Tools for Managers

Statistical Process Control

Professor Stephen R. Lawrence
College of Business and Administration
Graduate School of Business and Administration
University of Colorado
Boulder, CO 80303
303/492-4351
[email protected]
1996-1999

Cpk

PROCESS CAPABILITY INDEX -- Cpk

Process Name: Potato chip salter
Process Units:
% salt

Specification Target:
Lower Specification Limit:
Upper Specification Limit:

1.00
0.98
1.02

% salt
% salt
% salt

Process Mean:
Process Standard Deviation:

1.01
0.005

% salt
% salt

Ratio
Cp:
Cpk:

Value
1.33
0.67

Process is:
capable
not capable (not centered)

Percent Under Spec:

Percent Over Spec:
Percent Out of Spec:

Process Density

Process Capability Chart

90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.94

0.96

0.98

1.00

1.02

1.04

Quality Dimension

-0.50
-0.49
-0.48
-0.47
-0.46
-0.45
-0.44
-0.43
-0.42
-0.41
-0.40
-0.39
-0.38
-0.37
-0.36
-0.35

Chart Setup
0.96
0.0000
0.96
0.0000
0.96
0.0000
0.96
0.0000
0.96
0.0000
0.96
0.0000
0.96
0.0000
0.96
0.0000
0.96
0.0000
0.96
0.0000
0.96
0.0000
0.96
0.0000
0.96
0.0000
0.97
0.0000
0.97
0.0000
0.97
0.0000

0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001

Page 2

1.02

1.06

0.00%
2.28%
2.28%

Cpk

-0.34
-0.33
-0.32
-0.31
-0.30
-0.29
-0.28
-0.27
-0.26
-0.25
-0.24
-0.23
-0.22
-0.21
-0.20
-0.19
-0.18
-0.17
-0.16
-0.15
-0.14
-0.13
-0.12
-0.11
-0.10
-0.09
-0.08
-0.07
-0.06
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17

0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99

0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0004
0.0005
0.0008
0.0012
0.0017

0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885

Page 3

Cpk

0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69

0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01

0.0024
0.0035
0.0050
0.0071
0.0100
0.0139
0.0194
0.0268
0.0367
0.0501
0.0679
0.0915
0.1224
0.1627
0.2149
0.2821
0.3679
0.4768
0.6140
0.7855
0.9986
1.2613
1.5831
1.9742
2.4463
3.0119
3.6847
4.4789
5.4096
6.4921
7.7414
9.1722
10.7982
12.6313
14.6814
16.9553
19.4565
22.1842
25.1329
28.2920
31.6450
35.1695
38.8372
42.6138
46.4594
50.3289
54.1728
57.9383
61.5703
65.0125
68.2092
71.1065

79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885

Page 4

Cpk

0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03

73.6540
75.8061
77.5233
78.7737
79.5335
79.7885
79.5335
78.7737
77.5233
75.8061
73.6540
71.1065
68.2092
65.0125
61.5703
57.9383
54.1728
50.3289
46.4594
42.6138
38.8372
35.1695
31.6450
28.2920
25.1329
22.1842
19.4565
16.9553
14.6814
12.6313
10.7982
9.1722
7.7414
6.4921
5.4096
4.4789
3.6847
3.0119
2.4463
1.9742
1.5831
1.2613
0.9986
0.7855
0.6140
0.4768
0.3679
0.2821
0.2149
0.1627
0.1224
0.0915

79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
79.7885
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001

Page 5

Cpk

1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.50

1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04

0.0679
0.0501
0.0367
0.0268
0.0194
0.0139
0.0100
0.0071
0.0050
0.0035
0.0024
0.0017
0.0012
0.0008
0.0005
0.0004
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001

Page 6

Cpk

(not centered)

Page 7

XR-chart

XR-Charts for Controlling Process Variables

Process: Potato chip slicer

Control Variable: chip thickness
Measurement Unit: millimeters
Observations per Sample:
Average Sample Mean:
Average Sample Range:

6 samples
10.00 millimeters
8.00 millimeters

X-chart
13.87
6.13

R-chart
16.03 millimeters
0.00 millimeters

Upper Control Limit:

Lower Control Limit:

X-chart
18.00
16.00

Sample Mean

14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
1

15

22

29

36

43 50 57
Observation

64

71

78

85

92

99

R-chart
20.00
18.00

Sample Range

16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
1

15

22

29

36

43 50 57
Observation

Page 8

64

71

78

85

92

99

Obs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47

XR-chart

48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99

Page 9

XR-chart

100

Page 10

XR-chart

Data
Mean Range
8.09
8.11
7.63
4.97
11.07
9.24
12.97 12.06
10.04
4.98
8.66 11.10
9.50
8.29
13.77 12.81
10.05
8.42
9.25
9.59
9.51 11.59
10.65 11.51
10.52 11.78
9.30
8.46
10.91
5.64
8.34
8.65
10.31 11.64
10.38
5.14
9.97
8.60
9.46 11.10
9.15
5.87
9.90
9.30
11.23
7.10
10.42
8.62
10.88
7.47
10.63 12.95
12.12
7.31
11.66
6.43
9.27
5.70
9.24
6.19
10.06
8.86
9.67
7.47
8.65
8.96
9.97
6.80
9.34
9.89
9.76
5.34
11.04
3.39
10.05
8.12
11.27
8.34
9.82
9.41
11.10
8.95
11.43
7.49
9.02
3.85
8.85 11.03
10.13
7.10
10.49
7.00
9.42 11.09

X-chart
LCL
UCL
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867
6.1334 13.867

Control Chart Factors

R-chart
LCL
UCL
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032
0 16.032

n
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Page 11

d(2)
1.128
1.693
2.059
2.326
2.534
2.704
2.847
2.970
3.078
3.173
3.258
3.532
3.588
3.640
3.689
3.735
3.778
3.819
3.858
3.895
3.931

d(3)
0.853
0.888
0.880
0.864
0.848
0.833
0.820
0.808
0.797
0.787
0.778
0.750
0.744
0.739
0.734
0.729
0.724
0.720
0.716
0.712
0.708

XR-chart

10.16
9.51
10.43
13.82
3.76
9.52
12.96
15.67
10.76
7.18
9.88
10.29
11.69
13.70
10.21
14.32
10.72
10.03
8.73
7.00
12.58
9.31
11.85
7.39
9.50
16.02
15.10
15.04
6.60
11.93
15.62
8.34
12.55
13.83
13.48
7.32
14.11
10.44
10.06
16.39
14.90
13.60
8.38
15.25
12.09
10.22
11.81
9.37
13.29
13.53
9.08
12.21

9.19
3.84
2.91
3.25
2.80
15.86
3.30
7.88
0.90
9.85
16.23
7.59
3.15
3.54
2.35
17.88
15.85
6.46
9.53
4.11
14.47
13.81
0.94
6.88
9.87
18.70
13.11
5.53
18.36
8.65
14.65
16.08
10.94
10.54
15.61
4.71
17.62
4.03
8.79
0.93
12.13
4.42
8.76
12.34
14.70
6.75
13.30
6.97
1.12
10.65
14.14
17.99

6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334
6.1334

13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867
13.867

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032
16.032

Page 12

XR-chart

8.22

14.56 6.1334 13.867

0 16.032

Page 13

XR-chart

A(2)
1.881
1.023
0.729
0.577
0.483
0.419
0.373
0.337
0.308
0.285
0.266
0.212
0.203
0.194
0.187
0.180
0.173
0.167
0.162
0.157
0.153

D(3)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.076
0.136
0.184
0.223
0.256
0.284
0.363
0.378
0.391
0.403
0.414
0.425
0.434
0.443
0.452
0.460

D(4)
3.269
2.574
2.282
2.114
2.004
1.924
1.864
1.816
1.777
1.744
1.716
1.637
1.622
1.609
1.597
1.586
1.575
1.566
1.557
1.548
1.540

Page 14

P-chart

P-Chart for Controlling Proportion Defective - fixed sample size

Data
Proportion

Product: Potato Chips

Type of Defect: bad seals
Unit of Measure: bags/case
Observations per Sample:
Average Proportion Defective:

10
0.05

samples

P-Chart
0.26
proportion defective
0.00
proportion defective

Upper Control Limit:

Lower Control Limit:

Proportion Defective: p-chart

0.35000
Proportion Defective

0.30000
0.25000
0.20000
0.15000
0.10000
0.05000
0.00000
1

15

22

29

36

43

50

57

64

Observation

Page 15

71

78

85

92

99

Obs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

P-chart

49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

Page 16

P-chart

Data
Proportion
Defective
0.09253
0.10868
0.05035
0.08077
0.06033
0.15734
0.06364
0.07007
0.14873
0.20329
0.07540
0.07513
0.24734
0.14323
0.22196
0.13867
0.11513
0.17660
0.10341
0.25693
0.09935
0.10017
0.12806
0.20086
0.11924
0.17768
0.13688
0.12675
0.22205
0.11072
0.12354
0.23591
0.07589
0.20914
0.10952
0.07291
0.23323
0.09593
0.02382
0.11771
0.06839
0.13516
0.14381
0.20993
0.13161
0.17808
0.16249
0.12605

LCL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

p-chart
UCL
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761

Page 17

P-chart

0.14302
0.09709
0.33120
0.15042
0.12549
0.14107
0.21983
0.12608
0.10019
0.13875
0.07411
0.19570
0.15075
0.29414
0.11336
0.17203
0.14482
0.08999
0.14575
0.11608
0.18928
0.12980
0.12730
0.16084
0.11382
0.14107
0.20099
0.18023
0.09851
0.09579
0.13145
0.14101
0.11575
0.11159
0.10010
0.17852
0.19909
0.10481
0.16939
0.19420
0.13870
0.04071
0.17289
0.20765
0.15625
0.12332
0.05869
0.15604
0.08851
0.13906
0.08544
0.07672

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761
0.256761

Page 18

C-chart

C-Chart for Defects per Unit

Data

Product: Potato chip cooking oil

Type of Defect: particles of burned potato
Unit of Measure: quart
Mean Number Defects per Unit:

10.00

defects per quart

C-Chart
19.49 defects per quart
0.51
defects per quart

Upper Control Limit:

Lower Control Limit:

Defects per Unit: c-chart

Defects per Unit

25
20
15
10
5
0
1

15

22

29

36

43

50

57

64

Observation

Page 19

71

78

85

92

99

Obs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

C-chart

49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

Page 20

C-chart

Data
Count
Defective
13
1
7
6
12
11
7
8
10
20
15
12
5
0
11
7
14
1
8
1
12
2
18
13
2
11
12
7
13
2
11
13
6
10
10
5
4
4
11
16
8
11
10
2
10
12
14
11

p-chart
LCL
UCL
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683
0.513167 19.48683

10

Page 21

C-chart

12
10
12
9
4
11
4
0
12
7
0
9
11
5
13
19
17
21
11
13
9
3
10
13
0
10
3
2
14
14
7
10
7
12
5
12
4
12
13
18
7
19
3
13
8
5
8
1
6
10
10
11

0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167
0.513167

19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683
19.48683

Page 22

Example 1
Process Capability
ProcessChart
Control
Capability.
for ProVenture Electronics manufactures a line of MP3 audio players. One
of the components manufactured by Venture and used in its players has a nominal output
Instructions:
voltage
of 8.0 volts. Specifications allow for a variation of plus or minus 0.6 volts. An
analysis
1. Clearofdata
current
in XR-chart
production
spreadsheet
shows that mean output voltage for the component is 8.054
volts
2. Calculate
with a standard
sample deviation
means X-bar
of 0.192
below
volts. Is the process "capable: of producing
components
3. Calculatethat
samples
meet ranges
specification?
R belowWhat fraction of components will fall outside of
specification?
4. Calculate average
What can
sample
management
mean (mean
do toofimprove
X-bar )this
enter
fraction?
in XR-chart spreadsheet
5. Calculate average of range R-bar enter in XR-chart spreadsheet
Instructions:
Control limits now established...
6. Enter upper
1.
new data
andinlower
XR-chart
specification
spreadsheet
limits and
in Cpk
track
spreadsheet
2. Enter mean and standard deviation of actual voltages
3. Read capability index number
4. Read percent outside of specification limits

Example 3
Control Chart for Proportion Defective
Control Chart for Proportion
Pro
Defective. Chic Clothing is an upscale mailorder clothing
company selling merchandise to successful business women. The company sends out
Instructions:
thousands
of orders five days a week. In order to monitor the accuracy of its order
fulfillment
1. Clear data
process,
in XR-chart
200 orders
spreadsheet
are carefully checked every day for errors. Initial data for 24
days
2. Calculate
is shownsample
below when
means
the
X-bar
orderbelow
fulfillment process was thought to be "in control."
3. Calculate samples ranges R below
Instructions:
4. Calculate average sample mean (mean of X-bar ) enter in XR-chart spreadsheet
5. Clear
1.
Calculate
dataaverage
in P-chart
of range
spreadsheet
R-bar enter in XR-chart spreadsheet
2. Calculate
Control
fraction
limits
defects
now below
established...
6. Calculate
3.
Enter newmean
data in
fraction
XR-chart
defective
spreadsheet
-- enterand
in P-chart
track spreadsheet
4. Enter obserbations per sample in P-chart spreadsheet
Control limits now established...
3. Enter new data in P-chart spreadsheet and track

Initial Data
Sample # Defects Fraction
1
10
2
5
3
10
4
12
5
11
6
9
7
22
8
4
9
12
10
24
11
12
12
15
13
8
14
14
15
4
16
10
17
11
18
11
19
26
20
13
21
10
22
9
23
11
24
12
Mean:

New Data
Sample # Defects
1
13
2
18
3
4
4
7
5
4
6
18
7
34
8
13
9
7
10
4
11
18
12
16
13
15
14
6
15
6
16
16
17
7
18
10
19
8
20
4
21
14
22
29
23
4
24
8
25
10
26
19
27
20
28
8

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75

10
2
16
14
11
18
5
16
12
11
8
4
8
13
12
8
4
35
5
12
17
5
24
10
14
3
4
18
14
26
9
4
14
14
12
7
2
16
16
11
6
9
6
16
24
8
6

Example 4
Control Chart for Defective per Unit
Control Chart for Defective per Unit. Dave's is a restaurant chain that employs
independent evaluators to visit its restaurants as secret shoppers to the asses the quality of
service. The company evaluates restaurants in two categories, food quality, and service
(promptness, order accuracy, courtesy, friendliness, etc.) The evaluator considers not only
his/her order experiences, but also evaluations throughout the restaurant. Following are the
results of one evaluator's 20 visits to one particular restaurant over a four month period.
The data show the number of "defects" shown in the service category.
Instructions:
1. Clear data in C-chart spreadsheet
2. Calculate mean number of defects below -- enter in C-chart spreadsheet
Control limits now established...
3. Enter new data in C-chart spreadsheet and track

Initial Data
Sample # Defects
1
4
2
6
3
10
4
3
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
5
9
2
10
5
11
9
12
4
13
3
14
4
15
13
16
9
17
10
18
11
19
15
20
12
Mean:

New Data
Sample # Defects
1
9
2
10
3
16
4
6
5
4
6
6
7
13
8
5
9
4
10
3
11
3
12
12
13
10
14
7
15
6
16
4
17
4
18
7
19
4
20
3
21
4
22
13
23
14
24
4
25
4
26
10
27
5
28
16

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75

6
12
7
5
5
8
5
7
6
12
5
6
2
5
3
3
6
7
4
5
7
5
6
8
3
7
3
8
6
4
9
5
5
6
6
4
5
3
5
5
4
5
5
6
5
5
3

Example 2
Control Charts for Continuous Variables
Control Charts for Continuous Variables. Resistors for electronic circuits are being
manufactured on a high-speed automated machine. The machine is set up to produce
a large run of resistors of 1,000 ohms each. To create a control chart to be used
throughout the run, 15 samples were taken with four resistors in each sample. Develop
X-bar and R charts and plot the values. From the charts, what comments can you make
about the process?
Instructions:
1. Clear data in XR-chart spreadsheet
2. Calculate sample means X-bar below
3. Calculate samples ranges R below
4. Calculate average sample mean (mean of X-bar ) enter in XR-chart spreadsheet
5. Calculate average of range R-bar enter in XR-chart spreadsheet
Control limits now established...
6. Enter new data in XR-chart spreadsheet and track

Sample #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Sample #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1010
995
990
1015
1013
994
989
1001
1006
992
996
1019
981
999
1013

Initial Data
Readings (in ohms)
991
985
996
1009
1003
1015
1020
1009
1019
1005
1001
994
992
982
986
996
989
1005
1007
1006
1006
997
996
991
991
989
993
988
1002
1005

998.49
1003.05
1008.29
994.50
992.71
981.52
1006.48

New Data
Readings (in ohms)
992.77 1001.12
1000.57 1016.15
982.09
997.52
1009.35 1014.88
996.19 1007.84
989.77
975.61
1023.13 1005.08

X-bar
986
994
1008
998
993
1005
1020
996
1007
979
989
1011
1003
984
992
Means:

987.96
1001.19
1003.19
1007.96
1015.35
1000.03
1012.03

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59

1009.91
1001.57
1005.87
1011.67
1006.77
999.70
999.16
1006.49
978.00
1005.52
996.76
994.87
982.81
988.11
973.84
1001.03
981.31
1011.55
978.95
1009.61
986.79
991.47
981.58
1006.87
1016.19
1006.24
1029.71
999.37
984.08
1022.32
1000.80
1002.59
1006.81
994.07
982.78
981.94
1007.17
1008.43
1006.94
973.22
994.14
992.94
1013.03
968.01
1029.58
1004.27
1004.26
1008.02
1009.91
1014.53
1010.02
990.46

1003.51
994.43
996.05
1000.61
1009.62
997.03
987.16
991.90
997.13
998.84
998.04
1006.69
978.07
1002.57
991.41
985.67
1005.89
1000.71
990.52
1011.46
993.72
1003.85
981.02
994.91
991.04
1005.40
999.35
1002.64
983.87
993.17
1013.38
1003.20
994.36
994.12
1006.37
1008.07
1010.70
1007.93
989.31
989.73
1006.93
990.43
996.87
998.21
1012.02
989.19
999.95
1016.35
1005.19
1028.93
1005.74
985.46

983.55
991.74
1005.79
991.28
995.56
1003.64
984.18
992.85
1000.88
993.38
986.45
1009.50
1003.57
1000.58
989.94
996.59
995.72
996.39
997.35
984.41
980.46
1016.63
995.41
1004.43
1005.32
992.83
1006.78
1005.04
1017.35
986.18
989.32
1005.48
992.66
993.71
982.98
988.36
1003.20
998.83
1010.94
1001.70
1024.82
988.95
1033.28
1005.02
1004.48
991.22
1007.31
993.23
988.20
1040.51
1006.76
991.93

998.13
989.16
974.41
996.57
986.39
1002.25
1022.58
1008.26
974.80
990.98
994.21
997.35
994.55
1014.51
985.79
1016.42
984.91
1016.21
1002.02
1019.98
979.53
1013.06
996.28
1001.05
1003.75
996.97
999.98
1017.48
985.10
1000.96
989.43
1006.67
1004.65
1005.61
991.07
988.21
997.19
997.28
993.19
1003.89
993.57
1009.98
1017.66
982.40
998.27
1003.50
988.34
1021.59
1032.65
991.12
1000.78
981.23

60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75

1041.56
1003.06
1001.58
1009.89
1006.14
998.66
988.63
1020.23
1005.66
996.37
1005.81
1018.79
993.61
977.94
1003.68
1022.02

1007.71
997.29
982.89
1016.33
1023.92
1019.54
1001.15
1018.33
993.27
1004.50
984.47
987.54
1026.24
1022.89
1005.90
1010.33

1037.21
1001.75
1013.49
992.85
1016.08
1026.30
1013.26
987.81
1001.47
1033.79
1026.08
1011.47
1026.39
1001.85
1016.45
998.33

995.69
1000.72
1006.43
1020.45
979.36
975.10
1017.12
985.97
1022.96
1000.26
1011.47
934.59
1003.21
1010.63
992.27
988.74