Chapter 7 Study Guide

John Hancock- Was the first to sign the declaration of independence. Well-known for his well-crafted signature. Lord North- King George IIIs corpulent minister. The government of Lord North persuaded Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. George Grenville- A prime minister that reinforced the Navigation acts in 1763. He also secured from Parliament the so-called Sugar Act of 1764. Grenville also imposed the Stamp act (tax) in 1765, the same year the Quartering act was passed. Samuel Adams- Attended the first continental congress. He was a leader of the Sons of Liberty. He spread colonial rights throughout New England and provoked the Boston Tea Party. Charles Townshend- Imposed the Townshend Acts and named them after himself. John Adams- Attended the first Continental Congress and served as a defense attorney for the soldiers who were involved in the Boston Massacre. He was John Adams second cousin and the leading spirit of the Boston Tea Party. Crispus Attucks- A mulatto man who died in the Boston Massacre. He held a center place in the print, which portrayed his death as an American martyr in the revolutionary struggle for freedom. Marquis de Lafayette- A French Officer that provided America with military service and some $200,000 of his private funds. King George III- British King. Ignored all of the colonists requests for repealment on the different acts.

Baron von Steuben- Military leader that helped train American troops to fight against the British. He trained them without speaking any english. He fought the war at Yorktown, which was the last major land battle contributing to the Revolutionary War. Thomas Hutchinson- A British official and a Massachusetts governor. He was a very stubborn man. Determined to to break under the pressure the colonists were putting upon him, he ordered all the British Tea Ships not to leave the Harbor until they had unloaded every last load of tea in the Boston Harbor. Later, in angry rebellion, the colonists burned his house. Abigail Adams- Wife of John Adams, she was a prominent Patriot in her own right. She was one of the first Americans to see the implications of revolutionary ideas for changing the status of woman. Benjamin Franklin- Scientist, Innovator, Renaissance man. He was also one of the founding fathers of the united states, a politician and a diplomat. He was part of the committee, who along with Thomas Jefferson, drafted the Declaration of Independance. Edmund Burke- A British politician who sympathized with the colonists and felt that the British laws against the colonists were unjust. John Dickinson- A Pennsylvanian that led a group of moderates. He attended the Second Continental congress.

Section 2:
Mercantilism- An economic theory that closely linked a nations political and military power to its bullion reserves. Mercantilists generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as means to increase exports.

No taxation without representation- A slogan that carried throughout the American colonies. They felt that if Britain was going to tax them, they would need a direct representative in Parliament. Non importation agreement- The resulting boycotts of British goods after the passing of the Stamp Act. Later, the boycotts would also be in response to the Intolerable and Townshend Acts passed by the British Parliament. Royal Veto- The policy in which Britain had the right to nullify any colonial law that interfered with their mercantile system. They used it 469 in 8563 laws. Internal/External taxation- Internal tax was the tax on colonial affairs. External tax was based on the mercantile system. Colonists needed to create their own internal taxation during Salutary Neglect. Virtual representation- A term used by George Grenville. He responded to the colonists that they had virtual representation in Parliament. Parliament rejected the concept and passed the Declaratory Act. Boycott- The refusal to buy or use a service or an item in order to protest and gain something. Enumerated products- Specific colonial products that could only be shipped to Britain (tobacco, rice, indigo, and sugar). Board of Trade- Advisors to the king during the 1600s and 1700s. Sons of Liberty- They were hippies before it was cool. They played a vital role in the rising anger towards the Stamp Act, and the enforcing of the laws against trading with other countries.

Daughters of Liberty- Female Patriots who protested and emerged in the boycotts of British goods. They showed that women can play a vital role in the revolution. Quebec Act- Allowed the French residents of Quebec to retain their traditional and political religious institutions, and extend their boundaries of the province southward to the Ohio River. Mistakenly perceived by the colonists to be part of Parliaments response to the Boston Tea Party. Navigation Acts- A series of laws laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England. Declaratory Act- Basically a law the British Parliament passed indicating they could pass any laws they wanted to. The colonists thought that the definition of the act came across as, We own you. First Continental Congress- Convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods. Sugar Act- Imposed a three cent tax on Sugar imported from other countries other than Britain. It also increased taxes on things such as coffee, and banned certain French Wines. Townshend Acts- External, or indirect, levies on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors, who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. Sparked another round of protests in the colonies.

Quartering Act- Required colonists to provide food and quarters for British troops. Many colonists resented the act, which they perceived as an encroachment on their rights. Boston Massacre- A clash between unruly Bostonian protesters and locally stationed British redcoats, who fired on the jeering crowd, killing or wounding eleven citizens. Stamp Act- The British Parliament established this act that stated that any newspaper and any documents should include the appropriate stamp. Committees of Correspondence- Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the thirteen colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets. Hessians- German soldiers hired by the British to fight with their army against the U.S. About 30,000 served with the British. Boston Tea Party- A rowdy protest against the British East India Companys newly acquired monopoly on tea trade. Colonists, disguised as Indians, dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor, prompting harsh sanctions from the British Parliament. Loyalists- American colonists that are loyal to the British. Stamp Act Congress- Assembly of delegates from nine colonies who met in New York City to draft a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Hel[ed ease sectional suspicions and promote intercolonial unity. Intolerable Acts- Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quarter-

ing Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods. British East India Company- A company that was going bankrupt. The Boston Tea Party was a means of putting them back in business. Battles of Lexington and Concord- The official first fight between the British and the colonists, indicating the Revolutionary War. They were to seize stores of colonial gunpowder and also to bag the rebel ringleaders, Samuel Adams and John Hancock.