564
239.255.255.253
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
260
Cisco Confidential
596
50
Vlan........................................ 260
No of clients............................... 2 Client List................................. Client MAC 00:21:5c:88:38:e7 00:21:5c:8c:b8:81 AP Name sjc14-41b-ap5 sjc14-31b-ap3 Expire Time(mm:ss) Multicast-Status 0:43 0:59 Normal Multicast Normal Multicast Qos User Priority 0 0
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
51
The second controller can immediately create the multicast group information for the client. The second controller sends the IGMP reports to the network for all multicast groups to which the client was listening. This process aids in the seamless transfer of multicast data to the client.
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
52
(*,G)
IGMP
vlan mac address type learn qos ports -----+---------------+--------+-----+---+-------------------------------119 0100.5e00.0101 static Yes - Gi1/23, Gi3/28, Gi1/23,Router Router
Gi1/23
Gi3/28
IGMP
General IGMP Query sent from the WLC to the client, allowing traffic to flow
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
53
(*,G)
IGMP
vlan mac address type learn qos ports -----+---------------+--------+-----+---+-------------------------------119 0100.5e00.0101 static Yes - Gi1/23, Gi3/28, Gi1/23,Router Router
Gi1/23
Gi3/28
54
IGMP Join/Leave
Both the initial join and leave (if a graceful leave happens) will be processed the same way as any other join or leave. Once a client has roamed, neither the infrastructure nor the client are required to send a new join to verify traffic follows
Multicast Source
Client that is the Source of the multicast group on the upstream router will drop the packet as the source address was received on the wrong interface
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
??
55
References
Multicast with WLCs and LAPs Configuration Example http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk722/tk809/technolog ies_configuration_example09186a00807cc10d.shtml
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
56
NEW SOLUTION
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
57
Technical Solution
802.11 Data Rates
1 2 5.5 6 IGMP state monitored for each client. Only send video to clients requesting Multicast packets replicated at AP and sent to individual clients at their data rate Resource Reservation Control (RRC) used to prevent channel oversubscription. Works in conjunction with Voice CAC
9
12 18 24 36
B/G
Stream Prioritization ensures important videos take precedence over others SAP/SNMP error message created when Channel Subscription violated
48
54 M0
Intelligence in the AP
M1
... M14 M15
N AP 1140
Video Server
Default 802.11B/G mandatory data rates
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
58
VideoStream Technology
Cisco VideoStream Technology is a new system-wide set of features that enable reliable and consistent delivery of quality video over the wireless network
Multicast Direct or Reliable Multicast Stream Prioritization Resource Reservation Control
VIDEO NOT AVAILABLE
MULTICAST STREAM
AP
AP
WLC
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
AP
59
Feature Overview
Stream Admission & Prioritization
Resource Reservation Control (RRC)
Identify specific Video Streams for preferential QoS treatment Quality of Video Enforcement by denying client when channel busy Video Bandwidth protection to prevent video from consuming wifi channel Sends multicast video stream as unicast directly to client Video QoS promotion Enables use of 11n data rates and standards packet error correction
Multicast Direct
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
60
8 Priority levels defined 8 being the highest and 1 being the lowest
E.g. Companywide address from CEO takes precedence over a replay of sporting event
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
61
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
62
Multicast Direct
Reliable Multicast
Monitors IGMP JOIN results from clients for the configured streams Signals the AP to put the video packet in the RIGHT TX queue
63
AP
Measurement Engine
Video Resource
and Control MGID Multicast Direct Application
IGMP Snooping
Router
Forwarding Module
64
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Monitoring
Realtime SAP/SDP denial message
Immediate feedback to client
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
65
Auto QoS
Needs to be implemented on wired side to prevent Ethernet overruns for 802.11n AP Reduces probability of drop for high priority Video frames. Much better End User Experience for multi-media
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
66
Prioritization
CRITICALITY LEVEL:
HIGH
Reliable Multicast
WLC
SWITCH
RRC
AP AP AP AP
ADMISSION CONTROL
GREAT PERFORMANCE
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
GREAT PERFORMANCE
Cisco Confidential
GREAT PERFORMANCE
67
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
68
Software Support
J Release (7.0.XX.XX) To select customers on 6.0.188.0
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
69
Reliable Multicast
CONFIGURATIONS
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Cisco Confidential
70
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Cisco Confidential
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Cisco Confidential
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Cisco Confidential
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Cisco Confidential
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Media Parameters
Wireless > 802.11 (a)(b/g) > Media
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Cisco Confidential
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Reliable Multicast
PERFORMANCE METRICS
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Cisco Confidential
76
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
77
Indication of video transport performance based on network level measured via combination of Delay Factor (DF) & Media Loss Rate Delay Factor (DF): Measures Jitter or End-to-end Latency with Respect to Time
Before After
At the Higher End of Recommended Threshold of 50ms Below 2ms
DF (msec)
80 60 40 20
78 76
0
0
5x SD Streams
100000 80000 60000 40000 20000
8854
5x HD Streams
MLR (Pkts/min)
Media Loss Rate (MLR): Packets Dropped or Out-of-Order Packets Before After
Above 10 Pkts/Min Recommended Threshold. At 31% Loss for SD and 82% Loss for HD. Zero Loss
89750
5x SD Streams
5x HD Streams
VideoStream Off
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
VideoStream On
78
Quality Excellent
1500kbps
20
Very Good
3000kbps
13
Good
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Cisco Confidential
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Cisco Confidential
80
IPv6 Addressing
Multicast is part of the base specification of IPv6
IPv6 does not implement broadcast, but IPv6 multicast shares common features & protocols with IPv4 multicast
content:
11111111
flags
scope
group identification
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
81
Description
The first eight bits are always 1111 1111 to indicate a multicast address. Flags: Four bits are reserved for flags that can be used to indicate the nature of certain multicast addresses. At the present time the first three of these are unused and set to zero. The fourth is the T (Transient) flag. If left as zero, this marks the multicast address as a permanently-assigned, well-known multicast address, as we will see below. If set to one, this means this is a transient multicast address, meaning that it is not permanently assigned.
Flags
Scope ID
Group ID
112
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
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Cisco Confidential
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| 802.11 | IPv6 |
| Ethernet II | IPv6 |
AP
Controller
Client IPv6 traffic tunneled over IPv4 and bridged to Ethernet
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
84
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
85
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
86
IPv6 Roadmap
Highly Desired (On Roadmap - Need to check)
Support for IPv6 in IPv4 Tunnels (Full Mobility support, All L2 Auth types) Support for QoS, ACLs, VoIP Support for Web-Auth
Native IPv6 Support: Native IPv6 on AP, Controller, MSE, WCS etc.
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
87