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Designs For CO2 Removal

Gasification offers advantages for reducing CO2 emissions compared to combustion technologies. It allows for pre-combustion capture of CO2 from syngas before combustion in a gas turbine. Adding CO2 capture equipment to a gasification plant requires minimal modifications, as syngas already needs treatment to remove impurities. The concentrated CO2 stream is easier and cheaper to capture than the more diluted exhaust from combustion plants. The Department of Energy is researching improved sorbents, ionic liquids, and membranes to further reduce the cost and complexity of CO2 capture from gasification over time.

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129 views

Designs For CO2 Removal

Gasification offers advantages for reducing CO2 emissions compared to combustion technologies. It allows for pre-combustion capture of CO2 from syngas before combustion in a gas turbine. Adding CO2 capture equipment to a gasification plant requires minimal modifications, as syngas already needs treatment to remove impurities. The concentrated CO2 stream is easier and cheaper to capture than the more diluted exhaust from combustion plants. The Department of Energy is researching improved sorbents, ionic liquids, and membranes to further reduce the cost and complexity of CO2 capture from gasification over time.

Uploaded by

juhrilover
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Designs for CO2 Capture To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a concerted effort is in place to develop and deploy technologies

capable of limiting the production and release of carbon dioxide (CO 2) into the atmosphere. This may take the form of economic incentives, but a regulatory limit on CO2 release may be applied in the future, and would require an adjustment throughout the energy industry and beyond. As 85% of greenhouse gas emissions are energy related, and 95% of those gas emissions are CO2, researchers are heavily invested in looking for ways to prevent CO 2 release into the atmosphere. Gasification provides opportunities to limit and capture CO 2, and therefore is an integral part of a carbon cap scenario. Gasification research and development is focused on solutions to the problem of CO2 release that will not negatively impact energy use or economic growth. Gasification has inherent advantages over conventional combustion due to the ability of the technology to achieve extremely low emissions of sulfur and nitrous oxides (SO X and NOX) in addition to low levels of particulate matter and other contaminants such as heavy metals. The higher temperature and pressure process streams involved in gasification also allow for easier removal of CO2 for geological storage or for sale as a byproduct. In combustion, air and fuel are mixed, combusted and then exhausted at near atmospheric pressure. In gasification, on the other hand, oxygen is normally supplied to the gasifiers and just enough fuel is combusted to provide the heat to gasify the rest. Since air contains a large amount of nitrogen along with trace amounts of other gases, which are not necessary in the combustion reaction, combustion gases are much less dense than synthesis gas (syngas) produced from the same fuel. Pollutants in the combustion exhaust are at much lower concentrations than that in syngas, making their removal more difficult and expensive. CO2 Capture Technologies

This chart shows all of the current and potential technologies that are capable of removing CO 2 from process gas streams. Gasification and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) allow for the unique ability to remove CO2gas from the syngas produced by gasification, prior to the combustion of the syngas in a gas turbine to produce electricity. This is what is known as Pre-Combustion CO2 capture. In a pulverized coal combustion power plant, the CO 2 must be removed following combustion in what is known as Post-Combustion CO2 capture. How Plant Design Changes For gasification applications, or IGCC, the plant modifications required to add the ability to capture CO 2 are minimal. The syngas produced by the gasifiers needs to be treated through various processes for the removal of impurities already in the gas stream, so all that is required to remove CO 2 is to add the necessary equipment, an absorber and regenerator, to this process train. In combustion applications, modifications must be done to the exhaust stack and because of the lower concentrations of CO2 present in the exhaust, much larger volumes of total gas require processing, necessitating larger equipment.

Cost and Complexity of CO2 Capture Compared to Other Technologies The reduced level of complexity for gasification CO 2 capture is due to the fact that the gas stream from which the CO2 must be removed is more concentrated, and of a much smaller volume than competing technologies. This allows for CO2 capture systems in gasification applications to be much smaller and more efficient than for other technologies, as mentioned in the previous section. CO2 Removal Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and sequestration (or storage) (CCS) is increasingly becoming a core supporting technology component of clean coal projects, such as coal gasification facilities, to reduce the overallenvironmental impact of coal utilization. Historically, the main focus was on sulfur dioxide and particulate emissions, where a typical pulverized coal (PC) or coal gasification power plant was required to incorporate supporting technology to remove sulfur and particulate matter emissions. While it is still not clear what rules or regulations may be put in place for CO 2, it is highly likely that CO2 emissions from coal-based power plants will be targeted for reduction. This type of regulation could serve as a driver for gasification because of its inherent advantages for CO 2 capture as its overall process scheme can be easily designed (or modified) to allow for economic pre-combustion CO2 capture. Design for Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture The web page on how plant design changes for CO2 Capture discusses the design requirements for incorporating CO2 capture into an acid gas removal (AGR) processing unit within an IGCC plant. While the design selection of a conventional chemical and/or physical solvent based AGR process for gasification will be application specific, both are commercially demonstrated technologies and can be modified for simultaneous or selective hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) and carbon monoxide (CO2) removal. To remove a significant amount of CO2from a gasification plant (e.g., > 80%), the CO in the syngas stream must first be converted into CO2 and hydrogen (H2) via a water-gas-shift process upstream of the AGR plant. CO2 Capture and Sequestration Technology Development DOE has a significant program in CCS. For gasification, commercial technologies are available for pre-combustion CO2 capture, for near-term applications. Mid-term and longer-term technologies under development include:

Solid sorbents Ionic Liquids Membranes

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