Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 2
2.1
1000
(a) For I > 0.6 V, O =
( I 0.6 )
1020
For I < 0.6 V, O = 0

1000
(b) (ii) O = 0 =
[10 sin ( t )1 0.6]
1020
0. 6
Then sin ( t )1 =
= 0.06 ( t )1 = 3.44 0.01911 rad
10
Also ( t )2 = 180 3.44 = 176.56 0.9809 rad
Now

O (avg ) =
=

1
1
O (t )dt =
T 0
2

1
2

[10 sin x 0.6]dx

0

0.9809

0.6 x
10 cos x

0.01911
0.01911

0.9809

1
[( 10 )( 0.9982 0.9982 ) 0.6(0.9809 0.01911 )]
2
O (avg ) = 2.89 V

1000

(iii) O ( peak ) =
10 sin 0.6 = 9.2157 V; i d (max ) = 9.2157 mA
1020
2

(iv) PIV = 10 V
______________________________________________________________________________________

2.2

v0 = vI vD
i
v
vD = VT ln D and iD = 0
I
R
S
v
v0 = vI VT ln 0
IS R

______________________________________________________________________________________

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.3
1
(a) S = 120 2 = 16.97 V (peak)
10
O ( peak ) = 16.27 V

16.27
= 8.14 mA
2
(c) O = 16.97 sin t 0.7

(b) i D ( peak ) =

sin ( t )1 =

0. 7
= 0.04125 ( t )1 = 2.364
16.97
( t )2 = 180 2.364 = 177.64

177.64 2.364
%=
100% = 48.7%
360

(d)

O (avg ) =

1
2

0.9869

[16.97 sin x 0.7]dx

0.01313

0.9869
0.9869

1
=
0. 7 x
( 16.97 ) cos x

2
0.01313
0.01313
1
[( 16.97 )( 0.99915 0.99915) 0.7(0.9738 )]
=
2
O (avg ) = 5.06 V

O (avg )

5.06
= 2.53 mA
2
2
______________________________________________________________________________________

(e) i D (avg ) =

2.4
(a) R (t ) = 15 sin t 0.7 9 = 15 sin t 9.7

( t )1 = sin 1 9.7 = 40.29 0.2238

( t )2

rad
15
= 180 40.29 = 139.71 0.7762 rad

R (avg ) =

1
2

0.7762

[15 sin x 9.7]dx

0.2238

0.7762
0.7762

1
1
( 15) cos x
9.7 x

= 2 [( 15)( 0.7628 0.7628 ) 9.7(0.5523 )]

2
0.2238
0.2238
R (avg ) = 0.9628 V

i D (avg ) = 0.8 =

0.9628
R = 1.20
R

(b)
139.71 40.29
%=
100% = 27.6%
360

______________________________________________________________________________________

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.5

(a) i ( peak ) =

R ( peak )

R=
R
(b) R (t ) = 15 sin t 9.7

15 9.7
= 4.417
1. 2

( t )1 = 0.2238 ; ( t )2 = 0.7762

R (avg ) =

0.7762

[15 sin x 9.7]dx

0.2238

Or from Problem 2.4, R (avg ) = 2(0.9628) = 1.9256 V

(avg ) 1.9256
=
= 0.436 A
i D (avg ) = R
R
4.417
(c)
139.71 40.29
%=
100% = 27.6%
360

______________________________________________________________________________________

2.6
(a) S ( peak ) = 12 + 0.7 = 12.7 V

N 1 120 2
=
= 13.4
N2
12.7
12
= 60
0 .2
VM
12
=
6667 F
C=
2 fRV r 2(60 )(60 )(0.25)

(b) R =

(c) PIV = 2 S (max ) V = 2(12.7 ) 0.7 = 24.7 V

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.7

v0 = vS 2V vS ( max ) = v0 ( max ) + 2V
a.

b.

v ( max ) = 25 V vS ( max ) = 25 + 2 ( 0.7 ) = 26.4 V

For 0
N1 160
N
=
1 = 6.06
N 2 26.4
N2
v ( max ) = 100 V vS ( max ) = 101.4 V
For 0
N1
N
160
=
1 = 1.58
N 2 101.4
N2

PIV = 2vS ( max ) V = 2 ( 26.4 ) 0.7

From part (a)
PIV = 2 (101.4 ) 0.7
or PIV = 52.1 V or, from part (b)
or PIV = 202.1 V
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.8

(a)

vs (max) = 12 + 2(0.7) = 13.4 V

13.4
vs ( rms ) =
vs (rms) = 9.48 V
2

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
(b)
Vr =

VM
VM
C =
2 f RC
2 f Vr R

C=

12
C = 2222 F
2 ( 60 )( 0.3)(150 )

(c)

2VM
1 +

Vr

2 (12 )
12
1 +

=
150
0.3

id , peak = 2.33 A
id , peak =

VM
R

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.9

(a)

vS ( max ) = 12 + 0.7 = 12.7 V

vS ( rms ) =
Vr =

(b)

vS ( max )
2

vS ( rms ) = 8.98 V

VM
V
12
C = M =
fRC
fRVr ( 60 )(150 )( 0.3)

or

C = 4444 F

VM 12
12
1 + 4

1 + 4
=
iD , max = 4.58 A
2Vr 150
2 ( 0.3)

or
(c) For the half-wave rectifier
______________________________________________________________________________________
iD , max =

VM
R

2.10
(a) O ( peak ) = 10 0.7 = 9.3 V
VM
9.3
=
620 F
fRV r (60 )(500 )(0.5)
(c) PIV = 10 + 9.3 = 19.3 V
______________________________________________________________________________________

(b) C =

2.11
(a) 10.3 O 12.3 V

(b) Vr =

VM
12.3
=
= 0.586 V
fRC (60 )(1000 ) 350 10 6

10.3
= 0.490 V
(60)(1000) 350 10 6
So 0.490 V r 0.586 V
Vr =

VM
12.3
=
513 F
fRV r (60)(1000 )(0.4)
______________________________________________________________________________________

(c) C =

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.12

( )

(a) S ( peak ) = 8.5 2 = 12.02 V

VO

max

= 12.02 0.7 = 11.32 V

VM
11.32
=
= 0.03773 F
2 f RV r 2(60 )(10 )(0.25)
(c) PIV = 2 S ( peak ) V = 2(12.02 ) 0.7 = 23.34 V

(b) C =

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.13
(a)

vs ( peak ) = 15 + 2 ( 0.7 ) = 16.4 V

vs ( rms ) =
C=

16.4
2

= 11.6 V

VM
15
=
= 2857 F
2 f RVr 2 ( 60 )(125 )( 0.35 )

(b)
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.14

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.15
(a) S = 12.8 V

N 1 120 2
=
= 13.3
N2
12.8
12
= 24
0 .5
V r = 3% V r = (0.03)(12 ) = 0.36 V

(b) R =

C=

VM
12
=
= 0.0116 F
2 fRV r 2(60 )(24 )(0.36 )

1 + 2V M

Vr

i D ( peak ) = 13.3 A

(c) i D ( peak ) =

VM
R

12

=
1 + 2(12 )

24
0.36

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
(d) i D (avg ) =

2V r V M

VM
R

1 +

2V M
Vr

1
=

2(0.36 ) 12
1+
12 24
2

2(12 )
0.36

i D (avg ) = 0.539 A
(e) PIV = 12.8 + 12 = 24.8 V
______________________________________________________________________________________

2.16
(a) S = 9 + 2(0.8) = 10.6 V

N 1 120 2
=
= 16
N2
10.6
9
= 90
0. 1
VM
9
=
4167 F
C=
2(60)(90)(0.2)
2 fRV r

(b) R =

(c) i D ( peak ) =

VM
R

(d) i D (avg ) =

1 + 2V M

Vr

2V r V M

VM
R

=
1 + 2(9 ) = 3.08 A
90
0.2

1 +

2V M
Vr

1
=

i D (avg ) = 0.1067 A
(e) PIV = S (max ) V = 10.6 0.8 = 9.8 V

2(0.2 ) 9
1+
9 90
2

2(9 )
0.2

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.17

For vi > 0
V = 0

Voltage across RL + R1 = vi

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
RL
1
v0 =
vi = vi
R
+
R
2
L
1
Voltage Divider

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.18

For

vi > 0, (V = 0 )

a.
R2 || RL
v0 =
vi
R2 || RL + R1
R2 || RL = 2.2 || 6.8 = 1.66 k
1.66
v0 =
vi = 0.43 vi
1.66 + 2.2

v0 ( rms ) =

v0 ( max )

v0 ( rms ) = 3.04 V
2
b.
______________________________________________________________________________________

2.19
3 .9
= 0.975 mA
4
20 3.9
II =
= 1.342 mA
12
I Z = I I I L = 1.342 0.975 = 0.367 mA

(a) I L =

PZ = I Z V Z = (0.367 )(3.9) = 1.43 mW

3.9
= 0.39 mA
10
I Z = 1.342 0.39 = 0.952 mA

(b) I L =

PZ = (0.952 )(3.9 ) = 3.71 mW

______________________________________________________________________________________

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.20
(a)
40 12
= 0.233 A
120
P = ( 0.233)(12 ) = 2.8 W

IZ =

(b)
So

IR = 0.233 A, IL = (0.9)(0.233) = 0.21 A

12
0.21 =
RL = 57.1
RL

P = ( 0.1)( 0.233)(12 ) P = 0.28 W

(c)
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.21
(a) PZ = I Z V Z
4 = I z (15.4 ) I Z (max ) = 259.74 mA
So 15 I z 259.74 mA
60 15.4
= 297.33 mA
0.15
So I L (max ) = 297.33 15 = 282.33 mA

(b) I I =

I L (min ) = 297.33 259.74 = 37.59 mA

15.4
= 54.55
0.28233
15.4
R L (max ) =
= 410
0.03759
So 54.55 R L 410
______________________________________________________________________________________

Then R L (min ) =

2.22
a.

20 10
I I = 45.0 mA
222
10
IL =
I L = 26.3 mA
380
I Z = I I I L I Z = 18.7 mA
II =

b.
PZ ( max ) = 400 mW I Z ( max ) =
I L ( min ) = I I I Z ( max ) = 45 40
I L ( min ) = 5 mA =

400
= 40 mA
10

10
RL

RL = 2 k
(c)

I = 57.1 mA I L = 26.3 mA
For Ri = 175 I

I Z = 30.8 mA

I Z ( max ) = 40 mA I L ( min ) = 57.1 40 = 17.1 mA

RL =

10
RL = 585
17.1

______________________________________________________________________________________

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.23
a.
From Eq. (2.30)
500 [ 20 10] 50 [15 10]
I Z ( max ) =
15 ( 0.9 )(10 ) ( 0.1)( 20 )
5000 250
4
I Z ( max ) = 1.1875 A
I Z ( min ) = 0.11875 A
=

From Eq. (2.28(b))

b.

Ri =

20 10
Ri = 8.08
1187.5 + 50

PZ = (1.1875 )(10 ) PZ = 11.9 W

PL = I L ( max )V0 = ( 0.5 )(10 ) PL = 5 W

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.24
(a) I L = 0
10 5.6
83.0 mA
50 + 3
V Z = 5.6 + (0.083)(3) = 5.85 V = V L
IZ =

PZ = I Z V Z = (0.083)(5.85) = 0.486 W

(b)

10 V L V L 5.6 V L
=
+
50
3
200
0.20 + 1.867 = V L (0.02 + 0.3333 + 0.005)

So V L = 5.769 V
5.769
= 28.84 mA
0.2
10 5.769
II =
= 84.62 mA
0.050
And I Z = I I I L = 55.8 mA

Then I L =

PZ = (0.0558)(5.769 ) = 0.322 W
(c) I L = 0
12 5.6
120.8 mA
50 + 3
V Z = V L = 5.6 + (0.1208)(3) = 5.962 V
IZ =

PZ = (0.1208)(5.962 ) = 0.72 W

(d)

12 V L V L 5.6 V L
=
+
50
3
200
0.24 + 1.867 = V L (0.02 + 0.333 + 0.005)

So V L = 5.88 V
5.88
12 5.88
= 29.4 mA; I I =
= 122.4 mA
0.20
0.05
I Z = 122.4 29.4 = 93 mA

Then I L =

PZ = (0.093)(5.88) = 0.547 W
______________________________________________________________________________________

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.25

(a) Set I Z = 10 mA; I L =

V L 7.5
=
= 7.5 mA
1
RL

I I = 10 + 7.5 = 17.5 mA
I I = 17.5 =

12 7.5
Ri = 257
Ri

(b) 7.5 = V ZO + (0.01)(12 ) V ZO = 7.38 V

For V I = (1.1)(12 ) = 13.2 V
13.2 V L V L 7.38 V L
=
+
257
12
1000
0.05136 + 0.615 = V L (0.00389 + 0.0833 + 0.001) V L = 7.556 V
For V I = (0.9 )(12 ) = 10.8 V
10.8 V L V L 7.38 V L
=
+
257
12
1000
0.04202 + 0.615 = V L (0.08819 ) V L = 7.450 V
7.556 7.450
Then, Source Reg =
100% = 4.42%
13.2 10.8
(c) For R L = 1 k , V L = 7.50 V
12 7.38
17.17 mA
257 + 12
V L = 7.38 + (0.01717 )(12 ) = 7.586 V

For R L = , I Z =

7.586 7.50
Then , Load Reg =
100% = 1.15%
7.50

______________________________________________________________________________________

2.26
% Reg =
=

So

VL ( nom )

100%

VL ( nom ) + I Z ( max ) rz (VL ( nom ) + I Z ( min ) rz )

VL ( nom )

I Z ( max ) I Z ( min ) ( 3 )
=
= 0.05
6
I Z ( max ) I Z ( min ) = 0.1 A

Now

I L ( max ) =

Ri =
Now
280 =

or

VL ( max ) VL ( min )

6
6
= 0.012 A, I L ( min ) =
= 0.006 A
500
1000

VPS ( min ) VZ

I Z ( min ) + I L ( max )

15 6
I Z ( min ) = 0.020 A
I Z ( min ) + 0.012

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________

Then

I Z ( max ) = 0.1 + 0.02 = 0.12 A

VPS ( max ) 6

Ri =
and

VPS ( max ) VZ

I Z ( max ) + I L ( min )

VPS ( max ) = 41.3 V

0.12 + 0.006
or
______________________________________________________________________________________
280 =

2.27
Using Figure 2.19
VPS = 20 25% 15 VPS 25 V
a.

For

VPS ( min ) :

I I = I Z ( min ) + I L ( max ) = 5 + 20 = 25 mA
Ri =

b.
For

VPS ( min ) VZ
II

VPS ( max )

15 10
Ri = 200
25

I I ( max ) =

25 10
I I ( max ) = 75 mA
Ri

For
I L ( min ) = 0 I Z ( max ) = 75 mA

VZ 0 = VZ I Z rZ = 10 ( 0.025 )( 5 ) = 9.875 V
V0 ( max ) = 9.875 + ( 0.075 )( 5 ) = 10.25
V0 ( min ) = 9.875 + ( 0.005 )( 5 ) = 9.90

V0 = 0.35 V
% Reg =

V0
100% % Reg = 3.5%
V0 ( nom )

c.
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.28
From Equation (2.28(a))
VPS ( min ) VZ
24 16
Ri =
=
I Z ( min ) + I L ( max ) 40 + 400
Also Vr =

or

Ri = 18.2

VM
VM
C =
2 fRC
2 fRVr

R Ri + rz = 18.2 + 2 = 20.2

Then
C=

24
C = 9901 F
2 ( 60 )(1)( 20.2 )

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.29

VZ = VZ 0 + I Z rZ VZ ( nom ) = 8 V
8 = VZ 0 + ( 0.1)( 0.5 ) VZ 0 = 7.95 V
Ii =

VS ( max ) VZ ( nom )
Ri

12 8
= 1.333 A
3

For I L = 0.2 A I Z = 1.133 A

For I L = 1 A I Z = 0.333 A

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
VL ( max ) = VZ 0 + I Z ( max ) rZ
= 7.95 + (1.133)( 0.5 ) = 8.5165
VL ( min ) = VZ 0 + I Z ( min ) rZ
= 7.95 + ( 0.333)( 0.5 ) = 8.1165
VL = 0.4 V
% Reg =
Vr =

VL
0.4
=
% Reg = 5.0%
V0 ( nom )
8
VM
VM
C =
2 fRC
2 fRVr

R = Ri + rz = 3 + 0.5 = 3.5
C=

12
C = 0.0357 F
2 ( 60 )( 3.5 )( 0.8 )

Then
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.30
For 6.3 I 3 V, O = I
3
For I > 3 V, I = I
and O = I I (0.5)
1.5
3
O = I (0.5) I
= 0.667 I + 1.0
1. 5

I + 6.3

and O = I I (0.5)
2.5
+ 6.3
O = I (0.5) I
= 0.8 I 1.26
2. 5
______________________________________________________________________________________
For I < 6.3 V, I =

2.31

For 10 vI 0, both diodes are conducting vO = 0

i = 0, vO = 0
For 0 vI 3, Zener not in breakdown, so 1
v 3
For vI > 3 i1 = I
mA
20
1
v 3
vo = I
(10 ) = vI 1.5
2
20
At vI = 10 V, vo = 3.5 V, i1 = 0.35 mA
(a)

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
(b)

For

For vI < 0, both diodes forward biased

0 vI
i1 =
.
10 At vI = 10 V , i1 = 1 mA
vI > 3, i1 =

vI 3
.
20 At vI = 10 V , i1 = 0.35 mA

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.32
(a)

For

1
V1 = 15 = 5 V for vI 5.7, v0 = vI
3
vI > 5.7 V

vI (V1 + 0.7 ) 15 V1 V1
+
= , v0 = V1 + 0.7
1
2
1
vI v0 15 ( v0 0.7 ) v0 0.7
+
=
1
2
1
vI 15.7 0.7
1 1 1
+
+
= v0 + + = v0 ( 2.5 )
1
2
1
1 2 1
1
vI + 8.55 = v0 ( 2.5 ) v0 =
vI + 3.42
2.5
vI = 5.7 v0 = 5.7
vI = 15 v0 = 9.42

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
(b)

iD = 0 for 0 vI 5.7

Then for vI > 5.7 V

v v
iD = I O =
1

vI I + 3.42
0.6vI 3.42
2.5

iD =
1
1
or

For vI = 15, iD = 5.58 mA

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.33
(a) (i) V B = 1.8 V
For I 1.1 V, O = I
For I 1.1 V, O = 1.1 V
(ii) V B = 1.8 V
For I 2.5 V, O = I
For I 2.5 V, O = 2.5 V
(b) (i) V B = 1.8 V
For I 2.5 V, O = 2.5 V
For I 2.5 V, O = I
(ii) V B = 1.8 V
For I 1.1 V, O = 1.1 V
For I 1.1 V, O = I
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.34

For

vI = 30 V, i =

30 10.7
= 0.175 A
100 + 10

v0 = i(10) + 10.7 = 12.5 V

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
b.

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.35
(a) (i) V B = 5 V
For I 5.7 V, O = I 5.7
For I 5.7 V, O = 0
(ii) V B = 5 V
For I 4.3 V, O = I + 4.3
For I 4.3 V, O = 0
(b) (i) V B = 5 V
For I 4.3 V, O = 0
For I 4.3 V, O = I 4.3
(ii) V B = 5 V
For I 5.7 V, O = 0
For I 5.7 V, O = I + 5.7
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.36
a.
V = 0

V = 0.6

b.
V = 0

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
V = 0.6

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.37

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.38
One possible example is shown.

L will tend to block the transient signals

Dz will limit the voltage to +14 V and 0.7 V.
Power ratings depends on number of pulses per second and duration of pulse.
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.39
(a) Square wave between +40 V and 0.
(b) Square wave between +35 V and 5 V.
(c) Square wave between +5 V and 35 V.
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.40

a.

For

V = 0 Vx = 2.7 V

V = 0.7 V Vx = 2.0 V
b.
For
______________________________________________________________________________________

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.41
Circuit similar to Figure 2.31(a) with V B = 10 V.
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.42
In steady-state, O = (10 sin t + 5) V
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.43
(i) V B = 5 V, In steady-state,
O = (10 sin t 5) V
(ii) V B = 5 V, In steady-state,
O = (10 sin t 15) V
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.44
a.
10 0.6
I D1 = 0.94 mA
9.5 + 0.5
V0 = I D1 ( 9.5 ) V0 = 8.93 V

I D1 =

ID2 = 0

b.
5 0.6
I D1 = 0.44 mA
9.5 + 0.5
V0 = I D1 ( 9.5 ) V0 = 4.18 V

I D1 =

c.
d.

ID2 = 0

Same as (a)
10 =

(I )
2

( 0.5 ) + 0.6 + I ( 9.5 ) I = 0.964 mA

V0 = I ( 9.5 ) V0 = 9.16 V
I
I D1 = I D 2 = 0.482 mA
2
______________________________________________________________________________________
I D1 = I D 2 =

2.45
a.

I = I D1 = I D 2 = 0 V0 = 10
b.

10 = I ( 9.5 ) + 0.6 + I ( 0.5) I = I D 2 = 0.94 mA

I D1 = 0

V0 = 10 I ( 9.5 ) V0 = 1.07 V
c.

10 = I ( 9.5 ) + 0.6 + I ( 0.5) + 5 I = I D 2 = 0.44 mA I D1 = 0

V0 = 10 I ( 9.5 ) V0 = 5.82 V

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
d.
10 = I ( 9.5 ) + 0.6 +

I
( 0.5) I = 0.964 mA
2

I
I D1 = I D 2 = 0.482 mA
2
V0 = 10 I ( 9.5 ) V0 = 0.842 V

I D1 = I D 2 =

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.46
a.
V1 = V2 = 0 D1 , D2 , D3 , on V0 = 4.4 V
10 4.4
I = 0.589 mA
9.5
4.4 0.6
= ID2 =
I D1 = I D 2 = 7.6 mA
0.5
= I D1 + I D 2 I = 2 ( 7.6 ) 0.589 I D 3 = 14.6 mA

I=
I D1
I D3

b.
V1 = V2 = 5 V D1 and D2 on, D3 off
I
10 = I ( 9.5 ) + 0.6 + ( 0.5 ) + 5 I = 0.451 mA
2
I
I D1 = I D 2 = I D1 = I D 2 = 0.226 mA
2
I D3 = 0
V0 = 10 I ( 9.5 ) = 10 ( 0.451)( 9.5 ) V0 = 5.72 V

c.

V = 4.4 V
V1 = 5 V, V2 = 0 D1 off, D2, D3 on 0
10 4.4
I=
I = 0.589 mA

9.5
4.4 0.6
ID2 =
I D 2 = 7.6 mA

0.5
I D1 = 0
I D 3 = I D 2 I = 7.6 0.589 I D 3 = 7.01 mA

d.

V1 = 5 V, V2 = 2 V D1 off, D2, D3 on
10 4.4

9.5
4.4 0.6 2
=

0.5

I=
ID2

V0 = 4.4 V

I = 0.589 mA
I D 2 = 3.6 mA
I D1 = 0

I D 3 = I D 2 I = 3.6 0.589 I D 3 = 3.01 mA

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.47

(a) V1 = 4.4 V, I D1 = 0.2 =

10 0.6 4.4
R1 = 25 k
R1

I R 2 = 0.2 + 0.3 = 0.5 mA

V 2 = 0.6 V, I R 2 = 0.5 =

4.4 ( 0.6 )
R 2 = 10 k
R2

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
I R 3 = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1.0 mA

0.6 ( 5)
= 4.4 k
1. 0
(b) Assume all diodes conducting
10 0.6 4.4
V1 = 4.4 V, I D1 =
= 0.5 mA
10
4.4 ( 0.6 )
V 2 = 0.6 V, I R 2 =
= 1.25 mA
4
Then I D 2 = 1.25 0.5 = 0.75 mA
R3 =

I R3 =

0.6 ( 5)
= 2 mA
2.2
= 2 1.25 = 0.75 mA

Then I D 3
(c) Diode D 2 cutoff I D 2 = 0
V 2 = 0.6 V, I D1 =

10 0.6 ( 0.6 ) 10
=
= 1.11 mA
R1 + R 2
9

V1 = 10 0.6 (1.11)(3) = 6.07 V

I R3 =

0.6 ( 5)
= 1.76 mA
2. 5
= 1.76 1.11 = 0.65 mA

Then I D 3
(d) Diode D3 cutoff I D 3 = 0

10 0.6 4.4
= 0.833 mA
6
4.4 ( 5) 9.4
=
=
= 1.044 mA
R 2 + R3
9

V1 = 4.4 V, I D1 =
I R2

V 2 = (1.044 )(6 ) 5 = 1.27 V

Then I D 2 = 1.044 0.833 = 0.211 mA

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.48
(a) I D1 = I D 2 = 2.5 mA

0.7 0.7 ( 2)
R = 0.8 k
R
= 0.2 I D 2 , I D1 + I D 2 = 5

I D 2 = 2.5 =

(b) I D1

0.2 I D 2 + I D 2 = 5 I D 2 = 4.167 mA
2
R = 0.48 k
R
= 5I D 2 , I D1 + I D 2 = 5

I D 2 = 4.167 =

(c) I D1

5 I D 2 + I D 2 = 5 I D 2 = 0.833 mA
2
R = 2.4 k
R
______________________________________________________________________________________
I D 2 = 0.833 =

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.49
(a) D1 and D 2 on
5 0.7 V A V A 0.7 ( 5)
5+
=
2
1. 1
1 1
5 + 2.15 3.909 = V A +
V A = 2.30 V
2 1 .1
5 0.7 2.3
= 1.0 mA
2
2.3 0.7 ( 5)
I D2 =
= 6.0 mA
1.1
(b) D1 cutoff, I D1 = 0

Then I D1 =

I D 2 = 5 mA, V A = 0.7 + (5)(2.5) 5 = 8.2 V

5 0.7 0
= 2.15 mA
2
= 5 + 2.15 = 7.15 mA

(c) V A = 0 , I D1 =
Then I D 2

0 0.7 ( 5)
R 2 = 0.60 k
R2
______________________________________________________________________________________
I D 2 = 7.15 =

2.50
(a) (i) I = 5 V, D1 and D 2 on
5 ( O + 0.6 ) 5 O O O 0.6
+
=
+
5
5
0. 5
0. 5
0.88 + 1.0 + 1.2 = O (0.20 + 0.20 + 2.0 + 2.0) O = 0.7 V
(ii) I = 5 V
0.5
I = 0.455 V
0.5 + 5

O =

(b) (i) I = 5 V, O = 4.4 V

(ii) I = 5 V, O = 0.6 V
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.51

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
For vI > 0. when D1 and D4 turn off
10 0.7
I=
= 0.465 mA
20
v0 = I (10 k ) = 4.65 V

v0 = vI for 4.65 vI 4.65

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.52
(a) All diodes on
15 V A V A 0.7 V A 0.7 ( 5) V A 0.7 ( 10 )
=
+
+
6.15
2
14
24
2.439 + 0.35 0.307 0.3875 = V A (0.1626 + 0.50 + 0.0714 + 0.0417 ) V A = 2.70 V
2.70 0.7
= 1.0 mA
2
2.70 0.7 ( 5)
I D2 =
= 0.50 mA
14
2.70 0.7 ( 10 )
I D3 =
= 0.50 mA
24
(b) D1 cutoff, I D1 = 0

Then I D1 =

15 V A V A 0.7 ( 5) V A 0.7 ( 10 )
=
+
6.15
3.3
5. 2
2.439 1.303 1.788 = V A (0.1626 + 0.303 + 0.1923) V A = 0.991 V

0.991 0.7 ( 5)
= 1.0 mA
3. 3
0.991 0.7 ( 10 )
I D3 =
= 1.60 mA
5. 2
(c) D1 and D 2 cutoff, I D1 = I D 2 = 0

Then I D 2 =

I D3 =

15 0.7 ( 10 )
24.3
=
= 3.25 mA
R1 + R 4
6.15 + 1.32

V A = 15 (3.25)(6.15) = 5 V
______________________________________________________________________________________

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.53
a.

R1 = 5 k, R2 = 10 k
V0 = 0
D1 and D2 on

10 0.7 0 ( 10 )

= 1.86 1.0
5
10
= 0.86 mA

I D1 =
I D1

b.

R1 = 10 k, R2 = 5 k, D1 off, D2 on I D1 = 0
I=

10 0.7 ( 10 )

= 1.287
15
V0 = IR2 10 V0 = 3.57 V

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.54
If both diodes on
(a)
VA = 0.7 V, VO = 1.4 V
I R1 =
IR2
I R1 + I D1

10 ( 0.7 )

= 1.07 mA
10
1.4 ( 15 )
=
= 2.72 mA
5
= I R 2 I D1 = 2.72 1.07

I D1 = 1.65 mA
(b) D1 off, D2 on
10 0.7 ( 15 )
= 1.62 mA
I R1 = I R 2 =
5 + 10
VO = I R 2 R2 15 = (1.62 )(10 ) 15 VO = 1.2 V
VA = 1.2 + 0.7 = 1.9 V D1 off ,
I D1 = 0
______________________________________________________________________________________

2.55
(a)

D1 on, D2 off
10 0.7
I D1 =
= 0.93 mA
10
VO = 15 V

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
D1 on, D2 off
10 0.7
I D1 =
= 1.86 mA
5
VO = 15 V
______________________________________________________________________________________
(b)

2.56

15 (V0 + 0.7 )

V + 0.7 V0
= 0
+
10
20
20
15 0.7 0.7
1
4.0
1 1

= V0 +
+ = V0

10 10 20
20
10 20 20
V0 = 6.975 V
V0
I D = 0.349 mA
20
______________________________________________________________________________________
ID =

2.57
(a) Diode is cutoff, I D = 0 , V D = 0
V A = VB = 3 V
(b) Diode is conducting, V D = 0.7 V
5 V B V B V B 0.7 V B 0.7 2
=
+
+
10
10
10
10
0.50 + 0.07 + 0.27 = V B (0.10 + 0.10 + 0.10 + 0.10 ) V B = 2.1 V and V A = 1.4 V
5 VB VB
=
+ ID
10
10
5 2.1 2.1
So I D =

= 0.08 mA
10
10
(c) Diode is cutoff, I D = 0
1
(5) = 2.5 V, V B = 1 (4) = 2.0 V
2
2
V D = 2 2.5 = 0.5 V
VA =

(d) Diode is conducting, V D = 0.7 V

8 V B V B V B 0. 7 V B 0 . 7 2
=
+
+
10
10
10
10
0.80 + 0.07 + 0.27 = V B (0.40 ) V B = 2.85 V and V A = 2.15 V
8 VB VB
1
Then I D =

= [8 2(2.85)] = 0.23 mA
10
10 10
______________________________________________________________________________________

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.58
vI = 0, D off, D on
1
2

I
vo

10 2.5
0.5 mA
15
= 10 ( 0.5 )( 5 ) vo = 7.5 V for 0 vI 7.5 V

For vI > 7.5 V , Both D1 and D2 on

vI vo vo 2.5 vo 10
=
+
vI = vo ( 5.5 ) 33.75
15
10
5
or
When vo = 10 V, D2 turns off
vI = (10 )( 5.5 ) 33.75 = 21.25 V
For vI > 21.25 V, vo = 10 V
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.59
(a) For I = 0.5 V, I D1 = I D 2 = I D 3 = 0 , O = 0.5 V
(b) For I = 1.5 V, D1 on; I D 2 = I D 3 = 0
1.5 0.7
= 0.0667 mA
4+8
O = 0.7 + (0.0667 )(8) = 1.23 V
I D1 =

(c) For I = 3 V, D1 and D 2 conducting, I D 3 = 0

3 O O 0. 7 O 1. 7
=
+
4
8
6
0.75 + 0.0875 + 0.2833 = O (0.25 + 0.125 + 0.1667 ) O = 2.069 V
2.069 0.7
= 0.171 mA
8
2.069 1.7
I D2 =
= 0.0615 mA
6
(d) For I = 5 V, all diodes conducting

Then I D1 =

5 O O 0.7 O 1.7 O 2.7

=
+
+
4
8
6
4
1.25 + 0.0875 + 0.2833 + 0.675 = O (0.25 + 0.125 + 0.1667 + 0.25)

So O = 2.90 V
2.90 0.7
= 0.275 mA
8
2.90 1.7
I D2 =
= 0.20 mA
6
2.90 2.7
I D3 =
= 0.05 mA
4
______________________________________________________________________________________

Then I D1 =

2.60
(a) I D 2 = 0 for I < 4.5 V
I D 2 = 100 mA for I > 4.5 V
(b) I D 2 = 0 for I < 9 V
I D 2 = 100 mA for I > 9 V
______________________________________________________________________________________

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.61

a.
b.
c.

V01 = V02 = 0
V01 = 4.4 V, V02 = 3.8 V
V01 = 4.4 V, V02 = 3.8 V

Logic 1 level degrades as it goes through additional logic gates.

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.62

a.
b.
c.

V01 = V02 = 5 V
V01 = 0.6 V, V02 = 1.2 V
V01 = 0.6 V, V02 = 1.2 V

Logic 0 signal degrades as it goes through additional logic gates.

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.63

(V1 AND V2 ) OR (V3 AND V4 )

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.64
10 1.5 0.2
= 12 mA = 0.012
R + 10
8.3
R + 10 =
= 691.7
0.012
R = 681.7
______________________________________________________________________________________
I=

2.65
10 1.7 VI
=8
0.75
VI = 10 1.7 8 ( 0.75 ) VI = 2.3 V
I=

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.66
5 1.7
= 0.220 k
15
r f = 20 R = 200

R + rf =

______________________________________________________________________________________

Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design, 4th edition

Chapter 2
By D. A. Neamen
Problem Solutions
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.67

VR = 1 V, I = 0.8 mA
VPS = 1 + ( 0.8 )( 2 )
VPS = 2.6 V

______________________________________________________________________________________
2.68

I Ph = eA

0.6 103 = (1) (1.6 1019 )(1017 ) A

A = 3.75 102 cm 2
______________________________________________________________________________________