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Gradually Varied Flow

1. Gradually varied flow refers to flow where the depth changes gradually with distance rather than considerably over a short distance. 2. Important parameters include normal depth, critical depth, Froude number, and classification of channel slopes and flow profiles. 3. Governing equations can be used to compute water surface profiles and model flooding or canal water levels.

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922 views

Gradually Varied Flow

1. Gradually varied flow refers to flow where the depth changes gradually with distance rather than considerably over a short distance. 2. Important parameters include normal depth, critical depth, Froude number, and classification of channel slopes and flow profiles. 3. Governing equations can be used to compute water surface profiles and model flooding or canal water levels.

Uploaded by

prashanthreddyh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Gradually varied flow

Important Definitions
Uniform flow velocity of the flow is constant with distance Gradually varied flow Depth of flow changes gradually with distance. Acceleration and deceleration of flow is neglected. Only viscous forces are considered Rapidly varied flow Considerable flow depth changes within a short distance. Viscous forces are neglected and inertial forces are important

Important Definitions
Normal depth In uniform flow, flow depth and velocities are constant, Corresponding flow depth is called normal depth Critical depth The depth at which Froude number (Fr) is equal to 1 is called critical depth. Corresponding flow is called critical flow. If Fr > 1 is called super critical flow If Fr < 1 is called sub critical flow

Computation of normal depth


Mannings equation
1 2 / 3 1/ 2 Q = A R So n

Q = discharge (m3/s) A = cross sectional area of flow (m2) n = mannings roughness coefficient R = hydraulic radius (m) So = bed slope(m/m)

Computation of critical depth


Solve Froude number equation
QT =1 3 gA
2

Q = discharge (m3/s) A = cross sectional area of flow (m2) T = Top flow width of the channel g = acceleration due to gravity (m2/s)

Importance of classification of gradually varied flow


To get overall understanding of how the flow depth varies in a channel To detect any mistakes made in the flow computation Gradually varied flow equation

dy S o S f = 2 dx 1 Fr

So = bed slope(m/m) Sf = friction slope(m/m) Fr = Froude number dy/dx = change depth wrt to x

Assumptions in derivation of gradually varied flow governing equations


1. The slope of the channel bottom is small. 2. The channel is prismatic channel and there is no lateral inflow or outflow from the channel. 3. The pressure distribution is hydrostatic at all channel sections. 4. The head losses in gradually varied flow may be determined by using the equations for head losses in uniform flows.

Gradually varied flow classification


A gradually varied flow profile is classified based on the channel slope, and the magnitude of flow depth, y in relation to yn and yc. The channel slope is classified based on the relative magnitudes of the normal depth yn and the critical depth yc Yn > Yc ==> Mild slope (M) yn < yc ==> Steep slope (S) yn = yc ==> Critical slope (C) So = 0 ==> Horizontal slope (H) So < 0 ==> adverse slope (A)

Zones for classification of surface profiles

Water surface profiles

Real life cases of water surface profiles

Real life cases of water surface profiles

Determining the shape of water surface profile


Sf > So if y < yn and Sf < So if y > yn determines sign of numerator and Fr determines the sign of denominator y->yn , Fr not equal to 1 then dy/dx -> 0 water surface approaches normal depth asymptotically y->yc, Fr->1 and Sf != So then dy/dx -> infinity water surface approaches yc vertically y-> infinity, V->0, Fr and Sf ->0 then dy/dx -> So for very large values of y water surface tends to horizontal

Determining the shapes of water surface profiles

Gradually varied flow computation


GVF computations are required to determine extent of flooding during floods and dam construction It is very important to maintain the minimum water level in irrigation canals to supply water to command area. In addition, steady-state flow conditions are needed to specify proper initial conditions for the computation of unsteady flows

Gradually varied flow computation

Gradually varied flow Computation (RK 4th order method)

Introduction to Unsteady flows in Pipelines

Important Definitions
Steady and Unsteady Flow If the flow conditions, such as pressure, velocity at a point do not change with time then the flow is said to be steady. If the flow conditions change with time, the flow is termed unsteady Transient State The intermediate stage flow when the flow conditions are changed from one steady state condition to another steady state is called transient state flow Uniform flow and Non uniform flow If the velocity is constant wrt to distance at any given time, the flow is called uniform flow, where as the velocity varies with distance, the flow is called non-uniform.

Important Definitions
Steady Oscillatory or Periodic Flow If the flow conditions are varying with time and if they repeat after a fixed time interval, the flow is called periodic or steady oscillatory flow. The time interval at which the conditions are repeating is called period. if T is the period in seconds, then the frequency of oscillations = 1/T cycles per second. Column Separation If the pressure in a closed conduit drops to the vapor pressure of a liquid, then cavities are formed in the liquid and the liquid column may separate. Water hammer Pressure fluctuations caused by a flow change. Nowadays hydraulic transient is used more frequently. Pressure surges Transients involving slowly varying pressure oscillations are referred as pressure surges

History of Water Hammer Theory


The study of fluid transients began with the investigation of the propagation of sound waves in air, the propagation of waves in shallow water and blood flow in arteries. Joukowski (1897) conducted extensive experiments in Moscow on pipes that were, respectively, (a) 7620 m long and 50 mm in diameter, (b) 305 m long and 101 .5 mm in diameter, and (c) 305 m long and 152.5 mm in diameter. Based on his experimental and theoretical studies, he published a classic report on the basic theory of water hammer. He discussed the propagation of a pressure wave along the pipe and the reflection of the pressure waves from the open end of a branch. He found that the pressure rise was a maximum for closing times, Tc 2 L/a, in which L = length of the pipeline and a = wave speed.

Pressure change at valve due to instantaneous change in velocity


velocity changes occurring at the downstream end of a pipe and for the wave moving in the upstream direction if the velocity was changed at the upstream end and the wave was moving in the downstream direction
H = a V g

a H = V g

Wave velocity in rigid pipes


The velocity of water hammer waves in a compressible fluid confined in a rigid pipe
a= K

The velocity of water hammer waves in a compressible fluid confined in a elastic pipe
a= K

o 1 +

K E

Compute pressure rise and wave velocity


Compute the velocity of pressure waves in a 0.6 m diameter rigid pipe conveying water from a reservoir to a valve. Determine the pressure rise if a steady flow of 0.5 m3/s is instantaneously stopped at the downstream end by closing the valve. the density of the water = 998.2 kg/m3. Bulk modulus of elasticity of the water, K = 2.2 GPa.

Surge effects
Positive surge effects Pipe burst Damaged pipe fixtures Damage to pumps, foundations, pipe internals and valves Negative surge effects Buckling of plastic and thin walled steel pipes Disintegration of the cement lining of pipes Dirty water or air being drawn into pipelines through flanged or socket connections. Water column separation followed by high increases in pressure when the separate liquid columns recombine

Photographs of burst of pipes due to excessive transient pressures

Photographs of buckling of pipeline due to negative pressures

Causes of transients in pipelines


1. Opening or closing of valves in a pipeline 2. Starting or stopping the pumps in a pumping system 3. Starting-up a hydraulic turbine, accepting or rejecting load 4. Pump trip as a result of switching off the power supply or a power failure.

Wave propagation and reflections in a pipe

Wave propagation and reflections in a pipe

Pressure variation at valve (friction losses are neglected)

Pressure variation at valve (friction losses are considered)

1-D equations to analyze the P, V in closed conduits


Distributed system modeling (t < 20L/a) Continuity equation

p 2 V + a =0 t x Momentum equation

fV V V 1 p V +V + + g sin + =0 2D t x x

1-D equations to analyze the P, V in closed conduits


Lumped system modeling (t > 20L/a)
x dV = H r ( H v + H e ) + xS o H f g dt x = xo + Vdt
0 t

Slow valve closure of a series piping system (valve closure time = 6 sec)

180 160 Pressure Head (m) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 Time (s) 8 10 12

References
Chaudhry, M. H. (2008). Open channel flow, 2nd ed., Springer, New York Chaudhry, M. H. (1987). Applied hydraulic transients, 2nd Ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

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