Axioms and Basic Results in Plane Geometry

Undened Terms
Point, line, incidence, between, congruent.

Incidence Axioms
IA 1: For any pair of distinct points P and Q there is a unique line through P and Q. IA 2: Any line has at least two points on it. IA 3: There are three points A, B, C not all on the same line. BA 1: If A B C, then A, B, and C are three distinct points all lying on the same line, and C B A. BA 2: Given any two points B and D, there exist points A, C, and E on BD so that AB D, B C D, and B D E. BA 3: If A, B, C are distinct points on the same line, then exactly one of them is between the other two. Denition: If A and B are distinct points, then the segment AB is the set of points X so that X = A, X = B, or A X B. Denition: If A and B are distinct points, then the ray AB is the segment AB together with the set of points X so that A B X. Denition: If is a line and A, B are points not on , then A and B are on the same side of i A = B or the segment AB does not meet . They are on opposite sides of if A = B and AB intersects . BA 4 (Plane Separation): For any line and points A, B, and C not on : (i) if A and B are one the same side of and B and C are on the same side of , then A and C are on the same side of (ii) if A and B are on opposite sides of and B and C are on opposite sides of , then A and C are on the same side of .

Betweenness Axioms

Congruence Axioms

CA 1: If A and B are distinct points and if A is any point, then for each ray r starting at A there is a unique point B on r so that B = A and AB A B . = CA 2: If AB CD and AB EF , then CD EF . If AB CD then CD AB. Also = = = = = any segment is congruent to itself. CA 3: If A B C, A B C , AB A B , and BC B C , then AC A C = = = CA 4: If Given any angle < BAC (where, by denition of angle, AB is not opposite AC), ) and given any ray A B , there is a unique ray A C on a given side of the line A B so that < B A C < ABC. ) = ) CA 5: If < A < B and < A < C, then < A B. If < A < B, then < B < A. Also any ) = ) ) = ) ) = ) = ) ) = ) angle is congruent to itself. Denition: Two triangles ABC and DEF are congruent (written ABC DEF ) = i AB DE, BC EF , AC DF , < ABC < DEF , < BCA < EF D, and < CBA ) ) ) = = = = ) = ) = < F DE. ) CA 6 (SAS): If two sides and the included angle of a triangle are congruent respectively to two sides and the included angle of anther triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

Axioms of Continuity
Circular Continuity Principle: If a circle has on point inside and one point outside of anther circle , then the two circles interest in two points. Elementary Continuity Principle: If one endpoint of a circle is inside of a circle and the other is outside, then the segment interests the circle.
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Archimedes Axiom: If AB and CD are any segments, then there is number n so that if segment CD is laid o n times on the ray AB, then a point E on AB is reached where n CD AE and A B E. = Aristotles Axiom: Given and side of an acute angle and any segment AB, there is a point Y on the given side of the angle such that if X is the foot of the perpendicular from Y to the other side of the angle, XY > AB. Important Corollary to Aristotles Axiom: Let AB be any ray, P an point not colinear with A and B, and < XV Y any acute angle. Then there exists a point R on the ray AB such ) that < P RA < < XV Y . ) ) Dedekinds Axiom: Suppose the set of all points of a line is the union 1 2 of two nonempty subsets such that no point of 1 is between two points of 2 and no point of 2 is between two points of 1 . Then there is a unique point O on so that if P1 1 , P2 2 , with P1 , P2 , and O distinct, then P1 O P2 .

Axiom of Parallelism

Hilberts Parallel Axiom: For every line line m through P and parallel to .

and every point P not on there is at most one

Basic Results About Incidence

Prop 2.1: If and m are distinct lines that are not parallel, then and m have exactly one point in common. Denition: A set of lines S is concurrent if there is a point P so that every member of of S passes through P . Prop 2.2: There exist three distinct lines that are not concurrent. Prop 2.3: For every line there is a point not lying on it. Prop 2.4: For every point there is at least one line not passing through it. Prop 2.5: For every point P there exists at least two distinct lines that pass through P .

Basic Results About Betweenness

Prop 3.1: For every pair of distinct points A, B: (i) AB BA= AB (ii) AB BA=AB Denition: Let be a line, and P a point not on . Then the half plane determined by and P is the set of points X that are on the same side of as P . The half plane determined by and P will also be called the side of of P . The line is said to bound any of its half planes. Prop 3.2: Every line bounds exactly two half-planes and these half planes have no point in common. Prop 3.3: If A B C and A C D, then B C D and A B D. Corollary: If A B C and B C D, then A B D and A C D. Prop 3.4 (Line separation property): If C A B and is the line through A, B and C, then for every point P lying on , either P lies on the ray AB or the opposite ray AC. Paschs Theorem: If ABC is any triangle and is any line intersecting side AB in a point between A and B, then also intersects either side AC or side BC. If C does not lie on , then does not intersect both AC and BC. Prop 3.5: Given AB C, then AC = AB BC and B is the only point common to segments AB and BC. Prop 3.6: Given A B C. Then B is the only point common to the rays BA and BC. Also AB=AC.

Denition: Given an angle < CAB, dene a point D to be in the interior of < CAB i D ) ) is on the same side of AC as B and D is on the same side of AB as C. Prop 3.7: Given an angle < CAB and a point D lying on the line BC. Then D is in the ) interior of < CAB if and only if B D C. ) Prop 3.8: If D is in the interior of < CAB, then; ) (a) so is every point on AD except A,

(b) no point on the opposite ray to AD is in the interior of < CAB, ) (c) if C A E, then B is in the interior of < DAE. )

Denition: The ray AD is between rays AB and AC i AB and AC are not opposite rays and D is interior to angle < CAB. ) Crossbar Theorem: If AD is between AC and AB, then AD intersects the segment BC. Denition: The interior of a triangle is the intersection of the interiors of its three angles. A point is in the exterior of the triangle i it is not in the interior of the triangle and does not lie on any of the sides of the triangle. Prop 3.9: (a) If a ray r emanating from an exterior point of ABC intersects side AB at a point between A and B, then also r intersects side AC or BC. (b) If a ray emanates from an interior point of ABC, then if intersects one of the sides of ABC. If the ray does not go through a vertex of the triangle, then it only interests one of the sides of ABE. Corollary to SAS: Given ABC and segment DE AB, there is a unique point F on a = given side of the line DE such that ABC DEF . = Prop 3.10: If in triangle ABC we have AB AC, then < B < C. ) = ) = Prop 3.11 (Segment Subtraction): If A B C, D E F , AB DE, and AC DF , = = then BC EF . = Prop 3.12: Given AC DF , then for any point B between A and C, there is a unique point = E between D and F so that AB DE. = Denition: AB < CD means there is a point E between C and D with AB CE. = Prop 3.13:(Segment Ordering) (a) Exactly one of the following holds (trichotomy): AB < CD, AB {CD}, or AB > CD. = (b) If AB < CD and CD EF , then AB < EF . = (c) If AB < CD and CD < EF , then AB < EF . (d) If AB < CD and CD < EF , then AB < EF . Denition: If two angles < BAD and < CAD have a common side AD and the two other ) ) sides AB and AC form opposite rays, the angles are supplements of each other, or supplementary angles. Prop 3.14: Supplements of congruent angles are congruent. Denition: An angle < BAD is a right angle if it has a supplementary angle to which it is ) congruent. Denition: For the denition of vertical angles see page 24 of the text. Prop 3.15: (a) Vertical angles are congruent to each other. (b) An angle congruent to a right angle is a right angle. Denition: Two lines are perpendicular if they intersect at right angles. Prop 3.16: For every line and every point P there there is a line through P and perpendicular to .

Basic Results About Congruence

Prop 3.17 (ASA Criterion for Congruence): Given ABC and DEF with < A ) = < D, < C < F , and AC DF . Then ABC DEF . ) ) = ) = = Prop 3.18 (Converse to prop 3.10): If in the triangle ABC we have < B < C, then ) = ) AB and AC and ABC is isosceles. Prop 3.19 (Angle Addition): Given BG between BA and BC, EH between ED, EF , < CBG < F EH, and < GBA < HED. Then < ABC < DEF . ) ) ) = ) = ) = ) Prop 3.20 (Angle Subtraction): Given BG between BA and BC, EH between ED and EF , < CBG < F EH, and < ABC < DEF . Then < GBA < HED. ) ) ) = ) = ) = ) Denition: < ABC < < DEF means there is a ray EG between ED and EF such that ) ) < ABC < GEF . ) = ) Prop 3.21 (Ordering of Angles): (a) Exactly one of the following holds (trichotomy): < P < < Q, < P < Q, or < P > < Q. ) ) ) = ) ) ) (b) If < P < < Q and < Q < R, then < P < < R. ) ) ) = ) ) ) < Q and < Q < < R, then < P < < R. (c) If < P = ) ) ) ) ) ) (d) If < P < < Q and < Q < < R, then < P < < R. ) ) ) ) ) ) Prop 3.22 (SSS Criterion for Congruence): Given ABC and DEF . If AB DE, = EF , and AC DF , then ABC DEF . BC = = = Prop 3.23 (Euclids Fourth Postulate): All right angles are congruent to each other.

Some Results in Neutral Geometry

Theorem 4.1 (Alternate Interior Angle Theorem): If two lines cut by a transversal have a pair of congruent alternate interior angles, then the two lines are parallel. Corollary 1: Two lines perpendicular to the same line are parallel. Hence, the perpendicular dropped from a point P not on the line to is unique (and the point at which the perpendicular intersects is called its foot. Corollary 2: If is a line and P a point not on , then there is at least one line through P and parallel to . Theorem 4.2 (Exterior Angle Theorem): An exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either remote interior angle. Proposition 4.1 (SAA Congruence Criterion): Given triangles ABC and DEF ) = ) ) = ) with AC DF , < A < D and < B < E. Then ABC DEF . = = Proposition 4.2: Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and a leg of one are congruent respectively to the hypotenuse and a leg of the other. Proposition 4.3 (Midpoints): Every segment has a unique midpoint. Proposition 4.4 (Bisectors): (a) Every angle has a unique bisector. (b) Every segment has a unique perpendicular bisector. Proposition 4.5: In a triangle ABC, the greater angle lies opposite the greater side and the greater side lies lies opposite the greater angle. That is AB > BC i < C > < A ) ) Theorem 4.3 : A. There is a unique degree measure assigned to each angle so that (0) (< A) is a real number between 0 and 180 . ) (1) (< A) = 90 i < A is a right angle ) ) (2) (< A) = (< B) i < A < B ) ) ) = ) (3) If AC is interior to < BAD, then (< BAD) = (< DAC) + (< CAB) ) ) ) ) (4) For every real number x between 0 and 180 there is an angle < A with (< A) = x ) ) (5) If < A is supplementary to < B, then (< A) + (< B) = 180 ) ) ) ) (6) < A < < B i (< A) < (< B) . ) ) ) ) B. Given a segment OI (called the unit segment) then there is a unique way to of assigning a length to |AB| to each segment AB so that

(7) |AB| is a positive real number and |OI| = 1 (8) |AB| = |CD| i AB CD = (9) A B C i |AB| + |BC| = |AC| (10) AB < CD i |AB| < |CD| (11) For every positive real number x there is a segment AB with |AB| = x. Corollary 1: The sum of the angles of any two angles of a triangle is less than 180 . Corollary 2 Triangle Inequality: If A, B, and C are three non-colinear points, then |AC| + |AB| |BC|. Theorem 4.4 Saccheri-Legendre: The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 . Corollary 1: The sum of two angles of a triangles is less than or equal to the remote exterior angle. Denition: The quadrilateral ABCD is convex i it has a pair of opposite sides, e.g., AB and CD, such that CD is contained in one of the half planes bounded by AB and AB is contained in on of the half-planes bounded by CD. Corollary 2: The sum of the measures of the angles in any convex quadrilateral is at most 360. Euclids Postulate V: If two lines are intersected by a transversal in such a way that the sum of two interior angles on one side of the transversal is less than 180 , then the two lines meet on that side of the transversal. Theorem 4.5: Euclids fth postulate Hilberts parallel postulate. Proposition 4.7: Hilberts parallel postulate any line that intersects one of two parallel line intersects the other one. Proposition 4.8: Hilberts parallel postulate Converse to theorem 4.1 (which is the Alternate interiors angles theorem.) Proposition 4.9: Hilberts parallel postulate if t is transversal to both and m, m, and tl, then tm. Proposition 4.10: Hilberts parallel postulate k , mk, and n , implies m = n or m n. Proposition 4.11: Hilberts parallel postulate = the sum of every triangle is 180 . Denition: For any triangle ABC the defect of ABC is dened by ( ABC) = 180 ((< A) + (< B) + (< C) ) ) ) ) Theorem 4.6 Additivity of the defect: Let ABC be any triangle and let D be a point between A and B. Then ( ABC) = ( ACD) + ( BCD) Corollary: With the same hypothesis as the last theorem, the angel sum of ABC is 180 i the angle sum of both of ACD and BCD is 180 . Denition: A quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangle i all four of its angles are right angles. Theorem 4.7: If there exists a triangle with angle sum 180 , then a rectangle exists. It a rectangle exists, the every triangle ha angle sum equal to 180 . Corollary:If there exits a triangle with positive defect, then all triangles have positive defect.