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Displacement Reaction

1. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine react with potassium chloride, potassium bromide, and potassium iodide solutions through displacement reactions. 2. Chlorine displaces both bromine and iodine, bromine displaces iodine only, and iodine cannot displace chlorine or bromine. 3. This shows the reactivity order is chlorine > bromine > iodine, with the most reactive element displacing the least reactive one.

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Fatmata Haja Kamara
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287 views

Displacement Reaction

1. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine react with potassium chloride, potassium bromide, and potassium iodide solutions through displacement reactions. 2. Chlorine displaces both bromine and iodine, bromine displaces iodine only, and iodine cannot displace chlorine or bromine. 3. This shows the reactivity order is chlorine > bromine > iodine, with the most reactive element displacing the least reactive one.

Uploaded by

Fatmata Haja Kamara
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISPLACEMENT REACTION A few drops of chlorine water, bromine water and iodine water are added in turn to aqueous

solutions of the salts potassium chloride (KCl), potassium bromide (KBr) and potassium iodide (KI). Three combinations produce a reaction (and three don't!). You can get 'simple' observations from the diagrams! A darkening effect compared to a water blank confirms a displacement reaction has happened. Chlorine displaces bromine from potassium bromide and iodine from potassium iodide. Bromine only displaces iodine from potassium iodide and the least reactive iodine cannot displace chlorine or bromine from their salts. On the basis that the most reactive element displaces a least reactive element the reactivity order must be: Chlorine > bromine > iodine

The word and symbol equations for the 1 - 3 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS on the diagram are given below. WORDS AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS EXPLAINING THE REACTIONS
1. Chlorine + potassium bromide ==> potassium chloride + bromine Cl2 (aq) + 2KBr (aq) ==> 2KCl (aq) + Br2 (aq) 2. Chlorine + potassium iodide ==> potassium chloride + iodine Cl2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) ==> 2KCl (aq) + I2 (aq) 3. Bromine + potassium iodide ==> potassium bromide + iodine Br2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) ==> 2KBr (aq) + I2 (aq) The halogen molecule is the electron acceptor (the oxidising agent) and is reduced by electron gain to form a halide ion The halide ion is the electron donor (the reducing agent) and is oxidised by electron loss to form a halogen molecule Chlorine molecule + bromide ion ==> chloride ion + bromine molecule Ionically the redox equations are written... 1. Cl2 (aq) + 2Br-(aq) ==> 2Cl-(aq) + Br2 (aq) Because the potassium ion, K+, is a spectator ion, that is, it does not take part in the reaction. The other two possible reaction equations involving (ii) chlorine + iodide and (iii) bromine + iodide, are similar to the example above. 2. Cl2 (aq) + 2I-(aq) ==> 2Cl-(aq) + I2 (aq) 3. Br2 (aq) + 2I-(aq) ==> 2Br-(aq) + I2 (aq)

EXPLAINING THE REACTIVITY TREND OF THE GROUP 7 HALOGENS

F [2.7] + e- ==>

F- [2.8]-

Cl [2.8.7] + e- ==> Br [2.8.18.7] + e- ==> Br- [2.8.18.8]I [2.8.18.18.7] + e- ==> I- [2.8.18.18.8]

Cl- [2.8.8]-

When a halogen atom reacts, it gains an electron to form a singly negative charged ion e.g. Cl + e- ==> Cl- which has a stable noble gas electron structure like argon. (2.8.7 ==> 2.8.8) As you go down the group from one Group 7 halogen elements down to the next... F => Cl => Br => I ... o the atomic radius gets bigger due to an extra filled electron shell, o the outer electrons are further and further from the nucleus and are also shielded by the extra full electron shell of negative electron charge, o Therefore the outer electrons are less and less strongly attracted by the positive nucleus as would be any 'incoming' electrons to form a halide ion (or shared to form a covalent bond). SO, this combination of factors means to attract an 8th outer electron is more and more difficult as you go down the group, so the element is less reactive as you go down the group, i.e. less 'energetically' able to form the X- halide ion with increase in atomic number.

OTHER REACTION OF THE HALOGENS Note: fluorine forms fluorides, chlorine forms chlorides and iodine forms iodides Reaction with hydrogen H2 Halogens readily combine with hydrogen to form the hydrogen halides which are colourless gaseous covalent molecules. Complete covalent bonding details revision notes on another page. e.g. hydrogen + chlorine ==> hydrogen chloride H2(g) + Cl2(g) ==> 2HCl(g) The hydrogen halides dissolve in water to form very strong acids with solutions of pH1 e.g. hydrogen chloride forms hydrochloric acid in water HCl(aq) or H+Cl-(aq) because they are fully ionised in aqueous solution even though the original hydrogen halides were covalent! An acid is a substance that forms H+ ions in water. Bromine forms hydrogen bromide gas HBr (g), which dissolved in water forms hydrobromic acid HBr (aq). Iodine forms hydrogen iodide gas HI (g), which dissolved in water forms hydriodic acid HI (aq). Note the group formula pattern.

Reaction with Group 1 Alkali Metals Li Na K etc. Alkali metals burn very exothermically and vigorously when heated in chlorine to form colourless crystalline ionic salts e.g. NaCl or Na+Cl-. This is a very expensive way to make salt! Its much cheaper to produce it by evaporating sea water! e.g. sodium + chlorine ==> sodium chloride 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) ==> 2NaCl(s) The sodium chloride is soluble in water to give a neutral solution pH 7, universal indicator is green. The salt is a typical ionic compound i.e. a brittle solid with a high melting point. Similarly potassium and bromine form potassium bromide KBr, or lithium and iodine form lithium iodide LiI. Again note the group formula pattern. Complete ionic bonding details revision notes on another page

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