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Aerodynamics Formula Overview

The document outlines key concepts and equations in aerodynamics including fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, compressible flow, boundary layers, airfoil nomenclature, and Mach waves. It provides the governing equations of state, hydrostatic equations, standard atmosphere models, Euler and Bernoulli equations, and equations for isentropic flow, Reynolds number, viscous flow, and lift/drag on airfoils. The equations define relationships between pressure, density, temperature, velocity, compressibility, boundary layers, lift and drag coefficients, and critical Mach numbers.

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nanduslns07
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646 views

Aerodynamics Formula Overview

The document outlines key concepts and equations in aerodynamics including fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, compressible flow, boundary layers, airfoil nomenclature, and Mach waves. It provides the governing equations of state, hydrostatic equations, standard atmosphere models, Euler and Bernoulli equations, and equations for isentropic flow, Reynolds number, viscous flow, and lift/drag on airfoils. The equations define relationships between pressure, density, temperature, velocity, compressibility, boundary layers, lift and drag coefficients, and critical Mach numbers.

Uploaded by

nanduslns07
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aerodynamics

Formula Overview
Equation of state
p = RT (1)
Relationship between gravity with geomet-
ric height
g = g
0
_
r
r +h
G
_
2
(2)
Hydrostatic equation
Geometric altitude:
dp = gdh
G
(3)
Geopotential altitude:
dp = g
0
dh (4)
Relationship geopotential and geometric al-
titudes
dh =
r
2
(r +h
G
)
2
dh
G
h =
r
r +h
G
h
G
(5)
Standard atmosphere
Isothermal layer
p
p
1
=

1
= e

g
0
(hh
1
)
RT
(6)
Gradient layer
p
p
1
=
_
T
T
1
_

g
0
aR
(7)

1
=
_
T
T
1
_
(
g
0
aR
+1)
(8)
T = T
1
+a (h h
1
) (9)
Euler equation
dp = V dV (10)
Steady frictionless incompressible ow
Simplied continuity equation:
A
1
V
1
= A
2
V
2
(11)
Bernoulli equation:
p
1
+
1
2
V
2
1
= p
2
+
1
2
V
2
2
(12)
Curved ow
dp
dr
=
V
2
r
(13)
Thermodynamics
Enthalpy:
h = e +pv = e +RT (14)
First law of thermodynamics:
q +w = de (15)
At constant pressure:
q = de +pdv (16)
At constant volume:
q = dh vdp (17)
Specic heat at constant volume:
c
v
=
q
dT
(18)
Specic heat at constant pressure:
c
p
=
q
dT
(19)
de = c
v
dT e = c
v
T (20)
dh = c
p
dT h = c
p
T (21)
R = c
p
c
v
(22)
=
c
p
c
v
(23)
Mach number
M =
V
a
(24)
a =
_
RT (25)
Isentropic ow
Continuity equation:

1
A
1
V
1
=
2
A
2
V
2
(26)
p
2
p
1
=
_

1
_

=
_
T
2
T
1
_

1
(27)
T
0
T
1
= 1 +
1
2
M
2
1
(28)
p
0
p
1
=
_
1 +
1
2
M
2
1
_

1
(29)

1
=
_
1 +
1
2
M
2
1
_ 1
1
(30)
c
p
T
1
+
1
2
V
2
1
= c
p
T
2
+
1
2
V
2
2
(31)
1
Measurement of airspeed
Incompresible ow (M < 0.3):
V
true
=
_
2 (p
0
p)

(32)
V
e
=
_
2 (p
0
p)

s
(33)
Subsonic compressible ow (0.3 < M < 1):
V
2
1
=
2a
2
1
1
_
_
p
0
p
1
p
1
+ 1
_
1

1
_
(34)
V
2
cal
=
2a
2
1
1
_
_
p
0
p
1
p
s
+ 1
_
1

1
_
(35)
Relationship true airspeed and equivalent airspeed:
V
e
= V
_

s
(36)
Area velocity relation
dA
A
=
_
M
2
1
_
dV
V
(37)
Conclusions:
M < 1: For the velocity to increase, the area must
decrease
M > 1: For the velocity to increase, the area must
increase
M = 1: The velocity will be sonic always at the
throat
Reynolds number
Re
x
=

(38)
Viscous ow

w
=
_
dV
dy
_
y=0
(39)
c
f
x
=

w
1
2

V
2

=

w
q

(40)
Laminar boundary layer:
=
5.2x

Re
x
(41)
c
f
x
=
0.664

Re
L
(42)
C
f
=
D
f
q

S
=
1.328

Re
L
(43)
Turbulent boundary layer
=
0.37x
Re
0.2
x
(44)
c
f
x
=
0.0592
Re
0.2
L
(45)
C
f
=
D
f
q

S
=
0.074
Re
0.2
L
(46)
Drag due to viscous eects:
D
profile
= D
friction
+D
pressure
(47)
Airfoil nomenclature
Relation lift and drag force with normal and axial
force:
L = N cos Asin (48)
D = N sin +Acos (49)
AC, CP and the pitching moment
C
m,CP
= 0 (50)
dC
m,AC
d
= 0 (51)
C
mQ
2
= C
mQ
1
+C
n
_
x
Q
2
x
Q
1
c
_
(52)
Lift, drag and moment for 2-dimensional
wings
L = q

S c
l
(53)
D = q

S c
d
(54)
M = q

S c c
m
(55)
Pressure coecient:
C
p
=
p p

=
p p

1
2

V
2

(56)
Prandt-glauert rule:
C
p
=
C
p,0

1 M
2

(57)
c
n
=
1
c
_
c
0
(C
p,l
C
p,u
) dx (58)
Induced drag for 3-dimensional wings:
D
i
= L
i
= L
C
L
A
(59)
C
D,i
=
C
2
L
eA
(60)
(e = 1 for elliptical shapes)
A =
b
c
=
b
2
S
(61)
dC
L
d
= a =
a
0
1 +
57.3a
0
e
1
A
(62)
D
total
= D
profile
+D
induced
(63)
Mach waves
= arcsin
1
M
(64)
M
cr,swept
=
M
cr,airfoil
cos
(65)
2

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