Power Control in WCDMA-Background
Power Control in WCDMA-Background
Bo Bernhardsson
Dept. of Automatic Control Lund Institute of Technology
Contents
The WCDMA System
Overview CDMA modulation Power Control Handover xx
Power Control - Analysis, next lecture References: System overview: Links on home page Gunnarsson, Gustafsson, Control theory aspects of power control in UMTS ,Control Engineering Practice 11 (2003), pp. 1113-1125
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground
IMT-2000
IMT-2000 global standard for third generation (3G) International Telecommunication Union. In 1999 ITU approved ve radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation. The most important are WCDMA Direct Spread CDMA Multi-Carrier, evolution of IS-95 EDGE, a 2.5G, evolution of GSM
UMTS
UMTS=Universal mobile telephony system
www.umts-forum.org
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground
3GPP
The UMTS standard is developed in 3GPP (third generation partnership project) and 3GPP2, see www.3gpp.org Collaboration between operators, network providers, UE (=User Equipment) manufacturers. Standardisation: Open interfaces. Critical parts for operability standardized, other parts open for implementation, performance requirements. MANY test requirements. Release 99, 4,5,6, etc. Implementation often starts before standard nalized.
Power control critical, since it is the main form of resource allocation My personal view: Not sufcient requirements on power control behavior in standard to guarantee a well working system. Interoperability issues Egoistic behavior must be avoided.
Network
Will focus on the air interface: between BTS=nodeB=base station and UE=mobile unit
TDMA,FDMA: Good orthogonality between tranmitters. Can turn off radio when not used. Must turn on and off transmission correctly, synchronization, reuse factor > 1 CDMA: Can share the same frequency, exibility by code allocation, good interference immunity
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground
DL vs UL
DLs from a common basestation are easily synchronized, harder to synchronize ULs well. Problem hence not symmetric, One-> Many, vs Many->One
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground
Power Control
Both UL and DL are power controlled Power control commands for the UL are sent on the DL Power control commands for the DL are sent on the UL Interference couples all power control loops. Orthogonality would be good What is the mechanism behind the coupling?
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground
Spreading Sequence
Assume each symbol S (= I + jQ, in the gure only real part shown) is multiplied with a known code sequence.
Here spreading factor sf=4 is illustrated. (sf=4-512) High sf gives low data rate, but good noise protection. Chip rate 3.84 Mchips/sec (on I and Q each)
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground
Spreading Factors
For DL Voice high quality, sf=128, 60kbps over air, 12.2kbps user data rate Video sf=32, 240kbps over air, 64kbps user rate Packed Data Service, sf=8, 960kbps over air, 384kbps user rate
Spread Spectrum
Techniques developed in military in 40s and 50s to hide signals below noise level, and to be robust against blocking interferers
CDMA Transmitter
Example: Two signals from same transmitter
C1 ( k) C2 ( k) = 0,
1 sf
sf k=1
2 C1 ( k) = 1
Assume di ( k)
1 sf
sf k=1
di , i = 1, 2; k = 1, . . . s f 1 sf
sf k=1
e( k)
N (0, 2 / s f ) e
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground
Practical limitation
In UL, transmissions from different UEs can not easily be synchronized with needed accuracy. It is also not possible to nd useful codes that are orthogonal after time shifts, i.e.
sf k=1
c1( k)c2 ( k ) = 0
In both DL and UL, signals will often arrive with several echos f
sf k=1
c1( k)c1 ( k f ) = 1
Generates interference between signal streams 1 chip = 78 meter Remedy: Use codes where correlation between delayed versions is small
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground
Transmitter
At chip k send
u( k) = s( k)(c1( k)d1 ( k) + c2( k)d2 ( k) + c2( k)d3 ( k)) s( k) scrambling code, E(s( k)s( k )) = 0; s( k) 2 = 1 c( k) channelisation code d1 ( k), d2 ( k), d3 ( k) data at chip k
s( k)c1( k)u( k) = . . . = d1
s( k)c1 ( k)(u( k) + u( k ))
d1 + N (0,
1 ) sf
Suppression of echos. Suppression of other codes sf = spreading gain More advanced receivers exist with better suppression
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground
Walsh codes
Channelisation Codes
Code tree
Can allocate codes with different sf in a exible way Orthogonality between codes guaranteed if channelisation codes belong to separate subtrees. 256 different codes with sf=256, etc.
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground
Spreading codes s j ( k) with small correlation after time shifts, Gold codes, used to separate transmitters, (correlation 1/sf) Channelisation codes=Walsh codes ck used to separate parallell data streams from the same transmitter (correlation between 0(ideally) and 1/sf (if many echos)) Receiver knows transmitter codes s j ( k) and ci( k) (by clever mechanism not discussed here).
Bo Bernhardsson: Power Control in WCDMABackground
Summary
UL: Other UEs power become noise suppressed by 1/sf Codes from same UE are ideally orthogonal DL: Codes from same base station ideally orthogonal Codes from different base stations suppressed 1/sf
In practice perfect orthogonality is not obtained, suppression will be between 0 and 1/sf
Modulation scheme
QPSK = Quadrature phase shift keying
Pulse shaping: Root raised cosine, roll-off = 0.22 Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps Channel raster: 200 kHz Maximum user data rate (Physical channel): 2.3Mbps (spreading factor 4, parallel codes (3 DL / 6 UL), 1/2 rate coding), but interference limited. Maximum user data rate (Offered): 384 kbps (year 2002), higher rates ( 2 Mbps) in the near future. HSPDA will offer data speeds up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO systems) Physical layer spreading factors: 4 ... 256 UL, 4 ... 512 DL
Number of chips / slot: 2560 chips Number of slots / frame: 15 Frame length: 10ms (38400 chips) Power control period: Time slot = 1500 Hz rate Power control step size: 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 dB (Variable) Power control range: UL 80dB, DL 30dB Handovers: Soft, Softer, (interfrequency: Hard)
Base stations
Soft Handover
Power Control
DL PC: UE master, nodeB slave UL PC: nodeB master, UE slave TPC commands 1500 times per second, up/down
Not standardized, but most use the inner/outer loop control structure
Assignment 4
Investigate (matlab) outer loop power control of the DL for a single UE, with one service with block error rate target BLERre f = p percent. The outer loop has block errors as input (a sequence of 1 and 0) and innerloop SNR-target as output. We will not study the inner loop functionality at this point, so we assume the block error rate is given by B LER = normcdf( k(t) SN Rtar et ) Here SN Rtar et is the SNRtarget and k(t) depends on coding rate, baseband performance, radio conditions, UE speed etc.
Assignment 4
Assume one block arrives each 10ms with the block error rate BLER given by the formula above. Try to nd an outerloop controller that converges sufciently fast to follow these changes: k(t) = 2 for t<30 sec, k(t) = 2.5 for 30<t<60, and k(t) = 1.5 for 60<t<90. How large variations will your controller have for a stationary k(t) (E.g. k(t) = 2 for 0<t<100), Plot true BLER, BLER-estimate, and SNR-targets. Also handin the matlab code.