Hydraulics and Water Resources

(CEE 340)
(Topic 2)
Hydraulic Machinery
(Part III)
Dr. Xixi (Jack) Wang, P.E.
Turbine: Types
Power of flowing water Mechanical Power (shaft) Electrical Power
Factor
Reaction Turbine
Impulse Turbine
Kaplan Francis
Flows &
Forces
Pressured flow fills the chamber of the
turbine runner; forces are created by
changing flow directions
Jet flow impinges on
vanes (buckets) of the
turbine runner
Favorable
Conditions
Low-head (6 ~ 100 ft),
large discharge
Medium-head (90
~ 1500 ft), large
discharge
High-head (> 1500 ft),
steady discharge
Propeller
Adjustable blades
(smooth inflow)
Fixed blades
(rotating inflow)
Curved buckets
Flow Energy
Harvested
Pressure Energy (p/
w
) Potential energy (z)
Common
Installation
On run of river
Water conveyed to the
turbine through a pipe
or penstock
Turbine: Types
Typical schematic of
reaction turbine
Typical schematic of
impulse turbine
Impulse Turbine: Power Harvested and Efficiency
) cos( u ) 180 cos( - u V
2 2 2 2 x 2,
+ = =

In the x-direction, the absolute velocity of the water leaving a bucket is:
Based on momentum equation, the x-direction force acting on buckets is:
The power harvested from jet flow to turbine is: u F P
x harvested
=
[ ] { } ) cos( u V Q F
2 2 j x
+ =
Bucket angle
Tangential bucket speed
Jet velocity
Nozzle
Jet flow area
Relative water
leaving velocity
Relative jet
velocity
The efficiency of turbine is:
% 100
P
P
j
harvested
=
Power in
jet flow
2
V
Q P
2
j
j
=
Impulse Turbine: Maximum Power Harvested
The power harvested is:
( ) [ ] { }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) u
) cos(
1 u V A V u cos
u V
u V A V
u cos u V Q P
2
j j j 2
j
j j j
2 2 j harvested

+ =
+ =
The maximum power can be harvested when:
( )
(

=
) cos(
1
g 2
V
A V
2
1
P
2
2
j
j j w max , harvested
More power for:
larger flow rate (V
j
A
j
)
higher velocity head V
j
2
/(2g)
( )
( )
( ) [ ]
( )
( )
( ) 0 u 2 V
cos
1 A V
u u V
cos
1 A V
du
dP
j
2
j j
j
2
j j
harvested
=
(

=

(

=
2
V
u
j
=
0
du
dP
harvested
=
u V
j 2 1
= = Assume
1
/
2
= :

=
u V
j
2
Impulse Turbine: Power
[Exam 1] An impulse turbine (runner diameter D
runner
= 3 m) is impinged by the jet flow
supplied by a reservoir (see the following figure). Assume that the Darcy-Weisbach
friction factor of the 6-km-long penstock (D = 1 m) is f = 0.015 and that the head loss in
the nozzle itself is negligible. The bucket angle is
2
= 165. The tangential bucket speed is
half of the jet (d
jet
= 18 cm) velocity (i.e., u = 0.5V
j
). Assume
2
= 0.9
1
. Determine:
(1) V
j
and u
(2) The x-direction force acting on the turbine
(3) The torque acting on the turbine
(4) Efficiency (i.e., percent of the jet-flow power harvested by the turbine)
(5) The maximum power that can be harvested by the turbine
Impulse Turbine: Power
Consider friction loss only and use Darcy-Weisbach equation:
( )
2
j 2
2
j
2
penstock
f L
V 0048154 . 0
m/s 81 . 9 2
V 0324 . 0
m 1
m 6000
015 . 0
g 2
V
D
L
f 0 h h =

= + =
|
.
|

\
|

= |
.
|

\
|

2
jet j
2
penstock
d
4
V D
4
V
2
jet j
2
penstock
d V D V =
( ) ( )
2
j
2
penstockj
m .18 0 V m 1 V =
j penstock
V 0324 . 0 V =
[Solution] L = 6 km (1000 m)/(1 km) = 6000 m, D = 1 m
d
jet
= 18 cm (1 m)/(100 cm) = 0.18 m
(1) Apply continuity equation between the penstock exit and section :
Apply energy equation between section and :
L
2
j
w
j
j
2
1
w
1
1
h
g 2
V p
z
g 2
V p
z +

+ =

+
L 2
2
j
h
m/s 81 . 9 2
V
0 m 1000 0 0 m 1670 +

+ + = + +
m 670 h V 05097 . 0
L
2
j
= +
Impulse Turbine: Power
[Solution] :
(2)
1
= V
j
u = 109.6 m/s - 54.8 m/s = 54.8 m/s

2
= 0.9
1
= 0.9 (54.8 m/s) = 49.32 m/s
Substitute h
L
back into the energy equation:
m 670 V 0048154 . 0 V 05097 . 0
2
j
2
j
= +
( ) m/s 8 . 54 m/s 6 . 109 5 . 0 V 5 . 0 u
j
= = =
( ) ( ) /s m 79 . 2 m 18 . 0
4
m/s 6 . 109 d
4
V Q
3 2 2
jet j
= |
.
|

\
|

= |
.
|

\
|

=
m 670 V 0557854 . 0
2
j
=
m/s 6 . 109 V
j
=
[ ] { }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] { }
kN 806 . 258
N 1000
kN 1
N 258,806
165 cos m/s 49.32 m/s 54.8 - m/s 6 . 109 s / m 79 . 2 kg/m 1000
) cos( u V Q F
3 3
2 2 j x
= =
+ =
+ =

Impulse Turbine: Power

[Solution] :
(3) The torque acting on the turbine is: m kN 7 . 428
2
m 3
kN 8 . 258
2
D
F T
runner
x
= = =
(4) The power in jet flow is:
( ) ( )
( )
kW 757 , 16
W 1000
kW 1
W 963 , 756 , 16
2
m/s 109.6
s / m 79 . 2 kg/m 000 1
2
V
Q P
2
3 3
2
j
j
= =
= =
The power harvested by the turbine is:
kW 182 , 14 m/s 8 . 54 kN 8 . 258 u F P
x harvested
= = =
The efficiency is:
% 6 . 84 % 100
kW 757 , 16
kW 182 , 14
% 100
P
P
j
harvested
= = =
(5) When u = 0.5Vj, the harvested power will be maximal. Thus, for this example:
P
harvested, max
= P
harvested
= 14,182 kW
Francis Turbine: Power Harvested and Efficiency
Angular Momentum:
Angular Momentum Equation is:

r
V
Power is calculated as:
r
) cos( V
T T P

= =
[ ] ) cos( V r m M
angular
=
mass
( )
angular
M t T =
( )
t
M
T
angular

=
Francis Turbine: Power Harvested and Efficiency
The torque on the vanes is:
[ ] ) cos( V r ) cos( V r Q T
2 2 2 1 1 1
=
Power harvested is:
= T P
harvested
The efficiency is:
% 95 ~ % 85 =
% 100
P
P
j
harvested
=
Power in
inflow
2
V
Q P
2
1
j
=
z
B
Turbine: Net Head H
Schematic for impulse turbines
Schematic for reaction turbines
Turbine: Specific Speed
Dimensionless formula of specific speed:
4
3
4
3
2
1
s
H g
Q n
n

=
rad/sec
m
3
/s
9.81 m/s
2
m
Dimensional formula of specific speed used in U.S.:
4
5
2
1
harvested
s
H
P N
N

=
rpm
hp
Net head (ft)
Note: n
s
and N
s
are computed for
the maximum
efficiency of the
turbine
Turbine: Selection
Figure 8-34
Turbine: Selection
Figure 8-36
Turbine: Selection
As for pump impeller, the peripheral speed of turbine runner is defined as:
H g 2
(rpm)/60 N D
e


=
Spouting velocity is: H g 2
Type of Turbine Speed ratio
e
Impulse 0.43 ~ 0.47
Francis 0.5 ~ 1.0
Propeller (e.g., Kaplan) 1.5 ~ 3.0
Turbine: Cavitation
Cavitation number is defined as:
Cavitation will occur when:
H
z
p p
B
w w
atm

c
<

c
Figure 8-35
Turbine: Synchronic with Electrical Generator
In U.S., the electrical generator usually has a frequency of 60-cycle (cycles/sec
or Hz), the turbine rotation speed is calculated as:
96) ~ 12 of interger (even generator in the poles of number
7,200
(rpm) N =
In other countries, the electrical generator usually has a frequency of 50-cycle
(cycles/sec or Hz), the turbine rotation speed is calculated as:
96) ~ 12 of interger (even generator in the poles of number
6,000
(rpm) N =
Turbine: Selection (Flow Chart)
H, Q
Use the curve to determine
the preliminary maximum
allowable value for specific
speed, N
s
(0)
Use the ~ N
s
curve to
verify the turbine type and
obtain the maximum
efficiency value,
e
Compute the maximum
power, P
e
Based on P
e
and
e
,
compute the value for
rotation speed, N
(0)
Assume the number of poles for the
electrical generator, and compute the
value for rotation speed, N
(1)
To be synchronic between the turbine
and electrical generator, N
(0)
= N
(1)
Determine z
t
using N
s
(0)
Assume a speed ratio
e
, and then
compute the turbine diameter D
Use N
(1)
to compute a
new value for specific
speed N
s
(1)
Determine z
t
using N
s
(1)
yes
no
Check the cavitation number
Fig.
8-36
Fig.
8-34
Turbine: Selection
[Exam 1] Assume a turbine will drive a 60-cycle generator. For a site where
the net head is 330 ft and Q = 4300 cfs, select the type, speed, size of the
turbine. Determine also the elevation of the turbine with reference to the
water surface in the tailrace. Will cavitation be a problem?
[Solution] H = 330 ft the maximum specific speed is N
s
= 45 and the
turbine should be a Francis turbine. This can be further verified by looking at
the plot showing ~ N
s
, with a peak efficiency of 94.2%.
The maximum power generated by the turbine will be:
( )
hp 151,655
ft/sec lbf 550
hp 1
ft 330 sec / ft 4300 lbf/ft 4 . 62 % 2 . 94
H Q P
3 3
w harvested
=

=
=
( )
( )
4
5
2
1
4
5
2
1
harvested
s
ft 330
hp 655 , 151 N
H
P N
45 N

=

= = rpm 163 N=
Turbine: Selection
[Solution] For the 60-cycle generator, the number of poles of the generator is
calculated as:
44
rpm 163
200 , 7
N
7,200
poles of number = =
Even, within the range
12 ~ 96. Its okay!!!
N
s
= 45, H = 330 ft z
t
= -10 ft (Figure 8-36), i.e., the elevation of the
turbine relative to the elevation of the water surface in the tailrace is about -10
ft.
Assume an average value of 0.75 for speed ratio of Francis turbine, we have:
ft 330 sec / ft 2 . 2 3 2
rpm/60 163 D
H g 2
(rpm)/60 N D
75 . 0
2
e


=


= =
ft 8 . 12 D=
Turbine: Selection
[Solution] N
s
= 45, Francis turbine
c
= 0.13 (Figure 8-35)
Assume p
atm
=14.7 psia 144 in
2
/1 ft
2
= 2,116.8 lbf/ft
2
Assume 60F water p

/
w
= 0.592 ft abs,
w
= 62.37 lbf/ft
3
Assume z
B
= z
t
= -10 ft
The cavitation number is:
13 . 0
ft 330
ft) (-10 - ft 592 . 0
lbf/ft 62.37
lbf/ft 8 . 116 , 2
H
z
p p
3
2
B
w w
atm
=

It is marginally fine. However, if the water temperature were increased,

cavitation would be a problem. One option would be further lower the position
of the turbine (e.g., to -15 ft).
Turbine: Affinity Laws (assume constant efficiency)
For a constant impeller diameter, but with different speeds:
1
2
1
2
n
n
Q
Q
=
2
1
2
1
2
n
n
h
h
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
1
2
1
2
n
n
P
P
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
For a constant speed, but with different runner diameters:
3
1
2
1
2
D
D
Q
Q
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
2
1
2
D
D
h
h
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
1
2
1
2
D
D
P
P
|
|
.
|

\
|
=