Paper accepted for presentation at 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference, June 23th-26th, Bologna, Italy

Analysis of Subsynchronous Oscillations at Capacitor Commutated Converters

AbstractWhen interconnecting two large asynchronous power systems using HVDC technology with a high transmission capacity, the short-circuit power of the connected networks can be low compared to the rated dc power. For this reason stability problems might occur during the operation of the HVDC system. Especially when operated at weak inverter side networks ac faults can result in severe disturbances of the HVDC system. Therefore a new type of HVDC converter, the Capacitor Commutated Converter (CCC) can be used. Furthermore if the network on the rectier side has a high impedance, there can also occur stability problems. In this paper the torsional interaction between the rectier controller of the HVDC and the mechanical turbine-generator system of a nearby power station is modeled and analyzed for different SCR of the rectier side network. The design of a subsynchronous damping controller (SSDC) is presented for counteracting emerging subsynchronous oscillations that are insufciently damped. The enhanced damping effect of the SSDC is shown and the improvement of the stability of the system is indicated especially when operated at low SCR of the rectier side network. Index Terms HVDC transmission, capacitor commutated converter, CCC, subsynchronous oscillation, SSDC, high-power transmission

N Europe and in other parts of the world there are efforts of using the advantages of interconnected networks and the emerging positive synergy effects. For instance after the successful synchronous operation of the CENTREL network and the UCTE system there is the possibility to benet from an electrical interconnection between the UCTE and the Russian power system UPS/IPS using a high-power East-West interconnection over the distance of about 2000 km from Germany to Russia [1]. This transmission system connects power systems in different time zones. Due to superposition of the individual load curves the load peaks in both systems can be balanced. In this way the installed power capacities can be reduced and there is the possibility of utilizing the power plants more efciently and economically [2]. Due to the differences in power system management and control the High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC) technology today is the only possibility to interconnect the two asynchronous networks and to economically transmit large quantities of power over long distances.
Dipl.-Ing. H. M ller and Prof. Dr.-Ing. G. Balzer are working with the u Department of Electrical Power Systems at the Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany. (email: [email protected]) This work was sponsored and supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Bonn, Germany.

I. I NTRODUCTION

In the beginning of the design of the transmission system the basis conditions are specied. Thus the maximum capacity level for the HVDC transmission is determined and the different components are designed. When having a high transmitted dc power, the relation of the short-circuit power at the points of interconnection to the transmitted power can become low. Hence the consumption of reactive power of the HVDC converter can emerge as a problem with inverter side networks having a low short circuit ratio (SCR). With the Capacitor Commutated Converter (CCC) a new concept of HVDC systems was presented some years ago [3], [4], [5]. The commutation capacitor provides an additional commutation voltage resulting in smaller apparent extinction angles and hence in a reduced reactive power consumption. The operation of the CCC at networks with low SCR is therefore improved [6], [7]. On the other hand when the rectier side network has a low SCR the stability of the transmission system can also be effected. There can occur torsional interaction between the HVDC controls with the subsynchronous torsional modes of the turbine-generator system. This results in badly or even negatively damped subsynchronous oscillations (SSO) [8]. In this paper the modeling of a high-power HVDC transmission system using conventional and CCC technology is described. A power plant situated nearby the rectier station is designed including a spring-mass model for considering the mechanical part the the generator and for identifying its natural frequencies. The subsynchronous interaction between HVDC controller and generator is shown depending on the SCR of the ac network. To increase the damping of the SSO a subsynchronous damping controller (SSDC) is used and the effect on the HVDC as well as the CCC system is described. II. THE HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM The basic parameters are determined in this section which are important for the design of the system model using the CCC technology as well as the conventional HVDC converter. The model is then realized in the simulation program PSCAD/EMTDC for performing transient simulations. A. Determination of Maximum Transmission Capacity The maximum capacity level for the HVDC transmission depends on the interconnected power systems. The energy in each system, which is available for exporting, as well as the usable capacities on the tie lines between the local networks is a limiting parameter. The maximum rated dc power Pdr is

0-7803-7967-5/03/$17.00 2003 IEEE

UR

Rectifier

Inverter

UI

Power System A Filter

Power System B Filter

Compensation

HVDC

Compensation

Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit diagram of the HVDC system including compensation and interconnected power systems

mainly limited by the power, which can be provided by the primary and secondary control in the UPS/IPS respectively in the UCTE power system in the worst-case event of a total loss of the HVDC system. Hence the capacity of the transmission system is rated to Pdr = 4000 MW [1]. B. Basic System Characteristics To realize the HVDC transmission with a rated dc power of 4000 MW, the HVDC model is designed as a bipolar system with two 6-pulse bridge converters per pole. The rated dc voltage Udr is 600 kV, hence the rated dc current is Idr = 3.33 kA. The converter bus voltages are 400 kV at the nominal operation point. The system will be operated at a certain power schedule. Hence the rectier is operated in constant dc power control mode. The inverter is controlled to a minimum extinction angle to minimize the required reactive power of the converter bridges. C. The conventional HVDC The extinction angle is controlled to the minimum value of min = 18 . The reactive power consumption of the HVDC converters is about 60% of the rated dc power at full workload, i. e. about 2400 Mvar. This need has to be met by the ac lters and compensation capacitors connected to both converter busbars. Therefore two ac lters for the 11th and for the 13th harmonic and a high-pass lter are installed, each designed to supply 500 Mvar of reactive power. A schematic diagram of the HVDC model is shown in Fig. 1. Both networks are modeled by using a three phase voltage source and an internal impedance representing the short-circuit power. To indicate the strength of the ac systems according to the connected HVDC link, the short circuit ratio (SCR) is very important [9]. In the simulations introduced in the following sections the inverter side network is chosen to be a strong system with a SCR of 5. Thus it will not affect the stability of the system. In this paper the strength of the rectier side network is very important and is the main target of investigations. The problems of operation at networks with low SCR are precisely analysed. So the SCR is changed during the analysis of the systems.

D. The CCC Model Compared to the conventional HVDC system the CCC has many advantages in its steady-state as well as in its transient behaviour. Due to the additional commutation voltage supported by the commutation capacitors, which are connected in series between the converter transformers and the valves as shown in Fig. 2, the apparent extinction angle min of the inverter is reduced and kept constant at 2 by the inverter controller. Hence the reactive power consumption is well reduced over the entire range of operation. Consequentially the capacitors of the ac lters can be reduced and the lters do not have to be switched at low loads in order to keep the busbar voltages within their operational range. Furthermore the real extinction angle at the valves becomes larger and the stability of the converter at network faults is improved [7]. Fig. 2 shows the circuit diagram of the rectier side of the CCC and the generator close to the HVDC terminal.
rect

CCC
ac network

ac filter

power station
Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of the CCC rectier station including the nearby power plant

To dimension the components and their parameters properly, the dc voltage Ud and the currents through the valves must be calculated precisely. When the dc current is assumed to be constant, the commutation angle can be determined by iteration

[4], and the dc voltage can be calculated as follows:

A. Basic Generator Parameters (1) The power plant basically consists of two generators with a rated power SrG = 2 1640 MVA providing a rated active power of PrG = 0.8 SrG . So it is able to supply a mager part of the transmitted power by the HVDC. The generators are connected to the unit transformers at a voltage level of 27 kV, which are directly feeding into the rectier busbar. The generator is controlled to provide a constant active power. Also the generator terminal voltage is kept at a constant value of 1.05 p.u. B. Generator Model The complexity of the generator model has to be sufcient to show the effects of mechanical oscillations in the time period of up to 10 s. For analysing effects below the synchronous frequency, experience has shown that reasonable results may be obtained by representing both d- and q-axis using a secondorder model. Fig. 3 shows the equivalent circuit diagram of the generator [10].
Ra
Lsd LD LF RF

Ud

ud t +

ud t

= Udr

(cos + cos( + )) 6 2 UrT 2 2 +

6 (uauf uab ) (2) 3 4 The resulting reactive requirement is about 20% of Pdr , i. e. the need of the converter is reduced by 2/3. This power is provided by the harmonic lters. In contrast to the conventional HVDC only one lter for the 11th and one for the 13th harmonic is installed each supplying 250 Mvar of reactive power. Additionally there is a high-pass lter and a capacitor bank connected to the busbars. So the compensation provides 850 Mvar altogether. In Table I and II the main system parameters are specied. The ratings of the converter transformers can be seen as well as the minimum extinction angle min and the installed reactive power Qc at each converter bus.
TABLE I
M AIN SYSTEM PARAMETERS

Ud

Lhd RD

Efd

Pdr MW HVDC CCC 4000 4000

Udr kV 600 600

min

total

km 2000 2000

QC MVA 2500 850

d-axis

18 2

wryq

Ra

Lsq LQ LG RG

TABLE II
C ONVERTER TRANSFORMER RATINGS

Lhq RQ q-axis

SrT MVA HVDC CCC 1216 1069

UrT 1 kV 400 400

UrT 2 kV 258 227

ukr % 18 18

wryd
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit diagram of the second-order model of the synchronous machine

III. T HE G ENERATOR M ODEL Near the rectier station of the HVDC system a power plant is connected to the busbar which can also be seen in Fig. 2. The generator supplies the main part of the transmitted power to the high-power transmission system. Therefore it is situated close to the rectier to minimize transmission losses. In this conguration there can occur interaction between the HVDC rectier controller and the natural frequencies of the power plant depending on the different variables of the system. Hence the parameters of the generator are specied. The degree of complexity for modelling the synchronous machine is very important to simulate the subsynchronous effects. Furthermore the mechanical part of the generator including turbine masses and shaft have to be considered.

C. Mass Spring Model To analyze subsynchronous effects it is not sufcient to model only the electrical part of the generator but also to include the rotor masses and the generator shaft between the different turbines [8]. This turbine-generator system is a complex mechanical system with natural frequencies above and below the synchronous frequency. Here the subsynchronous range is important. So the mechanical system can be modelled using lumped masses with a certain inertia constant Hi which are connected through ideal torsion springs with the torsional stiffness Ki . Therefore the rotor system is simulated as a spring-mass model with a high-pressure (HP) and three low-pressure (LP) turbine masses and the generator as indicated in Fig. 4.

THP

TLPC

TLPB

TLPA

Tel

A. Description of the phenomenon A transient event stimulates the oscillation of the mechanical system of turbine and generator masses on the shaft and hence generates variations in the amplitude and phase angle of the ac voltage. For equidistant ring angle control a shift of the voltage phase causes an equal shift in the ring angle R . This causes a deviation in both dc voltage and current effecting the level of the transmitted power of the HVDC. The change in the dc power results in the change of the generator electrical torque. Depending on the system parameters the torsional oscillations can be insufciently damped and may become unstable [9]. B. Unit Interaction Factor Torsional instability caused by interaction between the constant dc power controller at the rectier and the generator depends on various system parameters. These conditions inuencing the degree of torsional interaction are combined in the Unit Interaction Factor (UIF), which is a measure of the inuence of the controller on the torsional mode stability [8]. The UIF is dened in (5). UIF = Prd SrG 1 SCR Prd SCR Prd + SCG (5)

HP

LPC

LPB

LPA

Gen

Fig. 4. Rotor mass spring model

The mechanical torques Ti generated by the turbine sections can assumed to be constant. The further modeling of the steam process of the power plant is not necessary. To determine the mode shapes of the system modal analysis technique is used. With the parameters of the inertia of each rotor mass and the spring constants of each shaft the differential equations are calculated. The damping of the shafts and the rotor masses is usually low and can be assumed to be zero. The natural frequencies of the system with and without damping are nearly identical. The linearized equations of the system are obtained and the state matrix Amech is computed. The state vector x consists of the speed deviations of the rotor masses i and the rotor angles i as indicated in (4). x = Amech x with
x = G LP A LP B LP C HP Gen LP A LP B LP C HP (4)
T

(3)

Using the state matrix ve pairs of eigenvalues can be determined and the natural frequencies of the turbine-generator system fMode 0...4 are calculated. Hence the modes 0 to 4 listed in Table III are the torsional modes.
TABLE III
E IGENVALUES AND TORSIONAL NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF THE ROTOR
MASS MODEL

where SCR Prd indicates the short-circuit power of the rectier side network and SCG the short-circuit power of the generator. At UIF < 0.1 there is only low interaction. If the UIF is greater then 0.1, there is the possibility of little or undamped subsynchronous oscillations which can cause damages to the rotor shaft. Two ratios have a signicant inuence on the UIF. If the transmitted dc power is large compared to the rated power of the generator, there can occur SSO. Also if the electrical distance between generator and HVDC is short in relation to SCR of the power system, i. e. if the SCR of the network is low, the damping effect of the network on the oscillations will be low. A graphical representation of the UIF for the conventional HVDC converter depending on these two ratios is shown in Fig. 5.
4

Torsional mode Mode 0 Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4

Eigenvalues 52.59 i 127.49 i 148.43 i 95.81 i 7.07 i

Natural frequency f 1.13 Hz 8.37 Hz 15.25 Hz 20.29 Hz 23.62 Hz

stable
2

instable
0 0 1 2 3 4

IV. S UBSYNCHRONOUS O SCILLATIONS Using the models of the HVDC system and the power plant torsional interaction can be described and analysed. Especially when the rated dc power is high compared to the short-circuit power of the rectier side network, there can occur problems with insufciently damped subsynchronous oscillations (SSO).

SrG Pdr

Fig. 5. Graphical representation of the stability limit of UIF = 0.1 for the conventional HVDC converter
Prd Due to the high rated dc power, the ratio SrG is 0.82. In this case at the conventional HVDC the SCR of the rectier side

network has to exceed the critical value of SCR crit = 7.4 to ensure a sufcient damping coefcient. Furthermore the ring angle R inuences the degree of the interaction. At a high value for R , i.e. if the HVDC is operated with low dc voltage, the damping of the SSO is small. This leads to an advantage of the CCC in contrast to the conventional converter. Due to the commutation converters the ring angle is well reduced. At the rated operation point the CCC can be operated with a ring angle R of 3 compared to 21 at the conventional converter. The impact of the rectier controller on the damping of the torsional modes is minimized and the critical value for the short-circuit power of the network is reduced to SCRcrit = 4.9. C. Torsional Interactions with HVDC Controls Thus in contrast to the conventional HVDC the CCC is able to maintain in stable operation at weaker rectier side networks. But the point of interconnection can have SCR well below the critical value. Fig. 6 shows the badly damped torsional oscillation of the system after a short circuit at the rectier busbar of the CCC at a distance of 20 km for the period of 50 ms. The value of the SCR is 3, i. e. UIF = 0.3 and thus larger than the stability limit of 0.1.
2 p.u. 1 TLPC-LPB 0

TABLE IV
C OEFFICIENT OF MODE DAMPING FOR HVDC AND CCC AT A SCR OF 3

Damping coefcient D,HVDC D,CCC

Mode 1 -0,051 -0,113

Mode 2 +0,009 -0,061

Mode 3 -0,011 -0,055

Mode 4 -0,023 -0,052

are critical for operation at high-impedance networks. Mode 3 and 4 are also badly damped, but due to the low amplitude of the oscillation the force onto the rotor shaft is not as worse. D. Subsynchronous Damping Control To increase the damping of the rst and second torsional mode, a solution is to modify the rectier control. Here a Subsynchronous Damping Control (SSDC) is inserted into the controller as an additional damping path. The controller has to meet the following basic design objectives [11]: The SSDC must adequately damp the troublesome torsional oscillations It must add sufcient damping to the system for all operation conditions The transient response of the transmission system must not be affected by the SSDC An input signal should be used which can be obtain locally, i. e. near the rectier station. The SSDC which is introduced in this paper has a narrow bandwidth to minimize the amount of disturbance to the HVDC control. The additional path consists of two identical branches. Each branch utilizes a sharp bandpass to isolate the frequency of the mode and uses the generator frequency as input variable. The signal is ltered and the outputs are subtracted from the ring angle supplied to the converter bridges of the rectier station. The modied rectier controller including the articial stimulation and the SSDC is shown in Fig. 7.
Ampl. fForce
Idset

-1 0 1 2 3 t s 5

Fig. 6. Badly damped oscillation of the generator torque between turbine LPB and LPC after a short circuit of 50 ms at 1 s at the CCC rectier station

To identify the torsional modes causing interaction problems, it is necessary to analyse each mode separately. Therefore each mode is stimulated in turns with a articial sine wave having the frequency of the natural frequencies of the mechanical rotor system fMode 0...4 . This signal is added to the output of the dc power control. The oscillation is excited for the period of 1 s. After the stimulation is stopped, the amplitude of the oscillation in the rotor frequency of the generator and in the torque of the turbines is analysed. The decay of the envelope curve can be measured and generally described as follows: x(t) = xD eD t sin(t + ) (6)

sin

Force

PI-Controller
1+pt pTI

IdR

Filter

+ -

bR

+ -

+
+

+ -

aR

Here D indicates the damping coefcient and is a measurement of the decay of the oscillation amplitude. Table IV lists the damping coefcients of each mode for the conventional and the capacitor commutated converter at a SCR of 3. From this table can be seen, that for both HVDC systems the damping of mode 1 and especially mode 2 is insufcient. For the conventional HVDC the mode with D 2 has even a positive damping coefcient. Hence these two torsional modes

Limiter
Bandpass fMode 1 fGen Filter

aSSDC

Limiter
Bandpass fMode 2
Filter

Fig. 7. Rectier control including SSDC and articial torsional stimulation

The SSDC introduces additional damping to the system. The amplitude of the articially stimulated oscillations shows a faster decay. Table V shows the damping coefcients for all torsional modes of the generator with an active SSDC.
TABLE V
C OEFFICIENT OF MODE DAMPING FOR HVDC AND CCC AT A SCR OF 3
WITH ACTIVE

SSDC

Damping coefcient D,HVDC D,CCC

Mode 1 -0,503 -1,657

Mode 2 -0,782 -0,842

Mode 3 -0,724 -0,440

Mode 4 -0,322 -0,106

The values for the decay show clearly the effect of the SSDC. For all natural frequencies the damping coefcients are negative und well below the results without SSDC although the SCR of the network is far beyond its critical value. Hence the stability of both the conventional HVDC and the CCC is well improved.
6

detailed controller representation, the model is realized in the transient simulation program PSCAD/EMTDC. Using these results the different damping coefcients can also be derived. Here the main emphasize in the analysis is the behaviour of the CCC. To show the effect of a stimulation of mode 2 of the turbinegenerator system, the system is initiated for 1 s using an articial force with the frequency fMode 2 = 15.25 Hz which is added to the output of the rectier controller as demonstrated in Fig. 7. In Fig. 8 the response of the system is shown. The force is plotted and the generator frequency fG as well as the torque between generator and adjacent turbine MLPAGen and the dc power Pd are presented over the period of 8 s. The rectier side network has a SCR of 3, i. e. the UIF has a value of about 0.3, which means the system is above the stability limit. The gure demonstrates a nearly undamped oscillation after excited with the force. The frequency of the oscillation is fMode 2 . As described in Table IV the decay of the oscillation amplitude is nearly zero.
6

Force 0

aSSDC 0
-6

0
50,4 Hz

-6

0
50,4 Hz

fG

50

fG
49,6

50

0
1,5 p.u. 1

49,6

0
1,5 p.u. 1

TLPA-Gen

TLPA-Gen
0

1,2
p.u.

1,2
p.u.

Pd

Pd
0,8

0,8

Fig. 8. Articial torsional stimulation of the system over 1 sec

Fig. 9. 1 sec

Articial torsional stimulation of the system with active SSDC over

V. T RANSIENT S IMULATIONS A. Excitation with an Articial Force To demonstrate the subsynchronous oscillations and the effect of the SSDC, in this section a part of the transient simulations are shown. Using the system models described in the sections before and including the mechanical rotor shaft und

In Fig. 9 the SSDC is active. Again the system is stimulated with the same force. Additionally the output of the SSDC SSDC is shown. The curves demonstrates a very good improvement of the transient behaviour of the system. The maximum of the oscillation in fG and MLPAGen is reduced and the decay of the amplitude shows very good damping.

B. Excitation with a Short Circuit After the increase of the damping coefcient is shown using the articial stimulation of the natural frequency, the transient response of the system to a short circuit with and without SSDC is compared.
50,5 Hz

aSSDC 0

-6

0
50,5 Hz

fG

50

fG

50

49,5

49,5
0 2 4 t s 8

0
1,5 p.u. 1

1,5 p.u. 1

TLPA-Gen

TLPA-Gen

0
0 2 4 t s 8

1 p.u.

1 p.u.

Pd

Pd

0
0 2 4 t s 8

Fig. 10. Excitation of subsynchronous oscillations through a short circuit of 50 ms in a distance of 20 km form the rectier terminal without SSDC at the CCC

Fig. 11. Excitation of subsynchronous oscillations through a short circuit of 50 ms in a distance of 20 km form the rectier terminal with SSDC at the CCC

Fig. 10 and 11 show the behaviour of the system after a short circuit of 50 ms at a distance of 20 km from the rectier side busbar. The SCR of the network is 3. In Fig. 10 can be seen that all torsional modes of the rotor system are excited and oscillating with their natural frequency. The amplitude of the SSO is badly damped in both generator frequency and in the torques of the turbines. With an active SSDC all natural frequencies are well damped. After 2-3 s only the compact oscillation of the whole generator shaft after the disturbance can be seen. The oscillations between the turbines have decayed. Hence the modied rectier controller presents a good solution for improving the damping behaviour of dc power control of both conventional HVDC and CCC at rectier side networks with a low SCR. The transmission system can operate at its rated dc power even if the UIF is above the stability limit without the danger of damaging the generator shaft due to SSO. Further simulations indicate that the response time of the HVDC rectier control is not effected by the SSDC. Because of the narrow bandwidth approach of the design the impact on the transient control behaviour is minimized. VI. C ONCLUSION For high-power HVDC transmission systems like the proposed East-West interconnection with a high rated dc power of 4000 MW the SCR at the point of interconnection of the

converter to the ac network can cause stability problems. Especially when operated at a inverter side network with a high impedance, disturbances may occur under full working load. To counteract these difculties the capacitor commutated converter (CCC) is introduced as a new concept of HVDC converters. The CCC shows advantages in its steady-state as well as transient behaviour particular when operated at weak networks. Although a weak connecting point to the rectier side network can result in insufciently damped subsynchronous oscillations. These oscillations are caused by the negative effect of the rectier control of the HVDC on the torsional modes of the turbine-generator system. The CCC shows an improved damping characteristic. But even so a short-circuit ratio of up to 5 can result in low damped oscillations and thus damages on the rotor shaft of the power plant. To investigate this problem a model for a transmission system using both conventional and CCC technology is developed. The design of the model and the basic parameters are described. Also the generator model is introduced considering both the electrical and the mechanical part of the power plant. The eigenvalues und natural frequencies of this system are calculated. The simulation results show that the CCC is similarly affected by torsional interactions. To increase the damping of the subsynchronous oscillations a subsynchronous damping controller is presented considering the basic design objectives. Its positive effect on the transient behaviour of the system is shown

in transient simulations. Thus the SSDC presented indicates a good solution for enhanced damping of both the conventional HVDC and the CCC converter at networks with low SCR.

A PPENDIX PARAMETERS OF THE T URBINE -G ENERATOR -S YSTEM

R EFERENCES
[1] H. Brumshagen, U. Radke and F. Berger, East-West European High Power Transmission System, Proceedings of the 36th Cigr Session, CIe GRE, 1996 [2] H.-C. M ller, H.-J. Haubrich and J. Schwarz, Technical Limits of Inu terconnected Systems, Proceedings of the 34th Cigr Session, CIGRE, e 1992 [3] T. Jonsson and P.-E. Bj rklund, Capacitor Commutated Converters for o HVDC, IEEE PES PowerTech Conference, Stockholm, pp. 44-51, June 1995 [4] J. Reeve, J.A. Baron and G.A. Hanley, A Technical Assessment of Articial Commutation of HVDC Converters with Series Capacitors, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-87, No. 10, pp. 1830-1840, October 1968 [5] K. Sadek, M. Pereira, D.P. Brandt, A.M. Gole and A. Daneshpooy, Capacitor Commutated Converter Circuit Congurations for DC Transmission, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 12571264, October 1998 [6] H. M ller and G. Balzer. Capacitor commutated converters for high u power hvdc transmission. In IEE International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission, volume 485, pages 6065, November 2001. [7] H. M ller and G. Balzer. Modeling and simulation of capacitor commuu tated converters for high-power transmission systems. In International Symposium on Modern Electric Power Systems MEPS02, September 2002. [8] Prabha Kundur, Power System Satbility and Control, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993, pp. 500-513 [9] IEEE Power Engineering Society. IEEE Guide for Planning DC Links Terminating at AC Locations Having Low Short-Circuit Capacities, ieee std 1204-1997 edition, Juni 1997. [10] IEEE Working Group on Modelling and Analysis of System Transients Using Digital Programs. Modelling and analysis guidelines for slow transients - part ii: Controller interactions, harmonic interactions. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 11(3):16721677, Juli 1996. [11] R. Piwko and E. Larsen. Hvdc system control for damping of subsynchronous oscillations. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-101(7):22032210, Juli 1982.

Inertia constants Generator Turbine LPA Turbine LPB Turbine LPC Turbine HP Gen LP A LP B LP C HP TABLE VII
S PRING CONSTANTS OF THE SHAFT

Generator kg m2 kg m kg m
2 2

46959 77166 77166 77112 9511

kg m2 kg m
2

Spring constants Generator - LPA Turbine LPA - LPB Turbine LPB - LPC Turbine LPC - HP KGenLP A KLP AB KLP BC KLP CHP TABLE VIII
I NPUT TORQUE OF THE TURBINES
106 106 106 106 Nm/rad Nm/rad Nm/rad Nm/rad

Generator 379,425 181,106 281,742 318,921

Input torque Turbine LPA Turbine LPB Turbine LPC Turbine HP TLP A TLP B TLP C THP p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u.

Generator 0,24 0,24 0,24 0,28