Physics 219 Spring 2013 - Help Center Schedule, Room 11

Radu Marius : Friday 10:30 AM 12:00 PM

Darren Erdman: Friday 12:00 PM 1:30 PM
Radu Marius : Friday 10:30 AM 12:00 PM
Darren Erdman: Friday 12:00 PM 1:30 PM
Additional schedules will
be filled by next week
Chapter 17 Electric Forces and Fields Lecture 2
17.1 Evidences for Electric Forces:
The Observational Facts
17.2 Electric Forces and Coulombs Law
17.3 The Electric Field
17.4 Conductors, Insulators, and the Motion of Electric
Charge
17.5 Electric Flux and Gausss Law


Electric Field
An electric field gives
another explanation of
electric forces
The presence of a
charge produces an
electric field
Shown by the arrows in
the figure
The electric field is
similar to the
gravitational field near
an isolated mass

Section 17.3
Electric Field, cont.
A positive charge
produces field lines that
radiate outward
For a negative charge
the field lines are
directed inward, toward
the charge
The electric field is a
vector and denoted by
E
Section 17.3
Electric Field and Test Charge
Consider a point in
space where the electric
field is
If a charge q is placed
at the point, the force is
given by
The charge q is called
a test charge
By measuring the force
on the test charge, the
magnitude and direction
of the electric field can
be inferred
E
= q F E
Section 17.3
Electric Field, cont.
The electric force is either parallel or antiparallel to
the electric field
Parallel if q is positive (+), and antiparallel (-) if q is
negative
SI units of the electric field are N/C
Coulombs Law can be used to find the magnitude
of the electric field, where Q is the charge producing
the field and q is the test charge
Section 17.3
= = =
=
kQq F
F qE E
r q
kQ
E
r
2
2
Electric Field, final
The direction of the electric field is along the line
connecting the charge producing the field to the
point where the field is measured
The electric field is directed away from Q when Q is
positive
The electric field is directed
inward toward Q when Q is
negative
Section 17.3
Importance of the Electric Field
An electric field is present even when there is no
second (or test) charge present to experience the
electric force
Any charge or collection of charges will produce an
electric field
The electric field helps explain how the Coulomb
force can act between two charges that are
separated by large distances
The electric field is essential for understanding
electromagnetic waves

Section 17.3
Drawing Electric Field Lines
Another way to visualize an
electric field is with electric
field lines
Field lines are a set of
continuous lines that are
always parallel to the electric
field
Section 17.3
Field lines must always begin on positive (+) charges
Field lines must always end on negative (-) charges
Electric fields also obey the superposition principle
When adding the fields from multiple charges, always
add them as vectors

Examples of Electric Field Lines
The plot of the field lines does not show the
magnitude of the field directly
Changes in field strength can be inferred from the
spacing of the field lines
The lines are most closely spaced where the field is
the largest
Section 17.3
Inverse Square Laws, cont.
The electric field lines
emanate outward from
a point charge
They intercept larger
and larger surface
areas
The surfaces are
spherical
Their areas increase as
A r
2

The number of field
lines per unit area falls
as 1/r
2
Section 17.3
Electric Fields and Multiple Charges
To find the electric field due to multiple charges use
the principle of superposition
Find the electric fields due to each charge
Add them as vectors
Section 17.4
Example 17.5
Electric Field (Review)
The net Coulomb force on a given charge is always
proportional to the strength of that charge.
Define Electric field, which is independent of the test
charge, q, and depends only on position in space:
F
E
q
=
2 2
0
1

4
F Q Q
E r k r
q r r tc
= = =
Electric Field due to a
Point Charge Q
E points away from positive charges
and toward negative charges.
2

qQ
F k r
r
: =
N V
C m
| |
=
|
\ .
Charging an Insulator
A few electrons are
placed on the insulator
They will tend to stay
where they are placed
The insulator will
eventually be
neutralized
The excess electrons
will attract free ions
from the air
They will neutralize the
original charge
Section 17.4
Excess Charge on a Metal
Electrons can move easily
through a metal
Excess electrons will be
distributed on the surface of the
metal (A)
Excess positive charges (postive
ions or lack of electrons) will be
distributed on the surface of the
metal (B)
In all cases, the electric field is
zero inside a metal in static
equilibrium (C)
Section 17.4
Charging an Object by Rubbing
The act of rubbing causes some charge to be
transferred from one material to another
Example: when rubbing amber with fur, electrons are
moved from the fur to the amber
The amber acquires a net negative charge
The fur is left with a net positive charge
Applies to many combinations of materials
Section 17.4
+q
0
+
+ +
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
Polarization
Polarization
The rod and paper are both neutral
The rod is rubbed by the fur, obtaining
a negative charge
The presence of the rod causes the
electrons in the paper to be repelled
and the positive ions are attracted
The paper is said to be polarized
Section 17.4
+q
0
+
+ +
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
Polarization
Polarization, Balloon and Water Example
Section 17.4
Electric Dipoles in Nature
Typical dipole consists of positive and
negative charges slightly displaced.
Water molecule can be thought of
as consisting of 2 standard dipoles at
an angle to each other.
Net neutral molecules can have
electrical dipole moments
Permanent dipole moment (polar)
vs. induced dipole moment
Figure 17-22 p560
Figure 17.22
A Van de Graaff generator
produces a large electric charge
by rubbing an internal rubber
belt. This belt transfers electric
charge to the metal sphere at
the top of the generator.
The Van de Graaff Generator
The Van de Graaff Generator
The Van de Graaff generator
works by applying a positive
charge to a non-conducting
moving belt using a corona
discharge
The moving belt driven by an
electric motor carries the charge
up into a hollow metal sphere
where the charge is taken from
the belt by a pointed contact
connected to the metal sphere
The charge that builds up on the
metal sphere distributes itself
uniformly around the outside of
the sphere
For this particular Van de Graaff
generator, a voltage limiter is
used to keep the Van de Graaff
generator from producing sparks
larger than desired
The Van de Graaff generator was invented by Robert J. Van de Graaff,
an American physicist (1901-1967)
Demo - Electroscope
Supplemental Material
Conductors
Each atom by itself is
electrically neutral
Equal numbers of
protons and electrons
This example is copper
When these atoms come
together to form the
piece of metal, electrons
are freed

Section 17.4
29
Cu, A=Z+N=63, 65
Z=29
Conductors, cont.
These electrons move freely through the entire piece
of metal
These electrons are called conduction electrons
The electrons leave behind positively charged ion
cores that are bound and not mobile
A piece of metal can also accept extra electrons or
release some of its conduction electrons so the
entire object can acquire a net positive or negative
charge
Section 17.4
Insulators
In insulators the electrons
are not able to move freely
through the material
Examples include quartz,
plastic and amber
This example is quartz (SiO
2
)
Section 17.4
Insulators, cont.
Electrons cannot escape from these ions
There are no conduction electrons available to carry
charge through the solid
If extra electrons are placed on an insulator, they
tend to stay in the place where initially placed
Section 17.4
Liquids and Gases
The total charge is zero
and the sample is
neutral
A few molecules always
dissociate into free ions
These ions can carry
charge from place to
place similarly to the
conduction electrons
This example is water,
but gases are similar

Section 17.4
Three charges +q, +Q, and Q are placed at the
corners of an equilateral triangle as shown. The
net force on charge +q due to the other two
charges is
A.up.
B.down.
C.along a diagonal.
D.to the left.
E.to the right.
Quiz 1 (Chapter 17)
Three charges +q, +Q, and Q are placed at the
corners of an equilateral triangle as shown. The
net force on charge +q due to the other two
charges is
A.up.
B.down.
C.along a diagonal.
D.to the left.
E.to the right.
Quiz 1 (Chapter 17)