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16.7 All-Pass Filter Design: Figure 16-41. Comparison of Q Between Passive and Active Band-Rejection Filters

The document discusses all-pass filter design. It provides information on: - The properties of all-pass filters, including constant gain across frequency range and a phase response that changes linearly with frequency. - The general transfer function for all-pass filters. - Design considerations like constant group delay across the frequency band to minimize phase distortion. - Examples of first-order and second-order all-pass filter circuit designs. Higher-order filters consist of cascading lower-order stages. - Practical considerations like single supply biasing techniques and component selection.

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112 views

16.7 All-Pass Filter Design: Figure 16-41. Comparison of Q Between Passive and Active Band-Rejection Filters

The document discusses all-pass filter design. It provides information on: - The properties of all-pass filters, including constant gain across frequency range and a phase response that changes linearly with frequency. - The general transfer function for all-pass filters. - Design considerations like constant group delay across the frequency band to minimize phase distortion. - Examples of first-order and second-order all-pass filter circuit designs. Higher-order filters consist of cascading lower-order stages. - Practical considerations like single supply biasing techniques and component selection.

Uploaded by

seleneedith
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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All-Pass Filter Design

5 |A| Gain dB

Q = 10 Q=1

10

Q = 0.25

15

20 1 10 100 Frequency 1k 10 k

Figure 1641. Comparison of Q Between Passive and Active Band-Rejection Filters

16.7 All-Pass Filter Design


In comparison to the previously discussed filters, an all-pass filter has a constant gain across the entire frequency range, and a phase response that changes linearly with frequency. Because of these properties, all-pass filters are used in phase compensation and signal delay circuits. Similar to the low-pass filters, all-pass circuits of higher order consist of cascaded first-order and second-order all-pass stages. To develop the all-pass transfer function from a low-pass response, replace A0 with the conjugate complex denominator. The general transfer function of an allpass is then:

P 2 i 1 * a is ) b is A(s) + P 2 i 1 ) a is ) b is

(1623)

with ai and bi being the coefficients of a partial filter. The all-pass coefficients are listed in Table 1610 of Section 16.9. Expressing Equation 1623 in magnitude and phase yields:
Active Filter Design Techniques 16-41

All-Pass Filter Design

A(s) +

P i P i

1 * b i W 2 ) a i 2 W 2 e *ja 1 * b i W 2 ) a i W 2 e )ja
2 2

(1624)

This gives a constant gain of 1, and a phase shift,, of:

f + * 2a + * 2
i

arctan

a iW 1 * b iW 2

(1625)

To transmit a signal with minimum phase distortion, the all-pass filter must have a constant group delay across the specified frequency band. The group delay is the time by which the all-pass filter delays each frequency within that band. The frequency at which the group delay drops to 1 frequency, fC. The group delay is defined through:

2 times its initial value is the corner

t gr + *

df dw

(1626)

To present the group delay in normalized form, refer tgr to the period of the corner frequency, TC, of the all-pass circuit:

T gr +

t gr w + t grf c + t gr c 2p Tc

(1627)

Substituting tgr through Equation 1626 gives:

df T gr + * 1 2p dW

(1628)

16-42

All-Pass Filter Design

Inserting the term in Equation 1625 into Equation 1628 and completing the derivation, results in:

1 T gr + p

a i 1 ) b iW 2
i

1 ) a 1 2 * 2b 1 W 2 ) b 1 W 4

(1629)

Setting = 0 in Equation 1629 gives the group delay for the low frequencies, 0 < < 1, which is:

1 T gr0 + p

ai
i

(1630)

The values for Tgr0 are listed in Table 1610, Section 16.9, from the first to the tenth order. In addition, Figure 1642 shows the group delay response versus the frequency for the first ten orders of all-pass filters.
3.5 Tgr Normalized Group Delay s/s 3

10th Order 9th Order 8th Order

2.5 2

7th Order 6th Order 5th Order

1.5 1 0.5 0 0.01

4th Order 3rd Order 2nd Order 1st Order 0.1 1 Frequency 10 100

Figure 1642. Frequency Response of the Group Delay for the First 10 Filter Orders

Active Filter Design Techniques

16-43

All-Pass Filter Design

16.7.1 First-Order All-Pass Filter


Figure 1643 shows a first-order all-pass filter with a gain of +1 at low frequencies and a gain of 1 at high frequencies. Therefore, the magnitude of the gain is 1, while the phase changes from 0 to 180.
R1 R1

VIN

VOUT

Figure 1643. First-Order All-Pass


The transfer function of the circuit above is:

A(s) +

1 * RCw cs 1 ) RCw cs
(1631)

The coefficient comparison with Equation 1623 (b1=1), results in:

a i + RC2pf c
To design a first-order all-pass, specify fC and C and then solve for R:

R+

ai 2pf cC

(1632)

Inserting Equation 1631 into 1630 and substituting C with Equation 1627 provides the maximum group delay of a first-order all-pass filter:

t gr0 + 2RC 16.7.2 Second-Order All-Pass Filter

(1633)

Figure 1644 shows that one possible design for a second-order all-pass filter is to subtract the output voltage of a second-order band-pass filter from its input voltage.
C

VIN

R1

R2

R R3 VOUT R

Figure 1644. Second-Order All-Pass Filter

16-44

All-Pass Filter Design

The transfer function of the circuit in Figure 1644 is:

A(s) +

1 ) 2R 1 * aR 2 Cw cs ) R 1R 2C 2w c 2s 2 1 ) 2R 1Cw cs ) R 1R 2C 2w c 2s 2

The coefficient comparison with Equation 1623 yields:

a 1 + 4pf cR 1C b 1 + a 1pf cR 2C a+ a12 + R b1 R3 a1 4pf cC b1 a 1pf cC

(1634) (1635) (1636)

To design the circuit, specify fC, C, and R, and then solve for the resistor values:

R1 + R2 +

(1637)

(1638)

R3 + R a

(1639)

Inserting Equation 1634 into Equation1630 and substituting C with Equation 1627 gives the maximum group delay of a second-order all-pass filter:

t gr0 + 4R 1C 16.7.3 Higher-Order All-Pass Filter

(1640)

Higher-order all-pass filters consist of cascaded first-order and second-order filter stages.

Example 167. 2-ms Delay All-Pass Filter


A signal with the frequency spectrum, 0 < f < 1 kHz, needs to be delayed by 2 ms. To keep the phase distortions at a minimum, the corner frequency of the all-pass filter must be fC 1 kHz. Equation 1627 determines the normalized group delay for frequencies below 1 kHz:

T gro +

t gr0 TC

+ 2 ms1 kHz + 2.0

Figure 1642 confirms that a seventh-order all-pass is needed to accomplish the desired delay. The exact value, however, is Tgr0 = 2.1737. To set the group delay to precisely 2 ms, solve Equation 1627 for fC and obtain the corner frequency:
Active Filter Design Techniques 16-45

All-Pass Filter Design

fC +

T gr0 + 1.087 kHz t gr0

To complete the design, look up the filter coefficients for a seventh-order all-pass filter, specify C, and calculate the resistor values for each partial filter. Cascading the first-order all-pass with the three second-order stages results in the desired seventh-order all-pass filter.
C2 R2 R32

R11

R11 R12

C2

VIN

R22

R1

C1

R2

C3 R3 R33

R13

C3

R23

R3

C4 R4 R34 VOUT R4

R14

C4

R24

Figure 1645. Seventh-Order All-Pass Filter

16-46

Practical Design Hints

16.8 Practical Design Hints


This section introduces dc-biasing techniques for filter designs in single-supply applications, which are usually not required when operating with dual supplies. It also provides recommendations on selecting the type and value range of capacitors and resistors as well as the decision criteria for choosing the correct op amp.

16.8.1 Filter Circuit Biasing


The filter diagrams in this chapter are drawn for dual supply applications. The op amp operates from a positive and a negative supply, while the input and the output voltage are referenced to ground (Figure 1646).
+VCC R2 C1 VIN R1 VOUT

V CC

Figure 1646. Dual-Supply Filter Circuit


For the single supply circuit in Figure 1647, the lowest supply voltage is ground. For a symmetrical output signal, the potential of the noninverting input is level-shifted to midrail.
+VCC RB CIN VIN VMID RB VOUT R1 R2

Figure 1647. Single-Supply Filter Circuit


The coupling capacitor, CIN in Figure 1647, ac-couples the filter, blocking any unknown dc level in the signal source. The voltage divider, consisting of the two equal-bias resistors RB, divides the supply voltage to VMID and applies it to the inverting op amp input. For simple filter input structures, passive RC networks often provide a low-cost biasing solution. In the case of more complex input structures, such as the input of a second-order
Active Filter Design Techniques 16-47

Practical Design Hints

low-pass filter, the RC network can affect the filter characteristic. Then it is necessary to either include the biasing network into the filter calculations, or to insert an input buffer between biasing network and the actual filter circuit, as shown in Figure 1648.
+VCC C2 VMID VMID R1 R2 C1 VMID VMID VOUT +VCC

CIN

RB

VIN

RB

Figure 1648. Biasing a Sallen-Key Low-Pass


CIN ac-couples the filter, blocking any dc level in the signal source. VMID is derived from VCC via the voltage divider. The op amp operates as a voltage follower and as an impedance converter. VMID is applied via the dc path, R1 and R2, to the noninverting input of the filter amplifier. Note that the parallel circuit of the resistors, RB , together with CIN create a high-pass filter. To avoid any effect on the low-pass characteristic, the corner frequency of the input highpass must be low versus the corner frequency of the actual low-pass. The use of an input buffer causes no loading effects on the low-pass filter, thus keeping the filter calculation simple. In the case of a higher-order filter, all following filter stages receive their bias level from the preceding filter amplifier. Figure 1649 shows the biasing of an multiple feedback (MFB) low-pass filter.

16-48

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