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Gfortran Documentation

Using GNU Fortran For gcc version 4.8.0 (pre-release) Published by the Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA

Uploaded by

Gianni Carlo

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

298 views

Gfortran Documentation

Using GNU Fortran For gcc version 4.8.0 (pre-release) Published by the Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA

Uploaded by

Gianni Carlo

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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Using GNU Fortran

For gcc version 4.8.0 (pre-release) (GCC)

The gfortran team

Published by the Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA

Copyright c 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being Funding Free Software, the Front-Cover Texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License. (a) The FSFs Front-Cover Text is: A GNU Manual (b) The FSFs Back-Cover Text is: You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.

Short Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Invoking GNU Fortran GNU Fortran Command Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Runtime: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Language Reference Fortran 2003 and 2008 Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Compiler Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Mixed-Language Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Intrinsic Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Intrinsic Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 217 221 233 241 243 245

2 3

4 5 6 7 8 9

Contributing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GNU General Public License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GNU Free Documentation License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Funding Free Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Option Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Keyword Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iii

Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 About GNU Fortran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GNU Fortran and GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preprocessing and conditional compilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GNU Fortran and G77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Project Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.1 Varying Length Character Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

Part I: Invoking GNU Fortran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 GNU Fortran Command Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 Option summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Options controlling Fortran dialect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Enable and customize preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Options to request or suppress errors and warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Options for debugging your program or GNU Fortran . . . . . . . . . . 18 Options for directory search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Influencing the linking step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Influencing runtime behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Options for code generation conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Environment variables affecting gfortran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Runtime: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 TMPDIRDirectory for scratch files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNITUnit number for standard input . . . . . . 27 GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNITUnit number for standard output . . . . 27 GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNITUnit number for standard error . . . . . . 27 GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALLDo not buffer I/O on all units . . . . 27 GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTEDDo not buffer I/O on preconnected units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.7 GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUSShow location for runtime errors . . . . . . 27 3.8 GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUSPrint leading + where permitted . . 28 3.9 GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECLDefault record length for new files . . 28 3.10 GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATORSeparator for list output . . . . . . . . 28 3.11 GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNITSet endianness for unformatted I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.12 GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACEShow backtrace on run-time errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Part II: Language Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

The GNU Fortran Compiler

Fortran 2003 and 2008 Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4.1 4.2 4.3 Fortran 2003 status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Fortran 2008 status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Technical Specification 29113 Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Compiler Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 KIND Type Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internal representation of LOGICAL variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thread-safety of the runtime library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data consistency and durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 37 38 38

Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.1 Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.1 Old-style kind specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.2 Old-style variable initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.3 Extensions to namelist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.4 X format descriptor without count field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.5 Commas in FORMAT specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.6 Missing period in FORMAT specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.7 I/O item lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.8 Q exponent-letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.9 BOZ literal constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.10 Real array indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.11 Unary operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.12 Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.13 Hollerith constants support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.14 Cray pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.15 CONVERT specifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.16 OpenMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1.17 Argument list functions %VAL, %REF and %LOC . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1 STRUCTURE and RECORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.2 ENCODE and DECODE statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.3 Variable FORMAT expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.4 Alternate complex function syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 41 41 42 43 43 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 45 47 47 48 49 49 50 51 51

Mixed-Language Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
7.1 Interoperability with C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.1 Intrinsic Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.2 Derived Types and struct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.3 Interoperable Global Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.4 Interoperable Subroutines and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.5 Working with Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1.6 Further Interoperability of Fortran with C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 GNU Fortran Compiler Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Non-Fortran Main Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3.1 _gfortran_set_args Save command-line arguments . . . 53 53 53 54 54 55 57 58 58 59

v 7.3.2 _gfortran_set_options Set library option flags . . . . . . . 59 7.3.3 _gfortran_set_convert Set endian conversion . . . . . . . . 60 7.3.4 _gfortran_set_record_marker Set length of record markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 7.3.5 _gfortran_set_fpe Enable floating point exception traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 7.3.6 _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length Set subrecord length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Intrinsic Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 8.32 8.33 8.34 8.35 8.36 8.37 8.38 Introduction to intrinsic procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABORT Abort the program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABS Absolute value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACCESS Checks file access modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACHAR Character in ASCII collating sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACOS Arccosine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACOSH Inverse hyperbolic cosine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ADJUSTL Left adjust a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ADJUSTR Right adjust a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AIMAG Imaginary part of complex number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AINT Truncate to a whole number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ALARM Execute a routine after a given delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ALL All values in MASK along DIM are true . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ALLOCATED Status of an allocatable entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AND Bitwise logical AND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANINT Nearest whole number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANY Any value in MASK along DIM is true . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASIN Arcsine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASINH Inverse hyperbolic sine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ASSOCIATED Status of a pointer or pointer/target pair . . . . . ATAN Arctangent function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATAN2 Arctangent function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATANH Inverse hyperbolic tangent function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATOMIC_DEFINE Setting a variable atomically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATOMIC_REF Obtaining the value of a variable atomically . . BESSEL_J0 Bessel function of the first kind of order 0 . . . . . . BESSEL_J1 Bessel function of the first kind of order 1 . . . . . . BESSEL_JN Bessel function of the first kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BESSEL_Y0 Bessel function of the second kind of order 0 . . . BESSEL_Y1 Bessel function of the second kind of order 1 . . . BESSEL_YN Bessel function of the second kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . BGE Bitwise greater than or equal to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BGT Bitwise greater than . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIT_SIZE Bit size inquiry function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLE Bitwise less than or equal to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLT Bitwise less than . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BTEST Bit test function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C_ASSOCIATED Status of a C pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 63 64 64 65 66 66 67 67 68 69 69 70 71 71 72 73 74 74 75 76 77 77 78 78 79 80 80 81 81 82 83 83 83 84 84 85 85

The GNU Fortran Compiler 8.39 C_FUNLOC Obtain the C address of a procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 8.40 C_F_PROCPOINTER Convert C into Fortran procedure pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 8.41 C_F_POINTER Convert C into Fortran pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 8.42 C_LOC Obtain the C address of an object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 8.43 C_SIZEOF Size in bytes of an expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 8.44 CEILING Integer ceiling function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 8.45 CHAR Character conversion function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 8.46 CHDIR Change working directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 8.47 CHMOD Change access permissions of files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 8.48 CMPLX Complex conversion function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 8.49 COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT Get number of command line arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 8.50 COMPILER_OPTIONS Options passed to the compiler . . . . . . . . 93 8.51 COMPILER_VERSION Compiler version string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 8.52 COMPLEX Complex conversion function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 8.53 CONJG Complex conjugate function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 8.54 COS Cosine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 8.55 COSH Hyperbolic cosine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 8.56 COUNT Count function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 8.57 CPU_TIME CPU elapsed time in seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 8.58 CSHIFT Circular shift elements of an array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 8.59 CTIME Convert a time into a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 8.60 DATE_AND_TIME Date and time subroutine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 8.61 DBLE Double conversion function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 8.62 DCMPLX Double complex conversion function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 8.63 DIGITS Significant binary digits function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 8.64 DIM Positive difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 8.65 DOT_PRODUCT Dot product function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 8.66 DPROD Double product function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 8.67 DREAL Double real part function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 8.68 DSHIFTL Combined left shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 8.69 DSHIFTR Combined right shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 8.70 DTIME Execution time subroutine (or function) . . . . . . . . . . . 105 8.71 EOSHIFT End-off shift elements of an array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 8.72 EPSILON Epsilon function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 8.73 ERF Error function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 8.74 ERFC Error function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 8.75 ERFC_SCALED Error function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 8.76 ETIME Execution time subroutine (or function) . . . . . . . . . . . 109 8.77 EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE Execute a shell command . . . . . . . . 110 8.78 EXIT Exit the program with status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 8.79 EXP Exponential function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 8.80 EXPONENT Exponent function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 8.81 EXTENDS_TYPE_OF Query dynamic type for extension . . . . . 113 8.82 FDATE Get the current time as a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 8.83 FGET Read a single character in stream mode from stdin . . 114 8.84 FGETC Read a single character in stream mode . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

vii 8.85 FLOOR Integer floor function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 8.86 FLUSH Flush I/O unit(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 8.87 FNUM File number function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 8.88 FPUT Write a single character in stream mode to stdout . . . 118 8.89 FPUTC Write a single character in stream mode . . . . . . . . . . . 118 8.90 FRACTION Fractional part of the model representation . . . . 119 8.91 FREE Frees memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 8.92 FSEEK Low level file positioning subroutine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 8.93 FSTAT Get file status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 8.94 FTELL Current stream position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 8.95 GAMMA Gamma function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 8.96 GERROR Get last system error message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 8.97 GETARG Get command line arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 8.98 GET_COMMAND Get the entire command line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 8.99 GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT Get command line arguments . . . . 125 8.100 GETCWD Get current working directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 8.101 GETENV Get an environmental variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 8.102 GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE Get an environmental variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 8.103 GETGID Group ID function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 8.104 GETLOG Get login name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 8.105 GETPID Process ID function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 8.106 GETUID User ID function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 8.107 GMTIME Convert time to GMT info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 8.108 HOSTNM Get system host name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 8.109 HUGE Largest number of a kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 8.110 HYPOT Euclidean distance function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 8.111 IACHAR Code in ASCII collating sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 8.112 IALL Bitwise AND of array elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 8.113 IAND Bitwise logical and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 8.114 IANY Bitwise OR of array elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 8.115 IARGC Get the number of command line arguments . . . . . . 134 8.116 IBCLR Clear bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 8.117 IBITS Bit extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 8.118 IBSET Set bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 8.119 ICHAR Character-to-integer conversion function . . . . . . . . . . 136 8.120 IDATE Get current local time subroutine (day/month/year) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 8.121 IEOR Bitwise logical exclusive or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 8.122 IERRNO Get the last system error number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 8.123 IMAGE_INDEX Function that converts a cosubscript to an image index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 8.124 INDEX Position of a substring within a string . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 8.125 INT Convert to integer type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 8.126 INT2 Convert to 16-bit integer type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 8.127 INT8 Convert to 64-bit integer type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 8.128 IOR Bitwise logical or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 8.129 IPARITY Bitwise XOR of array elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

viii

The GNU Fortran Compiler 8.130 IRAND Integer pseudo-random number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 8.131 IS_IOSTAT_END Test for end-of-file value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 8.132 IS_IOSTAT_EOR Test for end-of-record value . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 8.133 ISATTY Whether a unit is a terminal device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 8.134 ISHFT Shift bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 8.135 ISHFTC Shift bits circularly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 8.136 ISNAN Test for a NaN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 8.137 ITIME Get current local time subroutine (hour/minutes/seconds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 8.138 KILL Send a signal to a process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 8.139 KIND Kind of an entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 8.140 LBOUND Lower dimension bounds of an array . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 8.141 LCOBOUND Lower codimension bounds of an array . . . . . . . . 148 8.142 LEADZ Number of leading zero bits of an integer . . . . . . . . . 148 8.143 LEN Length of a character entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 8.144 LEN_TRIM Length of a character entity without trailing blank characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 8.145 LGE Lexical greater than or equal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 8.146 LGT Lexical greater than . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 8.147 LINK Create a hard link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 8.148 LLE Lexical less than or equal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 8.149 LLT Lexical less than . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 8.150 LNBLNK Index of the last non-blank character in a string . . 153 8.151 LOC Returns the address of a variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 8.152 LOG Natural logarithm function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 8.153 LOG10 Base 10 logarithm function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 8.154 LOG_GAMMA Logarithm of the Gamma function . . . . . . . . . . . 155 8.155 LOGICAL Convert to logical type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 8.156 LONG Convert to integer type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 8.157 LSHIFT Left shift bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 8.158 LSTAT Get file status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 8.159 LTIME Convert time to local time info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 8.160 MALLOC Allocate dynamic memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 8.161 MASKL Left justified mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 8.162 MASKR Right justified mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 8.163 MATMUL matrix multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 8.164 MAX Maximum value of an argument list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 8.165 MAXEXPONENT Maximum exponent of a real kind . . . . . . . . . 160 8.166 MAXLOC Location of the maximum value within an array . . 161 8.167 MAXVAL Maximum value of an array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 8.168 MCLOCK Time function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 8.169 MCLOCK8 Time function (64-bit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 8.170 MERGE Merge variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 8.171 MERGE_BITS Merge of bits under mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 8.172 MIN Minimum value of an argument list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 8.173 MINEXPONENT Minimum exponent of a real kind . . . . . . . . . 165 8.174 MINLOC Location of the minimum value within an array . . 165 8.175 MINVAL Minimum value of an array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

ix 8.176 MOD Remainder function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 8.177 MODULO Modulo function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 8.178 MOVE_ALLOC Move allocation from one object to another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 8.179 MVBITS Move bits from one integer to another . . . . . . . . . . . 168 8.180 NEAREST Nearest representable number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 8.181 NEW_LINE New line character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 8.182 NINT Nearest whole number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 8.183 NORM2 Euclidean vector norms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 8.184 NOT Logical negation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 8.185 NULL Function that returns an disassociated pointer . . . . . 172 8.186 NUM_IMAGES Function that returns the number of images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 8.187 OR Bitwise logical OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 8.188 PACK Pack an array into an array of rank one . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 8.189 PARITY Reduction with exclusive OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 8.190 PERROR Print system error message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 8.191 PRECISION Decimal precision of a real kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 8.192 POPCNT Number of bits set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 8.193 POPPAR Parity of the number of bits set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 8.194 PRESENT Determine whether an optional dummy argument is specified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 8.195 PRODUCT Product of array elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 8.196 RADIX Base of a model number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 8.197 RAN Real pseudo-random number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 8.198 RAND Real pseudo-random number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 8.199 RANDOM_NUMBER Pseudo-random number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 8.200 RANDOM_SEED Initialize a pseudo-random number sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 8.201 RANGE Decimal exponent range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 8.202 RANK Rank of a data object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 8.203 REAL Convert to real type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 8.204 RENAME Rename a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 8.205 REPEAT Repeated string concatenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 8.206 RESHAPE Function to reshape an array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 8.207 RRSPACING Reciprocal of the relative spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 8.208 RSHIFT Right shift bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 8.209 SAME_TYPE_AS Query dynamic types for equality . . . . . . . . 185 8.210 SCALE Scale a real value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 8.211 SCAN Scan a string for the presence of a set of characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 8.212 SECNDS Time function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 8.213 SECOND CPU time function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 8.214 SELECTED_CHAR_KIND Choose character kind . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 8.215 SELECTED_INT_KIND Choose integer kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 8.216 SELECTED_REAL_KIND Choose real kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 8.217 SET_EXPONENT Set the exponent of the model . . . . . . . . . . . 190 8.218 SHAPE Determine the shape of an array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

The GNU Fortran Compiler 8.219 SHIFTA Right shift with fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 8.220 SHIFTL Left shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 8.221 SHIFTR Right shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 8.222 SIGN Sign copying function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 8.223 SIGNAL Signal handling subroutine (or function) . . . . . . . . . 193 8.224 SIN Sine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 8.225 SINH Hyperbolic sine function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 8.226 SIZE Determine the size of an array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 8.227 SIZEOF Size in bytes of an expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 8.228 SLEEP Sleep for the specified number of seconds . . . . . . . . . 196 8.229 SPACING Smallest distance between two numbers of a given type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 8.230 SPREAD Add a dimension to an array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 8.231 SQRT Square-root function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 8.232 SRAND Reinitialize the random number generator . . . . . . . . 198 8.233 STAT Get file status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 8.234 STORAGE_SIZE Storage size in bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 8.235 SUM Sum of array elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 8.236 SYMLNK Create a symbolic link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 8.237 SYSTEM Execute a shell command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 8.238 SYSTEM_CLOCK Time function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.239 TAN Tangent function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.240 TANH Hyperbolic tangent function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 8.241 THIS_IMAGE Function that returns the cosubscript index of this image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 8.242 TIME Time function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 8.243 TIME8 Time function (64-bit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.244 TINY Smallest positive number of a real kind . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.245 TRAILZ Number of trailing zero bits of an integer . . . . . . . . 206 8.246 TRANSFER Transfer bit patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 8.247 TRANSPOSE Transpose an array of rank two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 8.248 TRIM Remove trailing blank characters of a string . . . . . . . 207 8.249 TTYNAM Get the name of a terminal device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 8.250 UBOUND Upper dimension bounds of an array . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 8.251 UCOBOUND Upper codimension bounds of an array . . . . . . . . 209 8.252 UMASK Set the file creation mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 8.253 UNLINK Remove a file from the file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 8.254 UNPACK Unpack an array of rank one into an array . . . . . . 210 8.255 VERIFY Scan a string for characters not a given set . . . . . . 211 8.256 XOR Bitwise logical exclusive OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Intrinsic Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

9.1 ISO_FORTRAN_ENV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 9.2 ISO_C_BINDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 9.3 OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Contributing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Contributors to GNU Fortran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proposed Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compiler extensions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Environment Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 218 218 218 219

GNU General Public License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 GNU Free Documentation License . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents . . . . . . . . 240

Funding Free Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Option Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Keyword Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Chapter 1: Introduction

1 Introduction
This manual documents the use of gfortran, the GNU Fortran compiler. You can find in this manual how to invoke gfortran, as well as its features and incompatibilities. Warning: This document, and the compiler it describes, are still under development. While efforts are made to keep it up-to-date, it might not accurately reflect the status of the most recent GNU Fortran compiler. The GNU Fortran compiler front end was designed initially as a free replacement for, or alternative to, the unix f95 command; gfortran is the command you will use to invoke the compiler.

1.1 About GNU Fortran

The GNU Fortran compiler supports the Fortran 77, 90 and 95 standards completely, parts of the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards, and several vendor extensions. The development goal is to provide the following features: Read a users program, stored in a file and containing instructions written in Fortran 77, Fortran 90, Fortran 95, Fortran 2003 or Fortran 2008. This file contains source code. Translate the users program into instructions a computer can carry out more quickly than it takes to translate the instructions in the first place. The result after compilation of a program is machine code, code designed to be efficiently translated and processed by a machine such as your computer. Humans usually are not as good writing machine code as they are at writing Fortran (or C++, Ada, or Java), because it is easy to make tiny mistakes writing machine code. Provide the user with information about the reasons why the compiler is unable to create a binary from the source code. Usually this will be the case if the source code is flawed. The Fortran 90 standard requires that the compiler can point out mistakes to the user. An incorrect usage of the language causes an error message. The compiler will also attempt to diagnose cases where the users program contains a correct usage of the language, but instructs the computer to do something questionable. This kind of diagnostics message is called a warning message. Provide optional information about the translation passes from the source code to machine code. This can help a user of the compiler to find the cause of certain bugs which may not be obvious in the source code, but may be more easily found at a lower level compiler output. It also helps developers to find bugs in the compiler itself. Provide information in the generated machine code that can make it easier to find bugs in the program (using a debugging tool, called a debugger, such as the GNU Debugger gdb). Locate and gather machine code already generated to perform actions requested by statements in the users program. This machine code is organized into modules and is located and linked to the user program. The GNU Fortran compiler consists of several components: A version of the gcc command (which also might be installed as the systems cc command) that also understands and accepts Fortran source code. The gcc command is

The GNU Fortran Compiler

the driver program for all the languages in the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC); With gcc, you can compile the source code of any language for which a front end is available in GCC. The gfortran command itself, which also might be installed as the systems f95 command. gfortran is just another driver program, but specifically for the Fortran compiler only. The difference with gcc is that gfortran will automatically link the correct libraries to your program. A collection of run-time libraries. These libraries contain the machine code needed to support capabilities of the Fortran language that are not directly provided by the machine code generated by the gfortran compilation phase, such as intrinsic functions and subroutines, and routines for interaction with files and the operating system. The Fortran compiler itself, (f951). This is the GNU Fortran parser and code generator, linked to and interfaced with the GCC backend library. f951 translates the source code to assembler code. You would typically not use this program directly; instead, the gcc or gfortran driver programs will call it for you.

1.2 GNU Fortran and GCC

GNU Fortran is a part of GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection. GCC consists of a collection of front ends for various languages, which translate the source code into a languageindependent form called GENERIC. This is then processed by a common middle end which provides optimization, and then passed to one of a collection of back ends which generate code for different computer architectures and operating systems. Functionally, this is implemented with a driver program (gcc) which provides the command-line interface for the compiler. It calls the relevant compiler front-end program (e.g., f951 for Fortran) for each file in the source code, and then calls the assembler and linker as appropriate to produce the compiled output. In a copy of GCC which has been compiled with Fortran language support enabled, gcc will recognize files with .f, .for, .ftn, .f90, .f95, .f03 and .f08 extensions as Fortran source code, and compile it accordingly. A gfortran driver program is also provided, which is identical to gcc except that it automatically links the Fortran runtime libraries into the compiled program. Source files with .f, .for, .fpp, .ftn, .F, .FOR, .FPP, and .FTN extensions are treated as fixed form. Source files with .f90, .f95, .f03, .f08, .F90, .F95, .F03 and .F08 extensions are treated as free form. The capitalized versions of either form are run through preprocessing. Source files with the lower case .fpp extension are also run through preprocessing. This manual specifically documents the Fortran front end, which handles the programming languages syntax and semantics. The aspects of GCC which relate to the optimization passes and the back-end code generation are documented in the GCC manual; see Section Introduction in Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). The two manuals together provide a complete reference for the GNU Fortran compiler.

1.3 Preprocessing and conditional compilation

Many Fortran compilers including GNU Fortran allow passing the source code through a C preprocessor (CPP; sometimes also called the Fortran preprocessor, FPP) to allow for

Chapter 1: Introduction

conditional compilation. In the case of GNU Fortran, this is the GNU C Preprocessor in the traditional mode. On systems with case-preserving file names, the preprocessor is automatically invoked if the filename extension is .F, .FOR, .FTN, .fpp, .FPP, .F90, .F95, .F03 or .F08. To manually invoke the preprocessor on any file, use -cpp, to disable preprocessing on files where the preprocessor is run automatically, use -nocpp. If a preprocessed file includes another file with the Fortran INCLUDE statement, the included file is not preprocessed. To preprocess included files, use the equivalent preprocessor statement #include. If GNU Fortran invokes the preprocessor, __GFORTRAN__ is defined and __GNUC__, _ _GNUC_MINOR__ and __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ can be used to determine the version of the compiler. See Section Overview in The C Preprocessor for details. While CPP is the de-facto standard for preprocessing Fortran code, Part 3 of the Fortran 95 standard (ISO/IEC 1539-3:1998) defines Conditional Compilation, which is not widely used and not directly supported by the GNU Fortran compiler. You can use the program coco to preprocess such files (http://www.daniellnagle.com/coco.html).

1.4 GNU Fortran and G77

The GNU Fortran compiler is the successor to g77, the Fortran 77 front end included in GCC prior to version 4. It is an entirely new program that has been designed to provide Fortran 95 support and extensibility for future Fortran language standards, as well as providing backwards compatibility for Fortran 77 and nearly all of the GNU language extensions supported by g77.

1.5 Project Status

As soon as gfortran can parse all of the statements correctly, it will be in the larva state. When we generate code, the puppa state. When gfortran is done, well see if it will be a beautiful butterfly, or just a big bug.... Andy Vaught, April 2000 The start of the GNU Fortran 95 project was announced on the GCC homepage in March 18, 2000 (even though Andy had already been working on it for a while, of course). The GNU Fortran compiler is able to compile nearly all standard-compliant Fortran 95, Fortran 90, and Fortran 77 programs, including a number of standard and non-standard extensions, and can be used on real-world programs. In particular, the supported extensions include OpenMP, Cray-style pointers, and several Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 features, including TR 15581. However, it is still under development and has a few remaining rough edges. At present, the GNU Fortran compiler passes the NIST Fortran 77 Test Suite, and produces acceptable results on the LAPACK Test Suite. It also provides respectable performance on the Polyhedron Fortran compiler benchmarks and the Livermore Fortran Kernels test. It has been used to compile a number of large real-world programs, including the HIRLAM weather-forecasting code and the Tonto quantum chemistry package; see http:// gcc.gnu.org/wiki/GfortranApps for an extended list.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

Among other things, the GNU Fortran compiler is intended as a replacement for G77. At this point, nearly all programs that could be compiled with G77 can be compiled with GNU Fortran, although there are a few minor known regressions. The primary work remaining to be done on GNU Fortran falls into three categories: bug fixing (primarily regarding the treatment of invalid code and providing useful error messages), improving the compiler optimizations and the performance of compiled code, and extending the compiler to support future standardsin particular, Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008.

1.6 Standards
The GNU Fortran compiler implements ISO/IEC 1539:1997 (Fortran 95). As such, it can also compile essentially all standard-compliant Fortran 90 and Fortran 77 programs. It also supports the ISO/IEC TR-15581 enhancements to allocatable arrays. In the future, the GNU Fortran compiler will also support ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004 (Fortran 2003), ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010 (Fortran 2008) and future Fortran standards. Partial support of the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standard is already provided; the current status of the support is reported in the Section 4.1 [Fortran 2003 status], page 33 and Section 4.2 [Fortran 2008 status], page 34 sections of the documentation. Additionally, the GNU Fortran compilers supports the OpenMP specification (version 3.1, http://openmp.org/wp/openmp-specifications/).

1.6.1 Varying Length Character Strings

The Fortran 95 standard specifies in Part 2 (ISO/IEC 1539-2:2000) varying length character strings. While GNU Fortran currently does not support such strings directly, there exist two Fortran implementations for them, which work with GNU Fortran. They can be found at http://www.fortran.com/iso_varying_string.f95 and at ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/ sc22wg5/ISO_VARYING_STRING/.

Chapter 1: Introduction

Part I: Invoking GNU Fortran

Chapter 2: GNU Fortran Command Options

2 GNU Fortran Command Options

The gfortran command supports all the options supported by the gcc command. Only options specific to GNU Fortran are documented here. See Section GCC Command Options in Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), for information on the non-Fortran-specific aspects of the gcc command (and, therefore, the gfortran command). All GCC and GNU Fortran options are accepted both by gfortran and by gcc (as well as any other drivers built at the same time, such as g++), since adding GNU Fortran to the GCC distribution enables acceptance of GNU Fortran options by all of the relevant drivers. In some cases, options have positive and negative forms; the negative form of -ffoo would be -fno-foo. This manual documents only one of these two forms, whichever one is not the default.

2.1 Option summary

Here is a summary of all the options specific to GNU Fortran, grouped by type. Explanations are in the following sections. Fortran Language Options See Section 2.2 [Options controlling Fortran dialect], page 8.
-fall-intrinsics -fbackslash -fcray-pointer -fd-lines-as-code -fd-lines-as-comments -fdefault-double-8 -fdefault-integer-8 -fdefault-real-8 -fdollar-ok -ffixed-line-length-n -ffixed-line-length-none -ffree-form -ffree-line-length-n -ffree-line-length-none -fimplicit-none -finteger-4-integer-8 -fmax-identifier-length -fmodule-private -fno-fixed-form -fno-range-check -fopenmp -freal-4-real-10 -freal-4-real-16 -freal-4-real-8 -freal-8-real-10 -freal-8-real-16 -freal-8-real-4 -std=std

Preprocessing Options See Section 2.3 [Enable and customize preprocessing], page 11.
-A-question[=answer] -Aquestion=answer -C -CC -Dmacro[=defn] -H -P -Umacro -cpp -dD -dI -dM -dN -dU -fworking-directory -imultilib dir -iprefix file -iquote -isysroot dir -isystem dir -nocpp -nostdinc -undef

Error and Warning Options See Section 2.4 [Options to request or suppress errors and warnings], page 14.
-Waliasing -Wall -Wampersand -Warray-bounds -Wc-binding-type -Wcharactertruncation -Wconversion -Wfunction-elimination -Wimplicit-interface -Wimplicit-procedure -Wintrinsic-shadow -Wintrinsics-std -Wline-truncation -Wno-align-commons -Wno-tabs -Wreal-q-constant -Wsurprising -Wunderflow -Wunused-parameter -Wrealloc-lhs Wrealloc-lhs-all -Wtarget-lifetime -fmax-errors=n -fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors

or test of the macro; and #undef directives are also output for macros tested but undefined at the time. -dI Output #include directives in addition to the result of preprocessing.

-fworking-directory Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that will let the compiler know the current working directory at the time of preprocessing. When this option is enabled, the preprocessor will emit, after the initial linemarker, a second linemarker with the current working directory followed by two slashes. GCC will use this directory, when it is present in the preprocessed input, as the directory emitted as the current working directory in some debugging information formats. This option is implicitly enabled if debugging information is enabled, but this can be inhibited with the negated form -fno-working-directory. If the -P flag is present in the command line, this option has no effect, since no #line directives are emitted whatsoever. -idirafter dir Search dir for include files, but do it after all directories specified with -I and the standard system directories have been exhausted. dir is treated as a system include directory. If dir begins with =, then the = will be replaced by the sysroot prefix; see --sysroot and -isysroot. -imultilib dir Use dir as a subdirectory of the directory containing target-specific C++ headers. -iprefix prefix Specify prefix as the prefix for subsequent -iwithprefix options. If the prefix represents a directory, you should include the final /. -isysroot dir This option is like the --sysroot option, but applies only to header files. See the --sysroot option for more information. -iquote dir Search dir only for header files requested with #include "file"; they are not searched for #include <file>, before all directories specified by -I and before the standard system directories. If dir begins with =, then the = will be replaced by the sysroot prefix; see --sysroot and -isysroot. -isystem dir Search dir for header files, after all directories specified by -I but before the standard system directories. Mark it as a system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment as is applied to the standard system directories. If dir begins with =, then the = will be replaced by the sysroot prefix; see --sysroot and -isysroot. -nostdinc Do not search the standard system directories for header files. Only the directories you have specified with -I options (and the directory of the current file, if appropriate) are searched.

Chapter 2: GNU Fortran Command Options

-undef

Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros. The standard predefined macros remain defined.

-Apredicate=answer Make an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer. This form is preferred to the older form -A predicate(answer), which is still supported, because it does not use shell special characters. -A-predicate=answer Cancel an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer. -C Do not discard comments. All comments are passed through to the output file, except for comments in processed directives, which are deleted along with the directive. You should be prepared for side effects when using -C; it causes the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right. For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a directive line have the effect of turning that line into an ordinary source line, since the first token on the line is no longer a #. Warning: this currently handles C-Style comments only. The preprocessor does not yet recognize Fortran-style comments. Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion. This is like -C, except that comments contained within macros are also passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded. In addition to the side-effects of the -C option, the -CC option causes all C++-style comments inside a macro to be converted to C-style comments. This is to prevent later use of that macro from inadvertently commenting out the remainder of the source line. The -CC option is generally used to support lint comments. Warning: this currently handles C- and C++-Style comments only. The preprocessor does not yet recognize Fortran-style comments. Predefine name as a macro, with definition 1.

-CC

-Dname

-Dname=definition The contents of definition are tokenized and processed as if they appeared during translation phase three in a #define directive. In particular, the definition will be truncated by embedded newline characters. If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like program you may need to use the shells quoting syntax to protect characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax. If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line, write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the equals sign (if any). Parentheses are meaningful to most shells, so you will need to quote the option. With sh and csh, -Dname(args...)=definition works. -D and -U options are processed in the order they are given on the command line. All -imacros file and -include file options are processed after all -D and -U options.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

-H -P

Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other normal activities. Each name is indented to show how deep in the #include stack it is. Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the preprocessor. This might be useful when running the preprocessor on something that is not C code, and will be sent to a program which might be confused by the linemarkers. Cancel any previous definition of name, either built in or provided with a -D option.

-Uname

2.4 Options to request or suppress errors and warnings

Errors are diagnostic messages that report that the GNU Fortran compiler cannot compile the relevant piece of source code. The compiler will continue to process the program in an attempt to report further errors to aid in debugging, but will not produce any compiled output. Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which are not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there is likely to be a bug in the program. Unless -Werror is specified, they do not prevent compilation of the program. You can request many specific warnings with options beginning -W, for example -Wimplicit to request warnings on implicit declarations. Each of these specific warning options also has a negative form beginning -Wno- to turn off warnings; for example, -Wno-implicit. This manual lists only one of the two forms, whichever is not the default. These options control the amount and kinds of errors and warnings produced by GNU Fortran: -fmax-errors=n Limits the maximum number of error messages to n, at which point GNU Fortran bails out rather than attempting to continue processing the source code. If n is 0, there is no limit on the number of error messages produced. -fsyntax-only Check the code for syntax errors, but do not actually compile it. This will generate module files for each module present in the code, but no other output file. -pedantic Issue warnings for uses of extensions to Fortran 95. -pedantic also applies to C-language constructs where they occur in GNU Fortran source files, such as use of \e in a character constant within a directive like #include. Valid Fortran 95 programs should compile properly with or without this option. However, without this option, certain GNU extensions and traditional Fortran features are supported as well. With this option, many of them are rejected. Some users try to use -pedantic to check programs for conformance. They soon find that it does not do quite what they wantit finds some nonstandard practices, but not all. However, improvements to GNU Fortran in this area are welcome. This should be used in conjunction with -std=f95, -std=f2003 or -std=f2008.

Chapter 2: GNU Fortran Command Options

-pedantic-errors Like -pedantic, except that errors are produced rather than warnings. -Wall Enables commonly used warning options pertaining to usage that we recommend avoiding and that we believe are easy to avoid. This currently includes -Waliasing, -Wampersand, -Wconversion, -Wsurprising, -Wc-binding-type, -Wintrinsics-std, -Wno-tabs, -Wintrinsic-shadow, -Wline-truncation, -Wtarget-lifetime, -Wreal-q-constant and -Wunused. Warn about possible aliasing of dummy arguments. Specifically, it warns if the same actual argument is associated with a dummy argument with INTENT(IN) and a dummy argument with INTENT(OUT) in a call with an explicit interface. The following example will trigger the warning.
interface subroutine bar(a,b) integer, intent(in) :: a integer, intent(out) :: b end subroutine end interface integer :: a call bar(a,a)

-Waliasing

-Wampersand Warn about missing ampersand in continued character constants. The warning is given with -Wampersand, -pedantic, -std=f95, -std=f2003 and -std=f2008. Note: With no ampersand given in a continued character constant, GNU Fortran assumes continuation at the first non-comment, non-whitespace character after the ampersand that initiated the continuation. -Warray-temporaries Warn about array temporaries generated by the compiler. The information generated by this warning is sometimes useful in optimization, in order to avoid such temporaries. -Wc-binding-type Warn if the a variable might not be C interoperable. In particular, warn if the variable has been declared using an intrinsic type with default kind instead of using a kind parameter defined for C interoperability in the intrinsic ISO_C_ Binding module. This option is implied by -Wall. -Wcharacter-truncation Warn when a character assignment will truncate the assigned string. -Wline-truncation Warn when a source code line will be truncated. This option is implied by -Wall. -Wconversion Warn about implicit conversions that are likely to change the value of the expression after conversion. Implied by -Wall.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

-Wconversion-extra Warn about implicit conversions between different types and kinds. -Wextra Enables some warning options for usages of language features which may be problematic. This currently includes -Wcompare-reals and -Wunused-parameter.

-Wimplicit-interface Warn if a procedure is called without an explicit interface. Note this only checks that an explicit interface is present. It does not check that the declared interfaces are consistent across program units. -Wimplicit-procedure Warn if a procedure is called that has neither an explicit interface nor has been declared as EXTERNAL. -Wintrinsics-std Warn if gfortran finds a procedure named like an intrinsic not available in the currently selected standard (with -std) and treats it as EXTERNAL procedure because of this. -fall-intrinsics can be used to never trigger this behavior and always link to the intrinsic regardless of the selected standard. -Wreal-q-constant Produce a warning if a real-literal-constant contains a q exponent-letter. -Wsurprising Produce a warning when suspicious code constructs are encountered. While technically legal these usually indicate that an error has been made. This currently produces a warning under the following circumstances: An INTEGER SELECT construct has a CASE that can never be matched as its lower value is greater than its upper value. A LOGICAL SELECT construct has three CASE statements. A TRANSFER specifies a source that is shorter than the destination. The type of a function result is declared more than once with the same type. If -pedantic or standard-conforming mode is enabled, this is an error. A CHARACTER variable is declared with negative length. -Wtabs By default, tabs are accepted as whitespace, but tabs are not members of the Fortran Character Set. For continuation lines, a tab followed by a digit between 1 and 9 is supported. -Wno-tabs will cause a warning to be issued if a tab is encountered. Note, -Wno-tabs is active for -pedantic, -std=f95, -std=f2003, -std=f2008 and -Wall.

-Wunderflow Produce a warning when numerical constant expressions are encountered, which yield an UNDERFLOW during compilation. -Wintrinsic-shadow Warn if a user-defined procedure or module procedure has the same name as an intrinsic; in this case, an explicit interface or EXTERNAL or INTRINSIC

Chapter 2: GNU Fortran Command Options

declaration might be needed to get calls later resolved to the desired intrinsic/procedure. This option is implied by -Wall. -Wunused-dummy-argument Warn about unused dummy arguments. This option is implied by -Wall. -Wunused-parameter Contrary to gccs meaning of -Wunused-parameter, mentation of this option does not warn about unused (see -Wunused-dummy-argument), but about unused -Wunused-parameter is not included in -Wall but is -Wextra. gfortrans impledummy arguments PARAMETER values. implied by -Wall

-Walign-commons By default, gfortran warns about any occasion of variables being padded for proper alignment inside a COMMON block. This warning can be turned off via -Wno-align-commons. See also -falign-commons. -Wfunction-elimination Warn if any calls to functions are eliminated by the optimizations enabled by the -ffrontend-optimize option. -Wrealloc-lhs Warn when the compiler might insert code to for allocation or reallocation of an allocatable array variable of intrinsic type in intrinsic assignments. In hot loops, the Fortran 2003 reallocation feature may reduce the performance. If the array is already allocated with the correct shape, consider using a wholearray array-spec (e.g. (:,:,:)) for the variable on the left-hand side to prevent the reallocation check. Note that in some cases the warning is shown, even if the compiler will optimize reallocation checks away. For instance, when the right-hand side contains the same variable multiplied by a scalar. See also -frealloc-lhs. -Wrealloc-lhs-all Warn when the compiler inserts code to for allocation or reallocation of an allocatable variable; this includes scalars and derived types. -Wcompare-reals Warn when comparing real or complex types for equality or inequality. This option is implied by -Wextra. -Wtarget-lifetime Warn if the pointer in a pointer assignment might be longer than the its target. This option is implied by -Wall. -Werror Turns all warnings into errors.

See Section Options to Request or Suppress Errors and Warnings in Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), for information on more options offered by the GBE shared by gfortran, gcc and other GNU compilers. Some of these have no effect when compiling programs written in Fortran.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

2.5 Options for debugging your program or GNU Fortran

GNU Fortran has various special options that are used for debugging either your program or the GNU Fortran compiler. -fdump-fortran-original Output the internal parse tree after translating the source program into internal representation. Only really useful for debugging the GNU Fortran compiler itself. -fdump-optimized-tree Output the parse tree after front-end optimization. Only really useful for debugging the GNU Fortran compiler itself. Output the internal parse tree after translating the source program into internal representation. Only really useful for debugging the GNU Fortran compiler itself. This option is deprecated; use -fdump-fortran-original instead. -ffpe-trap=list Specify a list of floating point exception traps to enable. On most systems, if a floating point exception occurs and the trap for that exception is enabled, a SIGFPE signal will be sent and the program being aborted, producing a core file useful for debugging. list is a (possibly empty) comma-separated list of the following exceptions: invalid (invalid floating point operation, such as SQRT(-1.0)), zero (division by zero), overflow (overflow in a floating point operation), underflow (underflow in a floating point operation), inexact (loss of precision during operation), and denormal (operation performed on a denormal value). The first five exceptions correspond to the five IEEE 754 exceptions, whereas the last one (denormal) is not part of the IEEE 754 standard but is available on some common architectures such as x86. The first three exceptions (invalid, zero, and overflow) often indicate serious errors, and unless the program has provisions for dealing with these exceptions, enabling traps for these three exceptions is probably a good idea. Many, if not most, floating point operations incur loss of precision due to rounding, and hence the ffpe-trap=inexact is likely to be uninteresting in practice. By default no exception traps are enabled. -fno-backtrace When a serious runtime error is encountered or a deadly signal is emitted (segmentation fault, illegal instruction, bus error, floating-point exception, and the other POSIX signals that have the action core), the Fortran runtime library tries to output a backtrace of the error. -fno-backtrace disables the backtrace generation. This option only has influence for compilation of the Fortran main program. See Section Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC in Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), for more information on debugging options.

2.6 Options for directory search

These options affect how GNU Fortran searches for files specified by the INCLUDE directive and where it searches for previously compiled modules.

Chapter 2: GNU Fortran Command Options

It also affects the search paths used by cpp when used to preprocess Fortran source. -Idir These affect interpretation of the INCLUDE directive (as well as of the #include directive of the cpp preprocessor). Also note that the general behavior of -I and INCLUDE is pretty much the same as of -I with #include in the cpp preprocessor, with regard to looking for header.gcc files and other such things. This path is also used to search for .mod files when previously compiled modules are required by a USE statement. See Section Options for Directory Search in Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), for information on the -I option. -Jdir This option specifies where to put .mod files for compiled modules. It is also added to the list of directories to searched by an USE statement. The default is the current directory. -fintrinsic-modules-path dir This option specifies the location of pre-compiled intrinsic modules, if they are not in the default location expected by the compiler.

2.7 Influencing the linking step

These options come into play when the compiler links object files into an executable output file. They are meaningless if the compiler is not doing a link step. -static-libgfortran On systems that provide libgfortran as a shared and a static library, this option forces the use of the static version. If no shared version of libgfortran was built when the compiler was configured, this option has no effect.

2.8 Influencing runtime behavior

These options affect the runtime behavior of programs compiled with GNU Fortran. -fconvert=conversion Specify the representation of data for unformatted files. Valid values for conversion are: native, the default; swap, swap between big- and little-endian; big-endian, use big-endian representation for unformatted files; little-endian, use little-endian representation for unformatted files. This option has an effect only when used in the main program. The CONVERT specifier and the GFORTRAN CONVERT UNIT environment variable override the default specified by -fconvert. -frecord-marker=length Specify the length of record markers for unformatted files. Valid values for length are 4 and 8. Default is 4. This is different from previous versions of gfortran, which specified a default record marker length of 8 on most systems. If you want to read or write files compatible with earlier versions of gfortran, use -frecord-marker=8.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

-fmax-subrecord-length=length Specify the maximum length for a subrecord. The maximum permitted value for length is 2147483639, which is also the default. Only really useful for use by the gfortran testsuite. -fsign-zero When enabled, floating point numbers of value zero with the sign bit set are written as negative number in formatted output and treated as negative in the SIGN intrinsic. -fno-sign-zero does not print the negative sign of zero values (or values rounded to zero for I/O) and regards zero as positive number in the SIGN intrinsic for compatibility with Fortran 77. The default is -fsign-zero.

2.9 Options for code generation conventions

These machine-independent options control the interface conventions used in code generation. Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form of -ffoo would be -fno-foo. In the table below, only one of the forms is listedthe one which is not the default. You can figure out the other form by either removing no- or adding it. -fno-automatic Treat each program unit (except those marked as RECURSIVE) as if the SAVE statement were specified for every local variable and array referenced in it. Does not affect common blocks. (Some Fortran compilers provide this option under the name -static or -save.) The default, which is -fautomatic, uses the stack for local variables smaller than the value given by -fmax-stack-var-size. Use the option -frecursive to use no static memory. -ff2c Generate code designed to be compatible with code generated by g77 and f2c. The calling conventions used by g77 (originally implemented in f2c) require functions that return type default REAL to actually return the C type double, and functions that return type COMPLEX to return the values via an extra argument in the calling sequence that points to where to store the return value. Under the default GNU calling conventions, such functions simply return their results as they would in GNU Cdefault REAL functions return the C type float, and COMPLEX functions return the GNU C type complex. Additionally, this option implies the -fsecond-underscore option, unless -fno-second-underscore is explicitly requested. This does not affect the generation of code that interfaces with the libgfortran library. Caution: It is not a good idea to mix Fortran code compiled with -ff2c with code compiled with the default -fno-f2c calling conventions as, calling COMPLEX or default REAL functions between program parts which were compiled with different calling conventions will break at execution time. Caution: This will break code which passes intrinsic functions of type default REAL or COMPLEX as actual arguments, as the library implementations use the -fno-f2c calling conventions.

Chapter 2: GNU Fortran Command Options

-fno-underscoring Do not transform names of entities specified in the Fortran source file by appending underscores to them. With -funderscoring in effect, GNU Fortran appends one underscore to external names with no underscores. This is done to ensure compatibility with code produced by many UNIX Fortran compilers. Caution : The default behavior of GNU Fortran is incompatible with f2c and g77, please use the -ff2c option if you want object files compiled with GNU Fortran to be compatible with object code created with these tools. Use of -fno-underscoring is not recommended unless you are experimenting with issues such as integration of GNU Fortran into existing system environments (vis-` a-vis existing libraries, tools, and so on). For example, with -funderscoring, and assuming other defaults like -fcase-lower and that j() and max_count() are external functions while my_var and lvar are local variables, a statement like
I = J() + MAX_COUNT (MY_VAR, LVAR)

is implemented as something akin to:

i = j_() + max_count__(&my_var__, &lvar);

With -fno-underscoring, the same statement is implemented as:

i = j() + max_count(&my_var, &lvar);

Use of -fno-underscoring allows direct specification of user-defined names while debugging and when interfacing GNU Fortran code with other languages. Note that just because the names match does not mean that the interface implemented by GNU Fortran for an external name matches the interface implemented by some other language for that same name. That is, getting code produced by GNU Fortran to link to code produced by some other compiler using this or any other method can be only a small part of the overall solution getting the code generated by both compilers to agree on issues other than naming can require significant effort, and, unlike naming disagreements, linkers normally cannot detect disagreements in these other areas. Also, note that with -fno-underscoring, the lack of appended underscores introduces the very real possibility that a user-defined external name will conflict with a name in a system library, which could make finding unresolved-reference bugs quite difficult in some casesthey might occur at program run time, and show up only as buggy behavior at run time. In future versions of GNU Fortran we hope to improve naming and linking issues so that debugging always involves using the names as they appear in the source, even if the names as seen by the linker are mangled to prevent accidental linking between procedures with incompatible interfaces. -fno-whole-file This flag causes the compiler to resolve and translate each procedure in a file separately. By default, the whole file is parsed and placed in a single front-end tree. During resolution, in addition to all the usual checks and fixups, references to external

The GNU Fortran Compiler

procedures that are in the same file effect resolution of that procedure, if not already done, and a check of the interfaces. The dependences are resolved by changing the order in which the file is translated into the backend tree. Thus, a procedure that is referenced is translated before the reference and the duplication of backend tree declarations eliminated. The -fno-whole-file option is deprecated and may lead to wrong code. -fsecond-underscore By default, GNU Fortran appends an underscore to external names. If this option is used GNU Fortran appends two underscores to names with underscores and one underscore to external names with no underscores. GNU Fortran also appends two underscores to internal names with underscores to avoid naming collisions with external names. This option has no effect if -fno-underscoring is in effect. It is implied by the -ff2c option. Otherwise, with this option, an external name such as MAX_COUNT is implemented as a reference to the link-time external symbol max_count__, instead of max_count_. This is required for compatibility with g77 and f2c, and is implied by use of the -ff2c option. -fcoarray=<keyword> none Disable coarray support; using coarray declarations and imagecontrol statements will produce a compile-time error. (Default) single lib Single-image mode, i.e. num_images() is always one. Library-based coarray parallelization; a suitable GNU Fortran coarray library needs to be linked.

-fcheck=<keyword> Enable the generation of run-time checks; the argument shall be a commadelimited list of the following keywords. all Enable all run-time test of -fcheck.

array-temps Warns at run time when for passing an actual argument a temporary array had to be generated. The information generated by this warning is sometimes useful in optimization, in order to avoid such temporaries. Note: The warning is only printed once per location. bounds Enable generation of run-time checks for array subscripts and against the declared minimum and maximum values. It also checks array indices for assumed and deferred shape arrays against the actual allocated bounds and ensures that all string lengths are equal for character array constructors without an explicit typespec. Some checks require that -fcheck=bounds is set for the compilation of the main program.

Chapter 2: GNU Fortran Command Options

Note: In the future this may also include other forms of checking, e.g., checking substring references. do mem Enable generation of run-time checks for invalid modification of loop iteration variables. Enable generation of run-time checks for memory allocation. Note: This option does not affect explicit allocations using the ALLOCATE statement, which will be always checked. Enable generation of run-time checks for pointers and allocatables.

pointer

recursion Enable generation of run-time checks for recursively called subroutines and functions which are not marked as recursive. See also -frecursive. Note: This check does not work for OpenMP programs and is disabled if used together with -frecursive and -fopenmp. -fbounds-check Deprecated alias for -fcheck=bounds. -fcheck-array-temporaries Deprecated alias for -fcheck=array-temps. -fmax-array-constructor=n This option can be used to increase the upper limit permitted in array constructors. The code below requires this option to expand the array at compile time.
program test implicit none integer j integer, parameter :: n = 100000 integer, parameter :: i(n) = (/ (2*j, j = 1, n) /) print (10(I0,1X)), i end program test

Caution: This option can lead to long compile times and excessively large object files. The default value for n is 65535. -fmax-stack-var-size=n This option specifies the size in bytes of the largest array that will be put on the stack; if the size is exceeded static memory is used (except in procedures marked as RECURSIVE). Use the option -frecursive to allow for recursive procedures which do not have a RECURSIVE attribute or for parallel programs. Use -fno-automatic to never use the stack. This option currently only affects local arrays declared with constant bounds, and may not apply to all character variables. Future versions of GNU Fortran may improve this behavior. The default value for n is 32768.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

-fstack-arrays Adding this option will make the Fortran compiler put all local arrays, even those of unknown size onto stack memory. If your program uses very large local arrays it is possible that you will have to extend your runtime limits for stack memory on some operating systems. This flag is enabled by default at optimization level -Ofast. -fpack-derived This option tells GNU Fortran to pack derived type members as closely as possible. Code compiled with this option is likely to be incompatible with code compiled without this option, and may execute slower. -frepack-arrays In some circumstances GNU Fortran may pass assumed shape array sections via a descriptor describing a noncontiguous area of memory. This option adds code to the function prologue to repack the data into a contiguous block at runtime. This should result in faster accesses to the array. However it can introduce significant overhead to the function call, especially when the passed data is noncontiguous. -fshort-enums This option is provided for interoperability with C code that was compiled with the -fshort-enums option. It will make GNU Fortran choose the smallest INTEGER kind a given enumerator set will fit in, and give all its enumerators this kind. -fexternal-blas This option will make gfortran generate calls to BLAS functions for some matrix operations like MATMUL, instead of using our own algorithms, if the size of the matrices involved is larger than a given limit (see -fblas-matmul-limit). This may be profitable if an optimized vendor BLAS library is available. The BLAS library will have to be specified at link time. -fblas-matmul-limit=n Only significant when -fexternal-blas is in effect. Matrix multiplication of matrices with size larger than (or equal to) n will be performed by calls to BLAS functions, while others will be handled by gfortran internal algorithms. If the matrices involved are not square, the size comparison is performed using the geometric mean of the dimensions of the argument and result matrices. The default value for n is 30. -frecursive Allow indirect recursion by forcing all local arrays to be allocated on the stack. This flag cannot be used together with -fmax-stack-var-size= or -fno-automatic.

Chapter 2: GNU Fortran Command Options

-finit-local-zero -finit-integer=n -finit-real=<zero|inf|-inf|nan|snan> -finit-logical=<true|false> -finit-character=n The -finit-local-zero option instructs the compiler to initialize local INTEGER, REAL, and COMPLEX variables to zero, LOGICAL variables to false, and CHARACTER variables to a string of null bytes. Finer-grained initialization options are provided by the -finit-integer=n, -finit-real=<zero|inf|inf|nan|snan> (which also initializes the real and imaginary parts of local COMPLEX variables), -finit-logical=<true|false>, and -finit-character=n (where n is an ASCII character value) options. These options do not initialize allocatable arrays components of derived type variables variables that appear in an EQUIVALENCE statement. (These limitations may be removed in future releases). Note that the -finit-real=nan option initializes REAL and COMPLEX variables with a quiet NaN. For a signalling NaN use -finit-real=snan; note, however, that compile-time optimizations may convert them into quiet NaN and that trapping needs to be enabled (e.g. via -ffpe-trap). Finally, note that enabling any of the -finit-* options will silence warnings that would have been emitted by -Wuninitialized for the affected local variables. -falign-commons By default, gfortran enforces proper alignment of all variables in a COMMON block by padding them as needed. On certain platforms this is mandatory, on others it increases performance. If a COMMON block is not declared with consistent data types everywhere, this padding can cause trouble, and -fno-align-commons can be used to disable automatic alignment. The same form of this option should be used for all files that share a COMMON block. To avoid potential alignment issues in COMMON blocks, it is recommended to order objects from largest to smallest. -fno-protect-parens By default the parentheses in expression are honored for all optimization levels such that the compiler does not do any re-association. Using -fno-protect-parens allows the compiler to reorder REAL and COMPLEX expressions to produce faster code. Note that for the re-association optimization -fno-signed-zeros and -fno-trapping-math need to be in effect. The parentheses protection is enabled by default, unless -Ofast is given. -frealloc-lhs An allocatable left-hand side of an intrinsic assignment is automatically (re)allocated if it is either unallocated or has a different shape. The option is enabled by default except when -std=f95 is given. See also -Wrealloc-lhs.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

-faggressive-function-elimination Functions with identical argument lists are eliminated within statements, regardless of whether these functions are marked PURE or not. For example, in
a = f(b,c) + f(b,c)

there will only be a single call to f. -ffrontend-optimize is in effect.

This option only works if

-ffrontend-optimize This option performs front-end optimization, based on manipulating parts the Fortran parse tree. Enabled by default by any -O option. Optimizations enabled by this option include elimination of identical function calls within expressions, removing unnecessary calls to TRIM in comparisons and assignments and replacing TRIM(a) with a(1:LEN_TRIM(a)). It can be deselected by specifying -fno-frontend-optimize. See Section Options for Code Generation Conventions in Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), for information on more options offered by the GBE shared by gfortran, gcc, and other GNU compilers.

2.10 Environment variables affecting gfortran

The gfortran compiler currently does not make use of any environment variables to control its operation above and beyond those that affect the operation of gcc. See Section Environment Variables Affecting GCC in Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), for information on environment variables. See Chapter 3 [Runtime], page 27, for environment variables that affect the run-time behavior of programs compiled with GNU Fortran.

Chapter 3: Runtime: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables

3 Runtime: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables

The behavior of the gfortran can be influenced by environment variables. Malformed environment variables are silently ignored.

3.1 TMPDIRDirectory for scratch files

When opening a file with STATUS=SCRATCH, GNU Fortran tries to create the file in one of the potential directories by testing each directory in the order below. 1. The environment variable TMPDIR, if it exists. 2. On the MinGW target, the directory returned by the GetTempPath function. Alternatively, on the Cygwin target, the TMP and TEMP environment variables, if they exist, in that order. 3. The P_tmpdir macro if it is defined, otherwise the directory /tmp.

3.2 GFORTRAN_STDIN_UNITUnit number for standard input

This environment variable can be used to select the unit number preconnected to standard input. This must be a positive integer. The default value is 5.

3.3 GFORTRAN_STDOUT_UNITUnit number for standard output

This environment variable can be used to select the unit number preconnected to standard output. This must be a positive integer. The default value is 6.

3.4 GFORTRAN_STDERR_UNITUnit number for standard error

This environment variable can be used to select the unit number preconnected to standard error. This must be a positive integer. The default value is 0.

3.5 GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALLDo not buffer I/O on all units

This environment variable controls whether all I/O is unbuffered. If the first letter is y, Y or 1, all I/O is unbuffered. This will slow down small sequential reads and writes. If the first letter is n, N or 0, I/O is buffered. This is the default.

3.6 GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTEDDo not buffer I/O on preconnected units

The environment variable named GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED controls whether I/O on a preconnected unit (i.e. STDOUT or STDERR) is unbuffered. If the first letter is y, Y or 1, I/O is unbuffered. This will slow down small sequential reads and writes. If the first letter is n, N or 0, I/O is buffered. This is the default.

3.7 GFORTRAN_SHOW_LOCUSShow location for runtime errors

If the first letter is y, Y or 1, filename and line numbers for runtime errors are printed. If the first letter is n, N or 0, do not print filename and line numbers for runtime errors. The default is to print the location.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

3.8 GFORTRAN_OPTIONAL_PLUSPrint leading + where permitted

If the first letter is y, Y or 1, a plus sign is printed where permitted by the Fortran standard. If the first letter is n, N or 0, a plus sign is not printed in most cases. Default is not to print plus signs.

3.9 GFORTRAN_DEFAULT_RECLDefault record length for new files

This environment variable specifies the default record length, in bytes, for files which are opened without a RECL tag in the OPEN statement. This must be a positive integer. The default value is 1073741824 bytes (1 GB).

3.10 GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATORSeparator for list output

This environment variable specifies the separator when writing list-directed output. It may contain any number of spaces and at most one comma. If you specify this on the command line, be sure to quote spaces, as in
$ GFORTRAN_LIST_SEPARATOR= , ./a.out

when a.out is the compiled Fortran program that you want to run. Default is a single space.

3.11 GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNITSet endianness for unformatted I/O

By setting the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT variable, it is possible to change the representation of data for unformatted files. The syntax for the GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT variable is:
GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT: mode | mode ; exception | exception ; mode: native | swap | big_endian | little_endian ; exception: mode : unit_list | unit_list ; unit_list: unit_spec | unit_list unit_spec ; unit_spec: INTEGER | INTEGER - INTEGER ;

The variable consists of an optional default mode, followed by a list of optional exceptions, which are separated by semicolons from the preceding default and each other. Each exception consists of a format and a comma-separated list of units. Valid values for the modes are the same as for the CONVERT specifier: NATIVE Use the native format. This is the default. SWAP Swap between little- and big-endian. LITTLE_ENDIAN Use the little-endian format for unformatted files. BIG_ENDIAN Use the big-endian format for unformatted files. A missing mode for an exception is taken to mean BIG_ENDIAN. Examples of values for GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT are: big_endian Do all unformatted I/O in big endian mode. little_endian;native:10-20,25 Do all unformatted I/O in little endian mode, except for units 10 to 20 and 25, which are in native format. 10-20 Units 10 to 20 are big-endian, the rest is native.

Chapter 3: Runtime: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables

Setting the environment variables should be done on the command line or via the export command for sh-compatible shells and via setenv for csh-compatible shells. Example for sh:
$ gfortran foo.f90 $ GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT=big_endian;native:10-20 ./a.out

Example code for csh:

% gfortran foo.f90 % setenv GFORTRAN_CONVERT_UNIT big_endian;native:10-20 % ./a.out

Using anything but the native representation for unformatted data carries a significant speed overhead. If speed in this area matters to you, it is best if you use this only for data that needs to be portable. See Section 6.1.15 [CONVERT specifier], page 47, for an alternative way to specify the data representation for unformatted files. See Section 2.8 [Runtime Options], page 19, for setting a default data representation for the whole program. The CONVERT specifier overrides the -fconvert compile options. Note that the values specified via the GFORTRAN CONVERT UNIT environment variable will override the CONVERT specifier in the open statement. This is to give control over data formats to users who do not have the source code of their program available.

3.12 GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACEShow backtrace on run-time errors

If the GFORTRAN_ERROR_BACKTRACE variable is set to y, Y or 1 (only the first letter is relevant) then a backtrace is printed when a serious run-time error occurs. To disable the backtracing, set the variable to n, N, 0. Default is to print a backtrace unless the -fno-backtrace compile option was used.

Chapter 3: Runtime: Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables

Part II: Language Reference

Chapter 4: Fortran 2003 and 2008 Status

4 Fortran 2003 and 2008 Status

4.1 Fortran 2003 status
GNU Fortran supports several Fortran 2003 features; an incomplete list can be found below. See also the wiki page about Fortran 2003. Procedure pointers including procedure-pointer components with PASS attribute. Procedures which are bound to a derived type (type-bound procedures) including PASS, PROCEDURE and GENERIC, and operators bound to a type. Abstract interfaces and type extension with the possibility to override type-bound procedures or to have deferred binding. Polymorphic entities (CLASS) for derived types including SAME_TYPE_AS, EXTENDS_ TYPE_OF and SELECT TYPE. Note that unlimited polymorphism is currently not supported. Generic interface names, which have the same name as derived types, are now supported. This allows one to write constructor functions. Note that Fortran does not support static constructor functions. For static variables, only default initialization or structure-constructor initialization are available. The ASSOCIATE construct. Interoperability with C including enumerations, In structure constructors the components with default values may be omitted. Extensions to the ALLOCATE statement, allowing for a type-specification with type parameter and for allocation and initialization from a SOURCE= expression; ALLOCATE and DEALLOCATE optionally return an error message string via ERRMSG=. Reallocation on assignment: If an intrinsic assignment is used, an allocatable variable on the left-hand side is automatically allocated (if unallocated) or reallocated (if the shape is different). Currently, scalar deferred character length left-hand sides are correctly handled but arrays are not yet fully implemented. Transferring of allocations via MOVE_ALLOC. The PRIVATE and PUBLIC attributes may be given individually to derived-type components. In pointer assignments, the lower bound may be specified and the remapping of elements is supported. For pointers an INTENT may be specified which affect the association status not the value of the pointer target. Intrinsics command_argument_count, get_command, get_command_argument, and get_ environment_variable. Support for Unicode characters (ISO 10646) and UTF-8, including the SELECTED_CHAR_ KIND and NEW_LINE intrinsic functions. Support for binary, octal and hexadecimal (BOZ) constants in the intrinsic functions INT, REAL, CMPLX and DBLE. Support for namelist variables with allocatable and pointer attribute and nonconstant length type parameter.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

Array constructors using square brackets. That is, [...] rather than (/.../). Typespecification for array constructors like (/ some-type :: ... /). Extensions to the specification and initialization expressions, including the support for intrinsics with real and complex arguments. Support for the asynchronous input/output syntax; however, the data transfer is currently always synchronously performed. FLUSH statement. IOMSG= specifier for I/O statements. Support for the declaration of enumeration constants via the ENUM and ENUMERATOR statements. Interoperability with gcc is guaranteed also for the case where the fshort-enums command line option is given. TR 15581: ALLOCATABLE dummy arguments. ALLOCATABLE function results ALLOCATABLE components of derived types The OPEN statement supports the ACCESS=STREAM specifier, allowing I/O without any record structure. Namelist input/output for internal files. Further I/O extensions: Rounding during formatted output, using of a decimal comma instead of a decimal point, setting whether a plus sign should appear for positive numbers. The PROTECTED statement and attribute. The VALUE statement and attribute. The VOLATILE statement and attribute. The IMPORT statement, allowing to import host-associated derived types. The intrinsic modules ISO_FORTRAN_ENVIRONMENT is supported, which contains parameters of the I/O units, storage sizes. Additionally, procedures for C interoperability are available in the ISO_C_BINDING module. USE statement with INTRINSIC and NON_INTRINSIC attribute; supported intrinsic modules: ISO_FORTRAN_ENV, ISO_C_BINDING, OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS. Renaming of operators in the USE statement.

4.2 Fortran 2008 status

The latest version of the Fortran standard is ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010, informally known as Fortran 2008. The official version is available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or its national member organizations. The the final draft (FDIS) can be downloaded free of charge from http://www.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/links.html. Fortran is developed by the Working Group 5 of Sub-Committee 22 of the Joint Technical Committee 1 of the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). This group is known as WG5. The GNU Fortran compiler supports several of the new features of Fortran 2008; the wiki has some information about the current Fortran 2008 implementation status. In particular, the following is implemented.

Chapter 4: Fortran 2003 and 2008 Status

The -std=f2008 option and support for the file extensions .f08 and .F08. The OPEN statement now supports the NEWUNIT= option, which returns a unique file unit, thus preventing inadvertent use of the same unit in different parts of the program. The g0 format descriptor and unlimited format items. The mathematical intrinsics ASINH, ACOSH, ATANH, ERF, ERFC, GAMMA, LOG_GAMMA, BESSEL_J0, BESSEL_J1, BESSEL_JN, BESSEL_Y0, BESSEL_Y1, BESSEL_YN, HYPOT, NORM2, and ERFC_SCALED. Using complex arguments with TAN, SINH, COSH, TANH, ASIN, ACOS, and ATAN is now possible; ATAN(Y,X ) is now an alias for ATAN2(Y,X ). Support of the PARITY intrinsic functions. The following bit intrinsics: LEADZ and TRAILZ for counting the number of leading and trailing zero bits, POPCNT and POPPAR for counting the number of one bits and returning the parity; BGE, BGT, BLE, and BLT for bitwise comparisons; DSHIFTL and DSHIFTR for combined left and right shifts, MASKL and MASKR for simple left and right justified masks, MERGE_BITS for a bitwise merge using a mask, SHIFTA, SHIFTL and SHIFTR for shift operations, and the transformational bit intrinsics IALL, IANY and IPARITY. Support of the EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE intrinsic subroutine. Support for the STORAGE_SIZE intrinsic inquiry function. The INT{8,16,32} and REAL{32,64,128} kind type parameters and the array-valued named constants INTEGER_KINDS, LOGICAL_KINDS, REAL_KINDS and CHARACTER_KINDS of the intrinsic module ISO_FORTRAN_ENV. The module procedures C_SIZEOF of the intrinsic module ISO_C_BINDINGS and COMPILER_VERSION and COMPILER_OPTIONS of ISO_FORTRAN_ENV. Coarray support for serial programs with -fcoarray=single flag and experimental support for multiple images with the -fcoarray=lib flag. The DO CONCURRENT construct is supported. The BLOCK construct is supported. The STOP and the new ERROR STOP statements now support all constant expressions. Support for the CONTIGUOUS attribute. Support for ALLOCATE with MOLD. Support for the IMPURE attribute for procedures, which allows for ELEMENTAL procedures without the restrictions of PURE. Null pointers (including NULL()) and not-allocated variables can be used as actual argument to optional non-pointer, non-allocatable dummy arguments, denoting an absent argument. Non-pointer variables with TARGET attribute can be used as actual argument to POINTER dummies with INTENT(IN). Pointers including procedure pointers and those in a derived type (pointer components) can now be initialized by a target instead of only by NULL. The EXIT statement (with construct-name) can be now be used to leave not only the DO but also the ASSOCIATE, BLOCK, IF, SELECT CASE and SELECT TYPE constructs. Internal procedures can now be used as actual argument.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

Minor features: obsolesce diagnostics for ENTRY with -std=f2008; a line may start with a semicolon; for internal and module procedures END can be used instead of END SUBROUTINE and END FUNCTION; SELECTED_REAL_KIND now also takes a RADIX argument; intrinsic types are supported for TYPE(intrinsic-type-spec ); multiple type-bound procedures can be declared in a single PROCEDURE statement; implied-shape arrays are supported for named constants (PARAMETER).

4.3 Technical Specification 29113 Status

GNU Fortran supports some of the new features of the Technical Specification (TS) 29113 on Further Interoperability of Fortran with C. The wiki has some information about the current TS 29113 implementation status. In particular, the following is implemented. The -std=f2008ts option. The OPTIONAL attribute is allowed for dummy arguments of BIND(C) procedures. The RANK intrinsic is supported. GNU Fortrans implementation for variables with ASYNCHRONOUS attribute is compatible with TS 29113.

Chapter 5: Compiler Characteristics

5 Compiler Characteristics
This chapter describes certain characteristics of the GNU Fortran compiler, that are not specified by the Fortran standard, but which might in some way or another become visible to the programmer.

5.1 KIND Type Parameters

The KIND type parameters supported by GNU Fortran for the primitive data types are: INTEGER LOGICAL REAL COMPLEX CHARACTER 1, 4, default: 1 * = not available on all systems (1) Unless -fdefault-integer-8 is used (2) Unless -fdefault-real-8 is used The KIND value matches the storage size in bytes, except for COMPLEX where the storage size is twice as much (or both real and imaginary part are a real value of the given size). It is recommended to use the SELECTED_CHAR_KIND, SELECTED_INT_KIND and SELECTED_REAL_ KIND intrinsics or the INT8, INT16, INT32, INT64, REAL32, REAL64, and REAL128 parameters of the ISO_FORTRAN_ENV module instead of the concrete values. The available kind parameters can be found in the constant arrays CHARACTER_KINDS, INTEGER_KINDS, LOGICAL_KINDS and REAL_KINDS in the ISO_FORTRAN_ENV module (see Section 9.1 [ISO FORTRAN ENV], page 213). 1, 2, 4, 8*, 16*, default: 4 (1) 1, 2, 4, 8*, 16*, default: 4 (1) 4, 8, 10*, 16*, default: 4 (2) 4, 8, 10*, 16*, default: 4 (2)

5.2 Internal representation of LOGICAL variables

The Fortran standard does not specify how variables of LOGICAL type are represented, beyond requiring that LOGICAL variables of default kind have the same storage size as default INTEGER and REAL variables. The GNU Fortran internal representation is as follows. A LOGICAL(KIND=N) variable is represented as an INTEGER(KIND=N) variable, however, with only two permissible values: 1 for .TRUE. and 0 for .FALSE.. Any other integer value results in undefined behavior. Note that for mixed-language programming using the ISO_C_BINDING feature, there is a C_BOOL kind that can be used to create LOGICAL(KIND=C_BOOL) variables which are interoperable with the C99 Bool type. The C99 Bool type has an internal representation described in the C99 standard, which is identical to the above description, i.e. with 1 for true and 0 for false being the only permissible values. Thus the internal representation of LOGICAL variables in GNU Fortran is identical to C99 Bool, except for a possible difference in storage size depending on the kind.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

5.3 Thread-safety of the runtime library

GNU Fortran can be used in programs with multiple threads, e.g. by using OpenMP, by calling OS thread handling functions via the ISO_C_BINDING facility, or by GNU Fortran compiled library code being called from a multi-threaded program. The GNU Fortran runtime library, (libgfortran), supports being called concurrently from multiple threads with the following exceptions. During library initialization, the C getenv function is used, which need not be threadsafe. Similarly, the getenv function is used to implement the GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE and GETENV intrinsics. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the environment is not being updated concurrently when any of these actions are taking place. The EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE and SYSTEM intrinsics are implemented with the system function, which need not be thread-safe. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that system is not called concurrently. Finally, for platforms not supporting thread-safe POSIX functions, further functionality might not be thread-safe. For details, please consult the documentation for your operating system.

5.4 Data consistency and durability

This section contains a brief overview of data and metadata consistency and durability issues when doing I/O. With respect to durability, GNU Fortran makes no effort to ensure that data is committed to stable storage. If this is required, the GNU Fortran programmer can use the intrinsic FNUM to retrieve the low level file descriptor corresponding to an open Fortran unit. Then, using e.g. the ISO_C_BINDING feature, one can call the underlying system call to flush dirty data to stable storage, such as fsync on POSIX, _commit on MingW, or fcntl(fd, F_FULLSYNC, 0) on Mac OS X. The following example shows how to call fsync:
! Declare the interface for POSIX fsync function interface function fsync (fd) bind(c,name="fsync") use iso_c_binding, only: c_int integer(c_int), value :: fd integer(c_int) :: fsync end function fsync end interface ! Variable declaration integer :: ret ! Opening unit 10 open (10,file="foo") ! ... ! Perform I/O on unit 10 ! ... ! Flush and sync flush(10) ret = fsync(fnum(10))

Chapter 5: Compiler Characteristics

! Handle possible error if (ret /= 0) stop "Error calling FSYNC"

With respect to consistency, for regular files GNU Fortran uses buffered I/O in order to improve performance. This buffer is flushed automatically when full and in some other situations, e.g. when closing a unit. It can also be explicitly flushed with the FLUSH statement. Also, the buffering can be turned off with the GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_ALL and GFORTRAN_UNBUFFERED_PRECONNECTED environment variables. Special files, such as terminals and pipes, are always unbuffered. Sometimes, however, further things may need to be done in order to allow other processes to see data that GNU Fortran has written, as follows. The Windows platform supports a relaxed metadata consistency model, where file metadata is written to the directory lazily. This means that, for instance, the dir command can show a stale size for a file. One can force a directory metadata update by closing the unit, or by calling _commit on the file descriptor. Note, though, that _commit will force all dirty data to stable storage, which is often a very slow operation. The Network File System (NFS) implements a relaxed consistency model called open-toclose consistency. Closing a file forces dirty data and metadata to be flushed to the server, and opening a file forces the client to contact the server in order to revalidate cached data. fsync will also force a flush of dirty data and metadata to the server. Similar to open and close, acquiring and releasing fcntl file locks, if the server supports them, will also force cache validation and flushing dirty data and metadata.

Chapter 6: Extensions

6 Extensions
The two sections below detail the extensions to standard Fortran that are implemented in GNU Fortran, as well as some of the popular or historically important extensions that are not (or not yet) implemented. For the latter case, we explain the alternatives available to GNU Fortran users, including replacement by standard-conforming code or GNU extensions.

6.1 Extensions implemented in GNU Fortran

GNU Fortran implements a number of extensions over standard Fortran. This chapter contains information on their syntax and meaning. There are currently two categories of GNU Fortran extensions, those that provide functionality beyond that provided by any standard, and those that are supported by GNU Fortran purely for backward compatibility with legacy compilers. By default, -std=gnu allows the compiler to accept both types of extensions, but to warn about the use of the latter. Specifying either -std=f95, -std=f2003 or -std=f2008 disables both types of extensions, and -std=legacy allows both without warning.

6.1.1 Old-style kind specifications

GNU Fortran allows old-style kind specifications in declarations. These look like:
TYPESPEC*size x,y,z

where TYPESPEC is a basic type (INTEGER, REAL, etc.), and where size is a byte count corresponding to the storage size of a valid kind for that type. (For COMPLEX variables, size is the total size of the real and imaginary parts.) The statement then declares x, y and z to be of type TYPESPEC with the appropriate kind. This is equivalent to the standardconforming declaration
TYPESPEC(k) x,y,z

where k is the kind parameter suitable for the intended precision. As kind parameters are implementation-dependent, use the KIND, SELECTED_INT_KIND and SELECTED_REAL_KIND intrinsics to retrieve the correct value, for instance REAL*8 x can be replaced by:
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: dbl = KIND(1.0d0) REAL(KIND=dbl) :: x

6.1.2 Old-style variable initialization

6.1.6 Missing period in FORMAT specifications

To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows missing periods in format specifications if and only if -std=legacy is given on the command line. This is considered non-conforming code and is discouraged.
REAL :: value READ(*,10) value FORMAT (F4)

6.1.7 I/O item lists

To support legacy codes, GNU Fortran allows the input item list of the READ statement, and the output item lists of the WRITE and PRINT statements, to start with a comma.

6.1.8 Q exponent-letter
GNU Fortran accepts real literal constants with an exponent-letter of Q, for example, 1.23Q45. The constant is interpreted as a REAL(16) entity on targets that support this type. If the target does not support REAL(16) but has a REAL(10) type, then the realliteral-constant will be interpreted as a REAL(10) entity. In the absence of REAL(16) and REAL(10), an error will occur.

6.1.9 BOZ literal constants

Besides decimal constants, Fortran also supports binary (b), octal (o) and hexadecimal (z) integer constants. The syntax is: prefix quote digits quote, were the prefix is either b, o or z, quote is either or " and the digits are for binary 0 or 1, for octal between 0 and 7, and for hexadecimal between 0 and F. (Example: b01011101.) Up to Fortran 95, BOZ literals were only allowed to initialize integer variables in DATA statements. Since Fortran 2003 BOZ literals are also allowed as argument of REAL, DBLE, INT and CMPLX; the result is the same as if the integer BOZ literal had been converted by TRANSFER to, respectively, real, double precision, integer or complex. As GNU Fortran extension the intrinsic procedures FLOAT, DFLOAT, COMPLEX and DCMPLX are treated alike. As an extension, GNU Fortran allows hexadecimal BOZ literal constants to be specified using the X prefix, in addition to the standard Z prefix. The BOZ literal can also be specified by adding a suffix to the string, for example, ZABC and ABCZ are equivalent.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

Furthermore, GNU Fortran allows using BOZ literal constants outside DATA statements and the four intrinsic functions allowed by Fortran 2003. In DATA statements, in direct assignments, where the right-hand side only contains a BOZ literal constant, and for oldstyle initializers of the form integer i /o0173/, the constant is transferred as if TRANSFER had been used; for COMPLEX numbers, only the real part is initialized unless CMPLX is used. In all other cases, the BOZ literal constant is converted to an INTEGER value with the largest decimal representation. This value is then converted numerically to the type and kind of the variable in question. (For instance, real :: r = b0000001 + 1 initializes r with 2.0.) As different compilers implement the extension differently, one should be careful when doing bitwise initialization of non-integer variables. Note that initializing an INTEGER variable with a statement such as DATA i/ZFFFFFFFF/ will give an integer overflow error rather than the desired result of 1 when i is a 32-bit integer on a system that supports 64-bit integers. The -fno-range-check option can be used as a workaround for legacy code that initializes integers in this manner.

6.1.10 Real array indices

As an extension, GNU Fortran allows the use of REAL expressions or variables as array indices.

6.1.11 Unary operators

As an extension, GNU Fortran allows unary plus and unary minus operators to appear as the second operand of binary arithmetic operators without the need for parenthesis.
X = Y * -Z

6.1.12 Implicitly convert LOGICAL and INTEGER values

As an extension for backwards compatibility with other compilers, GNU Fortran allows the implicit conversion of LOGICAL values to INTEGER values and vice versa. When converting from a LOGICAL to an INTEGER, .FALSE. is interpreted as zero, and .TRUE. is interpreted as one. When converting from INTEGER to LOGICAL, the value zero is interpreted as .FALSE. and any nonzero value is interpreted as .TRUE..
LOGICAL :: l l = 1 INTEGER :: i i = .TRUE.

However, there is no implicit conversion of INTEGER values in if-statements, nor of LOGICAL or INTEGER values in I/O operations.

6.1.13 Hollerith constants support

GNU Fortran supports Hollerith constants in assignments, function arguments, and DATA and ASSIGN statements. A Hollerith constant is written as a string of characters preceded by an integer constant indicating the character count, and the letter H or h, and stored in bytewise fashion in a numeric (INTEGER, REAL, or complex) or LOGICAL variable. The constant will be padded or truncated to fit the size of the variable in which it is stored. Examples of valid uses of Hollerith constants:

Chapter 6: Extensions

complex*16 x(2) data x /16Habcdefghijklmnop, 16Hqrstuvwxyz012345/ x(1) = 16HABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP call foo (4h abc)

Invalid Hollerith constants examples:

integer*4 a a = 8H12345678 ! Valid, but the Hollerith constant will be truncated. a = 0H ! At least one character is needed.

In general, Hollerith constants were used to provide a rudimentary facility for handling character strings in early Fortran compilers, prior to the introduction of CHARACTER variables in Fortran 77; in those cases, the standard-compliant equivalent is to convert the program to use proper character strings. On occasion, there may be a case where the intent is specifically to initialize a numeric variable with a given byte sequence. In these cases, the same result can be obtained by using the TRANSFER statement, as in this example.
INTEGER(KIND=4) :: a a = TRANSFER ("abcd", a) ! equivalent to: a = 4Habcd

6.1.14 Cray pointers

Cray pointers are part of a non-standard extension that provides a C-like pointer in Fortran. This is accomplished through a pair of variables: an integer "pointer" that holds a memory address, and a "pointee" that is used to dereference the pointer. Pointer/pointee pairs are declared in statements of the form:
pointer ( <pointer> , <pointee> )

or,
pointer ( <pointer1> , <pointee1> ), ( <pointer2> , <pointee2> ), ...

The pointer is an integer that is intended to hold a memory address. The pointee may be an array or scalar. A pointee can be an assumed size arraythat is, the last dimension may be left unspecified by using a * in place of a valuebut a pointee cannot be an assumed shape array. No space is allocated for the pointee. The pointee may have its type declared before or after the pointer statement, and its array specification (if any) may be declared before, during, or after the pointer statement. The pointer may be declared as an integer prior to the pointer statement. However, some machines have default integer sizes that are different than the size of a pointer, and so the following code is not portable:
integer ipt pointer (ipt, iarr)

If a pointer is declared with a kind that is too small, the compiler will issue a warning; the resulting binary will probably not work correctly, because the memory addresses stored in the pointers may be truncated. It is safer to omit the first line of the above example; if explicit declaration of ipts type is omitted, then the compiler will ensure that ipt is an integer variable large enough to hold a pointer. Pointer arithmetic is valid with Cray pointers, but it is not the same as C pointer arithmetic. Cray pointers are just ordinary integers, so the user is responsible for determining how many bytes to add to a pointer in order to increment it. Consider the following example:
real target(10) real pointee(10) pointer (ipt, pointee)

The GNU Fortran Compiler

ipt = loc (target) ipt = ipt + 1

The last statement does not set ipt to the address of target(1), as it would in C pointer arithmetic. Adding 1 to ipt just adds one byte to the address stored in ipt. Any expression involving the pointee will be translated to use the value stored in the pointer as the base address. To get the address of elements, this extension provides an intrinsic function LOC(). The LOC() function is equivalent to the & operator in C, except the address is cast to an integer type:
real ar(10) pointer(ipt, arpte(10)) real arpte ipt = loc(ar) ! Makes arpte is an alias for ar arpte(1) = 1.0 ! Sets ar(1) to 1.0

The pointer can also be set by a call to the MALLOC intrinsic (see Section 8.160 [MALLOC], page 158). Cray pointees often are used to alias an existing variable. For example:
integer target(10) integer iarr(10) pointer (ipt, iarr) ipt = loc(target)

As long as ipt remains unchanged, iarr is now an alias for target. The optimizer, however, will not detect this aliasing, so it is unsafe to use iarr and target simultaneously. Using a pointee in any way that violates the Fortran aliasing rules or assumptions is illegal. It is the users responsibility to avoid doing this; the compiler works under the assumption that no such aliasing occurs. Cray pointers will work correctly when there is no aliasing (i.e., when they are used to access a dynamically allocated block of memory), and also in any routine where a pointee is used, but any variable with which it shares storage is not used. Code that violates these rules may not run as the user intends. This is not a bug in the optimizer; any code that violates the aliasing rules is illegal. (Note that this is not unique to GNU Fortran; any Fortran compiler that supports Cray pointers will incorrectly optimize code with illegal aliasing.) There are a number of restrictions on the attributes that can be applied to Cray pointers and pointees. Pointees may not have the ALLOCATABLE, INTENT, OPTIONAL, DUMMY, TARGET, INTRINSIC, or POINTER attributes. Pointers may not have the DIMENSION, POINTER, TARGET, ALLOCATABLE, EXTERNAL, or INTRINSIC attributes, nor may they be function results. Pointees may not occur in more than one pointer statement. A pointee cannot be a pointer. Pointees cannot occur in equivalence, common, or data statements. A Cray pointer may also point to a function or a subroutine. For example, the following excerpt is valid:
implicit none external sub pointer (subptr,subpte) external subpte subptr = loc(sub) call subpte() [...]

Chapter 6: Extensions

subroutine sub [...] end subroutine sub

A pointer may be modified during the course of a program, and this will change the location to which the pointee refers. However, when pointees are passed as arguments, they are treated as ordinary variables in the invoked function. Subsequent changes to the pointer will not change the base address of the array that was passed.

6.1.15 CONVERT specifier

GNU Fortran allows the conversion of unformatted data between little- and big-endian representation to facilitate moving of data between different systems. The conversion can be indicated with the CONVERT specifier on the OPEN statement. See Section 3.11 [GFORTRAN CONVERT UNIT], page 28, for an alternative way of specifying the data format via an environment variable. Valid values for CONVERT are: CONVERT=NATIVE Use the native format. This is the default. CONVERT=SWAP Swap between little- and big-endian. CONVERT=LITTLE_ENDIAN Use the little-endian representation for unformatted files. CONVERT=BIG_ENDIAN Use the big-endian representation for unformatted files. Using the option could look like this:
open(file=big.dat,form=unformatted,access=sequential, & convert=big_endian)

The value of the conversion can be queried by using INQUIRE(CONVERT=ch). The values returned are BIG_ENDIAN and LITTLE_ENDIAN. CONVERT works between big- and little-endian for INTEGER values of all supported kinds and for REAL on IEEE systems of kinds 4 and 8. Conversion between different extended double types on different architectures such as m68k and x86 64, which GNU Fortran supports as REAL(KIND=10) and REAL(KIND=16), will probably not work. Note that the values specified via the GFORTRAN CONVERT UNIT environment variable will override the CONVERT specifier in the open statement. This is to give control over data formats to users who do not have the source code of their program available. Using anything but the native representation for unformatted data carries a significant speed overhead. If speed in this area matters to you, it is best if you use this only for data that needs to be portable.

6.1.16 OpenMP
OpenMP (Open Multi-Processing) is an application programming interface (API) that supports multi-platform shared memory multiprocessing programming in C/C++ and Fortran on many architectures, including Unix and Microsoft Windows platforms. It consists of a set of compiler directives, library routines, and environment variables that influence run-time behavior. GNU Fortran strives to be compatible to the OpenMP Application Program Interface v3.1.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

To enable the processing of the OpenMP directive !$omp in free-form source code; the c$omp, *$omp and !$omp directives in fixed form; the !$ conditional compilation sentinels in free form; and the c$, *$ and !$ sentinels in fixed form, gfortran needs to be invoked with the -fopenmp. This also arranges for automatic linking of the GNU OpenMP runtime library Section libgomp in GNU OpenMP runtime library . The OpenMP Fortran runtime library routines are provided both in a form of a Fortran 90 module named omp_lib and in a form of a Fortran include file named omp_lib.h. An example of a parallelized loop taken from Appendix A.1 of the OpenMP Application Program Interface v2.5:
SUBROUTINE A1(N, A, B) INTEGER I, N REAL B(N), A(N) !$OMP PARALLEL DO !I is private by default DO I=2,N B(I) = (A(I) + A(I-1)) / 2.0 ENDDO !$OMP END PARALLEL DO END SUBROUTINE A1

Please note: -fopenmp implies -frecursive, i.e., all local arrays will be allocated on the stack. When porting existing code to OpenMP, this may lead to surprising results, especially to segmentation faults if the stacksize is limited. On glibc-based systems, OpenMP enabled applications cannot be statically linked due to limitations of the underlying pthreads-implementation. It might be possible to get a working solution if -Wl,--whole-archive -lpthread -Wl,--no-whole-archive is added to the command line. However, this is not supported by gcc and thus not recommended.

6.1.17 Argument list functions %VAL, %REF and %LOC

GNU Fortran supports argument list functions %VAL, %REF and %LOC statements, for backward compatibility with g77. It is recommended that these should be used only for code that is accessing facilities outside of GNU Fortran, such as operating system or windowing facilities. It is best to constrain such uses to isolated portions of a programportions that deal specifically and exclusively with low-level, system-dependent facilities. Such portions might well provide a portable interface for use by the program as a whole, but are themselves not portable, and should be thoroughly tested each time they are rebuilt using a new compiler or version of a compiler. %VAL passes a scalar argument by value, %REF passes it by reference and %LOC passes its memory location. Since gfortran already passes scalar arguments by reference, %REF is in effect a do-nothing. %LOC has the same effect as a Fortran pointer. An example of passing an argument by value to a C subroutine foo.:
C C prototype void foo_ (float x); C external foo real*4 x x = 3.14159 call foo (%VAL (x))

Chapter 6: Extensions

end

For details refer to the g77 manual http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-3.4.6/ g77/index.html#Top. Also, c_by_val.f and its partner c_by_val.c of the GNU Fortran testsuite are worth a look.

6.2 Extensions not implemented in GNU Fortran

The long history of the Fortran language, its wide use and broad userbase, the large number of different compiler vendors and the lack of some features crucial to users in the first standards have lead to the existence of a number of important extensions to the language. While some of the most useful or popular extensions are supported by the GNU Fortran compiler, not all existing extensions are supported. This section aims at listing these extensions and offering advice on how best make code that uses them running with the GNU Fortran compiler.

6.2.1 STRUCTURE and RECORD

Structures are user-defined aggregate data types; this functionality was standardized in Fortran 90 with an different syntax, under the name of derived types. Here is an example of code using the non portable structure syntax: ! Declaring a structure named item and containing three fields: ! an integer ID, an description string and a floating-point price. STRUCTURE /item/ INTEGER id CHARACTER(LEN=200) description REAL price END STRUCTURE ! Define two variables, an single record of type item ! named pear, and an array of items named store_catalog RECORD /item/ pear, store_catalog(100) ! We can directly access the fields of both variables pear.id = 92316 pear.description = "juicy DAnjou pear" pear.price = 0.15 store_catalog(7).id = 7831 store_catalog(7).description = "milk bottle" store_catalog(7).price = 1.2 ! We can also manipulate the whole structure store_catalog(12) = pear print *, store_catalog(12) This code can easily be rewritten in the Fortran 90 syntax as following: ! STRUCTURE /name/ ... END STRUCTURE becomes ! TYPE name ... END TYPE

The GNU Fortran Compiler

TYPE item INTEGER id CHARACTER(LEN=200) description REAL price END TYPE ! RECORD /name/ variable becomes TYPE(name) variable TYPE(item) pear, store_catalog(100) ! Instead of using a dot (.) to access fields of a record, the ! standard syntax uses a percent sign (%) pear%id = 92316 pear%description = "juicy DAnjou pear" pear%price = 0.15 store_catalog(7)%id = 7831 store_catalog(7)%description = "milk bottle" store_catalog(7)%price = 1.2 ! Assignments of a whole variable do not change store_catalog(12) = pear print *, store_catalog(12)

6.2.2 ENCODE and DECODE statements

GNU Fortran does not support the ENCODE and DECODE statements. These statements are best replaced by READ and WRITE statements involving internal files (CHARACTER variables and arrays), which have been part of the Fortran standard since Fortran 77. For example, replace a code fragment like
INTEGER*1 LINE(80) REAL A, B, C c ... Code that sets LINE DECODE (80, 9000, LINE) A, B, C 9000 FORMAT (1X, 3(F10.5))

with the following:

CHARACTER(LEN=80) LINE REAL A, B, C c ... Code that sets LINE READ (UNIT=LINE, FMT=9000) A, B, C 9000 FORMAT (1X, 3(F10.5))

Similarly, replace a code fragment like

INTEGER*1 LINE(80) REAL A, B, C c ... Code that sets A, B and C ENCODE (80, 9000, LINE) A, B, C 9000 FORMAT (1X, OUTPUT IS , 3(F10.5))

with the following:

CHARACTER(LEN=80) LINE REAL A, B, C c ... Code that sets A, B and C WRITE (UNIT=LINE, FMT=9000) A, B, C 9000 FORMAT (1X, OUTPUT IS , 3(F10.5))

Chapter 6: Extensions

6.2.3 Variable FORMAT expressions

A variable FORMAT expression is format statement which includes angle brackets enclosing a Fortran expression: FORMAT(I<N>). GNU Fortran does not support this legacy extension. The effect of variable format expressions can be reproduced by using the more powerful (and standard) combination of internal output and string formats. For example, replace a code fragment like this:
20 c c c c WRITE(6,20) INT1 FORMAT(I<N+1>) Variable declaration CHARACTER(LEN=20) FMT Other code here... WRITE(FMT,("(I", I0, ")")) N+1 WRITE(6,FMT) INT1

with the following:

or with:
c c c c Variable declaration CHARACTER(LEN=20) FMT Other code here... WRITE(FMT,*) N+1 WRITE(6,"(I" // ADJUSTL(FMT) // ")") INT1

6.2.4 Alternate complex function syntax

Some Fortran compilers, including g77, let the user declare complex functions with the syntax COMPLEX FUNCTION name*16(), as well as COMPLEX*16 FUNCTION name(). Both are non-standard, legacy extensions. gfortran accepts the latter form, which is more common, but not the former.

Chapter 7: Mixed-Language Programming

7 Mixed-Language Programming
This chapter is about mixed-language interoperability, but also applies if one links Fortran code compiled by different compilers. In most cases, use of the C Binding features of the Fortran 2003 standard is sufficient, and their use is highly recommended.

7.1 Interoperability with C

Since Fortran 2003 (ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004(E)) there is a standardized way to generate procedure and derived-type declarations and global variables which are interoperable with C (ISO/IEC 9899:1999). The bind(C) attribute has been added to inform the compiler that a symbol shall be interoperable with C; also, some constraints are added. Note, however, that not all C features have a Fortran equivalent or vice versa. For instance, neither Cs unsigned integers nor Cs functions with variable number of arguments have an equivalent in Fortran. Note that array dimensions are reversely ordered in C and that arrays in C always start with index 0 while in Fortran they start by default with 1. Thus, an array declaration A(n,m) in Fortran matches A[m][n] in C and accessing the element A(i,j) matches A[j1][i-1]. The element following A(i,j) (C: A[j-1][i-1]; assuming i < n) in memory is A(i+1,j) (C: A[j-1][i]).

7.1.1 Intrinsic Types

In order to ensure that exactly the same variable type and kind is used in C and Fortran, the named constants shall be used which are defined in the ISO_C_BINDING intrinsic module. That module contains named constants for kind parameters and character named constants for the escape sequences in C. For a list of the constants, see Section 9.2 [ISO C BINDING], page 214.

7.1.2 Derived Types and struct

For compatibility of derived types with struct, one needs to use the BIND(C) attribute in the type declaration. For instance, the following type declaration
USE ISO_C_BINDING TYPE, BIND(C) :: myType INTEGER(C_INT) :: i1, i2 INTEGER(C_SIGNED_CHAR) :: i3 REAL(C_DOUBLE) :: d1 COMPLEX(C_FLOAT_COMPLEX) :: c1 CHARACTER(KIND=C_CHAR) :: str(5) END TYPE

matches the following struct declaration in C

struct { int i1, i2; /* Note: "char" might be signed or unsigned. signed char i3; double d1; float _Complex c1; char str[5]; } myType; */

Derived types with the C binding attribute shall not have the sequence attribute, type parameters, the extends attribute, nor type-bound procedures. Every component must be

The GNU Fortran Compiler

of interoperable type and kind and may not have the pointer or allocatable attribute. The names of the variables are irrelevant for interoperability. As there exist no direct Fortran equivalents, neither unions nor structs with bit field or variable-length array members are interoperable.

7.1.3 Interoperable Global Variables

Variables can be made accessible from C using the C binding attribute, optionally together with specifying a binding name. Those variables have to be declared in the declaration part of a MODULE, be of interoperable type, and have neither the pointer nor the allocatable attribute.
MODULE m USE myType_module USE ISO_C_BINDING integer(C_INT), bind(C, name="_MyProject_flags") :: global_flag type(myType), bind(C) :: tp END MODULE

Here, _MyProject_flags is the case-sensitive name of the variable as seen from C programs while global_flag is the case-insensitive name as seen from Fortran. If no binding name is specified, as for tp, the C binding name is the (lowercase) Fortran binding name. If a binding name is specified, only a single variable may be after the double colon. Note of warning: You cannot use a global variable to access errno of the C library as the C standard allows it to be a macro. Use the IERRNO intrinsic (GNU extension) instead.

7.1.4 Interoperable Subroutines and Functions

Subroutines and functions have to have the BIND(C) attribute to be compatible with C. The dummy argument declaration is relatively straightforward. However, one needs to be careful because C uses call-by-value by default while Fortran behaves usually similar to call-by-reference. Furthermore, strings and pointers are handled differently. Note that only explicit size and assumed-size arrays are supported but not assumed-shape or allocatable arrays. To pass a variable by value, use the VALUE attribute. Thus the following C prototype
int func(int i, int *j)

matches the Fortran declaration

integer(c_int) function func(i,j) use iso_c_binding, only: c_int integer(c_int), VALUE :: i integer(c_int) :: j

Note that pointer arguments also frequently need the VALUE attribute, see Section 7.1.5 [Working with Pointers], page 55. Strings are handled quite differently in C and Fortran. In C a string is a NUL-terminated array of characters while in Fortran each string has a length associated with it and is thus not terminated (by e.g. NUL). For example, if one wants to use the following C function,
#include <stdio.h> void print_C(char *string) /* equivalent: char string[] { printf("%s\n", string); } */

to print Hello World from Fortran, one can call it using

Chapter 7: Mixed-Language Programming

use iso_c_binding, only: C_CHAR, C_NULL_CHAR interface subroutine print_c(string) bind(C, name="print_C") use iso_c_binding, only: c_char character(kind=c_char) :: string(*) end subroutine print_c end interface call print_c(C_CHAR_"Hello World"//C_NULL_CHAR)

As the example shows, one needs to ensure that the string is NUL terminated. Additionally, the dummy argument string of print_C is a length-one assumed-size array; using character(len=*) is not allowed. The example above uses c_char_"Hello World" to ensure the string literal has the right type; typically the default character kind and c_char are the same and thus "Hello World" is equivalent. However, the standard does not guarantee this. The use of strings is now further illustrated using the C library function strncpy, whose prototype is
char *strncpy(char *restrict s1, const char *restrict s2, size_t n);

The function strncpy copies at most n characters from string s2 to s1 and returns s1. In the following example, we ignore the return value:
use iso_c_binding implicit none character(len=30) :: str,str2 interface ! Ignore the return value of strncpy -> subroutine ! "restrict" is always assumed if we do not pass a pointer subroutine strncpy(dest, src, n) bind(C) import character(kind=c_char), intent(out) :: dest(*) character(kind=c_char), intent(in) :: src(*) integer(c_size_t), value, intent(in) :: n end subroutine strncpy end interface str = repeat(X,30) ! Initialize whole string with X call strncpy(str, c_char_"Hello World"//C_NULL_CHAR, & len(c_char_"Hello World",kind=c_size_t)) print (a), str ! prints: "Hello WorldXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX" end

The intrinsic procedures are described in Chapter 8 [Intrinsic Procedures], page 63.

7.1.5 Working with Pointers

C pointers are represented in Fortran via the special opaque derived type type(c_ptr) (with private components). Thus one needs to use intrinsic conversion procedures to convert from or to C pointers. For example,
use iso_c_binding type(c_ptr) :: cptr1, cptr2 integer, target :: array(7), scalar integer, pointer :: pa(:), ps cptr1 = c_loc(array(1)) ! The programmer needs to ensure that the ! array is contiguous if required by the C ! procedure cptr2 = c_loc(scalar) call c_f_pointer(cptr2, ps)

The GNU Fortran Compiler

call c_f_pointer(cptr2, pa, shape=[7])

When converting C to Fortran arrays, the one-dimensional SHAPE argument has to be passed. If a pointer is a dummy-argument of an interoperable procedure, it usually has to be declared using the VALUE attribute. void* matches TYPE(C_PTR), VALUE, while TYPE(C_ PTR) alone matches void**. Procedure pointers are handled analogously to pointers; the C type is TYPE(C_FUNPTR) and the intrinsic conversion procedures are C_F_PROCPOINTER and C_FUNLOC. Let us consider two examples of actually passing a procedure pointer from C to Fortran and vice versa. Note that these examples are also very similar to passing ordinary pointers between both languages. First, consider this code in C:
/* Procedure implemented in Fortran. void get_values (void (*)(double)); */

/* Call-back routine we want called from Fortran. void print_it (double x) { printf ("Number is %f.\n", x); } /* Call Fortran routine and pass call-back to it. void foobar () { get_values (&print_it); }

A matching implementation for get_values in Fortran, that correctly receives the procedure pointer from C and is able to call it, is given in the following MODULE:
MODULE m IMPLICIT NONE ! Define interface of call-back routine. ABSTRACT INTERFACE SUBROUTINE callback (x) USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING REAL(KIND=C_DOUBLE), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: x END SUBROUTINE callback END INTERFACE CONTAINS ! Define C-bound procedure. SUBROUTINE get_values (cproc) BIND(C) USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING TYPE(C_FUNPTR), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: cproc PROCEDURE(callback), POINTER :: proc ! Convert C to Fortran procedure pointer. CALL C_F_PROCPOINTER (cproc, proc) ! Call it. CALL proc (1.0_C_DOUBLE)

Chapter 7: Mixed-Language Programming

CALL proc (-42.0_C_DOUBLE) CALL proc (18.12_C_DOUBLE) END SUBROUTINE get_values END MODULE m

Next, we want to call a C routine that expects a procedure pointer argument and pass it a Fortran procedure (which clearly must be interoperable!). Again, the C function may be:
int call_it (int (*func)(int), int arg) { return func (arg); }

It can be used as in the following Fortran code:

MODULE m USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING IMPLICIT NONE ! Define interface of C function. INTERFACE INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) FUNCTION call_it (func, arg) BIND(C) USE, INTRINSIC :: ISO_C_BINDING TYPE(C_FUNPTR), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: func INTEGER(KIND=C_INT), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: arg END FUNCTION call_it END INTERFACE CONTAINS ! Define procedure passed to C function. ! It must be interoperable! INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) FUNCTION double_it (arg) BIND(C) INTEGER(KIND=C_INT), INTENT(IN), VALUE :: arg double_it = arg + arg END FUNCTION double_it ! Call C function. SUBROUTINE foobar () TYPE(C_FUNPTR) :: cproc INTEGER(KIND=C_INT) :: i ! Get C procedure pointer. cproc = C_FUNLOC (double_it) ! Use it. DO i = 1_C_INT, 10_C_INT PRINT *, call_it (cproc, i) END DO END SUBROUTINE foobar END MODULE m

7.1.6 Further Interoperability of Fortran with C

Assumed-shape and allocatable arrays are passed using an array descriptor (dope vector). The internal structure of the array descriptor used by GNU Fortran is not yet documented

The GNU Fortran Compiler

and will change. There will also be a Technical Specification (TS 29113) which standardizes an interoperable array descriptor. Until then, you can use the Chasm Language Interoperability Tools, http://chasm-interop.sourceforge.net/ , which provide an interface to GNU Fortrans array descriptor. GNU Fortran already supports the C-interoperable OPTIONAL attribute; for absent arguments, a NULL pointer is passed.

7.2 GNU Fortran Compiler Directives

The Fortran standard describes how a conforming program shall behave; however, the exact implementation is not standardized. In order to allow the user to choose specific implementation details, compiler directives can be used to set attributes of variables and procedures which are not part of the standard. Whether a given attribute is supported and its exact effects depend on both the operating system and on the processor; see Section C Extensions in Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) for details. For procedures and procedure pointers, the following attributes can be used to change the calling convention: CDECL standard C calling convention STDCALL convention where the called procedure pops the stack FASTCALL part of the arguments are passed via registers instead using the stack Besides changing the calling convention, the attributes also influence the decoration of the symbol name, e.g., by a leading underscore or by a trailing at-sign followed by the number of bytes on the stack. When assigning a procedure to a procedure pointer, both should use the same calling convention. On some systems, procedures and global variables (module variables and COMMON blocks) need special handling to be accessible when they are in a shared library. The following attributes are available: DLLEXPORT provide a global pointer to a pointer in the DLL DLLIMPORT reference the function or variable using a global pointer The attributes are specified using the syntax !GCC$ ATTRIBUTES attribute-list :: variable-list where in free-form source code only whitespace is allowed before !GCC$ and in fixed-form source code !GCC$, cGCC$ or *GCC$ shall start in the first column. For procedures, the compiler directives shall be placed into the body of the procedure; for variables and procedure pointers, they shall be in the same declaration part as the variable or procedure pointer.

7.3 Non-Fortran Main Program

Even if you are doing mixed-language programming, it is very likely that you do not need to know or use the information in this section. Since it is about the internal structure of GNU Fortran, it may also change in GCC minor releases. When you compile a PROGRAM with GNU Fortran, a function with the name main (in the symbol table of the object file) is generated, which initializes the libgfortran library

Chapter 7: Mixed-Language Programming

and then calls the actual program which uses the name MAIN__, for historic reasons. If you link GNU Fortran compiled procedures to, e.g., a C or C++ program or to a Fortran program compiled by a different compiler, the libgfortran library is not initialized and thus a few intrinsic procedures do not work properly, e.g. those for obtaining the command-line arguments. Therefore, if your PROGRAM is not compiled with GNU Fortran and the GNU Fortran compiled procedures require intrinsics relying on the library initialization, you need to initialize the library yourself. Using the default options, gfortran calls _gfortran_set_ args and _gfortran_set_options. The initialization of the former is needed if the called procedures access the command line (and for backtracing); the latter sets some flags based on the standard chosen or to enable backtracing. In typical programs, it is not necessary to call any initialization function. If your PROGRAM is compiled with GNU Fortran, you shall not call any of the following functions. The libgfortran initialization functions are shown in C syntax but using C bindings they are also accessible from Fortran.

7.3.1 _gfortran_set_args Save command-line arguments

Description : _gfortran_set_args saves the command-line arguments; this initialization is required if any of the command-line intrinsics is called. Additionally, it shall be called if backtracing is enabled (see _gfortran_set_options). Syntax : Arguments : argc argv Example :
int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { /* Initialize libgfortran. */ _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); return 0; }

void _gfortran_set_args (int argc, char *argv[]) number of command line argument strings the command-line argument strings; argv[0] is the pathname of the executable itself.

7.3.2 _gfortran_set_options Set library option flags

Description : _gfortran_set_options sets several flags related to the Fortran standard to be used, whether backtracing should be enabled and whether range checks should be performed. The syntax allows for upward compatibility since the number of passed flags is specified; for non-passed flags, the default value is used. See also see Section 2.9 [Code Gen Options], page 20. Please note that not all flags are actually used. Syntax : Arguments : num number of options passed void _gfortran_set_options (int num, int options[])

The GNU Fortran Compiler

argv option flag list : option[0]

The list of flag values Allowed standard; can give run-time errors if e.g. an input-output edit descriptor is invalid in a given standard. Possible values are (bitwise or-ed) GFC_STD_F77 (1), GFC_ STD_F95_OBS (2), GFC_STD_F95_DEL (4), GFC_STD_F95 (8), GFC_STD_F2003 (16), GFC_STD_GNU (32), GFC_STD_LEGACY (64), GFC_STD_F2008 (128), GFC_STD_F2008_OBS (256) and GFC STD F2008 TS (512). Default: GFC_STD_F95_OBS | GFC_STD_F95_DEL | GFC_STD_F95 | GFC_STD_F2003 | GFC_STD_F2008 | GFC_STD_F2008_TS | GFC_STD_F2008_OBS | GFC_STD_F77 | GFC_STD_GNU | GFC_STD_LEGACY. Standard-warning flag; prints a warning to standard error. Default: GFC_STD_F95_DEL | GFC_STD_LEGACY. If non zero, enable pedantic checking. Default: off. Unused. If non zero, enable backtracing on run-time errors. Default: off. Note: Installs a signal handler and requires command-line initialization using _gfortran_set_args. If non zero, supports signed zeros. Default: enabled. Enables run-time checking. Possible values are (bitwise or-ed): GFC RTCHECK BOUNDS (1), GFC RTCHECK ARRAY TEMPS (2), GFC RTCHECK RECURSION (4), GFC RTCHECK DO (16), GFC RTCHECK POINTER (32). Default: disabled.

option[1] option[2] option[3] option[4]

option[5] option[6]

Example :
/* Use gfortran 4.8 default options. */ static int options[] = {68, 511, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0}; _gfortran_set_options (7, &options);

7.3.3 _gfortran_set_convert Set endian conversion

Description : _gfortran_set_convert set the representation of data for unformatted files. Syntax : Arguments : conv Endian conversion, possible values: GFC CONVERT NATIVE (0, default), GFC CONVERT SWAP (1), GFC CONVERT BIG (2), GFC CONVERT LITTLE (3).
int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { /* Initialize libgfortran. */ _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); _gfortran_set_convert (1);

void _gfortran_set_convert (int conv)

Example :

Chapter 7: Mixed-Language Programming

return 0; }

7.3.4 _gfortran_set_record_marker Set length of record markers

Description : _gfortran_set_record_marker sets the length of record markers for unformatted files. Syntax : Arguments : val Example :
int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { /* Initialize libgfortran. */ _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); _gfortran_set_record_marker (8); return 0; }

void _gfortran_set_record_marker (int val) Length of the record marker; valid values are 4 and 8. Default is 4.

7.3.5 _gfortran_set_fpe Enable floating point exception traps

Description : _gfortran_set_fpe enables floating point exception traps for the specified exceptions. On most systems, this will result in a SIGFPE signal being sent and the program being aborted. Syntax : Arguments : option[0] IEEE exceptions. Possible values are (bitwise or-ed) zero (0, default) no trapping, GFC_FPE_INVALID (1), GFC_FPE_ DENORMAL (2), GFC_FPE_ZERO (4), GFC_FPE_OVERFLOW (8), GFC_FPE_UNDERFLOW (16), and GFC_FPE_INEXACT (32). void _gfortran_set_fpe (int val)

Example :
int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { /* Initialize libgfortran. */ _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); /* FPE for invalid operations such as SQRT(-1.0). _gfortran_set_fpe (1); return 0; }

7.3.6 _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length Set subrecord length

Description : _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length set the maximum length for a subrecord. This option only makes sense for testing and debugging of unformatted I/O.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

Syntax : Arguments :

void _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length (int val) val the maximum length for a subrecord; the maximum permitted value is 2147483639, which is also the default.
int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { /* Initialize libgfortran. */ _gfortran_set_args (argc, argv); _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length (8); return 0; }

Example :

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

8 Intrinsic Procedures
8.1 Introduction to intrinsic procedures
The intrinsic procedures provided by GNU Fortran include all of the intrinsic procedures required by the Fortran 95 standard, a set of intrinsic procedures for backwards compatibility with G77, and a selection of intrinsic procedures from the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards. Any conflict between a description here and a description in either the Fortran 95 standard, the Fortran 2003 standard or the Fortran 2008 standard is unintentional, and the standard(s) should be considered authoritative. The enumeration of the KIND type parameter is processor defined in the Fortran 95 standard. GNU Fortran defines the default integer type and default real type by INTEGER(KIND=4) and REAL(KIND=4), respectively. The standard mandates that both data types shall have another kind, which have more precision. On typical target architectures supported by gfortran, this kind type parameter is KIND=8. Hence, REAL(KIND=8) and DOUBLE PRECISION are equivalent. In the description of generic intrinsic procedures, the kind type parameter will be specified by KIND=*, and in the description of specific names for an intrinsic procedure the kind type parameter will be explicitly given (e.g., REAL(KIND=4) or REAL(KIND=8)). Finally, for brevity the optional KIND= syntax will be omitted. Many of the intrinsic procedures take one or more optional arguments. This document follows the convention used in the Fortran 95 standard, and denotes such arguments by square brackets. GNU Fortran offers the -std=f95 and -std=gnu options, which can be used to restrict the set of intrinsic procedures to a given standard. By default, gfortran sets the -std=gnu option, and so all intrinsic procedures described here are accepted. There is one caveat. For a select group of intrinsic procedures, g77 implemented both a function and a subroutine. Both classes have been implemented in gfortran for backwards compatibility with g77. It is noted here that these functions and subroutines cannot be intermixed in a given subprogram. In the descriptions that follow, the applicable standard for each intrinsic procedure is noted.

8.2 ABORT Abort the program

Description : ABORT causes immediate termination of the program. On operating systems that support a core dump, ABORT will produce a core dump. Standard : Class : Syntax : GNU extension Subroutine CALL ABORT

Return value : Does not return. Example :

program test_abort integer :: i = 1, j = 2

The GNU Fortran Compiler

if (i /= j) call abort end program test_abort

See also :

Section 8.78 [EXIT], page 111, Section 8.138 [KILL], page 146

8.3 ABS Absolute value

Description : ABS(A) computes the absolute value of A. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A The type of the argument shall be an INTEGER, REAL, or COMPLEX. Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions Elemental function RESULT = ABS(A)

Return value : The return value is of the same type and kind as the argument except the return value is REAL for a COMPLEX argument. Example :
program test_abs integer :: i = -1 real :: x = -1.e0 complex :: z = (-1.e0,0.e0) i = abs(i) x = abs(x) x = abs(z) end program test_abs

Specific names : Name ABS(A) CABS(A) DABS(A) IABS(A) ZABS(A) CDABS(A)

Argument REAL(4) A COMPLEX(4) REAL(8) A INTEGER(4) COMPLEX(8) COMPLEX(8)

A A A A

Return type REAL(4) REAL(4) REAL(8) INTEGER(4) COMPLEX(8) COMPLEX(8)

Standard Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later GNU extension GNU extension

8.4 ACCESS Checks file access modes

Description : ACCESS(NAME, MODE) checks whether the file NAME exists, is readable, writable or executable. Except for the executable check, ACCESS can be replaced by Fortran 95s INQUIRE. Standard : Class : Syntax : GNU extension Inquiry function RESULT = ACCESS(NAME, MODE)

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

Arguments : NAME Scalar CHARACTER of default kind with the file name. Tailing blank are ignored unless the character achar(0) is present, then all characters up to and excluding achar(0) are used as file name. Scalar CHARACTER of default kind with the file access mode, may be any concatenation of "r" (readable), "w" (writable) and "x" (executable), or " " to check for existence.

MODE

Return value : Returns a scalar INTEGER, which is 0 if the file is accessible in the given mode; otherwise or if an invalid argument has been given for MODE the value 1 is returned. Example :
program access_test implicit none character(len=*), parameter :: file = test.dat character(len=*), parameter :: file2 = test.dat //achar(0) if(access(file, ) == 0) print *, trim(file), is exists if(access(file,r) == 0) print *, trim(file), is readable if(access(file,w) == 0) print *, trim(file), is writable if(access(file,x) == 0) print *, trim(file), is executable if(access(file2,rwx) == 0) & print *, trim(file2), is readable, writable and executable end program access_test

Specific names : See also :

8.5 ACHAR Character in ASCII collating sequence

Description : ACHAR(I) returns the character located at position I in the ASCII collating sequence. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I KIND The type shall be INTEGER. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later Elemental function RESULT = ACHAR(I [, KIND])

Return value : The return value is of type CHARACTER with a length of one. If the KIND argument is present, the return value is of the specified kind and of the default kind otherwise. Example :

The GNU Fortran Compiler

program test_achar character c c = achar(32) end program test_achar

Note : See also :

See Section 8.119 [ICHAR], page 136 for a discussion of converting between numerical values and formatted string representations. Section 8.45 [CHAR], page 90, Section 8.111 [IACHAR], page 131, Section 8.119 [ICHAR], page 136

8.6 ACOS Arccosine function

Description : ACOS(X) computes the arccosine of X (inverse of COS(X)). Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall either be REAL with a magnitude that is less than or equal to one - or the type shall be COMPLEX. Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later Elemental function RESULT = ACOS(X)

Return value : The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part of the result is in radians and lies in the range 0 acos(x) . Example :
program test_acos real(8) :: x = 0.866_8 x = acos(x) end program test_acos

Specific names : Name ACOS(X) DACOS(X) See also :

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8)

Standard Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later

Inverse function: Section 8.54 [COS], page 95

8.7 ACOSH Inverse hyperbolic cosine function

Description : ACOSH(X) computes the inverse hyperbolic cosine of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL or COMPLEX. Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = ACOSH(X)

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

Return value : The return value has the same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies between 0 acosh(x) . Example :
PROGRAM test_acosh REAL(8), DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 /) WRITE (*,*) ACOSH(x) END PROGRAM

Specific names : Name DACOSH(X) See also :

Argument REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(8)

Standard GNU extension

Inverse function: Section 8.55 [COSH], page 96

8.8 ADJUSTL Left adjust a string

Description : ADJUSTL(STRING) will left adjust a string by removing leading spaces. Spaces are inserted at the end of the string as needed. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : STRING The type shall be CHARACTER. Return value : The return value is of type CHARACTER and of the same kind as STRING where leading spaces are removed and the same number of spaces are inserted on the end of STRING. Example :
program test_adjustl character(len=20) :: str = str = adjustl(str) print *, str end program test_adjustl gfortran

Fortran 90 and later Elemental function RESULT = ADJUSTL(STRING)

See also :

Section 8.9 [ADJUSTR], page 67, Section 8.248 [TRIM], page 207

8.9 ADJUSTR Right adjust a string

Description : ADJUSTR(STRING) will right adjust a string by removing trailing spaces. Spaces are inserted at the start of the string as needed. Standard : Class : Syntax : Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = ADJUSTR(STRING)

The GNU Fortran Compiler

Arguments : STR The type shall be CHARACTER. Return value : The return value is of type CHARACTER and of the same kind as STRING where trailing spaces are removed and the same number of spaces are inserted at the start of STRING. Example :
program test_adjustr character(len=20) :: str = gfortran str = adjustr(str) print *, str end program test_adjustr

See also :

Section 8.8 [ADJUSTL], page 67, Section 8.248 [TRIM], page 207

8.10 AIMAG Imaginary part of complex number

Description : AIMAG(Z) yields the imaginary part of complex argument Z. The IMAG(Z) and IMAGPART(Z) intrinsic functions are provided for compatibility with g77, and their use in new code is strongly discouraged. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : Z The type of the argument shall be COMPLEX. Return value : The return value is of type REAL with the kind type parameter of the argument. Example :
program test_aimag complex(4) z4 complex(8) z8 z4 = cmplx(1.e0_4, 0.e0_4) z8 = cmplx(0.e0_8, 1.e0_8) print *, aimag(z4), dimag(z8) end program test_aimag

Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions Elemental function RESULT = AIMAG(Z)

Specific names : Name AIMAG(Z) DIMAG(Z) IMAG(Z) IMAGPART(Z)

Argument COMPLEX Z COMPLEX(8) Z COMPLEX Z COMPLEX Z

Return type REAL REAL(8) REAL REAL

Standard GNU extension GNU extension GNU extension GNU extension

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

8.11 AINT Truncate to a whole number

Description : AINT(A [, KIND]) truncates its argument to a whole number. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A KIND The type of the argument shall be REAL. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = AINT(A [, KIND])

Return value : The return value is of type REAL with the kind type parameter of the argument if the optional KIND is absent; otherwise, the kind type parameter will be given by KIND. If the magnitude of X is less than one, AINT(X) returns zero. If the magnitude is equal to or greater than one then it returns the largest whole number that does not exceed its magnitude. The sign is the same as the sign of X. Example :
program test_aint real(4) x4 real(8) x8 x4 = 1.234E0_4 x8 = 4.321_8 print *, aint(x4), dint(x8) x8 = aint(x4,8) end program test_aint

Specific names : Name AINT(A) DINT(A)

Argument REAL(4) A REAL(8) A

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8)

Standard Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later

8.12 ALARM Execute a routine after a given delay

Description : ALARM(SECONDS, HANDLER [, STATUS]) causes external subroutine HANDLER to be executed after a delay of SECONDS by using alarm(2) to set up a signal and signal(2) to catch it. If STATUS is supplied, it will be returned with the number of seconds remaining until any previously scheduled alarm was due to be delivered, or zero if there was no previously scheduled alarm. Standard : Class : Syntax : GNU extension Subroutine CALL ALARM(SECONDS, HANDLER [, STATUS])

The GNU Fortran Compiler

Arguments : SECONDS HANDLER The type of the argument shall be a scalar INTEGER. It is INTENT(IN). Signal handler (INTEGER FUNCTION or SUBROUTINE) or dummy/global INTEGER scalar. The scalar values may be either SIG_IGN=1 to ignore the alarm generated or SIG_DFL=0 to set the default action. It is INTENT(IN). (Optional) STATUS shall be a scalar variable of the default INTEGER kind. It is INTENT(OUT).

STATUS Example :

program test_alarm external handler_print integer i call alarm (3, handler_print, i) print *, i call sleep(10) end program test_alarm

This will cause the external routine handler print to be called after 3 seconds.

8.13 ALL All values in MASK along DIM are true

Description : ALL(MASK [, DIM]) determines if all the values are true in MASK in the array along dimension DIM. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : MASK DIM The type of the argument shall be LOGICAL and it shall not be scalar. (Optional) DIM shall be a scalar integer with a value that lies between one and the rank of MASK. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function RESULT = ALL(MASK [, DIM])

Return value : ALL(MASK) returns a scalar value of type LOGICAL where the kind type parameter is the same as the kind type parameter of MASK. If DIM is present, then ALL(MASK, DIM) returns an array with the rank of MASK minus 1. The shape is determined from the shape of MASK where the DIM dimension is elided. (A) (B) ALL(MASK) is true if all elements of MASK are true. It also is true if MASK has zero size; otherwise, it is false. If the rank of MASK is one, then ALL(MASK,DIM) is equivalent to ALL(MASK). If the rank is greater than one, then ALL(MASK,DIM) is determined by applying ALL to the array sections.

Example :

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

program test_all logical l l = all((/.true., .true., .true./)) print *, l call section contains subroutine section integer a(2,3), b(2,3) a = 1 b = 1 b(2,2) = 2 print *, all(a .eq. b, 1) print *, all(a .eq. b, 2) end subroutine section end program test_all

8.14 ALLOCATED Status of an allocatable entity

Description : ALLOCATED(ARRAY) and ALLOCATED(SCALAR) check the allocation status of ARRAY and SCALAR, respectively. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = ALLOCATED(ARRAY) RESULT = ALLOCATED(SCALAR) Arguments : ARRAY SCALAR The argument shall be an ALLOCATABLE array. The argument shall be an ALLOCATABLE scalar. Fortran 95 and later. Note, the SCALAR= keyword and allocatable scalar entities are available in Fortran 2003 and later. Inquiry function

Return value : The return value is a scalar LOGICAL with the default logical kind type parameter. If the argument is allocated, then the result is .TRUE.; otherwise, it returns .FALSE. Example :
program test_allocated integer :: i = 4 real(4), allocatable :: x(:) if (.not. allocated(x)) allocate(x(i)) end program test_allocated

8.15 AND Bitwise logical AND

Description : Bitwise logical AND. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider the use of the Section 8.113 [IAND], page 133 intrinsic defined by the Fortran standard.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments :

GNU extension Function RESULT = AND(I, J) I J The type shall be either a scalar INTEGER type or a scalar LOGICAL type. The type shall be the same as the type of I.

Return value : The return type is either a scalar INTEGER or a scalar LOGICAL. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return has the larger kind. Example :
PROGRAM test_and LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE. INTEGER :: a, b DATA a / ZF /, b / Z3 / WRITE (*,*) AND(T, T), AND(T, F), AND(F, T), AND(F, F) WRITE (*,*) AND(a, b) END PROGRAM

See also :

Fortran 95 elemental function: Section 8.113 [IAND], page 133

8.16 ANINT Nearest whole number

Description : ANINT(A [, KIND]) rounds its argument to the nearest whole number. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A KIND The type of the argument shall be REAL. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = ANINT(A [, KIND])

Return value : The return value is of type real with the kind type parameter of the argument if the optional KIND is absent; otherwise, the kind type parameter will be given by KIND. If A is greater than zero, ANINT(A) returns AINT(X+0.5). If A is less than or equal to zero then it returns AINT(X-0.5). Example :
program test_anint real(4) x4 real(8) x8 x4 = 1.234E0_4 x8 = 4.321_8

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

print *, anint(x4), dnint(x8) x8 = anint(x4,8) end program test_anint

Specific names : Name AINT(A) DNINT(A)

Argument REAL(4) A REAL(8) A

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8)

Standard Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later

8.17 ANY Any value in MASK along DIM is true

Description : ANY(MASK [, DIM]) determines if any of the values in the logical array MASK along dimension DIM are .TRUE.. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : MASK DIM The type of the argument shall be LOGICAL and it shall not be scalar. (Optional) DIM shall be a scalar integer with a value that lies between one and the rank of MASK. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function RESULT = ANY(MASK [, DIM])

Return value : ANY(MASK) returns a scalar value of type LOGICAL where the kind type parameter is the same as the kind type parameter of MASK. If DIM is present, then ANY(MASK, DIM) returns an array with the rank of MASK minus 1. The shape is determined from the shape of MASK where the DIM dimension is elided. (A) (B) ANY(MASK) is true if any element of MASK is true; otherwise, it is false. It also is false if MASK has zero size. If the rank of MASK is one, then ANY(MASK,DIM) is equivalent to ANY(MASK). If the rank is greater than one, then ANY(MASK,DIM) is determined by applying ANY to the array sections.
program test_any logical l l = any((/.true., .true., .true./)) print *, l call section contains subroutine section integer a(2,3), b(2,3) a = 1 b = 1 b(2,2) = 2 print *, any(a .eq. b, 1) print *, any(a .eq. b, 2) end subroutine section end program test_any

Example :

The GNU Fortran Compiler

8.18 ASIN Arcsine function

Description : ASIN(X) computes the arcsine of its X (inverse of SIN(X)). Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be either REAL and a magnitude that is less than or equal to one - or be COMPLEX. Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later Elemental function RESULT = ASIN(X)

Return value : The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part of the result is in radians and lies in the range /2 asin(x) /2. Example :
program test_asin real(8) :: x = 0.866_8 x = asin(x) end program test_asin

Specific names : Name ASIN(X) DASIN(X) See also :

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8)

Standard Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later

Inverse function: Section 8.224 [SIN], page 193

8.19 ASINH Inverse hyperbolic sine function

Description : ASINH(X) computes the inverse hyperbolic sine of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL or COMPLEX. Return value : The return value is of the same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies between /2 asinh(x) /2. Example :
PROGRAM test_asinh REAL(8), DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ -1.0, 0.0, 1.0 /) WRITE (*,*) ASINH(x) END PROGRAM

Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = ASINH(X)

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

Specific names : Name DASINH(X) See also :

Argument REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(8)

Standard GNU extension.

Inverse function: Section 8.225 [SINH], page 194

8.20 ASSOCIATED Status of a pointer or pointer/target pair

Description : ASSOCIATED(POINTER [, TARGET]) determines the status of the pointer POINTER or if POINTER is associated with the target TARGET. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : POINTER POINTER shall have the POINTER attribute and it can be of any type. TARGET (Optional) TARGET shall be a pointer or a target. It must have the same type, kind type parameter, and array rank as POINTER. The association status of neither POINTER nor TARGET shall be undefined. Fortran 95 and later Inquiry function RESULT = ASSOCIATED(POINTER [, TARGET])

Return value : ASSOCIATED(POINTER) returns a scalar value of type LOGICAL(4). There are several cases: (A) When the optional TARGET is not present then ASSOCIATED(POINTER) is true if POINTER is associated with a target; otherwise, it returns false. (B) If TARGET is present and a scalar target, the result is true if TARGET is not a zero-sized storage sequence and the target associated with POINTER occupies the same storage units. If POINTER is disassociated, the result is false. (C) If TARGET is present and an array target, the result is true if TARGET and POINTER have the same shape, are not zero-sized arrays, are arrays whose elements are not zero-sized storage sequences, and TARGET and POINTER occupy the same storage units in array element order. As in case(B), the result is false, if POINTER is disassociated. (D) If TARGET is present and an scalar pointer, the result is true if TARGET is associated with POINTER, the target associated with TARGET are not zero-sized storage sequences and occupy the same storage units. The result is false, if either TARGET or POINTER is disassociated.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

(E) If TARGET is present and an array pointer, the result is true if target associated with POINTER and the target associated with TARGET have the same shape, are not zero-sized arrays, are arrays whose elements are not zero-sized storage sequences, and TARGET and POINTER occupy the same storage units in array element order. The result is false, if either TARGET or POINTER is disassociated. Example :
program test_associated implicit none real, target :: tgt(2) = (/1., 2./) real, pointer :: ptr(:) ptr => tgt if (associated(ptr) .eqv. .false.) call abort if (associated(ptr,tgt) .eqv. .false.) call abort end program test_associated

See also :

Section 8.185 [NULL], page 172

8.21 ATAN Arctangent function

Description : ATAN(X) computes the arctangent of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = ATAN(X) RESULT = ATAN(Y, X) Arguments : X Y shall be of the same type and kind as X. Return value : The return value is of the same type and kind as X. If Y is present, the result is identical to ATAN2(Y,X). Otherwise, it the arcus tangent of X, where the real part of the result is in radians and lies in the range /2 atan(x) /2. Example :
program test_atan real(8) :: x = 2.866_8 x = atan(x) end program test_atan

Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument and for two arguments Fortran 2008 or later Elemental function

The type shall be REAL or COMPLEX; if Y is present, X shall be REAL.

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

Specific names : Name ATAN(X) DATAN(X) See also :

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8)

Standard Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later

Inverse function: Section 8.239 [TAN], page 202

8.22 ATAN2 Arctangent function

Description : ATAN2(Y, X) computes the principal value of the argument function of the complex number X +iY . This function can be used to transform from Cartesian into polar coordinates and allows to determine the angle in the correct quadrant. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : Y X The type shall be REAL. The type and kind type parameter shall be the same as Y. If Y is zero, then X must be nonzero. Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = ATAN2(Y, X)

Return value : The return value has the same type and kind type parameter as Y. It is the principal value of the complex number X + iY . If X is nonzero, then it lies in the range atan(x) . The sign is positive if Y is positive. If Y is zero, then the return value is zero if X is strictly positive, if X is negative and Y is positive zero (or the processor does not handle signed zeros), and if X is negative and Y is negative zero. Finally, if X is zero, then the magnitude of the result is /2. Example :
program test_atan2 real(4) :: x = 1.e0_4, y = 0.5e0_4 x = atan2(y,x) end program test_atan2

Specific names : Name ATAN2(X, Y) DATAN2(X, Y)

Argument REAL(4) X, Y REAL(8) X, Y

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8)

Standard Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later

8.23 ATANH Inverse hyperbolic tangent function

Description : ATANH(X) computes the inverse hyperbolic tangent of X. Standard : Class : Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function

The GNU Fortran Compiler

Syntax : Arguments :

RESULT = ATANH(X) X The type shall be REAL or COMPLEX.

Return value : The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the imaginary part of the result is in radians and lies between /2 atanh(x) /2. Example :
PROGRAM test_atanh REAL, DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ -1.0, 0.0, 1.0 /) WRITE (*,*) ATANH(x) END PROGRAM

Specific names : Name DATANH(X) See also :

Argument REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(8)

Standard GNU extension

Inverse function: Section 8.240 [TANH], page 203

8.24 ATOMIC_DEFINE Setting a variable atomically

Description : ATOMIC_DEFINE(ATOM, VALUE) defines the variable ATOM with the value VALUE atomically. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : ATOM Scalar coarray or coindexed variable of either integer type with ATOMIC_INT_KIND kind or logical type with ATOMIC_ LOGICAL_KIND kind. Scalar and of the same type as ATOM. If the kind is different, the value is converted to the kind of ATOM. Fortran 2008 and later Atomic subroutine CALL ATOMIC_DEFINE(ATOM, VALUE)

VALURE Example :

program atomic use iso_fortran_env integer(atomic_int_kind) :: atom[*] call atomic_define (atom[1], this_image()) end program atomic

See also :

Section 8.25 [ATOMIC REF], page 78, Section 9.1 [ISO FORTRAN ENV], page 213

8.25 ATOMIC_REF Obtaining the value of a variable atomically

Description : ATOMIC_DEFINE(ATOM, VALUE) atomically assigns the value of the variable ATOM to VALUE.

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Fortran 2008 and later Atomic subroutine CALL ATOMIC_REF(VALUE, ATOM) VALURE ATOM Scalar and of the same type as ATOM. If the kind is different, the value is converted to the kind of ATOM. Scalar coarray or coindexed variable of either integer type with ATOMIC_INT_KIND kind or logical type with ATOMIC_ LOGICAL_KIND kind.

Example :
program atomic use iso_fortran_env logical(atomic_logical_kind) :: atom[*] logical :: val call atomic_ref (atom, .false.) ! ... call atomic_ref (atom, val) if (val) then print *, "Obtained" end if end program atomic

See also :

Section 8.24 [ATOMIC DEFINE], page 78, Section 9.1 [ISO FORTRAN ENV], page 213

8.26 BESSEL_J0 Bessel function of the first kind of order 0

Description : BESSEL_J0(X) computes the Bessel function of the first kind of order 0 of X. This function is available under the name BESJ0 as a GNU extension. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL, and it shall be scalar. Return value : The return value is of type REAL and lies in the range 0.4027... Bessel(0, x) 1. It has the same kind as X. Example :
program test_besj0 real(8) :: x = 0.0_8 x = bessel_j0(x) end program test_besj0

Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = BESSEL_J0(X)

Specific names : Name DBESJ0(X)

Argument REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(8)

Standard GNU extension

The GNU Fortran Compiler

8.27 BESSEL_J1 Bessel function of the first kind of order 1

Description : BESSEL_J1(X) computes the Bessel function of the first kind of order 1 of X. This function is available under the name BESJ1 as a GNU extension. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL, and it shall be scalar. the range Return value : The return value is of type REAL and it lies in 0.5818... Bessel(0, x) 0.5818. It has the same kind as X. Example :
program test_besj1 real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 x = bessel_j1(x) end program test_besj1

Fortran 2008 Elemental function RESULT = BESSEL_J1(X)

Specific names : Name DBESJ1(X)

Argument REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(8)

Standard GNU extension

8.28 BESSEL_JN Bessel function of the first kind

Description : BESSEL_JN(N, X) computes the Bessel function of the first kind of order N of X. This function is available under the name BESJN as a GNU extension. If N and X are arrays, their ranks and shapes shall conform. BESSEL_JN(N1, N2, X) returns an array with the Bessel functions of the first kind of the orders N1 to N2. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = BESSEL_JN(N, X) RESULT = BESSEL_JN(N1, N2, X) Arguments : N N1 N2 X Shall be a scalar or an array of type INTEGER. Shall be a non-negative scalar of type INTEGER. Shall be a non-negative scalar of type INTEGER. Shall be a scalar or an array of type REAL; for BESSEL_JN(N1, N2, X) it shall be scalar. Fortran 2008 and later, negative N is allowed as GNU extension Elemental function, except for the transformational function BESSEL_JN(N1, N2, X)

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

Return value : The return value is a scalar of type REAL. It has the same kind as X. Note : Example :
program test_besjn real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 x = bessel_jn(5,x) end program test_besjn

The transformational function uses a recurrence algorithm which might, for some values of X, lead to different results than calls to the elemental function.

Specific names : Name DBESJN(N, X)

Argument INTEGER N REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(8)

Standard GNU extension

8.29 BESSEL_Y0 Bessel function of the second kind of order 0

Description : BESSEL_Y0(X) computes the Bessel function of the second kind of order 0 of X. This function is available under the name BESY0 as a GNU extension. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL, and it shall be scalar. Return value : The return value is a scalar of type REAL. It has the same kind as X. Example :
program test_besy0 real(8) :: x = 0.0_8 x = bessel_y0(x) end program test_besy0

Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = BESSEL_Y0(X)

Specific names : Name DBESY0(X)

Argument REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(8)

Standard GNU extension

8.30 BESSEL_Y1 Bessel function of the second kind of order 1

Description : BESSEL_Y1(X) computes the Bessel function of the second kind of order 1 of X. This function is available under the name BESY1 as a GNU extension. Standard : Fortran 2008 and later

The GNU Fortran Compiler

Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Elemental function RESULT = BESSEL_Y1(X) X The type shall be REAL, and it shall be scalar.

Return value : The return value is a scalar of type REAL. It has the same kind as X. Example :
program test_besy1 real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 x = bessel_y1(x) end program test_besy1

Specific names : Name DBESY1(X)

Argument REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(8)

Standard GNU extension

8.31 BESSEL_YN Bessel function of the second kind

Description : BESSEL_YN(N, X) computes the Bessel function of the second kind of order N of X. This function is available under the name BESYN as a GNU extension. If N and X are arrays, their ranks and shapes shall conform. BESSEL_YN(N1, N2, X) returns an array with the Bessel functions of the first kind of the orders N1 to N2. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = BESSEL_YN(N, X) RESULT = BESSEL_YN(N1, N2, X) Arguments : N N1 N2 X Shall be a scalar or an array of type INTEGER . Shall be a non-negative scalar of type INTEGER. Shall be a non-negative scalar of type INTEGER. Shall be a scalar or an array of type REAL; for BESSEL_YN(N1, N2, X) it shall be scalar. Fortran 2008 and later, negative N is allowed as GNU extension Elemental function, except for the transformational function BESSEL_YN(N1, N2, X)

Return value : The return value is a scalar of type REAL. It has the same kind as X. Note : Example :
program test_besyn real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 x = bessel_yn(5,x) end program test_besyn

The transformational function uses a recurrence algorithm which might, for some values of X, lead to different results than calls to the elemental function.

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

Specific names : Name DBESYN(N,X)

Argument INTEGER N REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(8)

Standard GNU extension

8.32 BGE Bitwise greater than or equal to

Description : Determines whether an integral is a bitwise greater than or equal to another. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I J Shall be of INTEGER type. Shall be of INTEGER type, and of the same kind as I. Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = BGE(I, J)

Return value : The return value is of type LOGICAL and of the default kind. See also : Section 8.33 [BGT], page 83, Section 8.35 [BLE], page 84, Section 8.36 [BLT], page 84

8.33 BGT Bitwise greater than

Description : Determines whether an integral is a bitwise greater than another. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I J Shall be of INTEGER type. Shall be of INTEGER type, and of the same kind as I. Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = BGT(I, J)

Return value : The return value is of type LOGICAL and of the default kind. See also : Section 8.32 [BGE], page 83, Section 8.35 [BLE], page 84, Section 8.36 [BLT], page 84

8.34 BIT_SIZE Bit size inquiry function

Description : BIT_SIZE(I) returns the number of bits (integer precision plus sign bit) represented by the type of I. The result of BIT_SIZE(I) is independent of the actual value of I. Standard : Fortran 95 and later

The GNU Fortran Compiler

Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Inquiry function RESULT = BIT_SIZE(I) I The type shall be INTEGER.

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER Example :

program test_bit_size integer :: i = 123 integer :: size size = bit_size(i) print *, size end program test_bit_size

8.35 BLE Bitwise less than or equal to

Description : Determines whether an integral is a bitwise less than or equal to another. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I J Shall be of INTEGER type. Shall be of INTEGER type, and of the same kind as I. Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = BLE(I, J)

Return value : The return value is of type LOGICAL and of the default kind. See also : Section 8.33 [BGT], page 83, Section 8.32 [BGE], page 83, Section 8.36 [BLT], page 84

8.36 BLT Bitwise less than

Description : Determines whether an integral is a bitwise less than another. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I J Shall be of INTEGER type. Shall be of INTEGER type, and of the same kind as I. Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = BLT(I, J)

Return value : The return value is of type LOGICAL and of the default kind. See also : Section 8.32 [BGE], page 83, Section 8.33 [BGT], page 83, Section 8.35 [BLE], page 84

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

8.37 BTEST Bit test function

Description : BTEST(I,POS) returns logical .TRUE. if the bit at POS in I is set. The counting of the bits starts at 0. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I POS The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER. Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = BTEST(I, POS)

Return value : The return value is of type LOGICAL Example :

program test_btest integer :: i = 32768 + 1024 + 64 integer :: pos logical :: bool do pos=0,16 bool = btest(i, pos) print *, pos, bool end do end program test_btest

8.38 C_ASSOCIATED Status of a C pointer

Description : C_ASSOCIATED(c_prt_1[, c_ptr_2]) determines the status of the C pointer c ptr 1 or if c ptr 1 is associated with the target c ptr 2. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : c ptr 1 c ptr 2 Scalar of the type C_PTR or C_FUNPTR. (Optional) Scalar of the same type as c ptr 1. Fortran 2003 and later Inquiry function RESULT = C_ASSOCIATED(c_prt_1[, c_ptr_2])

Return value : The return value is of type LOGICAL; it is .false. if either c ptr 1 is a C NULL pointer or if c ptr1 and c ptr 2 point to different addresses. Example :
subroutine association_test(a,b) use iso_c_binding, only: c_associated, c_loc, c_ptr implicit none real, pointer :: a type(c_ptr) :: b if(c_associated(b, c_loc(a))) &

The GNU Fortran Compiler

stop b and a do not point to same target end subroutine association_test

See also :

Section 8.42 [C LOC], page 88, Section 8.39 [C FUNLOC], page 86

8.39 C_FUNLOC Obtain the C address of a procedure

Description : C_FUNLOC(x) determines the C address of the argument. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : x Interoperable function or pointer to such function. Return value : The return value is of type C_FUNPTR and contains the C address of the argument. Example :
module x use iso_c_binding implicit none contains subroutine sub(a) bind(c) real(c_float) :: a a = sqrt(a)+5.0 end subroutine sub end module x program main use iso_c_binding use x implicit none interface subroutine my_routine(p) bind(c,name=myC_func) import :: c_funptr type(c_funptr), intent(in) :: p end subroutine end interface call my_routine(c_funloc(sub)) end program main

Fortran 2003 and later Inquiry function RESULT = C_FUNLOC(x)

See also :

Section 8.38 [C ASSOCIATED], page 85, Section 8.42 [C LOC], page 88, Section 8.41 [C F POINTER], page 87, Section 8.40 [C F PROCPOINTER], page 86

8.40 C_F_PROCPOINTER Convert C into Fortran procedure pointer

Description : C_F_PROCPOINTER(CPTR, FPTR) Assign the target of the C function pointer CPTR to the Fortran procedure pointer FPTR.

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Fortran 2003 and later Subroutine CALL C_F_PROCPOINTER(cptr, fptr) CPTR FPTR scalar of the type C_FUNPTR. It is INTENT(IN). procedure pointer interoperable with cptr. It is INTENT(OUT).

Example :
program main use iso_c_binding implicit none abstract interface function func(a) import :: c_float real(c_float), intent(in) :: a real(c_float) :: func end function end interface interface function getIterFunc() bind(c,name="getIterFunc") import :: c_funptr type(c_funptr) :: getIterFunc end function end interface type(c_funptr) :: cfunptr procedure(func), pointer :: myFunc cfunptr = getIterFunc() call c_f_procpointer(cfunptr, myFunc) end program main

See also :

Section 8.42 [C LOC], page 88, Section 8.41 [C F POINTER], page 87

8.41 C_F_POINTER Convert C into Fortran pointer

Description : C_F_POINTER(CPTR, FPTR[, SHAPE]) assigns the target of the C pointer CPTR to the Fortran pointer FPTR and specifies its shape. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : CPTR FPTR SHAPE scalar of the type C_PTR. It is INTENT(IN). pointer interoperable with cptr. It is INTENT(OUT). (Optional) Rank-one array of type INTEGER with INTENT(IN). It shall be present if and only if fptr is an array. The size must be equal to the rank of fptr. Fortran 2003 and later Subroutine CALL C_F_POINTER(CPTR, FPTR[, SHAPE])

Example :
program main use iso_c_binding

The GNU Fortran Compiler

implicit none interface subroutine my_routine(p) bind(c,name=myC_func) import :: c_ptr type(c_ptr), intent(out) :: p end subroutine end interface type(c_ptr) :: cptr real,pointer :: a(:) call my_routine(cptr) call c_f_pointer(cptr, a, [12]) end program main

See also :

Section 8.42 [C LOC], page 88, Section 8.40 [C F PROCPOINTER], page 86

8.42 C_LOC Obtain the C address of an object

Description : C_LOC(X) determines the C address of the argument. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Shall have either the POINTER or TARGET attribute. It shall not be a coindexed object. It shall either be a variable with interoperable type and kind type parameters, or be a scalar, nonpolymorphic variable with no length type parameters. Fortran 2003 and later Inquiry function RESULT = C_LOC(X)

Return value : The return value is of type C_PTR and contains the C address of the argument. Example :
subroutine association_test(a,b) use iso_c_binding, only: c_associated, c_loc, c_ptr implicit none real, pointer :: a type(c_ptr) :: b if(c_associated(b, c_loc(a))) & stop b and a do not point to same target end subroutine association_test

See also :

Section 8.38 [C ASSOCIATED], page 85, Section 8.39 [C FUNLOC], page 86, Section 8.41 [C F POINTER], page 87, Section 8.40 [C F PROCPOINTER], page 86

8.43 C_SIZEOF Size in bytes of an expression

Description : C_SIZEOF(X) calculates the number of bytes of storage the expression X occupies.

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Fortran 2008 Inquiry function of the module ISO_C_BINDING N = C_SIZEOF(X) X The argument shall be an interoperable data entity.

Return value : The return value is of type integer and of the system-dependent kind C_SIZE_T (from the ISO_C_BINDING module). Its value is the number of bytes occupied by the argument. If the argument has the POINTER attribute, the number of bytes of the storage area pointed to is returned. If the argument is of a derived type with POINTER or ALLOCATABLE components, the return value does not account for the sizes of the data pointed to by these components. Example :
use iso_c_binding integer(c_int) :: i real(c_float) :: r, s(5) print *, (c_sizeof(s)/c_sizeof(r) == 5) end

The example will print .TRUE. unless you are using a platform where default REAL variables are unusually padded. See also : Section 8.227 [SIZEOF], page 195, Section 8.234 [STORAGE SIZE], page 200

8.44 CEILING Integer ceiling function

Description : CEILING(A) returns the least integer greater than or equal to A. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A KIND The type shall be REAL. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = CEILING(A [, KIND])

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER(KIND) if KIND is present and a defaultkind INTEGER otherwise. Example :
program test_ceiling real :: x = 63.29 real :: y = -63.59 print *, ceiling(x) ! returns 64 print *, ceiling(y) ! returns -63 end program test_ceiling

See also :

Section 8.85 [FLOOR], page 116, Section 8.182 [NINT], page 170

The GNU Fortran Compiler

8.45 CHAR Character conversion function

Description : CHAR(I [, KIND]) returns the character represented by the integer I. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I KIND The type shall be INTEGER. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = CHAR(I [, KIND])

Return value : The return value is of type CHARACTER(1) Example :

program test_char integer :: i = 74 character(1) :: c c = char(i) print *, i, c ! returns J end program test_char

Specific names : Name CHAR(I) Note : See also :

Argument INTEGER I

Return type Standard CHARACTER(LEN=1) F77 and later

See Section 8.119 [ICHAR], page 136 for a discussion of converting between numerical values and formatted string representations. Section 8.5 [ACHAR], page 65, Section 8.111 [IACHAR], page 131, Section 8.119 [ICHAR], page 136

8.46 CHDIR Change working directory

Description : Change current working directory to a specified path. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL CHDIR(NAME [, STATUS]) STATUS = CHDIR(NAME) Arguments : NAME The type shall be CHARACTER of default kind and shall specify a valid path within the file system. GNU extension Subroutine, function

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

STATUS

(Optional) INTEGER status flag of the default kind. Returns 0 on success, and a system specific and nonzero error code otherwise.

Example :
PROGRAM test_chdir CHARACTER(len=255) :: path CALL getcwd(path) WRITE(*,*) TRIM(path) CALL chdir("/tmp") CALL getcwd(path) WRITE(*,*) TRIM(path) END PROGRAM

See also :

Section 8.100 [GETCWD], page 126

8.47 CHMOD Change access permissions of files

Description : CHMOD changes the permissions of a file. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL CHMOD(NAME, MODE[, STATUS]) STATUS = CHMOD(NAME, MODE) Arguments : NAME Scalar CHARACTER of default kind with the file name. Trailing blanks are ignored unless the character achar(0) is present, then all characters up to and excluding achar(0) are used as the file name. Scalar CHARACTER of default kind giving the file permission. MODE uses the same syntax as the chmod utility as defined by the POSIX standard. The argument shall either be a string of a nonnegative octal number or a symbolic mode. (optional) scalar INTEGER, which is 0 on success and nonzero otherwise. GNU extension Subroutine, function

MODE

STATUS

Return value : In either syntax, STATUS is set to 0 on success and nonzero otherwise. Example : CHMOD as subroutine
program chmod_test implicit none integer :: status

The GNU Fortran Compiler

call chmod(test.dat,u+x,status) print *, Status: , status end program chmod_test

CHMOD as function:
program chmod_test implicit none integer :: status status = chmod(test.dat,u+x) print *, Status: , status end program chmod_test

8.48 CMPLX Complex conversion function

Description : CMPLX(X [, Y [, KIND]]) returns a complex number where X is converted to the real component. If Y is present it is converted to the imaginary component. If Y is not present then the imaginary component is set to 0.0. If X is complex then Y must not be present. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Y KIND The type may be INTEGER, REAL, or COMPLEX. (Optional; only allowed if X is not COMPLEX.) May be INTEGER or REAL. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = CMPLX(X [, Y [, KIND]])

Return value : The return value is of COMPLEX type, with a kind equal to KIND if it is specified. If KIND is not specified, the result is of the default COMPLEX kind, regardless of the kinds of X and Y. Example :
program test_cmplx integer :: i = 42 real :: x = 3.14 complex :: z z = cmplx(i, x) print *, z, cmplx(x) end program test_cmplx

See also :

Section 8.52 [COMPLEX], page 94

8.49 COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT Get number of command line arguments

Description : COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT returns the number of arguments passed on the command line when the containing program was invoked.

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Fortran 2003 and later Inquiry function RESULT = COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT() None

Return value : The return value is an INTEGER of default kind. Example :

program test_command_argument_count integer :: count count = command_argument_count() print *, count end program test_command_argument_count

See also :

Section 8.98 [GET COMMAND], page 124, Section 8.99 [GET COMMAND ARGUMENT], page 125

8.50 COMPILER_OPTIONS Options passed to the compiler

Description : COMPILER_OPTIONS returns a string with the options used for compiling. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : None. Return value : The return value is a default-kind string with system-dependent length. It contains the compiler flags used to compile the file, which called the COMPILER_ OPTIONS intrinsic. Example :
use iso_fortran_env print (4a), This file was compiled by , & compiler_version(), using the options , & compiler_options() end

Fortran 2008 Inquiry function of the module ISO_FORTRAN_ENV STR = COMPILER_OPTIONS()

See

also :

Section 8.51 [COMPILER VERSION], [ISO FORTRAN ENV], page 213

page

93,

Section

9.1

8.51 COMPILER_VERSION Compiler version string

Description : COMPILER_VERSION returns a string with the name and the version of the compiler.

The GNU Fortran Compiler

Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Fortran 2008 Inquiry function of the module ISO_FORTRAN_ENV STR = COMPILER_VERSION() None.

Return value : The return value is a default-kind string with system-dependent length. It contains the name of the compiler and its version number. Example :
use iso_fortran_env print (4a), This file was compiled by , & compiler_version(), using the options , & compiler_options() end

See

also :

Section 8.50 [COMPILER OPTIONS], [ISO FORTRAN ENV], page 213

page

93,

Section

9.1

8.52 COMPLEX Complex conversion function

Description : COMPLEX(X, Y) returns a complex number where X is converted to the real component and Y is converted to the imaginary component. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Y The type may be INTEGER or REAL. The type may be INTEGER or REAL. GNU extension Elemental function RESULT = COMPLEX(X, Y)

Return value : If X and Y are both of INTEGER type, then the return value is of default COMPLEX type. If X and Y are of REAL type, or one is of REAL type and one is of INTEGER type, then the return value is of COMPLEX type with a kind equal to that of the REAL argument with the highest precision. Example :
program test_complex integer :: i = 42 real :: x = 3.14 print *, complex(i, x) end program test_complex

See also :

Section 8.48 [CMPLX], page 92

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

8.53 CONJG Complex conjugate function

Description : CONJG(Z) returns the conjugate of Z. If Z is (x, y) then the result is (x, -y) Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : Z The type shall be COMPLEX. Return value : The return value is of type COMPLEX. Example :
program test_conjg complex :: z = (2.0, 3.0) complex(8) :: dz = (2.71_8, -3.14_8) z= conjg(z) print *, z dz = dconjg(dz) print *, dz end program test_conjg

Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions Elemental function Z = CONJG(Z)

Specific names : Name CONJG(Z) DCONJG(Z)

Argument COMPLEX Z COMPLEX(8) Z

Return type COMPLEX COMPLEX(8)

Standard GNU extension GNU extension

8.54 COS Cosine function

Description : COS(X) computes the cosine of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL or COMPLEX. Return value : The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real part of the result is in radians. If X is of the type REAL, the return value lies in the range 1 cos(x) 1. Example :
program test_cos real :: x = 0.0 x = cos(x) end program test_cos

Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions Elemental function RESULT = COS(X)

The GNU Fortran Compiler

Specific names : Name COS(X) DCOS(X) CCOS(X) ZCOS(X) CDCOS(X) See also :

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(8) X COMPLEX(4) X COMPLEX(8) X COMPLEX(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8) COMPLEX(4) COMPLEX(8) COMPLEX(8)

Standard Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later GNU extension GNU extension

Inverse function: Section 8.6 [ACOS], page 66

8.55 COSH Hyperbolic cosine function

Description : COSH(X) computes the hyperbolic cosine of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL or COMPLEX. Return value : The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the imaginary part of the result is in radians. If X is REAL, the return value has a lower bound of one, cosh(x) 1. Example :
program test_cosh real(8) :: x = 1.0_8 x = cosh(x) end program test_cosh

Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later Elemental function X = COSH(X)

Specific names : Name COSH(X) DCOSH(X) See also :

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8)

Standard Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later

Inverse function: Section 8.7 [ACOSH], page 66

8.56 COUNT Count function

Description : Counts the number of .TRUE. elements in a logical MASK, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, counts the number of elements along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of MASK are .FALSE., then the result is 0. Standard : Class : Syntax : Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later Transformational function RESULT = COUNT(MASK [, DIM, KIND])

Chapter 8: Intrinsic Procedures

Arguments : MASK DIM KIND The type shall be LOGICAL. (Optional) The type shall be INTEGER. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result.

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the shape of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. Example :
program test_count integer, dimension(2,3) :: a, b logical, dimension(2,3) :: mask a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 /), (/ 2, 3 /)) b = reshape( (/ 0, 7, 3, 4, 5, 8 /), (/ 2, 3 /)) print (3i3), a(1,:) print (3i3), a(2,:) print * print (3i3), b(1,:) print (3i3), b(2,:) print * mask = a.ne.b print (3l3), mask(1,:) print (3l3), mask(2,:) print * print (3i3), count(mask) print * print (3i3), count(mask, 1) print * print (3i3), count(mask, 2) end program test_count

8.57 CPU_TIME CPU elapsed time in seconds

Description : Returns a REAL value representing the elapsed CPU time in seconds. This is useful for testing segments of code to determine execution time. If a time source is available, time will be reported with microsecond resolution. If no time source is available, TIME is set to -1.0. Note that TIME may contain a, system dependent, arbitrary offset and may not start with 0.0. For CPU_TIME, the absolute value is meaningless, only differences between subsequent calls to this subroutine, as shown in the example below, should be used. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : TIME The type shall be REAL with INTENT(OUT). Fortran 95 and later Subroutine CALL CPU_TIME(TIME)

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Return value : None Example :

program test_cpu_time real :: start, finish call cpu_time(start) ! put code to test here call cpu_time(finish) print ("Time = ",f6.3," seconds."),finish-start end program test_cpu_time

See also :

Section 8.238 [SYSTEM CLOCK], page 202, Section 8.60 [DATE AND TIME], page 99

8.58 CSHIFT Circular shift elements of an array

Description : CSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, DIM]) performs a circular shift on elements of ARRAY along the dimension of DIM. If DIM is omitted it is taken to be 1. DIM is a scalar of type INTEGER in the range of 1 DIM n) where n is the rank of ARRAY. If the rank of ARRAY is one, then all elements of ARRAY are shifted by SHIFT places. If rank is greater than one, then all complete rank one sections of ARRAY along the given dimension are shifted. Elements shifted out one end of each rank one section are shifted back in the other end. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : ARRAY SHIFT DIM Shall be an array of any type. The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function RESULT = CSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, DIM])

Return value : Returns an array of same type and rank as the ARRAY argument. Example :
program test_cshift integer, dimension(3,3) :: a a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 /), (/ 3, 3 /)) print (3i3), a(1,:) print (3i3), a(2,:) print (3i3), a(3,:) a = cshift(a, SHIFT=(/1, 2, -1/), DIM=2) print * print (3i3), a(1,:) print (3i3), a(2,:) print (3i3), a(3,:) end program test_cshift

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8.59 CTIME Convert a time into a string

Description : CTIME converts a system time value, such as returned by TIME8, to a string. Unless the application has called setlocale, the output will be in the default locale, of length 24 and of the form Sat Aug 19 18:13:14 1995. In other locales, a longer string may result. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL CTIME(TIME, RESULT). RESULT = CTIME(TIME). Arguments : TIME RESULT The type shall be of type INTEGER. The type shall be of type CHARACTER and of default kind. It is an INTENT(OUT) argument. If the length of this variable is too short for the time and date string to fit completely, it will be blank on procedure return. GNU extension Subroutine, function

Return value : The converted date and time as a string. Example :

program test_ctime integer(8) :: i character(len=30) :: date i = time8() ! Do something, main part of the program call ctime(i,date) print *, Program was started on , date end program test_ctime

8.60 DATE_AND_TIME Date and time subroutine

Description : DATE_AND_TIME(DATE, TIME, ZONE, VALUES) gets the corresponding date and time information from the real-time system clock. DATE is INTENT(OUT) and has form ccyymmdd. TIME is INTENT(OUT) and has form hhmmss.sss. ZONE is INTENT(OUT) and has form (+-)hhmm, representing the difference with respect to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Unavailable time and date parameters return blanks.

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VALUES is INTENT(OUT) and provides the following: VALUE(1): The year VALUE(2): The month VALUE(3): The day of the month VALUE(4): Time difference with UTC in minutes VALUE(5): The hour of the day VALUE(6): The minutes of the hour VALUE(7): The seconds of the minute VALUE(8): The milliseconds of the second Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : DATE TIME ZONE VALUES Return value : None Example :
program test_time_and_date character(8) :: date character(10) :: time character(5) :: zone integer,dimension(8) :: values ! using keyword arguments call date_and_time(date,time,zone,values) call date_and_time(DATE=date,ZONE=zone) call date_and_time(TIME=time) call date_and_time(VALUES=values) print (a,2x,a,2x,a), date, time, zone print (8i5)), values end program test_time_and_date

Fortran 95 and later Subroutine CALL DATE_AND_TIME([DATE, TIME, ZONE, VALUES]) (Optional) The type shall be CHARACTER(LEN=8) or larger, and of default kind. (Optional) The type shall be CHARACTER(LEN=10) or larger, and of default kind. (Optional) The type shall be CHARACTER(LEN=5) or larger, and of default kind. (Optional) The type shall be INTEGER(8).

See also :

Section 8.57 [CPU TIME], page 97, Section 8.238 [SYSTEM CLOCK], page 202

8.61 DBLE Double conversion function

Description : DBLE(A) Converts A to double precision real type. Standard : Class : Fortran 77 and later Elemental function

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Syntax : Arguments :

RESULT = DBLE(A) A The type shall be INTEGER, REAL, or COMPLEX.

Return value : The return value is of type double precision real. Example :
program test_dble real :: x = 2.18 integer :: i = 5 complex :: z = (2.3,1.14) print *, dble(x), dble(i), dble(z) end program test_dble

See also :

Section 8.203 [REAL], page 182

8.62 DCMPLX Double complex conversion function

Description : DCMPLX(X [,Y]) returns a double complex number where X is converted to the real component. If Y is present it is converted to the imaginary component. If Y is not present then the imaginary component is set to 0.0. If X is complex then Y must not be present. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Y The type may be INTEGER, REAL, or COMPLEX. (Optional if X is not COMPLEX.) May be INTEGER or REAL. GNU extension Elemental function RESULT = DCMPLX(X [, Y])

Return value : The return value is of type COMPLEX(8) Example :

program test_dcmplx integer :: i = 42 real :: x = 3.14 complex :: z z = cmplx(i, x) print *, dcmplx(i) print *, dcmplx(x) print *, dcmplx(z) print *, dcmplx(x,i) end program test_dcmplx

8.63 DIGITS Significant binary digits function

Description : DIGITS(X) returns the number of significant binary digits of the internal model representation of X. For example, on a system using a 32-bit floating point representation, a default real number would likely return 24.

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Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Fortran 95 and later Inquiry function RESULT = DIGITS(X) X The type may be INTEGER or REAL.

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER. Example :

program test_digits integer :: i = 12345 real :: x = 3.143 real(8) :: y = 2.33 print *, digits(i) print *, digits(x) print *, digits(y) end program test_digits

8.64 DIM Positive difference

Description : DIM(X,Y) returns the difference X-Y if the result is positive; otherwise returns zero. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Y The type shall be INTEGER or REAL The type shall be the same type and kind as X. Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = DIM(X, Y)

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER or REAL. Example :

program test_dim integer :: i real(8) :: x i = dim(4, 15) x = dim(4.345_8, 2.111_8) print *, i print *, x end program test_dim

Specific names : Name DIM(X,Y) IDIM(X,Y) DDIM(X,Y)

Argument REAL(4) X, Y INTEGER(4) X, Y REAL(8) X, Y

Return type REAL(4) INTEGER(4) REAL(8)

Standard Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later

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8.65 DOT_PRODUCT Dot product function

Description : DOT_PRODUCT(VECTOR_A, VECTOR_B) computes the dot product multiplication of two vectors VECTOR A and VECTOR B. The two vectors may be either numeric or logical and must be arrays of rank one and of equal size. If the vectors are INTEGER or REAL, the result is SUM(VECTOR_A*VECTOR_B). If the vectors are COMPLEX, the result is SUM(CONJG(VECTOR_A)*VECTOR_B). If the vectors are LOGICAL, the result is ANY(VECTOR_A .AND. VECTOR_B). Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : VECTOR A VECTOR B The type shall be numeric or LOGICAL, rank 1. The type shall be numeric if VECTOR A is of numeric type or LOGICAL if VECTOR A is of type LOGICAL. VECTOR B shall be a rank-one array. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function RESULT = DOT_PRODUCT(VECTOR_A, VECTOR_B)

Return value : If the arguments are numeric, the return value is a scalar of numeric type, INTEGER, REAL, or COMPLEX. If the arguments are LOGICAL, the return value is .TRUE. or .FALSE.. Example :
program test_dot_prod integer, dimension(3) :: a, b a = (/ 1, 2, 3 /) b = (/ 4, 5, 6 /) print (3i3), a print * print (3i3), b print * print *, dot_product(a,b) end program test_dot_prod

8.66 DPROD Double product function

Description : DPROD(X,Y) returns the product X*Y. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Y The type shall be REAL. The type shall be REAL. Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = DPROD(X, Y)

Return value : The return value is of type REAL(8).

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Example :
program test_dprod real :: x = 5.2 real :: y = 2.3 real(8) :: d d = dprod(x,y) print *, d end program test_dprod

Specific names : Name DPROD(X,Y)

Argument REAL(4) X, Y

Return type REAL(4)

Standard Fortran 77 and later

8.67 DREAL Double real part function

Description : DREAL(Z) returns the real part of complex variable Z. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A The type shall be COMPLEX(8). Return value : The return value is of type REAL(8). Example :
program test_dreal complex(8) :: z = (1.3_8,7.2_8) print *, dreal(z) end program test_dreal

GNU extension Elemental function RESULT = DREAL(A)

See also :

Section 8.10 [AIMAG], page 68

8.68 DSHIFTL Combined left shift

Description : DSHIFTL(I, J, SHIFT) combines bits of I and J. The rightmost SHIFT bits of the result are the leftmost SHIFT bits of J, and the remaining bits are the rightmost bits of I. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I J Shall be of type INTEGER or a BOZ constant. Shall be of type INTEGER or a BOZ constant. If both I and J have integer type, then they shall have the same kind type parameter. I and J shall not both be BOZ constants. Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = DSHIFTL(I, J, SHIFT)

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SHIFT

Shall be of type INTEGER. It shall be nonnegative. If I is not a BOZ constant, then SHIFT shall be less than or equal to BIT_SIZE(I); otherwise, SHIFT shall be less than or equal to BIT_SIZE(J).

Return value : If either I or J is a BOZ constant, it is first converted as if by the intrinsic function INT to an integer type with the kind type parameter of the other. See also : Section 8.69 [DSHIFTR], page 105

8.69 DSHIFTR Combined right shift

Description : DSHIFTR(I, J, SHIFT) combines bits of I and J. The leftmost SHIFT bits of the result are the rightmost SHIFT bits of I, and the remaining bits are the leftmost bits of J. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I J Shall be of type INTEGER or a BOZ constant. Shall be of type INTEGER or a BOZ constant. If both I and J have integer type, then they shall have the same kind type parameter. I and J shall not both be BOZ constants. Shall be of type INTEGER. It shall be nonnegative. If I is not a BOZ constant, then SHIFT shall be less than or equal to BIT_SIZE(I); otherwise, SHIFT shall be less than or equal to BIT_SIZE(J). Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = DSHIFTR(I, J, SHIFT)

SHIFT

8.70 DTIME Execution time subroutine (or function)

Description : DTIME(VALUES, TIME) initially returns the number of seconds of runtime since the start of the processs execution in TIME. VALUES returns the user and system components of this time in VALUES(1) and VALUES(2) respectively. TIME is equal to VALUES(1) + VALUES(2). Subsequent invocations of DTIME return values accumulated since the previous invocation. On some systems, the underlying timings are represented using types with sufficiently small limits that overflows (wrap around) are possible, such as 32bit types. Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be, or become,

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negative, or numerically less than previous values, during a single run of the compiled program. Please note, that this implementation is thread safe if used within OpenMP directives, i.e., its state will be consistent while called from multiple threads. However, if DTIME is called from multiple threads, the result is still the time since the last invocation. This may not give the intended results. If possible, use CPU_TIME instead. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. VALUES and TIME are INTENT(OUT) and provide the following: VALUES(1): VALUES(2): TIME: Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL DTIME(VALUES, TIME). TIME = DTIME(VALUES), (not recommended). Arguments : VALUES TIME The type shall be REAL(4), DIMENSION(2). The type shall be REAL(4). GNU extension Subroutine, function User time in seconds. System time in seconds. Run time since start in seconds.

Return value : Elapsed time in seconds since the last invocation or since the start of program execution if not called before. Example :
program test_dtime integer(8) :: i, j real, dimension(2) :: tarray real :: result call dtime(tarray, result) print *, result print *, tarray(1) print *, tarray(2) do i=1,100000000 ! Just a delay j = i * i - i end do call dtime(tarray, result) print *, result print *, tarray(1) print *, tarray(2) end program test_dtime

See also :

Section 8.57 [CPU TIME], page 97

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8.71 EOSHIFT End-off shift elements of an array

Description : EOSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT[, BOUNDARY, DIM]) performs an end-off shift on elements of ARRAY along the dimension of DIM. If DIM is omitted it is taken to be 1. DIM is a scalar of type INTEGER in the range of 1 DIM n) where n is the rank of ARRAY. If the rank of ARRAY is one, then all elements of ARRAY are shifted by SHIFT places. If rank is greater than one, then all complete rank one sections of ARRAY along the given dimension are shifted. Elements shifted out one end of each rank one section are dropped. If BOUNDARY is present then the corresponding value of from BOUNDARY is copied back in the other end. If BOUNDARY is not present then the following are copied in depending on the type of ARRAY. Array Type Boundary Value Numeric 0 of the type and kind of ARRAY. Logical .FALSE.. Character(len) len blanks. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : ARRAY SHIFT BOUNDARY DIM May be any type, not scalar. The type shall be INTEGER. Same type as ARRAY. The type shall be INTEGER. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function RESULT = EOSHIFT(ARRAY, SHIFT [, BOUNDARY, DIM])

Return value : Returns an array of same type and rank as the ARRAY argument. Example :
program test_eoshift integer, dimension(3,3) :: a a = reshape( (/ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 /), (/ 3, 3 /)) print (3i3), a(1,:) print (3i3), a(2,:) print (3i3), a(3,:) a = EOSHIFT(a, SHIFT=(/1, 2, 1/), BOUNDARY=-5, DIM=2) print * print (3i3), a(1,:) print (3i3), a(2,:) print (3i3), a(3,:) end program test_eoshift

8.72 EPSILON Epsilon function

Description : EPSILON(X) returns the smallest number E of the same kind as X such that 1 + E > 1. Standard : Fortran 95 and later

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Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Inquiry function RESULT = EPSILON(X) X The type shall be REAL.

Return value : The return value is of same type as the argument. Example :
program test_epsilon real :: x = 3.143 real(8) :: y = 2.33 print *, EPSILON(x) print *, EPSILON(y) end program test_epsilon

8.73 ERF Error function

Description : ERF(X) computes the error function of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL. Return value : The return value is of type REAL, of the same kind as X and lies in the range 1 erf (x) 1. Example :
program test_erf real(8) :: x = 0.17_8 x = erf(x) end program test_erf

Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = ERF(X)

Specific names : Name DERF(X)

Argument REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(8)

Standard GNU extension

8.74 ERFC Error function

Description : ERFC(X) computes the complementary error function of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = ERFC(X)

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Arguments : X The type shall be REAL. Return value : The return value is of type REAL and of the same kind as X. It lies in the range 0 erf c(x) 2. Example :
program test_erfc real(8) :: x = 0.17_8 x = erfc(x) end program test_erfc

Specific names : Name DERFC(X)

Argument REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(8)

Standard GNU extension

8.75 ERFC_SCALED Error function

Description : ERFC_SCALED(X) computes the exponentially-scaled complementary error function of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL. Return value : The return value is of type REAL and of the same kind as X. Example :
program test_erfc_scaled real(8) :: x = 0.17_8 x = erfc_scaled(x) end program test_erfc_scaled

Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = ERFC_SCALED(X)

8.76 ETIME Execution time subroutine (or function)

Description : ETIME(VALUES, TIME) returns the number of seconds of runtime since the start of the processs execution in TIME. VALUES returns the user and system components of this time in VALUES(1) and VALUES(2) respectively. TIME is equal to VALUES(1) + VALUES(2). On some systems, the underlying timings are represented using types with sufficiently small limits that overflows (wrap around) are possible, such as 32bit types. Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be, or become, negative, or numerically less than previous values, during a single run of the compiled program.

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This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. VALUES and TIME are INTENT(OUT) and provide the following: VALUES(1): User time in seconds. VALUES(2): System time in seconds. TIME: Run time since start in seconds. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL ETIME(VALUES, TIME). TIME = ETIME(VALUES), (not recommended). Arguments : VALUES TIME The type shall be REAL(4), DIMENSION(2). The type shall be REAL(4). GNU extension Subroutine, function

Return value : Elapsed time in seconds since the start of program execution. Example :
program test_etime integer(8) :: i, j real, dimension(2) :: tarray real :: result call ETIME(tarray, result) print *, result print *, tarray(1) print *, tarray(2) do i=1,100000000 ! Just a delay j = i * i - i end do call ETIME(tarray, result) print *, result print *, tarray(1) print *, tarray(2) end program test_etime

See also :

Section 8.57 [CPU TIME], page 97

8.77 EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE Execute a shell command

Description : EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE runs a shell command, synchronously or asynchronously. The COMMAND argument is passed to the shell and executed, using the C librarys system call. (The shell is sh on Unix systems, and cmd.exe on Windows.) If WAIT is present and has the value false, the execution of the command is asynchronous if the system supports it; otherwise, the command is executed synchronously. The three last arguments allow the user to get status information. After synchronous execution, EXITSTAT contains the integer exit code of the command,

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as returned by system. CMDSTAT is set to zero if the command line was executed (whatever its exit status was). CMDMSG is assigned an error message if an error has occurred. Note that the system function need not be thread-safe. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that system is not called concurrently. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : COMMAND WAIT EXITSTAT CMDSTAT CMDMSG Example :
program test_exec integer :: i call execute_command_line ("external_prog.exe", exitstat=i) print *, "Exit status of external_prog.exe was ", i call execute_command_line ("reindex_files.exe", wait=.false.) print *, "Now reindexing files in the background" end program test_exec

Fortran 2008 and later Subroutine CALL EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE(COMMAND [, WAIT, EXITSTAT, CMDSTAT, CMDMSG ]) Shall be a default CHARACTER scalar. (Optional) Shall be a default LOGICAL scalar. (Optional) Shall be an INTEGER of the default kind. (Optional) Shall be an INTEGER of the default kind. (Optional) Shall be an CHARACTER scalar of the default kind.

Note : Because this intrinsic is implemented in terms of the system function call, its behavior with respect to signaling is processor dependent. In particular, on POSIX-compliant systems, the SIGINT and SIGQUIT signals will be ignored, and the SIGCHLD will be blocked. As such, if the parent process is terminated, the child process might not be terminated alongside. See also : Section 8.237 [SYSTEM], page 201

8.78 EXIT Exit the program with status.

Description : EXIT causes immediate termination of the program with status. If status is omitted it returns the canonical success for the system. All Fortran I/O units are closed. Standard : Class : Syntax : GNU extension Subroutine CALL EXIT([STATUS])

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Arguments : STATUS Shall be an INTEGER of the default kind. Return value : STATUS is passed to the parent process on exit. Example :
program test_exit integer :: STATUS = 0 print *, This program is going to exit. call EXIT(STATUS) end program test_exit

See also :

Section 8.2 [ABORT], page 63, Section 8.138 [KILL], page 146

8.79 EXP Exponential function

Description : EXP(X) computes the base e exponential of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL or COMPLEX. Return value : The return value has same type and kind as X. Example :
program test_exp real :: x = 1.0 x = exp(x) end program test_exp

Fortran 77 and later, has overloads that are GNU extensions Elemental function RESULT = EXP(X)

Specific names : Name EXP(X) DEXP(X) CEXP(X) ZEXP(X) CDEXP(X)

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(8) X COMPLEX(4) X COMPLEX(8) X COMPLEX(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8) COMPLEX(4) COMPLEX(8) COMPLEX(8)

Standard Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later GNU extension GNU extension

8.80 EXPONENT Exponent function

Description : EXPONENT(X) returns the value of the exponent part of X. If X is zero the value returned is zero. Standard : Class : Fortran 95 and later Elemental function

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Syntax : Arguments :

RESULT = EXPONENT(X) X The type shall be REAL.

Return value : The return value is of type default INTEGER. Example :

program test_exponent real :: x = 1.0 integer :: i i = exponent(x) print *, i print *, exponent(0.0) end program test_exponent

8.81 EXTENDS_TYPE_OF Query dynamic type for extension

Description : Query dynamic type for extension. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A MOLD Shall be an object of extensible declared type or unlimited polymorphic. Shall be an object of extensible declared type or unlimited polymorphic. Fortran 2003 and later Inquiry function RESULT = EXTENDS_TYPE_OF(A, MOLD)

Return value : The return value is a scalar of type default logical. It is true if and only if the dynamic type of A is an extension type of the dynamic type of MOLD. See also : Section 8.209 [SAME TYPE AS], page 185

8.82 FDATE Get the current time as a string

Description : FDATE(DATE) returns the current date (using the same format as CTIME) in DATE. It is equivalent to CALL CTIME(DATE, TIME()). This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL FDATE(DATE). DATE = FDATE(). GNU extension Subroutine, function

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Arguments : DATE The type shall be of type CHARACTER of the default kind. It is an INTENT(OUT) argument. If the length of this variable is too short for the date and time string to fit completely, it will be blank on procedure return.

Return value : The current date and time as a string. Example :

program test_fdate integer(8) :: i, j character(len=30) :: date call fdate(date) print *, Program started on , date do i = 1, 100000000 ! Just a delay j = i * i - i end do call fdate(date) print *, Program ended on , date end program test_fdate

See also :

Section 8.60 [DATE AND TIME], page 99, Section 8.59 [CTIME], page 99

8.83 FGET Read a single character in stream mode from stdin

Description : Read a single character in stream mode from stdin by bypassing normal formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with normal record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same unit; the results are unpredictable. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Note that the FGET intrinsic is provided for backwards compatibility with g77. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also Section 4.1 [Fortran 2003 status], page 33. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL FGET(C [, STATUS]) STATUS = FGET(C) Arguments : C STATUS The type shall be CHARACTER and of default kind. (Optional) status flag of type INTEGER. Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file, and a system specific positive error code otherwise. GNU extension Subroutine, function

Example :

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PROGRAM test_fget INTEGER, PARAMETER :: strlen = 100 INTEGER :: status, i = 1 CHARACTER(len=strlen) :: str = "" WRITE (*,*) Enter text: DO CALL fget(str(i:i), status) if (status /= 0 .OR. i > strlen) exit i = i + 1 END DO WRITE (*,*) TRIM(str) END PROGRAM

See also :

Section 8.84 [FGETC], page 115, Section 8.88 [FPUT], page 118, Section 8.89 [FPUTC], page 118

8.84 FGETC Read a single character in stream mode

Description : Read a single character in stream mode by bypassing normal formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with normal record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same unit; the results are unpredictable. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Note that the FGET intrinsic is provided for backwards compatibility with g77. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also Section 4.1 [Fortran 2003 status], page 33. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL FGETC(UNIT, C [, STATUS]) STATUS = FGETC(UNIT, C) Arguments : UNIT C STATUS The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be CHARACTER and of default kind. (Optional) status flag of type INTEGER. Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a system specific positive error code otherwise. GNU extension Subroutine, function

Example :
PROGRAM test_fgetc INTEGER :: fd = 42, status CHARACTER :: c OPEN(UNIT=fd, FILE="/etc/passwd", ACTION="READ", STATUS = "OLD") DO CALL fgetc(fd, c, status) IF (status /= 0) EXIT

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call fput(c) END DO CLOSE(UNIT=fd) END PROGRAM

See also :

Section 8.83 [FGET], page 114, Section 8.88 [FPUT], page 118, Section 8.89 [FPUTC], page 118

8.85 FLOOR Integer floor function

Description : FLOOR(A) returns the greatest integer less than or equal to X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A KIND The type shall be REAL. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = FLOOR(A [, KIND])

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER(KIND) if KIND is present and of defaultkind INTEGER otherwise. Example :
program test_floor real :: x = 63.29 real :: y = -63.59 print *, floor(x) ! returns 63 print *, floor(y) ! returns -64 end program test_floor

See also :

Section 8.44 [CEILING], page 89, Section 8.182 [NINT], page 170

8.86 FLUSH Flush I/O unit(s)

Description : Flushes Fortran unit(s) currently open for output. Without the optional argument, all units are flushed, otherwise just the unit specified. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : UNIT Note : (Optional) The type shall be INTEGER. Beginning with the Fortran 2003 standard, there is a FLUSH statement that should be preferred over the FLUSH intrinsic. GNU extension Subroutine CALL FLUSH(UNIT)

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The FLUSH intrinsic and the Fortran 2003 FLUSH statement have identical effect: they flush the runtime librarys I/O buffer so that the data becomes visible to other processes. This does not guarantee that the data is committed to disk. On POSIX systems, you can request that all data is transferred to the storage device by calling the fsync function, with the POSIX file descriptor of the I/O unit as argument (retrieved with GNU intrinsic FNUM). The following example shows how:
! Declare the interface for POSIX fsync function interface function fsync (fd) bind(c,name="fsync") use iso_c_binding, only: c_int integer(c_int), value :: fd integer(c_int) :: fsync end function fsync end interface ! Variable declaration integer :: ret ! Opening unit 10 open (10,file="foo") ! ... ! Perform I/O on unit 10 ! ... ! Flush and sync flush(10) ret = fsync(fnum(10)) ! Handle possible error if (ret /= 0) stop "Error calling FSYNC"

8.87 FNUM File number function

Description : FNUM(UNIT) returns the POSIX file descriptor number corresponding to the open Fortran I/O unit UNIT. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : UNIT The type shall be INTEGER. Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER Example :
program test_fnum integer :: i open (unit=10, status = "scratch") i = fnum(10)

GNU extension Function RESULT = FNUM(UNIT)

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print *, i close (10) end program test_fnum

8.88 FPUT Write a single character in stream mode to stdout

Description : Write a single character in stream mode to stdout by bypassing normal formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with normal record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same unit; the results are unpredictable. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Note that the FGET intrinsic is provided for backwards compatibility with g77. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also Section 4.1 [Fortran 2003 status], page 33. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL FPUT(C [, STATUS]) STATUS = FPUT(C) Arguments : C STATUS The type shall be CHARACTER and of default kind. (Optional) status flag of type INTEGER. Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a system specific positive error code otherwise. GNU extension Subroutine, function

Example :
PROGRAM test_fput CHARACTER(len=10) :: str = "gfortran" INTEGER :: i DO i = 1, len_trim(str) CALL fput(str(i:i)) END DO END PROGRAM

See also :

Section 8.89 [FPUTC], page 118, Section 8.83 [FGET], page 114, Section 8.84 [FGETC], page 115

8.89 FPUTC Write a single character in stream mode

Description : Write a single character in stream mode by bypassing normal formatted output. Stream I/O should not be mixed with normal record-oriented (formatted or unformatted) I/O on the same unit; the results are unpredictable. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.

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Note that the FGET intrinsic is provided for backwards compatibility with g77. GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also Section 4.1 [Fortran 2003 status], page 33. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL FPUTC(UNIT, C [, STATUS]) STATUS = FPUTC(UNIT, C) Arguments : UNIT C STATUS The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be CHARACTER and of default kind. (Optional) status flag of type INTEGER. Returns 0 on success, -1 on end-of-file and a system specific positive error code otherwise. GNU extension Subroutine, function

Example :
PROGRAM test_fputc CHARACTER(len=10) :: str = "gfortran" INTEGER :: fd = 42, i OPEN(UNIT = fd, FILE = "out", ACTION = "WRITE", STATUS="NEW") DO i = 1, len_trim(str) CALL fputc(fd, str(i:i)) END DO CLOSE(fd) END PROGRAM

See also :

Section 8.88 [FPUT], page 118, Section 8.83 [FGET], page 114, Section 8.84 [FGETC], page 115

8.90 FRACTION Fractional part of the model representation

Description : FRACTION(X) returns the fractional part of the model representation of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type of the argument shall be a REAL. Return value : The return value is of the same type and kind as the argument. The fractional part of the model representation of X is returned; it is X * RADIX(X)**(EXPONENT(X)). Example : Fortran 95 and later Elemental function Y = FRACTION(X)

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program test_fraction real :: x x = 178.1387e-4 print *, fraction(x), x * radix(x)**(-exponent(x)) end program test_fraction

8.91 FREE Frees memory

Description : Frees memory previously allocated by MALLOC. The FREE intrinsic is an extension intended to be used with Cray pointers, and is provided in GNU Fortran to allow user to compile legacy code. For new code using Fortran 95 pointers, the memory de-allocation intrinsic is DEALLOCATE. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : PTR Return value : None Example : See also : See MALLOC for an example. Section 8.160 [MALLOC], page 158 The type shall be INTEGER. It represents the location of the memory that should be de-allocated. GNU extension Subroutine CALL FREE(PTR)

8.92 FSEEK Low level file positioning subroutine

Description : Moves UNIT to the specified OFFSET. If WHENCE is set to 0, the OFFSET is taken as an absolute value SEEK_SET, if set to 1, OFFSET is taken to be relative to the current position SEEK_CUR, and if set to 2 relative to the end of the file SEEK_END. On error, STATUS is set to a nonzero value. If STATUS the seek fails silently. This intrinsic routine is not fully backwards compatible with g77. In g77, the FSEEK takes a statement label instead of a STATUS variable. If FSEEK is used in old code, change
CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE, *label)

to
INTEGER :: status CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE, status) IF (status /= 0) GOTO label

Please note that GNU Fortran provides the Fortran 2003 Stream facility. Programmers should consider the use of new stream IO feature in new code for future portability. See also Section 4.1 [Fortran 2003 status], page 33. Standard : GNU extension

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Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Subroutine CALL FSEEK(UNIT, OFFSET, WHENCE[, STATUS]) UNIT OFFSET WHENCE STATUS Shall be a scalar of Shall be a scalar of Shall be a scalar of 1 or 2. (Optional) shall be type INTEGER. type INTEGER. type INTEGER. Its value shall be either 0, a scalar of type INTEGER(4).

Example :
PROGRAM test_fseek INTEGER, PARAMETER :: SEEK_SET = 0, SEEK_CUR = 1, SEEK_END = 2 INTEGER :: fd, offset, ierr ierr = 0 offset = 5 fd = 10 OPEN(UNIT=fd, FILE="fseek.test") CALL FSEEK(fd, offset, SEEK_SET, ierr) print *, FTELL(fd), ierr CALL FSEEK(fd, 0, SEEK_END, ierr) print *, FTELL(fd), ierr CALL FSEEK(fd, 0, SEEK_SET, ierr) print *, FTELL(fd), ierr CLOSE(UNIT=fd) END PROGRAM

! move to OFFSET

! move to end

! move to beginning

See also :

Section 8.94 [FTELL], page 122

8.93 FSTAT Get file status

Description : FSTAT is identical to Section 8.233 [STAT], page 198, except that information about an already opened file is obtained. The elements in VALUES are the same as described by Section 8.233 [STAT], page 198. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL FSTAT(UNIT, VALUES [, STATUS]) STATUS = FSTAT(UNIT, VALUES) Arguments : UNIT An open I/O unit number of type INTEGER. GNU extension Subroutine, function

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VALUES STATUS Example : See also :

The type shall be INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13). (Optional) status flag of type INTEGER(4). Returns 0 on success and a system specific error code otherwise.

See Section 8.233 [STAT], page 198 for an example. To stat a link: Section 8.158 [LSTAT], page 157, to stat a file: Section 8.233 [STAT], page 198

8.94 FTELL Current stream position

Description : Retrieves the current position within an open file. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL FTELL(UNIT, OFFSET) OFFSET = FTELL(UNIT) Arguments : OFFSET UNIT Shall of type INTEGER. Shall of type INTEGER. GNU extension Subroutine, function

Return value : In either syntax, OFFSET is set to the current offset of unit number UNIT, or to 1 if the unit is not currently open. Example :
PROGRAM test_ftell INTEGER :: i OPEN(10, FILE="temp.dat") CALL ftell(10,i) WRITE(*,*) i END PROGRAM

See also :

Section 8.92 [FSEEK], page 120

8.95 GAMMA Gamma function

Description : GAMMA(X) computes Gamma () of X. For positive, integer values of X the Gamma function simplifies to the factorial function (x) = (x 1)!.

(x) =
0

tx1 et dt

Standard : Class :

Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function

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Syntax : Arguments :

X = GAMMA(X) X Shall be of type REAL and neither zero nor a negative integer.

Return value : The return value is of type REAL of the same kind as X. Example :
program test_gamma real :: x = 1.0 x = gamma(x) ! returns 1.0 end program test_gamma

Specific names : Name GAMMA(X) DGAMMA(X) See also :

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8)

Standard GNU Extension GNU Extension

Logarithm of the Gamma function: Section 8.154 [LOG GAMMA], page 155

8.96 GERROR Get last system error message

Description : Returns the system error message corresponding to the last system error. This resembles the functionality of strerror(3) in C. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : RESULT Example :
PROGRAM test_gerror CHARACTER(len=100) :: msg CALL gerror(msg) WRITE(*,*) msg END PROGRAM

GNU extension Subroutine CALL GERROR(RESULT) Shall of type CHARACTER and of default

See also :

Section 8.122 [IERRNO], page 138, Section 8.190 [PERROR], page 175

8.97 GETARG Get command line arguments

Description : Retrieve the POS-th argument that was passed on the command line when the containing program was invoked. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use of the Section 8.99 [GET COMMAND ARGUMENT], page 125 intrinsic defined by the Fortran 2003 standard.

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Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments :

GNU extension Subroutine CALL GETARG(POS, VALUE) POS VALUE VALUE Shall teger Shall Shall be of type INTEGER and not wider than the default inkind; POS 0 be of type CHARACTER and of default kind. be of type CHARACTER.

Return value : After GETARG returns, the VALUE argument holds the POS th command line argument. If VALUE can not hold the argument, it is truncated to fit the length of VALUE. If there are less than POS arguments specified at the command line, VALUE will be filled with blanks. If POS = 0, VALUE is set to the name of the program (on systems that support this feature). Example :
PROGRAM test_getarg INTEGER :: i CHARACTER(len=32) :: arg DO i = 1, iargc() CALL getarg(i, arg) WRITE (*,*) arg END DO END PROGRAM

See also :

GNU Fortran 77 compatibility function: Section 8.115 [IARGC], page 134 Fortran 2003 functions and subroutines: Section 8.98 [GET COMMAND], page 124, Section 8.99 [GET COMMAND ARGUMENT], page 125, Section 8.49 [COMMAND ARGUMENT COUNT], page 92

8.98 GET_COMMAND Get the entire command line

Description : Retrieve the entire command line that was used to invoke the program. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : COMMAND LENGTH STATUS (Optional) shall be of type CHARACTER and of default kind. (Optional) Shall be of type INTEGER and of default kind. (Optional) Shall be of type INTEGER and of default kind. Fortran 2003 and later Subroutine CALL GET_COMMAND([COMMAND, LENGTH, STATUS])

Return value : If COMMAND is present, stores the entire command line that was used to invoke the program in COMMAND. If LENGTH is present, it is assigned the length of the command line. If STATUS is present, it is assigned 0 upon success

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of the command, -1 if COMMAND is too short to store the command line, or a positive value in case of an error. Example :
PROGRAM test_get_command CHARACTER(len=255) :: cmd CALL get_command(cmd) WRITE (*,*) TRIM(cmd) END PROGRAM

See also :

Section 8.99 [GET COMMAND ARGUMENT], page 125, Section 8.49 [COMMAND ARGUMENT COUNT], page 92

8.99 GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT Get command line arguments

Description : Retrieve the NUMBER-th argument that was passed on the command line when the containing program was invoked. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : NUMBER VALUE LENGTH STATUS Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER and of default kind, NUMBER 0 (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type CHARACTER and of default kind. (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER and of default kind. (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER and of default kind. Fortran 2003 and later Subroutine CALL GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT(NUMBER [, VALUE, LENGTH, STATUS])

Return value : After GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT returns, the VALUE argument holds the NUMBER-th command line argument. If VALUE can not hold the argument, it is truncated to fit the length of VALUE. If there are less than NUMBER arguments specified at the command line, VALUE will be filled with blanks. If NUMBER = 0, VALUE is set to the name of the program (on systems that support this feature). The LENGTH argument contains the length of the NUMBER-th command line argument. If the argument retrieval fails, STATUS is a positive number; if VALUE contains a truncated command line argument, STATUS is -1; and otherwise the STATUS is zero. Example :
PROGRAM test_get_command_argument INTEGER :: i CHARACTER(len=32) :: arg i = 0 DO

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CALL get_command_argument(i, arg) IF (LEN_TRIM(arg) == 0) EXIT WRITE (*,*) TRIM(arg) i = i+1 END DO END PROGRAM

See

also :

Section 8.98 [GET COMMAND], page MAND ARGUMENT COUNT], page 92

124,

Section

8.49

[COM-

8.100 GETCWD Get current working directory

Description : Get current working directory. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL GETCWD(C [, STATUS]) STATUS = GETCWD(C) Arguments : C STATUS Example :
PROGRAM test_getcwd CHARACTER(len=255) :: cwd CALL getcwd(cwd) WRITE(*,*) TRIM(cwd) END PROGRAM

GNU extension Subroutine, function

The type shall be CHARACTER and of default kind. (Optional) status flag. Returns 0 on success, a system specific and nonzero error code otherwise.

See also :

Section 8.46 [CHDIR], page 90

8.101 GETENV Get an environmental variable

Description : Get the VALUE of the environmental variable NAME. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use of the Section 8.102 [GET ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE], page 127 intrinsic defined by the Fortran 2003 standard. Note that GETENV need not be thread-safe. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the environment is not being updated concurrently with a call to the GETENV intrinsic. Standard : GNU extension

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Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Subroutine CALL GETENV(NAME, VALUE) NAME VALUE Shall be of type CHARACTER and of default kind. Shall be of type CHARACTER and of default kind.

Return value : Stores the value of NAME in VALUE. If VALUE is not large enough to hold the data, it is truncated. If NAME is not set, VALUE will be filled with blanks. Example :
PROGRAM test_getenv CHARACTER(len=255) :: homedir CALL getenv("HOME", homedir) WRITE (*,*) TRIM(homedir) END PROGRAM

See also :

Section 8.102 [GET ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE], page 127

8.102 GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE Get an environmental variable

Description : Get the VALUE of the environmental variable NAME. Note that GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE need not be thread-safe. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the environment is not being updated concurrently with a call to the GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE intrinsic. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : Shall be a scalar of type CHARACTER and of default kind. (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type CHARACTER and of default kind. LENGTH (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER and of default kind. STATUS (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER and of default kind. TRIM NAME (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type LOGICAL and of default kind. Return value : Stores the value of NAME in VALUE. If VALUE is not large enough to hold the data, it is truncated. If NAME is not set, VALUE will be filled with blanks. Argument LENGTH contains the length needed for storing the environment variable NAME or zero if it is not present. STATUS is -1 if VALUE is present NAME VALUE Fortran 2003 and later Subroutine CALL GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE(NAME[, VALUE, LENGTH, STATUS, TRIM_NAME)

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but too short for the environment variable; it is 1 if the environment variable does not exist and 2 if the processor does not support environment variables; in all other cases STATUS is zero. If TRIM NAME is present with the value .FALSE., the trailing blanks in NAME are significant; otherwise they are not part of the environment variable name. Example :
PROGRAM test_getenv CHARACTER(len=255) :: homedir CALL get_environment_variable("HOME", homedir) WRITE (*,*) TRIM(homedir) END PROGRAM

8.103 GETGID Group ID function

Description : Returns the numerical group ID of the current process. Standard : Class : Syntax : GNU extension Function RESULT = GETGID()

Return value : The return value of GETGID is an INTEGER of the default kind. Example : See also : See GETPID for an example. Section 8.105 [GETPID], page 129, Section 8.106 [GETUID], page 129

8.104 GETLOG Get login name

Description : Gets the username under which the program is running. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : C Shall be of type CHARACTER and of default kind. Return value : Stores the current user name in LOGIN. (On systems where POSIX functions geteuid and getpwuid are not available, and the getlogin function is not implemented either, this will return a blank string.) Example :
PROGRAM TEST_GETLOG CHARACTER(32) :: login CALL GETLOG(login) WRITE(*,*) login END PROGRAM

GNU extension Subroutine CALL GETLOG(C)

See also :

Section 8.106 [GETUID], page 129

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8.105 GETPID Process ID function

Description : Returns the numerical process identifier of the current process. Standard : Class : Syntax : GNU extension Function RESULT = GETPID()

Return value : The return value of GETPID is an INTEGER of the default kind. Example :
program info print *, "The current process ID is ", getpid() print *, "Your numerical user ID is ", getuid() print *, "Your numerical group ID is ", getgid() end program info

See also :

Section 8.103 [GETGID], page 128, Section 8.106 [GETUID], page 129

8.106 GETUID User ID function

Description : Returns the numerical user ID of the current process. Standard : Class : Syntax : GNU extension Function RESULT = GETUID()

Return value : The return value of GETUID is an INTEGER of the default kind. Example : See also : See GETPID for an example. Section 8.105 [GETPID], page 129, Section 8.104 [GETLOG], page 128

8.107 GMTIME Convert time to GMT info

Description : Given a system time value TIME (as provided by the TIME8 intrinsic), fills VALUES with values extracted from it appropriate to the UTC time zone (Universal Coordinated Time, also known in some countries as GMT, Greenwich Mean Time), using gmtime(3). Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : TIME VALUES An INTEGER scalar expression corresponding to a system time, with INTENT(IN). A default INTEGER array with 9 elements, with INTENT(OUT). GNU extension Subroutine CALL GMTIME(TIME, VALUES)

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Return value : The elements of VALUES are assigned as follows: 1. Seconds after the minute, range 059 or 061 to allow for leap seconds 2. Minutes after the hour, range 059 3. Hours past midnight, range 023 4. Day of month, range 031 5. Number of months since January, range 012 6. Years since 1900 7. Number of days since Sunday, range 06 8. Days since January 1 9. Daylight savings indicator: positive if daylight savings is in effect, zero if not, and negative if the information is not available. See also : Section 8.59 [CTIME], page 99, Section 8.159 [LTIME], page 157, Section 8.242 [TIME], page 204, Section 8.243 [TIME8], page 205

8.108 HOSTNM Get system host name

Description : Retrieves the host name of the system on which the program is running. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL HOSTNM(C [, STATUS]) STATUS = HOSTNM(NAME) Arguments : C STATUS Shall of type CHARACTER and of default kind. (Optional) status flag of type INTEGER. Returns 0 on success, or a system specific error code otherwise. GNU extension Subroutine, function

Return value : In either syntax, NAME is set to the current hostname if it can be obtained, or to a blank string otherwise.

8.109 HUGE Largest number of a kind

Description : HUGE(X) returns the largest number that is not an infinity in the model of the type of X. Standard : Class : Fortran 95 and later Inquiry function

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Syntax : Arguments :

RESULT = HUGE(X) X Shall be of type REAL or INTEGER.

Return value : The return value is of the same type and kind as X Example :
program test_huge_tiny print *, huge(0), huge(0.0), huge(0.0d0) print *, tiny(0.0), tiny(0.0d0) end program test_huge_tiny

8.110 HYPOT Euclidean distance function

Description : HYPOT(X,Y) is the Euclidean distance function. It is equal to X 2 + Y 2 , without undue underflow or overflow. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Y The type shall be REAL. The type and kind type parameter shall be the same as X. Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = HYPOT(X, Y)

Return value : The return value has the same type and kind type parameter as X. Example :
program test_hypot real(4) :: x = 1.e0_4, y = 0.5e0_4 x = hypot(x,y) end program test_hypot

8.111 IACHAR Code in ASCII collating sequence

Description : IACHAR(C) returns the code for the ASCII character in the first character position of C. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : C KIND Shall be a scalar CHARACTER, with INTENT(IN) (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later Elemental function RESULT = IACHAR(C [, KIND])

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Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. Example :
program test_iachar integer i i = iachar( ) end program test_iachar

Note : See also :

See Section 8.119 [ICHAR], page 136 for a discussion of converting between numerical values and formatted string representations. Section 8.5 [ACHAR], page 65, Section 8.45 [CHAR], page 90, Section 8.119 [ICHAR], page 136

8.112 IALL Bitwise AND of array elements

Description : Reduces with bitwise AND the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the corresponding element in MASK is TRUE. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = IALL(ARRAY[, MASK]) RESULT = IALL(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK]) Arguments : ARRAY DIM MASK Shall be an array of type INTEGER (Optional) shall be a scalar of type INTEGER with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. (Optional) shall be of type LOGICAL and either be a scalar or an array of the same shape as ARRAY. Fortran 2008 and later Transformational function

Return value : The result is of the same type as ARRAY. If DIM is absent, a scalar with the bitwise ALL of all elements in ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension DIM dropped is returned. Example :
PROGRAM test_iall INTEGER(1) :: a(2) a(1) = b00100100 a(2) = b01101010 ! prints 00100000 PRINT (b8.8), IALL(a) END PROGRAM

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See also :

Section 8.114 [IANY], page 133, Section 8.129 [IPARITY], page 141, Section 8.113 [IAND], page 133

8.113 IAND Bitwise logical and

Description : Bitwise logical AND. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I J The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER, of the same kind as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds are also permitted.) Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = IAND(I, J)

Return value : The return type is INTEGER, of the same kind as the arguments. (If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the larger argument.) Example :
PROGRAM test_iand INTEGER :: a, b DATA a / ZF /, b / Z3 / WRITE (*,*) IAND(a, b) END PROGRAM

See also :

Section 8.128 [IOR], page 141, Section 8.121 [IEOR], page 137, Section 8.117 [IBITS], page 135, Section 8.118 [IBSET], page 135, Section 8.116 [IBCLR], page 135, Section 8.184 [NOT], page 171

8.114 IANY Bitwise OR of array elements

Description : Reduces with bitwise OR (inclusive or) the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the corresponding element in MASK is TRUE. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = IANY(ARRAY[, MASK]) RESULT = IANY(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK]) Arguments : ARRAY DIM MASK Shall be an array of type INTEGER (Optional) shall be a scalar of type INTEGER with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. (Optional) shall be of type LOGICAL and either be a scalar or an array of the same shape as ARRAY. Fortran 2008 and later Transformational function

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Return value : The result is of the same type as ARRAY. If DIM is absent, a scalar with the bitwise OR of all elements in ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension DIM dropped is returned. Example :
PROGRAM test_iany INTEGER(1) :: a(2) a(1) = b00100100 a(2) = b01101010 ! prints 01101110 PRINT (b8.8), IANY(a) END PROGRAM

See also :

Section 8.129 [IPARITY], page 141, Section 8.112 [IALL], page 132, Section 8.128 [IOR], page 141

8.115 IARGC Get the number of command line arguments

Description : IARGC returns the number of arguments passed on the command line when the containing program was invoked. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. In new code, programmers should consider the use of the Section 8.49 [COMMAND ARGUMENT COUNT], page 92 intrinsic defined by the Fortran 2003 standard. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : None. Return value : The number of command line arguments, type INTEGER(4). Example : See also : See Section 8.97 [GETARG], page 123 GNU Fortran 77 compatibility subroutine: Section 8.97 [GETARG], page 123 Fortran 2003 functions and subroutines: Section 8.98 [GET COMMAND], page 124, Section 8.99 [GET COMMAND ARGUMENT], page 125, Section 8.49 [COMMAND ARGUMENT COUNT], page 92 GNU extension Function RESULT = IARGC()

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8.116 IBCLR Clear bit

Description : IBCLR returns the value of I with the bit at position POS set to zero. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I POS The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER. Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = IBCLR(I, POS)

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the same kind as I. See also : Section 8.117 [IBITS], page 135, Section 8.118 [IBSET], page 135, Section 8.113 [IAND], page 133, Section 8.128 [IOR], page 141, Section 8.121 [IEOR], page 137, Section 8.179 [MVBITS], page 168

8.117 IBITS Bit extraction

Description : IBITS extracts a field of length LEN from I, starting from bit position POS and extending left for LEN bits. The result is right-justified and the remaining bits are zeroed. The value of POS+LEN must be less than or equal to the value BIT_SIZE(I). Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I POS LEN The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER. Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = IBITS(I, POS, LEN)

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the same kind as I. See also : Section 8.34 [BIT SIZE], page 83, Section 8.116 [IBCLR], page 135, Section 8.118 [IBSET], page 135, Section 8.113 [IAND], page 133, Section 8.128 [IOR], page 141, Section 8.121 [IEOR], page 137

8.118 IBSET Set bit

Description : IBSET returns the value of I with the bit at position POS set to one. Standard : Class : Fortran 95 and later Elemental function

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Syntax : Arguments :

RESULT = IBSET(I, POS) I POS The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER.

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the same kind as I. See also : Section 8.116 [IBCLR], page 135, Section 8.117 [IBITS], page 135, Section 8.113 [IAND], page 133, Section 8.128 [IOR], page 141, Section 8.121 [IEOR], page 137, Section 8.179 [MVBITS], page 168

8.119 ICHAR Character-to-integer conversion function

Description : ICHAR(C) returns the code for the character in the first character position of C in the systems native character set. The correspondence between characters and their codes is not necessarily the same across different GNU Fortran implementations. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : C KIND Shall be a scalar CHARACTER, with INTENT(IN) (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later Elemental function RESULT = ICHAR(C [, KIND])

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. Example :
program test_ichar integer i i = ichar( ) end program test_ichar

Specific names : Name ICHAR(C) Note :

Argument CHARACTER C

Return type INTEGER(4)

Standard Fortran 77 and later

No intrinsic exists to convert between a numeric value and a formatted character string representation for instance, given the CHARACTER value 154, obtaining an INTEGER or REAL value with the value 154, or vice versa. Instead, this functionality is provided by internal-file I/O, as in the following example:
program read_val integer value character(len=10) string, string2 string = 154

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! Convert a string to a numeric value read (string,(I10)) value print *, value ! Convert a value to a formatted string write (string2,(I10)) value print *, string2 end program read_val

See also :

Section 8.5 [ACHAR], page 65, Section 8.45 [CHAR], page 90, Section 8.111 [IACHAR], page 131

8.120 IDATE Get current local time subroutine (day/month/year)

Description : IDATE(VALUES) Fills VALUES with the numerical values at the current local time. The day (in the range 1-31), month (in the range 1-12), and year appear in elements 1, 2, and 3 of VALUES, respectively. The year has four significant digits. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : VALUES The type shall be INTEGER, DIMENSION(3) and the kind shall be the default integer kind. GNU extension Subroutine CALL IDATE(VALUES)

Return value : Does not return anything. Example :

program test_idate integer, dimension(3) :: tarray call idate(tarray) print *, tarray(1) print *, tarray(2) print *, tarray(3) end program test_idate

8.121 IEOR Bitwise logical exclusive or

Description : IEOR returns the bitwise Boolean exclusive-OR of I and J. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I The type shall be INTEGER. Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = IEOR(I, J)

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The type shall be INTEGER, of the same kind as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds are also permitted.)

Return value : The return type is INTEGER, of the same kind as the arguments. (If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the larger argument.) See also : Section 8.128 [IOR], page 141, Section 8.113 [IAND], page 133, Section 8.117 [IBITS], page 135, Section 8.118 [IBSET], page 135, Section 8.116 [IBCLR], page 135, Section 8.184 [NOT], page 171

8.122 IERRNO Get the last system error number

Description : Returns the last system error number, as given by the C errno variable. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : None. Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the default integer kind. See also : Section 8.190 [PERROR], page 175 GNU extension Function RESULT = IERRNO()

8.123 IMAGE_INDEX Function that converts a cosubscript to an image index

Description : Returns the image index belonging to a cosubscript. Standard : Class : Syntax : Fortran 2008 and later Inquiry function. RESULT = IMAGE_INDEX(COARRAY, SUB) Coarray of any type. default integer rank-1 array of a size equal to the corank of COARRAY.

Arguments : None. COARRAY SUB

Return value : Scalar default integer with the value of the image index which corresponds to the cosubscripts. For invalid cosubscripts the result is zero. Example :
INTEGER :: array[2,-1:4,8,*] ! Writes 28 (or 0 if there are fewer than 28 images) WRITE (*,*) IMAGE_INDEX (array, [2,0,3,1])

See also :

Section 8.241 [THIS IMAGE], page 204, Section 8.186 [NUM IMAGES], page 172

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8.124 INDEX Position of a substring within a string

Description : Returns the position of the start of the first occurrence of string SUBSTRING as a substring in STRING, counting from one. If SUBSTRING is not present in STRING, zero is returned. If the BACK argument is present and true, the return value is the start of the last occurrence rather than the first. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : STRING SUBSTRING BACK KIND Shall be a scalar CHARACTER, with INTENT(IN) Shall be a scalar CHARACTER, with INTENT(IN) (Optional) Shall be a scalar LOGICAL, with INTENT(IN) (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later Elemental function RESULT = INDEX(STRING, SUBSTRING [, BACK [, KIND]])

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. Specific names : Name INDEX(STRING, SUBSTRING) See also : Argument CHARACTER Return type INTEGER(4) Standard Fortran 77 and later

Section 8.211 [SCAN], page 186, Section 8.255 [VERIFY], page 211

8.125 INT Convert to integer type

Description : Convert to integer type Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A KIND Shall be of type INTEGER, REAL, or COMPLEX. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = INT(A [, KIND))

Return value : These functions return a INTEGER variable or array under the following rules: (A) (B) If A is of type INTEGER, INT(A) = A If A is of type REAL and |A| < 1, INT(A) equals 0. If |A| 1, then INT(A) equals the largest integer that does not exceed the range of A and whose sign is the same as the sign of A.

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If A is of type COMPLEX, rule B is applied to the real part of A.

program test_int integer :: i = 42 complex :: z = (-3.7, 1.0) print *, int(i) print *, int(z), int(z,8) end program

Specific names : Name INT(A) IFIX(A) IDINT(A)

Argument REAL(4) A REAL(4) A REAL(8) A

Return type INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER

Standard Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later

8.126 INT2 Convert to 16-bit integer type

Description : Convert to a KIND=2 integer type. This is equivalent to the standard INT intrinsic with an optional argument of KIND=2, and is only included for backwards compatibility. The SHORT intrinsic is equivalent to INT2. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A Shall be of type INTEGER, REAL, or COMPLEX. Return value : The return value is a INTEGER(2) variable. See also : Section 8.125 [INT], page 139, Section 8.127 [INT8], page 140, Section 8.156 [LONG], page 156 GNU extension Elemental function RESULT = INT2(A)

8.127 INT8 Convert to 64-bit integer type

Description : Convert to a KIND=8 integer type. This is equivalent to the standard INT intrinsic with an optional argument of KIND=8, and is only included for backwards compatibility. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A Shall be of type INTEGER, REAL, or COMPLEX. GNU extension Elemental function RESULT = INT8(A)

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Return value : The return value is a INTEGER(8) variable. See also : Section 8.125 [INT], page 139, Section 8.126 [INT2], page 140, Section 8.156 [LONG], page 156

8.128 IOR Bitwise logical or

Description : IOR returns the bitwise Boolean inclusive-OR of I and J. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I J The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER, of the same kind as I. (As a GNU extension, different kinds are also permitted.) Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = IOR(I, J)

Return value : The return type is INTEGER, of the same kind as the arguments. (If the argument kinds differ, it is of the same kind as the larger argument.) See also : Section 8.121 [IEOR], page 137, Section 8.113 [IAND], page 133, Section 8.117 [IBITS], page 135, Section 8.118 [IBSET], page 135, Section 8.116 [IBCLR], page 135, Section 8.184 [NOT], page 171

8.129 IPARITY Bitwise XOR of array elements

Description : Reduces with bitwise XOR (exclusive or) the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the corresponding element in MASK is TRUE. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = IPARITY(ARRAY[, MASK]) RESULT = IPARITY(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK]) Arguments : ARRAY DIM MASK Shall be an array of type INTEGER (Optional) shall be a scalar of type INTEGER with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. (Optional) shall be of type LOGICAL and either be a scalar or an array of the same shape as ARRAY. Fortran 2008 and later Transformational function

Return value : The result is of the same type as ARRAY.

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If DIM is absent, a scalar with the bitwise XOR of all elements in ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension DIM dropped is returned. Example :
PROGRAM test_iparity INTEGER(1) :: a(2) a(1) = b00100100 a(2) = b01101010 ! prints 01001110 PRINT (b8.8), IPARITY(a) END PROGRAM

See also :

Section 8.114 [IANY], page 133, Section 8.112 [IALL], page 132, Section 8.121 [IEOR], page 137, Section 8.189 [PARITY], page 174

8.130 IRAND Integer pseudo-random number

Description : IRAND(FLAG) returns a pseudo-random number from a uniform distribution between 0 and a system-dependent limit (which is in most cases 2147483647). If FLAG is 0, the next number in the current sequence is returned; if FLAG is 1, the generator is restarted by CALL SRAND(0); if FLAG has any other value, it is used as a new seed with SRAND. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. It implements a simple modulo generator as provided by g77. For new code, one should consider the use of Section 8.199 [RANDOM NUMBER], page 179 as it implements a superior algorithm. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I Shall be a scalar INTEGER of kind 4. Return value : The return value is of INTEGER(kind=4) type. Example :
program test_irand integer,parameter :: seed = 86456 call srand(seed) print *, irand(), irand(), irand(), irand() print *, irand(seed), irand(), irand(), irand() end program test_irand

GNU extension Function RESULT = IRAND(I)

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8.131 IS_IOSTAT_END Test for end-of-file value

Description : IS_IOSTAT_END tests whether an variable has the value of the I/O status end of file. The function is equivalent to comparing the variable with the IOSTAT_END parameter of the intrinsic module ISO_FORTRAN_ENV. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I Shall be of the type INTEGER. Return value : Returns a LOGICAL of the default kind, which .TRUE. if I has the value which indicates an end of file condition for IOSTAT= specifiers, and is .FALSE. otherwise. Example :
PROGRAM iostat IMPLICIT NONE INTEGER :: stat, i OPEN(88, FILE=test.dat) READ(88, *, IOSTAT=stat) i IF(IS_IOSTAT_END(stat)) STOP END OF FILE END PROGRAM

Fortran 2003 and later Elemental function RESULT = IS_IOSTAT_END(I)

8.132 IS_IOSTAT_EOR Test for end-of-record value

Description : IS_IOSTAT_EOR tests whether an variable has the value of the I/O status end of record. The function is equivalent to comparing the variable with the IOSTAT_ EOR parameter of the intrinsic module ISO_FORTRAN_ENV. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I Shall be of the type INTEGER. Return value : Returns a LOGICAL of the default kind, which .TRUE. if I has the value which indicates an end of file condition for IOSTAT= specifiers, and is .FALSE. otherwise. Example :
PROGRAM iostat IMPLICIT NONE INTEGER :: stat, i(50) OPEN(88, FILE=test.dat, FORM=UNFORMATTED)

Fortran 2003 and later Elemental function RESULT = IS_IOSTAT_EOR(I)

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READ(88, IOSTAT=stat) i IF(IS_IOSTAT_EOR(stat)) STOP END OF RECORD END PROGRAM

8.133 ISATTY Whether a unit is a terminal device.

Description : Determine whether a unit is connected to a terminal device. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : UNIT Shall be a scalar INTEGER. Return value : Returns .TRUE. if the UNIT is connected to a terminal device, .FALSE. otherwise. Example :
PROGRAM test_isatty INTEGER(kind=1) :: unit DO unit = 1, 10 write(*,*) isatty(unit=unit) END DO END PROGRAM

GNU extension Function RESULT = ISATTY(UNIT)

See also :

Section 8.249 [TTYNAM], page 208

8.134 ISHFT Shift bits

Description : ISHFT returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits shifted SHIFT places. A value of SHIFT greater than zero corresponds to a left shift, a value of zero corresponds to no shift, and a value less than zero corresponds to a right shift. If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than BIT_SIZE(I), the value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the left end or right end are lost; zeros are shifted in from the opposite end. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I SHIFT The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER. Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = ISHFT(I, SHIFT)

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the same kind as I. See also : Section 8.135 [ISHFTC], page 145

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8.135 ISHFTC Shift bits circularly

Description : ISHFTC returns a value corresponding to I with the rightmost SIZE bits shifted circularly SHIFT places; that is, bits shifted out one end are shifted into the opposite end. A value of SHIFT greater than zero corresponds to a left shift, a value of zero corresponds to no shift, and a value less than zero corresponds to a right shift. The absolute value of SHIFT must be less than SIZE. If the SIZE argument is omitted, it is taken to be equivalent to BIT_SIZE(I). Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I SHIFT SIZE The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER. (Optional) The type shall be INTEGER; the value must be greater than zero and less than or equal to BIT_SIZE(I). Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = ISHFTC(I, SHIFT [, SIZE])

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the same kind as I. See also : Section 8.134 [ISHFT], page 144

8.136 ISNAN Test for a NaN

Description : ISNAN tests whether a floating-point value is an IEEE Not-a-Number (NaN). Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Variable of the type REAL. GNU extension Elemental function ISNAN(X)

Return value : Returns a default-kind LOGICAL. The returned value is TRUE if X is a NaN and FALSE otherwise. Example :
program test_nan implicit none real :: x x = -1.0 x = sqrt(x) if (isnan(x)) stop "x" is a NaN end program test_nan

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8.137 ITIME Get current local time subroutine (hour/minutes/seconds)

Description : IDATE(VALUES) Fills VALUES with the numerical values at the current local time. The hour (in the range 1-24), minute (in the range 1-60), and seconds (in the range 1-60) appear in elements 1, 2, and 3 of VALUES, respectively. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : VALUES The type shall be INTEGER, DIMENSION(3) and the kind shall be the default integer kind. GNU extension Subroutine CALL ITIME(VALUES)

Return value : Does not return anything. Example :

program test_itime integer, dimension(3) :: tarray call itime(tarray) print *, tarray(1) print *, tarray(2) print *, tarray(3) end program test_itime

8.138 KILL Send a signal to a process

Description : Standard : Sends the signal specified by SIGNAL to the process PID. See kill(2). This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Class : Syntax : CALL KILL(C, VALUE [, STATUS]) STATUS = KILL(C, VALUE) Arguments : C VALUE STATUS Shall be a scalar INTEGER, with INTENT(IN) Shall be a scalar INTEGER, with INTENT(IN) (Optional) status flag of type INTEGER(4) or INTEGER(8). Returns 0 on success, or a system-specific error code otherwise. Subroutine, function

See also :

Section 8.2 [ABORT], page 63, Section 8.78 [EXIT], page 111

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8.139 KIND Kind of an entity

Description : KIND(X) returns the kind value of the entity X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Shall be of type LOGICAL, INTEGER, REAL, COMPLEX or CHARACTER. Fortran 95 and later Inquiry function K = KIND(X)

Return value : The return value is a scalar of type INTEGER and of the default integer kind. Example :
program test_kind integer,parameter :: kc = kind( ) integer,parameter :: kl = kind(.true.) print *, "The default character kind is ", kc print *, "The default logical kind is ", kl end program test_kind

8.140 LBOUND Lower dimension bounds of an array

Description : Returns the lower bounds of an array, or a single lower bound along the DIM dimension. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : ARRAY DIM KIND Shall be an array, of any type. (Optional) Shall be a scalar INTEGER. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later Inquiry function RESULT = LBOUND(ARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is absent, the result is an array of the lower bounds of ARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the lower bound of the array along that dimension. If ARRAY is an expression rather than a whole array or array structure component, or if it has a zero extent along the relevant dimension, the lower bound is taken to be 1. See also : Section 8.250 [UBOUND], page 208, Section 8.141 [LCOBOUND], page 148

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8.141 LCOBOUND Lower codimension bounds of an array

Description : Returns the lower bounds of a coarray, or a single lower cobound along the DIM codimension. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : ARRAY DIM KIND Shall be an coarray, of any type. (Optional) Shall be a scalar INTEGER. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 2008 and later Inquiry function RESULT = LCOBOUND(COARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is absent, the result is an array of the lower cobounds of COARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the lower cobound of the array along that codimension. See also : Section 8.251 [UCOBOUND], page 209, Section 8.140 [LBOUND], page 147

8.142 LEADZ Number of leading zero bits of an integer

Description : LEADZ returns the number of leading zero bits of an integer. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I Shall be of type INTEGER. Return value : The type of the return value is the default INTEGER. If all the bits of I are zero, the result value is BIT_SIZE(I). Example :
PROGRAM test_leadz WRITE (*,*) BIT_SIZE(1) WRITE (*,*) LEADZ(1) END PROGRAM ! prints 32 ! prints 31

Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = LEADZ(I)

See also :

Section 8.34 [BIT SIZE], page 83, Section 8.245 [TRAILZ], page 206, Section 8.192 [POPCNT], page 176, Section 8.193 [POPPAR], page 176

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8.143 LEN Length of a character entity

Description : Returns the length of a character string. If STRING is an array, the length of an element of STRING is returned. Note that STRING need not be defined when this intrinsic is invoked, since only the length, not the content, of STRING is needed. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : STRING KIND Shall be a scalar or array of type CHARACTER, with INTENT(IN) (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later Inquiry function L = LEN(STRING [, KIND])

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. Specific names : Name LEN(STRING) See also : Argument CHARACTER Return type INTEGER Standard Fortran 77 and later

Section 8.144 [LEN TRIM], page 149, Section 8.8 [ADJUSTL], page 67, Section 8.9 [ADJUSTR], page 67

8.144 LEN_TRIM Length of a character entity without trailing blank characters

Description : Returns the length of a character string, ignoring any trailing blanks. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : STRING KIND Shall be a scalar of type CHARACTER, with INTENT(IN) (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later Elemental function RESULT = LEN_TRIM(STRING [, KIND])

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. See also : Section 8.143 [LEN], page 149, Section 8.8 [ADJUSTL], page 67, Section 8.9 [ADJUSTR], page 67

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8.145 LGE Lexical greater than or equal

Description : Determines whether one string is lexically greater than or equal to another string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing ASCII character codes. If the String A and String B are not the same length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to it to form a value that has the same length as the longer. In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics LGE, LGT, LLE, and LLT differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators .GE., .GT., .LE., and .LT., in that the latter use the processors character ordering (which is not ASCII on some targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : STRING A STRING B Shall be of default CHARACTER type. Shall be of default CHARACTER type. Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = LGE(STRING_A, STRING_B)

Return value : Returns .TRUE. if STRING_A >= STRING_B, and .FALSE. otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering. Specific names : Name LGE(STRING_A, STRING_B) See also : Argument CHARACTER Return type LOGICAL Standard Fortran 77 and later

Section 8.146 [LGT], page 150, Section 8.148 [LLE], page 151, Section 8.149 [LLT], page 152

8.146 LGT Lexical greater than

Description : Determines whether one string is lexically greater than another string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing ASCII character codes. If the String A and String B are not the same length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to it to form a value that has the same length as the longer. In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics LGE, LGT, LLE, and LLT differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators .GE., .GT., .LE., and .LT., in that the latter use the processors character ordering (which is not ASCII on some targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering. Standard : Class : Syntax : Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = LGT(STRING_A, STRING_B)

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Arguments : STRING A STRING B Shall be of default CHARACTER type. Shall be of default CHARACTER type.

Return value : Returns .TRUE. if STRING_A > STRING_B, and .FALSE. otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering. Specific names : Name LGT(STRING_A, STRING_B) See also : Argument CHARACTER Return type LOGICAL Standard Fortran 77 and later

Section 8.145 [LGE], page 150, Section 8.148 [LLE], page 151, Section 8.149 [LLT], page 152

8.147 LINK Create a hard link

Description : Makes a (hard) link from file PATH1 to PATH2. A null character (CHAR(0)) can be used to mark the end of the names in PATH1 and PATH2 ; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file names are ignored. If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a nonzero error code upon return; see link(2). This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL LINK(PATH1, PATH2 [, STATUS]) STATUS = LINK(PATH1, PATH2) Arguments : PATH1 PATH2 STATUS See also : Shall be of default CHARACTER type. Shall be of default CHARACTER type. (Optional) Shall be of default INTEGER type. GNU extension Subroutine, function

Section 8.236 [SYMLNK], page 201, Section 8.253 [UNLINK], page 210

8.148 LLE Lexical less than or equal

Description : Determines whether one string is lexically less than or equal to another string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing ASCII character codes. If the String A and String B are not the same length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to it to form a value that has the same length as the longer. In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics LGE, LGT, LLE, and LLT differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators .GE., .GT., .LE., and .LT., in that the

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latter use the processors character ordering (which is not ASCII on some targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : STRING A STRING B Shall be of default CHARACTER type. Shall be of default CHARACTER type. Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = LLE(STRING_A, STRING_B)

Return value : Returns .TRUE. if STRING_A <= STRING_B, and .FALSE. otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering. Specific names : Name LLE(STRING_A, STRING_B) See also : Argument CHARACTER Return type LOGICAL Standard Fortran 77 and later

Section 8.145 [LGE], page 150, Section 8.146 [LGT], page 150, Section 8.149 [LLT], page 152

8.149 LLT Lexical less than

Description : Determines whether one string is lexically less than another string, where the two strings are interpreted as containing ASCII character codes. If the String A and String B are not the same length, the shorter is compared as if spaces were appended to it to form a value that has the same length as the longer. In general, the lexical comparison intrinsics LGE, LGT, LLE, and LLT differ from the corresponding intrinsic operators .GE., .GT., .LE., and .LT., in that the latter use the processors character ordering (which is not ASCII on some targets), whereas the former always use the ASCII ordering. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : STRING A STRING B Shall be of default CHARACTER type. Shall be of default CHARACTER type. Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = LLT(STRING_A, STRING_B)

Return value : Returns .TRUE. if STRING_A < STRING_B, and .FALSE. otherwise, based on the ASCII ordering. Specific names : Name LLT(STRING_A, STRING_B) Argument CHARACTER Return type LOGICAL Standard Fortran 77 and later

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See also :

Section 8.145 [LGE], page 150, Section 8.146 [LGT], page 150, Section 8.148 [LLE], page 151

8.150 LNBLNK Index of the last non-blank character in a string

Description : Returns the length of a character string, ignoring any trailing blanks. This is identical to the standard LEN_TRIM intrinsic, and is only included for backwards compatibility. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : STRING Shall be a scalar of type CHARACTER, with INTENT(IN) Return value : The return value is of INTEGER(kind=4) type. See also : Section 8.124 [INDEX intrinsic], page 139, Section 8.144 [LEN TRIM], page 149 GNU extension Elemental function RESULT = LNBLNK(STRING)

8.151 LOC Returns the address of a variable

Description : LOC(X) returns the address of X as an integer. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Variable of any type. Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER, with a KIND corresponding to the size (in bytes) of a memory address on the target machine. Example :
program test_loc integer :: i real :: r i = loc(r) print *, i end program test_loc

GNU extension Inquiry function RESULT = LOC(X)

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8.152 LOG Natural logarithm function

Description : LOG(X) computes the natural logarithm of X, i.e. the logarithm to the base e. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL or COMPLEX. Return value : The return value is of type REAL or COMPLEX. The kind type parameter is the same as X. If X is COMPLEX, the imaginary part is in the range . Example :
program test_log real(8) :: x = 2.7182818284590451_8 complex :: z = (1.0, 2.0) x = log(x) ! will yield (approximately) 1 z = log(z) end program test_log

Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = LOG(X)

Specific names : Name ALOG(X) DLOG(X) CLOG(X) ZLOG(X) CDLOG(X)

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(8) X COMPLEX(4) X COMPLEX(8) X COMPLEX(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8) COMPLEX(4) COMPLEX(8) COMPLEX(8)

Standard f95, gnu f95, gnu f95, gnu f95, gnu f95, gnu

8.153 LOG10 Base 10 logarithm function

Description : LOG10(X) computes the base 10 logarithm of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL. Return value : The return value is of type REAL or COMPLEX. The kind type parameter is the same as X. Example :
program test_log10 real(8) :: x = 10.0_8 x = log10(x) end program test_log10

Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = LOG10(X)

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Specific names : Name ALOG10(X) DLOG10(X)

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8)

Standard Fortran 95 and later Fortran 95 and later

8.154 LOG_GAMMA Logarithm of the Gamma function

Description : LOG_GAMMA(X) computes the natural logarithm of the absolute value of the Gamma () function. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Shall be of type REAL and neither zero nor a negative integer. Return value : The return value is of type REAL of the same kind as X. Example :
program test_log_gamma real :: x = 1.0 x = lgamma(x) ! returns 0.0 end program test_log_gamma

Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function X = LOG_GAMMA(X)

Specific names : Name LGAMMA(X) ALGAMA(X) DLGAMA(X) See also :

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(4) X REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(4) REAL(8)

Standard GNU Extension GNU Extension GNU Extension

Gamma function: Section 8.95 [GAMMA], page 122

8.155 LOGICAL Convert to logical type

Description : Converts one kind of LOGICAL variable to another. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : L KIND The type shall be LOGICAL. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = LOGICAL(L [, KIND])

Return value : The return value is a LOGICAL value equal to L, with a kind corresponding to KIND, or of the default logical kind if KIND is not given.

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See also :

Section 8.125 [INT], page 139, Section 8.203 [REAL], page 182, Section 8.48 [CMPLX], page 92

8.156 LONG Convert to integer type

Description : Convert to a KIND=4 integer type, which is the same size as a C long integer. This is equivalent to the standard INT intrinsic with an optional argument of KIND=4, and is only included for backwards compatibility. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A Shall be of type INTEGER, REAL, or COMPLEX. Return value : The return value is a INTEGER(4) variable. See also : Section 8.125 [INT], page 139, Section 8.126 [INT2], page 140, Section 8.127 [INT8], page 140 GNU extension Elemental function RESULT = LONG(A)

8.157 LSHIFT Left shift bits

Description : LSHIFT returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits shifted left by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than BIT_SIZE(I), the value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the left end are lost; zeros are shifted in from the opposite end. This function has been superseded by the ISHFT intrinsic, which is standard in Fortran 95 and later, and the SHIFTL intrinsic, which is standard in Fortran 2008 and later. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I SHIFT The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER. GNU extension Elemental function RESULT = LSHIFT(I, SHIFT)

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the same kind as I. See also : Section 8.134 [ISHFT], page 144, Section 8.135 [ISHFTC], page 145, Section 8.208 [RSHIFT], page 184, Section 8.219 [SHIFTA], page 191, Section 8.220 [SHIFTL], page 191, Section 8.221 [SHIFTR], page 192

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8.158 LSTAT Get file status

Description : LSTAT is identical to Section 8.233 [STAT], page 198, except that if path is a symbolic link, then the link itself is statted, not the file that it refers to. The elements in VALUES are the same as described by Section 8.233 [STAT], page 198. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL LSTAT(NAME, VALUES [, STATUS]) STATUS = LSTAT(NAME, VALUES) Arguments : NAME VALUES STATUS Example : See also : The type shall be CHARACTER of the default kind, a valid path within the file system. The type shall be INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13). (Optional) status flag of type INTEGER(4). Returns 0 on success and a system specific error code otherwise. GNU extension Subroutine, function

See Section 8.233 [STAT], page 198 for an example. To stat an open file: Section 8.93 [FSTAT], page 121, to stat a file: Section 8.233 [STAT], page 198

8.159 LTIME Convert time to local time info

Description : Given a system time value TIME (as provided by the TIME8 intrinsic), fills VALUES with values extracted from it appropriate to the local time zone using localtime(3). Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : TIME VALUES An INTEGER scalar expression corresponding to a system time, with INTENT(IN). A default INTEGER array with 9 elements, with INTENT(OUT). GNU extension Subroutine CALL LTIME(TIME, VALUES)

Return value : The elements of VALUES are assigned as follows: 1. Seconds after the minute, range 059 or 061 to allow for leap seconds 2. Minutes after the hour, range 059

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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. See also :

Hours past midnight, range 023 Day of month, range 031 Number of months since January, range 012 Years since 1900 Number of days since Sunday, range 06 Days since January 1 Daylight savings indicator: positive if daylight savings is in effect, zero if not, and negative if the information is not available.

Section 8.59 [CTIME], page 99, Section 8.107 [GMTIME], page 129, Section 8.242 [TIME], page 204, Section 8.243 [TIME8], page 205

8.160 MALLOC Allocate dynamic memory

Description : MALLOC(SIZE) allocates SIZE bytes of dynamic memory and returns the address of the allocated memory. The MALLOC intrinsic is an extension intended to be used with Cray pointers, and is provided in GNU Fortran to allow the user to compile legacy code. For new code using Fortran 95 pointers, the memory allocation intrinsic is ALLOCATE. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : SIZE The type shall be INTEGER. Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER(K), with K such that variables of type INTEGER(K) have the same size as C pointers (sizeof(void *)). Example : The following example demonstrates the use of MALLOC and FREE with Cray pointers.
program test_malloc implicit none integer i real*8 x(*), z pointer(ptr_x,x) ptr_x = malloc(20*8) do i = 1, 20 x(i) = sqrt(1.0d0 / i) end do z = 0 do i = 1, 20 z = z + x(i) print *, z end do call free(ptr_x) end program test_malloc

GNU extension Function PTR = MALLOC(SIZE)

See also :

Section 8.91 [FREE], page 120

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8.161 MASKL Left justified mask

Description : MASKL(I[, KIND]) has its leftmost I bits set to 1, and the remaining bits set to 0. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I KIND Shall be of type INTEGER. Shall be a scalar constant expression of type INTEGER. Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = MASKL(I[, KIND])

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER. If KIND is present, it specifies the kind value of the return type; otherwise, it is of the default integer kind. See also : Section 8.162 [MASKR], page 159

8.162 MASKR Right justified mask

Description : MASKL(I[, KIND]) has its rightmost I bits set to 1, and the remaining bits set to 0. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I KIND Shall be of type INTEGER. Shall be a scalar constant expression of type INTEGER. Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = MASKR(I[, KIND])

8.163 MATMUL matrix multiplication

Description : Performs a matrix multiplication on numeric or logical arguments. Standard : Class : Syntax : Fortran 95 and later Transformational function RESULT = MATMUL(MATRIX_A, MATRIX_B)

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Arguments : MATRIX A MATRIX B An array of INTEGER, REAL, COMPLEX, or LOGICAL type, with a rank of one or two. An array of INTEGER, REAL, or COMPLEX type if MATRIX A is of a numeric type; otherwise, an array of LOGICAL type. The rank shall be one or two, and the first (or only) dimension of MATRIX B shall be equal to the last (or only) dimension of MATRIX A.

Return value : The matrix product of MATRIX A and MATRIX B. The type and kind of the result follow the usual type and kind promotion rules, as for the * or .AND. operators. See also :

8.164 MAX Maximum value of an argument list

Description : Returns the argument with the largest (most positive) value. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A1 A2, A3, ... The type shall be INTEGER or REAL. An expression of the same type and kind as A1. (As a GNU extension, arguments of different kinds are permitted.) Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = MAX(A1, A2 [, A3 [, ...]])

Return value : The return value corresponds to the maximum value among the arguments, and has the same type and kind as the first argument. Specific names : Name MAX0(A1) AMAX0(A1) MAX1(A1) AMAX1(A1) DMAX1(A1) See also : Argument INTEGER(4) A1 INTEGER(4) A1 REAL A1 REAL(4) A1 REAL(8) A1 Return type INTEGER(4) REAL(MAX(X)) INT(MAX(X)) REAL(4) REAL(8) Standard Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later

Section 8.166 [MAXLOC], page 161 Section 8.167 [MAXVAL], page 162, Section 8.172 [MIN], page 164

8.165 MAXEXPONENT Maximum exponent of a real kind

Description : MAXEXPONENT(X) returns the maximum exponent in the model of the type of X. Standard : Fortran 95 and later

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Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Inquiry function RESULT = MAXEXPONENT(X) X Shall be of type REAL.

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the default integer kind. Example :
program exponents real(kind=4) :: x real(kind=8) :: y print *, minexponent(x), maxexponent(x) print *, minexponent(y), maxexponent(y) end program exponents

8.166 MAXLOC Location of the maximum value within an array

Description : Determines the location of the element in the array with the maximum value, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the locations of the maximum element along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If MASK is present, only the elements for which MASK is .TRUE. are considered. If more than one element in the array has the maximum value, the location returned is that of the first such element in array element order. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of MASK are .FALSE., then the result is an array of zeroes. Similarly, if DIM is supplied and all of the elements of MASK along a given row are zero, the result value for that row is zero. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = MAXLOC(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK]) RESULT = MAXLOC(ARRAY [, MASK]) Arguments : ARRAY DIM Shall be an array of type INTEGER or REAL. (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER, with a value between one and the rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an optional dummy argument. Shall be an array of type LOGICAL, and conformable with ARRAY. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function

MASK

Return value : If DIM is absent, the result is a rank-one array with a length equal to the rank of ARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the size of ARRAY with the

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DIM dimension removed. If DIM is present and ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a scalar. In all cases, the result is of default INTEGER type. See also : Section 8.164 [MAX], page 160, Section 8.167 [MAXVAL], page 162

8.167 MAXVAL Maximum value of an array

Description : Determines the maximum value of the elements in an array value, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the maximum value along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If MASK is present, only the elements for which MASK is .TRUE. are considered. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of MASK are .FALSE., then the result is -HUGE(ARRAY) if ARRAY is numeric, or a string of nulls if ARRAY is of character type. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = MAXVAL(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK]) RESULT = MAXVAL(ARRAY [, MASK]) Arguments : ARRAY DIM Shall be an array of type INTEGER or REAL. (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER, with a value between one and the rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an optional dummy argument. Shall be an array of type LOGICAL, and conformable with ARRAY. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function

MASK

Return value : If DIM is absent, or if ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a scalar. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the size of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. In all cases, the result is of the same type and kind as ARRAY. See also : Section 8.164 [MAX], page 160, Section 8.166 [MAXLOC], page 161

8.168 MCLOCK Time function

Description : Returns the number of clock ticks since the start of the process, based on the function clock(3) in the C standard library. This intrinsic is not fully portable, such as to systems with 32-bit INTEGER types but supporting times wider than 32 bits. Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be, or become, negative, or numerically less than previous values, during a single run of the compiled program. Standard : Class : GNU extension Function

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Syntax :

RESULT = MCLOCK()

Return value : The return value is a scalar of type INTEGER(4), equal to the number of clock ticks since the start of the process, or -1 if the system does not support clock(3). See also : Section 8.59 [CTIME], page 99, Section 8.107 [GMTIME], page 129, Section 8.159 [LTIME], page 157, Section 8.168 [MCLOCK], page 162, Section 8.242 [TIME], page 204

8.169 MCLOCK8 Time function (64-bit)

Description : Returns the number of clock ticks since the start of the process, based on the function clock(3) in the C standard library. Warning: this intrinsic does not increase the range of the timing values over that returned by clock(3). On a system with a 32-bit clock(3), MCLOCK8 will return a 32-bit value, even though it is converted to a 64-bit INTEGER(8) value. That means overflows of the 32-bit value can still occur. Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be or become negative or numerically less than previous values during a single run of the compiled program. Standard : Class : Syntax : GNU extension Function RESULT = MCLOCK8()

Return value : The return value is a scalar of type INTEGER(8), equal to the number of clock ticks since the start of the process, or -1 if the system does not support clock(3). See also : Section 8.59 [CTIME], page 99, Section 8.107 [GMTIME], page 129, Section 8.159 [LTIME], page 157, Section 8.168 [MCLOCK], page 162, Section 8.243 [TIME8], page 205

8.170 MERGE Merge variables

Description : Select values from two arrays according to a logical mask. The result is equal to TSOURCE if MASK is .TRUE., or equal to FSOURCE if it is .FALSE.. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : TSOURCE FSOURCE MASK May be of any type. Shall be of the same type and type parameters as TSOURCE. Shall be of type LOGICAL. Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = MERGE(TSOURCE, FSOURCE, MASK)

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Return value : The result is of the same type and type parameters as TSOURCE.

8.171 MERGE_BITS Merge of bits under mask

Description : MERGE_BITS(I, J, MASK) merges the bits of I and J as determined by the mask. The i-th bit of the result is equal to the i-th bit of I if the i-th bit of MASK is 1; it is equal to the i-th bit of J otherwise. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I J MASK Shall be of type INTEGER. Shall be of type INTEGER and of the same kind as I. Shall be of type INTEGER and of the same kind as I. Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = MERGE_BITS(I, J, MASK)

Return value : The result is of the same type and kind as I.

8.172 MIN Minimum value of an argument list

Description : Returns the argument with the smallest (most negative) value. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A1 A2, A3, ... The type shall be INTEGER or REAL. An expression of the same type and kind as A1. (As a GNU extension, arguments of different kinds are permitted.) Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = MIN(A1, A2 [, A3, ...])

Return value : The return value corresponds to the maximum value among the arguments, and has the same type and kind as the first argument. Specific names : Name MIN0(A1) AMIN0(A1) MIN1(A1) AMIN1(A1) DMIN1(A1) See also : Argument INTEGER(4) A1 INTEGER(4) A1 REAL A1 REAL(4) A1 REAL(8) A1 Return type INTEGER(4) REAL(4) INTEGER(4) REAL(4) REAL(8) Standard Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later Fortran 77 and later

Section 8.164 [MAX], page 160, Section 8.174 [MINLOC], page 165, Section 8.175 [MINVAL], page 166

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8.173 MINEXPONENT Minimum exponent of a real kind

Description : MINEXPONENT(X) returns the minimum exponent in the model of the type of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Shall be of type REAL. Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the default integer kind. Example : See MAXEXPONENT for an example. Fortran 95 and later Inquiry function RESULT = MINEXPONENT(X)

8.174 MINLOC Location of the minimum value within an array

Description : Determines the location of the element in the array with the minimum value, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the locations of the minimum element along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If MASK is present, only the elements for which MASK is .TRUE. are considered. If more than one element in the array has the minimum value, the location returned is that of the first such element in array element order. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of MASK are .FALSE., then the result is an array of zeroes. Similarly, if DIM is supplied and all of the elements of MASK along a given row are zero, the result value for that row is zero. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = MINLOC(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK]) RESULT = MINLOC(ARRAY [, MASK]) Arguments : ARRAY DIM Shall be an array of type INTEGER or REAL. (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER, with a value between one and the rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an optional dummy argument. Shall be an array of type LOGICAL, and conformable with ARRAY. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function

MASK

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DIM dimension removed. If DIM is present and ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a scalar. In all cases, the result is of default INTEGER type. See also : Section 8.172 [MIN], page 164, Section 8.175 [MINVAL], page 166

8.175 MINVAL Minimum value of an array

Description : Determines the minimum value of the elements in an array value, or, if the DIM argument is supplied, determines the minimum value along each row of the array in the DIM direction. If MASK is present, only the elements for which MASK is .TRUE. are considered. If the array has zero size, or all of the elements of MASK are .FALSE., then the result is HUGE(ARRAY) if ARRAY is numeric, or a string of CHAR(255) characters if ARRAY is of character type. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = MINVAL(ARRAY, DIM [, MASK]) RESULT = MINVAL(ARRAY [, MASK]) Arguments : ARRAY DIM Shall be an array of type INTEGER or REAL. (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER, with a value between one and the rank of ARRAY, inclusive. It may not be an optional dummy argument. Shall be an array of type LOGICAL, and conformable with ARRAY. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function

MASK

Return value : If DIM is absent, or if ARRAY has a rank of one, the result is a scalar. If DIM is present, the result is an array with a rank one less than the rank of ARRAY, and a size corresponding to the size of ARRAY with the DIM dimension removed. In all cases, the result is of the same type and kind as ARRAY. See also : Section 8.172 [MIN], page 164, Section 8.174 [MINLOC], page 165

8.176 MOD Remainder function

Description : MOD(A,P) computes the remainder of the division of A by P. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A P Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER or REAL. Shall be a scalar of the same type and kind as A and not equal to zero. Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = MOD(A, P)

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Return value : The return value is the result of A - (INT(A/P) * P). The type and kind of the return value is the same as that of the arguments. The returned value has the same sign as A and a magnitude less than the magnitude of P. Example :
program print print print print print print print print test_mod *, mod(17,3) *, mod(17.5,5.5) *, mod(17.5d0,5.5) *, mod(17.5,5.5d0) *, *, *, *, mod(-17,3) mod(-17.5,5.5) mod(-17.5d0,5.5) mod(-17.5,5.5d0)

print *, mod(17,-3) print *, mod(17.5,-5.5) print *, mod(17.5d0,-5.5) print *, mod(17.5,-5.5d0) end program test_mod

Specific names : Name MOD(A,P) AMOD(A,P) DMOD(A,P) See also :

Arguments INTEGER A,P REAL(4) A,P REAL(8) A,P

Return type INTEGER REAL(4) REAL(8)

Standard Fortran 95 and later Fortran 95 and later Fortran 95 and later

Section 8.177 [MODULO], page 167

8.177 MODULO Modulo function

Description : MODULO(A,P) computes the A modulo P. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A P Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER or REAL. Shall be a scalar of the same type and kind as A. It shall not be zero. Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = MODULO(A, P)

Return value : The type and kind of the result are those of the arguments. If A and P are of type INTEGER: MODULO(A,P) has the value R such that A=Q*P+R, where Q is an integer and R is between 0 (inclusive) and P (exclusive). If A and P are of type REAL: MODULO(A,P) has the value of A - FLOOR (A / P) * P.

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The returned value has the same sign as P and a magnitude less than the magnitude of P. Example :
program test_modulo print *, modulo(17,3) print *, modulo(17.5,5.5) print *, modulo(-17,3) print *, modulo(-17.5,5.5) print *, modulo(17,-3) print *, modulo(17.5,-5.5) end program

See also :

Section 8.176 [MOD], page 166

8.178 MOVE_ALLOC Move allocation from one object to another

Description : MOVE_ALLOC(FROM, TO) moves the allocation from FROM to TO. FROM will become deallocated in the process. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : FROM TO Return value : None Example :
program test_move_alloc integer, allocatable :: a(:), b(:) allocate(a(3)) a = [ 1, 2, 3 ] call move_alloc(a, b) print *, allocated(a), allocated(b) print *, b end program test_move_alloc

Fortran 2003 and later Pure subroutine CALL MOVE_ALLOC(FROM, TO) ALLOCATABLE, INTENT(INOUT), may be of any type and kind. ALLOCATABLE, INTENT(OUT), shall be of the same type, kind and rank as FROM.

8.179 MVBITS Move bits from one integer to another

Description : Moves LEN bits from positions FROMPOS through FROMPOS+LEN-1 of FROM to positions TOPOS through TOPOS+LEN-1 of TO. The portion of argument TO not affected by the movement of bits is unchanged. The values of FROMPOS+LEN1 and TOPOS+LEN-1 must be less than BIT_SIZE(FROM).

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Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Fortran 95 and later Elemental subroutine CALL MVBITS(FROM, FROMPOS, LEN, TO, TOPOS) FROM FROMPOS LEN TO TOPOS The The The The The type type type type type shall shall shall shall shall be be be be be INTEGER. INTEGER. INTEGER. INTEGER, of the same kind as FROM. INTEGER.

See also :

Section 8.116 [IBCLR], page 135, Section 8.118 [IBSET], page 135, Section 8.117 [IBITS], page 135, Section 8.113 [IAND], page 133, Section 8.128 [IOR], page 141, Section 8.121 [IEOR], page 137

8.180 NEAREST Nearest representable number

Description : NEAREST(X, S) returns the processor-representable number nearest to X in the direction indicated by the sign of S. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X S Shall be of type REAL. (Optional) shall be of type REAL and not equal to zero. Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = NEAREST(X, S)

Return value : The return value is of the same type as X. If S is positive, NEAREST returns the processor-representable number greater than X and nearest to it. If S is negative, NEAREST returns the processor-representable number smaller than X and nearest to it. Example :
program test_nearest real :: x, y x = nearest(42.0, 1.0) y = nearest(42.0, -1.0) write (*,"(3(G20.15))") x, y, x - y end program test_nearest

8.181 NEW_LINE New line character

Description : NEW_LINE(C) returns the new-line character. Standard : Class : Fortran 2003 and later Inquiry function

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Syntax : Arguments :

RESULT = NEW_LINE(C) C The argument shall be a scalar or array of the type CHARACTER.

Return value : Returns a CHARACTER scalar of length one with the new-line character of the same kind as parameter C. Example :
program newline implicit none write(*,(A)) This is record 1.//NEW_LINE(A)//This is record 2. end program newline

8.182 NINT Nearest whole number

Description : NINT(A) rounds its argument to the nearest whole number. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A KIND The type of the argument shall be REAL. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 77 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 90 and later Elemental function RESULT = NINT(A [, KIND])

Return value : Returns A with the fractional portion of its magnitude eliminated by rounding to the nearest whole number and with its sign preserved, converted to an INTEGER of the default kind. Example :
program test_nint real(4) x4 real(8) x8 x4 = 1.234E0_4 x8 = 4.321_8 print *, nint(x4), idnint(x8) end program test_nint

Specific names : Name NINT(A) IDNINT(A) See also :

Argument REAL(4) A REAL(8) A

Return Type INTEGER INTEGER

Standard Fortran 95 and later Fortran 95 and later

Section 8.44 [CEILING], page 89, Section 8.85 [FLOOR], page 116

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8.183 NORM2 Euclidean vector norms

Description : Calculates the Euclidean vector norm (L2 norm) of of ARRAY along dimension DIM. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = NORM2(ARRAY[, DIM]) Arguments : ARRAY DIM Shall be an array of type REAL (Optional) shall be a scalar of type INTEGER with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. Fortran 2008 and later Transformational function

Return value : The result is of the same type as ARRAY. If DIM is absent, a scalar with the square root of the sum of all elements in ARRAY squared is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n 1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension DIM dropped is returned. Example :
PROGRAM test_sum REAL :: x(5) = [ real :: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ] print *, NORM2(x) ! = sqrt(55.) ~ 7.416 END PROGRAM

8.184 NOT Logical negation

Description : NOT returns the bitwise Boolean inverse of I. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I The type shall be INTEGER. Return value : The return type is INTEGER, of the same kind as the argument. See also : Section 8.113 [IAND], page 133, Section 8.121 [IEOR], page 137, Section 8.128 [IOR], page 141, Section 8.117 [IBITS], page 135, Section 8.118 [IBSET], page 135, Section 8.116 [IBCLR], page 135 Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = NOT(I)

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8.185 NULL Function that returns an disassociated pointer

Description : Returns a disassociated pointer. If MOLD is present, a disassociated pointer of the same type is returned, otherwise the type is determined by context. In Fortran 95, MOLD is optional. Please note that Fortran 2003 includes cases where it is required. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : MOLD (Optional) shall be a pointer of any association status and of any type. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function PTR => NULL([MOLD])

Return value : A disassociated pointer. Example :

REAL, POINTER, DIMENSION(:) :: VEC => NULL ()

See also :

Section 8.20 [ASSOCIATED], page 75

8.186 NUM_IMAGES Function that returns the number of images

Description : Returns the number of images. Standard : Class : Syntax : Fortran 2008 and later Transformational function RESULT = NUM_IMAGES()

Arguments : None. Return value : Scalar default-kind integer. Example :

INTEGER :: value[*] INTEGER :: i value = THIS_IMAGE() SYNC ALL IF (THIS_IMAGE() == 1) THEN DO i = 1, NUM_IMAGES() WRITE(*,(2(a,i0))) value[, i, ] is , value[i] END DO END IF

See also :

Section 8.241 [THIS IMAGE], page 204, Section 8.123 [IMAGE INDEX], page 138

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8.187 OR Bitwise logical OR

Description : Bitwise logical OR. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider the use of the Section 8.128 [IOR], page 141 intrinsic defined by the Fortran standard. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I J The type shall be either a scalar INTEGER type or a scalar LOGICAL type. The type shall be the same as the type of J. GNU extension Function RESULT = OR(I, J)

Return value : The return type is either a scalar INTEGER or a scalar LOGICAL. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return has the larger kind. Example :
PROGRAM test_or LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE. INTEGER :: a, b DATA a / ZF /, b / Z3 / WRITE (*,*) OR(T, T), OR(T, F), OR(F, T), OR(F, F) WRITE (*,*) OR(a, b) END PROGRAM

See also :

Fortran 95 elemental function: Section 8.128 [IOR], page 141

8.188 PACK Pack an array into an array of rank one

Description : Stores the elements of ARRAY in an array of rank one. The beginning of the resulting array is made up of elements whose MASK equals TRUE. Afterwards, positions are filled with elements taken from VECTOR. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : ARRAY MASK Shall be an array of any type. Shall be an array of type LOGICAL and of the same size as ARRAY. Alternatively, it may be a LOGICAL scalar. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function RESULT = PACK(ARRAY, MASK[,VECTOR]

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VECTOR

(Optional) shall be an array of the same type as ARRAY and of rank one. If present, the number of elements in VECTOR shall be equal to or greater than the number of true elements in MASK. If MASK is scalar, the number of elements in VECTOR shall be equal to or greater than the number of elements in ARRAY.

Return value : The result is an array of rank one and the same type as that of ARRAY. If VECTOR is present, the result size is that of VECTOR, the number of TRUE values in MASK otherwise. Example : Gathering nonzero elements from an array:
PROGRAM test_pack_1 INTEGER :: m(6) m = (/ 1, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0 /) WRITE(*, FMT="(6(I0, ))") pack(m, m /= 0) END PROGRAM

! "1 5"

Gathering nonzero elements from an array and appending elements from VECTOR:
PROGRAM test_pack_2 INTEGER :: m(4) m = (/ 1, 0, 0, 2 /) WRITE(*, FMT="(4(I0, ))") pack(m, m /= 0, (/ 0, 0, 3, 4 /)) END PROGRAM

! "1 2 3 4"

See also :

Section 8.254 [UNPACK], page 210

8.189 PARITY Reduction with exclusive OR

Description : Calculates the parity, i.e. the reduction using .XOR., of MASK along dimension DIM. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = PARITY(MASK[, DIM]) Arguments : LOGICAL DIM Shall be an array of type LOGICAL (Optional) shall be a scalar of type INTEGER with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of MASK. Fortran 2008 and later Transformational function

Return value : The result is of the same type as MASK. If DIM is absent, a scalar with the parity of all elements in MASK is returned, i.e. true if an odd number of elements is .true. and false otherwise. If DIM is present, an array of rank n 1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of MASK with dimension DIM dropped is returned.

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Example :
PROGRAM test_sum LOGICAL :: x(2) = [ .true., .false. ] print *, PARITY(x) ! prints "T" (true). END PROGRAM

8.190 PERROR Print system error message

Description : Prints (on the C stderr stream) a newline-terminated error message corresponding to the last system error. This is prefixed by STRING, a colon and a space. See perror(3). Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : STRING See also : A scalar of type CHARACTER and of the default kind. Section 8.122 [IERRNO], page 138 GNU extension Subroutine CALL PERROR(STRING)

8.191 PRECISION Decimal precision of a real kind

Description : PRECISION(X) returns the decimal precision in the model of the type of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Shall be of type REAL or COMPLEX. Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the default integer kind. See also : Example :
program prec_and_range real(kind=4) :: x(2) complex(kind=8) :: y print *, precision(x), range(x) print *, precision(y), range(y) end program prec_and_range

Fortran 95 and later Inquiry function RESULT = PRECISION(X)

Section 8.216 [SELECTED REAL KIND], page 189, Section 8.201 [RANGE], page 181

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8.192 POPCNT Number of bits set

Description : POPCNT(I) returns the number of bits set (1 bits) in the binary representation of I. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I Shall be of type INTEGER. Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the default integer kind. See also : Example :
program test_population print *, popcnt(127), poppar(127) print *, popcnt(huge(0_4)), poppar(huge(0_4)) print *, popcnt(huge(0_8)), poppar(huge(0_8)) end program test_population

Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = POPCNT(I)

Section 8.193 [POPPAR], page 176, Section 8.142 [LEADZ], page 148, Section 8.245 [TRAILZ], page 206

8.193 POPPAR Parity of the number of bits set

Description : POPPAR(I) returns parity of the integer I, i.e. the parity of the number of bits set (1 bits) in the binary representation of I. It is equal to 0 if I has an even number of bits set, and 1 for an odd number of 1 bits. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I Shall be of type INTEGER. Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the default integer kind. See also : Example :
program test_population print *, popcnt(127), poppar(127) print *, popcnt(huge(0_4)), poppar(huge(0_4)) print *, popcnt(huge(0_8)), poppar(huge(0_8)) end program test_population

Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = POPPAR(I)

Section 8.192 [POPCNT], page 176, Section 8.142 [LEADZ], page 148, Section 8.245 [TRAILZ], page 206

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8.194 PRESENT Determine whether an optional dummy argument is specified

Description : Determines whether an optional dummy argument is present. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A May be of any type and may be a pointer, scalar or array value, or a dummy procedure. It shall be the name of an optional dummy argument accessible within the current subroutine or function. Fortran 95 and later Inquiry function RESULT = PRESENT(A)

Return value : Returns either TRUE if the optional argument A is present, or FALSE otherwise. Example :
PROGRAM test_present WRITE(*,*) f(), f(42) ! "F T" CONTAINS LOGICAL FUNCTION f(x) INTEGER, INTENT(IN), OPTIONAL :: x f = PRESENT(x) END FUNCTION END PROGRAM

8.195 PRODUCT Product of array elements

Description : Multiplies the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the corresponding element in MASK is TRUE. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = PRODUCT(ARRAY[, MASK]) RESULT = PRODUCT(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK]) Arguments : ARRAY DIM MASK Shall be an array of type INTEGER, REAL or COMPLEX. (Optional) shall be a scalar of type INTEGER with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. (Optional) shall be of type LOGICAL and either be a scalar or an array of the same shape as ARRAY. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function

Return value : The result is of the same type as ARRAY. If DIM is absent, a scalar with the product of all elements in ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY,

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and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension DIM dropped is returned. Example :
PROGRAM test_product INTEGER :: x(5) = (/ 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 /) print *, PRODUCT(x) ! all elements, product = 120 print *, PRODUCT(x, MASK=MOD(x, 2)==1) ! odd elements, product = 15 END PROGRAM

See also :

Section 8.235 [SUM], page 200

8.196 RADIX Base of a model number

Description : RADIX(X) returns the base of the model representing the entity X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Shall be of type INTEGER or REAL Return value : The return value is a scalar of type INTEGER and of the default integer kind. See also : Example :
program test_radix print *, "The radix for the default integer kind is", radix(0) print *, "The radix for the default real kind is", radix(0.0) end program test_radix

Fortran 95 and later Inquiry function RESULT = RADIX(X)

Section 8.216 [SELECTED REAL KIND], page 189

8.197 RAN Real pseudo-random number

Description : For compatibility with HP FORTRAN 77/iX, the RAN intrinsic is provided as an alias for RAND. See Section 8.198 [RAND], page 178 for complete documentation. Standard : Class : See also : GNU extension Function Section 8.198 [RAND], page 178, Section 8.199 [RANDOM NUMBER], page 179

8.198 RAND Real pseudo-random number

Description : RAND(FLAG) returns a pseudo-random number from a uniform distribution between 0 and 1. If FLAG is 0, the next number in the current sequence is

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returned; if FLAG is 1, the generator is restarted by CALL SRAND(0); if FLAG has any other value, it is used as a new seed with SRAND. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. It implements a simple modulo generator as provided by g77. For new code, one should consider the use of Section 8.199 [RANDOM NUMBER], page 179 as it implements a superior algorithm. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I Shall be a scalar INTEGER of kind 4. Return value : The return value is of REAL type and the default kind. Example :
program test_rand integer,parameter :: seed = 86456 call srand(seed) print *, rand(), rand(), rand(), rand() print *, rand(seed), rand(), rand(), rand() end program test_rand

GNU extension Function RESULT = RAND(I)

See also :

Section 8.232 [SRAND], page 198, Section 8.199 [RANDOM NUMBER], page 179

8.199 RANDOM_NUMBER Pseudo-random number

Description : Returns a single pseudorandom number or an array of pseudorandom numbers from the uniform distribution over the range 0 x < 1. The runtime-library implements George Marsaglias KISS (Keep It Simple Stupid) random number generator (RNG). This RNG combines: 1. The congruential generator x(n) = 69069 x(n 1) + 1327217885 with a period of 232 , 2. A 3-shift shift-register generator with a period of 232 1, 3. Two 16-bit multiply-with-carry generators with a period of 597273182964842497 > 259 . The overall period exceeds 2123 . Please note, this RNG is thread safe if used within OpenMP directives, i.e., its state will be consistent while called from multiple threads. However, the KISS generator does not create random numbers in parallel from multiple sources, but in sequence from a single source. If an OpenMP-enabled application heavily relies on random numbers, one should consider employing a dedicated parallel random number generator instead.

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Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Fortran 95 and later Subroutine RANDOM_NUMBER(HARVEST) HARVEST Shall be a scalar or an array of type REAL.

Example :
program test_random_number REAL :: r(5,5) CALL init_random_seed() CALL RANDOM_NUMBER(r) end program ! see example of RANDOM_SEED

See also :

Section 8.200 [RANDOM SEED], page 180

8.200 RANDOM_SEED Initialize a pseudo-random number sequence

Description : Restarts or queries the state of the pseudorandom number generator used by RANDOM_NUMBER. If RANDOM_SEED is called without arguments, it is initialized to a default state. The example below shows how to initialize the random seed based on the systems time. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : SIZE (Optional) Shall be a scalar and of type default INTEGER, with INTENT(OUT). It specifies the minimum size of the arrays used with the PUT and GET arguments. (Optional) Shall be an array of type default INTEGER and rank one. It is INTENT(IN) and the size of the array must be larger than or equal to the number returned by the SIZE argument. (Optional) Shall be an array of type default INTEGER and rank one. It is INTENT(OUT) and the size of the array must be larger than or equal to the number returned by the SIZE argument.
SUBROUTINE init_random_seed() INTEGER :: i, n, clock INTEGER, DIMENSION(:), ALLOCATABLE :: seed CALL RANDOM_SEED(size = n) ALLOCATE(seed(n))

Fortran 95 and later Subroutine CALL RANDOM_SEED([SIZE, PUT, GET])

PUT

GET

Example :

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CALL SYSTEM_CLOCK(COUNT=clock) seed = clock + 37 * (/ (i - 1, i = 1, n) /) CALL RANDOM_SEED(PUT = seed) DEALLOCATE(seed) END SUBROUTINE

See also :

Section 8.199 [RANDOM NUMBER], page 179

8.201 RANGE Decimal exponent range

Description : RANGE(X) returns the decimal exponent range in the model of the type of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Shall be of type INTEGER, REAL or COMPLEX. Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the default integer kind. See also : Example : Section 8.216 [SELECTED REAL KIND], page 189, Section 8.191 [PRECISION], page 175 See PRECISION for an example. Fortran 95 and later Inquiry function RESULT = RANGE(X)

8.202 RANK Rank of a data object

Description : RANK(A) returns the rank of a scalar or array data object. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A can be of any type Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the default integer kind. For arrays, their rank is returned; for scalars zero is returned. Example :
program test_rank integer :: a real, allocatable :: b(:,:) print *, rank(a), rank(b) ! Prints: end program test_rank 0 3

Technical Specification (TS) 29113 Inquiry function RESULT = RANGE(A)

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8.203 REAL Convert to real type

Description : REAL(A [, KIND]) converts its argument A to a real type. The REALPART function is provided for compatibility with g77, and its use is strongly discouraged. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = REAL(A [, KIND]) RESULT = REALPART(Z) Arguments : A KIND Shall be INTEGER, REAL, or COMPLEX. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 77 and later Elemental function

Return value : These functions return a REAL variable or array under the following rules: (A) (B) (C) Example :
program test_real complex :: x = (1.0, 2.0) print *, real(x), real(x,8), realpart(x) end program test_real

REAL(A) is converted to a default real type if A is an integer or real variable. REAL(A) is converted to a real type with the kind type parameter of A if A is a complex variable. REAL(A, KIND) is converted to a real type with kind type parameter KIND if A is a complex, integer, or real variable.

Specific names : Name FLOAT(A) DFLOAT(A) SNGL(A) See also :

Argument INTEGER(4) INTEGER(4) INTEGER(8)

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8) REAL(4)

Standard Fortran 77 and later GNU extension Fortran 77 and later

Section 8.61 [DBLE], page 100

8.204 RENAME Rename a file

Description : Renames a file from file PATH1 to PATH2. A null character (CHAR(0)) can be used to mark the end of the names in PATH1 and PATH2 ; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file names are ignored. If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a nonzero error code upon return; see rename(2). This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit.

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Standard : Class : Syntax :

GNU extension Subroutine, function CALL RENAME(PATH1, PATH2 [, STATUS]) STATUS = RENAME(PATH1, PATH2)

Arguments : PATH1 PATH2 STATUS See also : Shall be of default CHARACTER type. Shall be of default CHARACTER type. (Optional) Shall be of default INTEGER type.

Section 8.147 [LINK], page 151

8.205 REPEAT Repeated string concatenation

Description : Concatenates NCOPIES copies of a string. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : STRING NCOPIES Shall be scalar and of type CHARACTER. Shall be scalar and of type INTEGER. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function RESULT = REPEAT(STRING, NCOPIES)

Return value : A new scalar of type CHARACTER built up from NCOPIES copies of STRING. Example :
program test_repeat write(*,*) repeat("x", 5) end program ! "xxxxx"

8.206 RESHAPE Function to reshape an array

Description : Reshapes SOURCE to correspond to SHAPE. If necessary, the new array may be padded with elements from PAD or permuted as defined by ORDER. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : SOURCE SHAPE PAD Shall be an array of any type. Shall be of type INTEGER and an array of rank one. Its values must be positive or zero. (Optional) shall be an array of the same type as SOURCE. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function RESULT = RESHAPE(SOURCE, SHAPE[, PAD, ORDER])

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ORDER

(Optional) shall be of type INTEGER and an array of the same shape as SHAPE. Its values shall be a permutation of the numbers from 1 to n, where n is the size of SHAPE. If ORDER is absent, the natural ordering shall be assumed.

Return value : The result is an array of shape SHAPE with the same type as SOURCE. Example :
PROGRAM test_reshape INTEGER, DIMENSION(4) :: x WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(x) WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(RESHAPE(x, (/2, 2/))) END PROGRAM ! prints "4" ! prints "2 2"

See also :

Section 8.218 [SHAPE], page 190

8.207 RRSPACING Reciprocal of the relative spacing

Description : RRSPACING(X) returns the reciprocal of the relative spacing of model numbers near X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Shall be of type REAL. Return value : The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The value returned is equal to ABS(FRACTION(X)) * FLOAT(RADIX(X))**DIGITS(X). See also : Section 8.229 [SPACING], page 196 Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = RRSPACING(X)

8.208 RSHIFT Right shift bits

Description : RSHIFT returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits shifted right by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than BIT_SIZE(I), the value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the right end are lost. The fill is arithmetic: the bits shifted in from the left end are equal to the leftmost bit, which in twos complement representation is the sign bit. This function has been superseded by the SHIFTA intrinsic, which is standard in Fortran 2008 and later. Standard : Class : Syntax : GNU extension Elemental function RESULT = RSHIFT(I, SHIFT)

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Arguments : I SHIFT The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER.

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the same kind as I. See also : Section 8.134 [ISHFT], page 144, Section 8.135 [ISHFTC], page 145, Section 8.157 [LSHIFT], page 156, Section 8.219 [SHIFTA], page 191, Section 8.221 [SHIFTR], page 192, Section 8.220 [SHIFTL], page 191

8.209 SAME_TYPE_AS Query dynamic types for equality

Description : Query dynamic types for equality. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A B Shall be an object of extensible declared type or unlimited polymorphic. Shall be an object of extensible declared type or unlimited polymorphic. Fortran 2003 and later Inquiry function RESULT = SAME_TYPE_AS(A, B)

Return value : The return value is a scalar of type default logical. It is true if and only if the dynamic type of A is the same as the dynamic type of B. See also : Section 8.81 [EXTENDS TYPE OF], page 113

8.210 SCALE Scale a real value

Description : SCALE(X,I) returns X * RADIX(X)**I. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X I The type of the argument shall be a REAL. The type of the argument shall be a INTEGER. Its value is X * Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = SCALE(X, I)

Return value : The return value is of the same type and kind as X. RADIX(X)**I. Example :

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program test_scale real :: x = 178.1387e-4 integer :: i = 5 print *, scale(x,i), x*radix(x)**i end program test_scale

8.211 SCAN Scan a string for the presence of a set of characters

Description : Scans a STRING for any of the characters in a SET of characters. If BACK is either absent or equals FALSE, this function returns the position of the leftmost character of STRING that is in SET. If BACK equals TRUE, the rightmost position is returned. If no character of SET is found in STRING, the result is zero. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : STRING SET BACK KIND Shall be of type CHARACTER. Shall be of type CHARACTER. (Optional) shall be of type LOGICAL. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later Elemental function RESULT = SCAN(STRING, SET[, BACK [, KIND]])

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. Example :
PROGRAM test_scan WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "AO") WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "AO", .TRUE.) WRITE(*,*) SCAN("FORTRAN", "C++") END PROGRAM ! 2, found O ! 6, found A ! 0, found none

See also :

Section 8.124 [INDEX intrinsic], page 139, Section 8.255 [VERIFY], page 211

8.212 SECNDS Time function

Description : SECNDS(X) gets the time in seconds from the real-time system clock. X is a reference time, also in seconds. If this is zero, the time in seconds from midnight is returned. This function is non-standard and its use is discouraged. Standard : Class : Syntax : GNU extension Function RESULT = SECNDS (X)

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Arguments : T X Return value : None Example :

program test_secnds integer :: i real(4) :: t1, t2 print *, secnds (0.0) ! seconds since midnight t1 = secnds (0.0) ! reference time do i = 1, 10000000 ! do something end do t2 = secnds (t1) ! elapsed time print *, "Something took ", t2, " seconds." end program test_secnds

Shall be of type REAL(4). Shall be of type REAL(4).

8.213 SECOND CPU time function

Description : Returns a REAL(4) value representing the elapsed CPU time in seconds. This provides the same functionality as the standard CPU_TIME intrinsic, and is only included for backwards compatibility. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL SECOND(TIME) TIME = SECOND() Arguments : TIME Shall be of type REAL(4). Return value : In either syntax, TIME is set to the processs current runtime in seconds. See also : Section 8.57 [CPU TIME], page 97 GNU extension Subroutine, function

8.214 SELECTED_CHAR_KIND Choose character kind

Description : SELECTED_CHAR_KIND(NAME) returns the kind value for the character set named NAME, if a character set with such a name is supported, or 1 otherwise. Currently, supported character sets include ASCII and DEFAULT, which are equivalent, and ISO 10646 (Universal Character Set, UCS-4) which is commonly known as Unicode. Standard : Fortran 2003 and later

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Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Transformational function RESULT = SELECTED_CHAR_KIND(NAME) NAME Shall be a scalar and of the default character type.

Example :
program character_kind use iso_fortran_env implicit none integer, parameter :: ascii = selected_char_kind ("ascii") integer, parameter :: ucs4 = selected_char_kind (ISO_10646) character(kind=ascii, len=26) :: alphabet character(kind=ucs4, len=30) :: hello_world alphabet = ascii_"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" hello_world = ucs4_Hello World and Ni Hao -- & // char (int (z4F60), ucs4) & // char (int (z597D), ucs4) write (*,*) alphabet open (output_unit, encoding=UTF-8) write (*,*) trim (hello_world) end program character_kind

8.215 SELECTED_INT_KIND Choose integer kind

Description : SELECTED_INT_KIND(R) return the kind value of the smallest integer type that can represent all values ranging from 10R (exclusive) to 10R (exclusive). If there is no integer kind that accommodates this range, SELECTED_INT_KIND returns 1. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : R Example :
program large_integers integer,parameter :: k5 = selected_int_kind(5) integer,parameter :: k15 = selected_int_kind(15) integer(kind=k5) :: i5 integer(kind=k15) :: i15 print *, huge(i5), huge(i15) ! The following inequalities are always true print *, huge(i5) >= 10_k5**5-1 print *, huge(i15) >= 10_k15**15-1 end program large_integers

Fortran 95 and later Transformational function RESULT = SELECTED_INT_KIND(R) Shall be a scalar and of type INTEGER.

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8.216 SELECTED_REAL_KIND Choose real kind

Description : SELECTED_REAL_KIND(P,R) returns the kind value of a real data type with decimal precision of at least P digits, exponent range of at least R, and with a radix of RADIX. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : P (Optional) shall be a scalar and of type INTEGER. R (Optional) shall be a scalar and of type INTEGER. RADIX (Optional) shall be a scalar and of type INTEGER. Before Fortran 2008, at least one of the arguments R or P shall be present; since Fortran 2008, they are assumed to be zero if absent. Return value : SELECTED_REAL_KIND returns the value of the kind type parameter of a real data type with decimal precision of at least P digits, a decimal exponent range of at least R, and with the requested RADIX. If the RADIX parameter is absent, real kinds with any radix can be returned. If more than one real data type meet the criteria, the kind of the data type with the smallest decimal precision is returned. If no real data type matches the criteria, the result is -1 if the processor does not support a real data type with a precision greater than or equal to P, but the R and RADIX requirements can be fulfilled -2 if the processor does not support a real type with an exponent range greater than or equal to R, but P and RADIX are fulfillable -3 if RADIX but not P and R requirements are fulfillable -4 if RADIX and either P or R requirements are fulfillable See also : Example :
program real_kinds integer,parameter :: p6 = selected_real_kind(6) integer,parameter :: p10r100 = selected_real_kind(10,100) integer,parameter :: r400 = selected_real_kind(r=400) real(kind=p6) :: x real(kind=p10r100) :: y real(kind=r400) :: z

Fortran 95 and later, with RADIX Fortran 2008 or later Transformational function RESULT = SELECTED_REAL_KIND([P, R, RADIX])

-5 if there is no real type with the given RADIX Section 8.191 [PRECISION], page 175, Section 8.201 [RANGE], page 181, Section 8.196 [RADIX], page 178

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print *, precision(x), range(x) print *, precision(y), range(y) print *, precision(z), range(z) end program real_kinds

8.217 SET_EXPONENT Set the exponent of the model

Description : SET_EXPONENT(X, I) returns the real number whose fractional part is that that of X and whose exponent part is I. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X I Shall be of type REAL. Shall be of type INTEGER. Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = SET_EXPONENT(X, I)

Return value : The return value is of the same type and kind as X. The real number whose fractional part is that that of X and whose exponent part if I is returned; it is FRACTION(X) * RADIX(X)**I. Example :
PROGRAM test_setexp REAL :: x = 178.1387e-4 INTEGER :: i = 17 PRINT *, SET_EXPONENT(x, i), FRACTION(x) * RADIX(x)**i END PROGRAM

8.218 SHAPE Determine the shape of an array

Description : Determines the shape of an array. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : SOURCE Shall be an array or scalar of any type. If SOURCE is a pointer it must be associated and allocatable arrays must be allocated. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later Inquiry function RESULT = SHAPE(SOURCE [, KIND])

KIND

Return value : An INTEGER array of rank one with as many elements as SOURCE has dimensions. The elements of the resulting array correspond to the extend of SOURCE along the respective dimensions. If SOURCE is a scalar, the result is the rank

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one array of size zero. If KIND is absent, the return value has the default integer kind otherwise the specified kind. Example :
PROGRAM test_shape INTEGER, DIMENSION(-1:1, -1:2) :: A WRITE(*,*) SHAPE(A) ! (/ 3, 4 /) WRITE(*,*) SIZE(SHAPE(42)) ! (/ /) END PROGRAM

See also :

Section 8.206 [RESHAPE], page 183, Section 8.226 [SIZE], page 195

8.219 SHIFTA Right shift with fill

Description : SHIFTA returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits shifted right by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than BIT_SIZE(I), the value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the right end are lost. The fill is arithmetic: the bits shifted in from the left end are equal to the leftmost bit, which in twos complement representation is the sign bit. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I SHIFT The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER. Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = SHIFTA(I, SHIFT)

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the same kind as I. See also : Section 8.220 [SHIFTL], page 191, Section 8.221 [SHIFTR], page 192

8.220 SHIFTL Left shift

Description : SHIFTL returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits shifted left by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than BIT_SIZE(I), the value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the left end are lost, and bits shifted in from the right end are set to 0. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I SHIFT The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER. Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = SHIFTL(I, SHIFT)

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the same kind as I. See also : Section 8.219 [SHIFTA], page 191, Section 8.221 [SHIFTR], page 192

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8.221 SHIFTR Right shift

Description : SHIFTR returns a value corresponding to I with all of the bits shifted right by SHIFT places. If the absolute value of SHIFT is greater than BIT_SIZE(I), the value is undefined. Bits shifted out from the right end are lost, and bits shifted in from the left end are set to 0. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : I SHIFT The type shall be INTEGER. The type shall be INTEGER. Fortran 2008 and later Elemental function RESULT = SHIFTR(I, SHIFT)

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of the same kind as I. See also : Section 8.219 [SHIFTA], page 191, Section 8.220 [SHIFTL], page 191

8.222 SIGN Sign copying function

Description : SIGN(A,B) returns the value of A with the sign of B. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A B Shall be of type INTEGER or REAL Shall be of the same type and kind as A Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = SIGN(A, B)

Return value : The kind of the return value is that of A and B. If B 0 then the result is ABS(A), else it is -ABS(A). Example :
program print print print test_sign *, sign(-12,1) *, sign(-12,0) *, sign(-12,-1)

print , sign(-12.,1.) print , sign(-12.,0.) print *, sign(-12.,-1.) end program test_sign

Specific names : Name SIGN(A,B)

Arguments REAL(4) A, B

Return type REAL(4)

Standard f77, gnu

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ISIGN(A,B) DSIGN(A,B)

INTEGER(4) A, B REAL(8) A, B

INTEGER(4) REAL(8)

f77, gnu f77, gnu

8.223 SIGNAL Signal handling subroutine (or function)

Description : SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER [, STATUS]) causes external subroutine HANDLER to be executed with a single integer argument when signal NUMBER occurs. If HANDLER is an integer, it can be used to turn off handling of signal NUMBER or revert to its default action. See signal(2). If SIGNAL is called as a subroutine and the STATUS argument is supplied, it is set to the value returned by signal(2). Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER [, STATUS]) STATUS = SIGNAL(NUMBER, HANDLER) Arguments : NUMBER HANDLER STATUS Shall be a scalar integer, with INTENT(IN) Signal handler (INTEGER FUNCTION or SUBROUTINE) or dummy/global INTEGER scalar. INTEGER. It is INTENT(IN). (Optional) STATUS shall be a scalar integer. It has INTENT(OUT). GNU extension Subroutine, function

Return value : The SIGNAL function returns the value returned by signal(2). Example :
program test_signal intrinsic signal external handler_print call signal (12, handler_print) call signal (10, 1) call sleep (30) end program test_signal

8.224 SIN Sine function

Description : SIN(X) computes the sine of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = SIN(X)

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Arguments : X The type shall be REAL or COMPLEX. Return value : The return value has same type and kind as X. Example :
program test_sin real :: x = 0.0 x = sin(x) end program test_sin

Specific names : Name SIN(X) DSIN(X) CSIN(X) ZSIN(X) CDSIN(X) See also :

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(8) X COMPLEX(4) X COMPLEX(8) X COMPLEX(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8) COMPLEX(4) COMPLEX(8) COMPLEX(8)

Standard f77, gnu f95, gnu f95, gnu f95, gnu f95, gnu

Section 8.18 [ASIN], page 74

8.225 SINH Hyperbolic sine function

Description : SINH(X) computes the hyperbolic sine of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL or COMPLEX. Return value : The return value has same type and kind as X. Example :
program test_sinh real(8) :: x = - 1.0_8 x = sinh(x) end program test_sinh

Fortran 95 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later Elemental function RESULT = SINH(X)

Specific names : Name SINH(X) DSINH(X) See also :

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8)

Standard Fortran 95 and later Fortran 95 and later

Section 8.19 [ASINH], page 74

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8.226 SIZE Determine the size of an array

Description : Determine the extent of ARRAY along a specified dimension DIM, or the total number of elements in ARRAY if DIM is absent. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : ARRAY DIM Shall be an array of any type. If ARRAY is a pointer it must be associated and allocatable arrays must be allocated. (Optional) shall be a scalar of type INTEGER and its value shall be in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later Inquiry function RESULT = SIZE(ARRAY[, DIM [, KIND]])

KIND

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. Example :
PROGRAM test_size WRITE(*,*) SIZE((/ 1, 2 /)) END PROGRAM ! 2

See also :

Section 8.218 [SHAPE], page 190, Section 8.206 [RESHAPE], page 183

8.227 SIZEOF Size in bytes of an expression

Description : SIZEOF(X) calculates the number of bytes of storage the expression X occupies. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The argument shall be of any type, rank or shape. Return value : The return value is of type integer and of the system-dependent kind C SIZE T (from the ISO C BINDING module). Its value is the number of bytes occupied by the argument. If the argument has the POINTER attribute, the number of bytes of the storage area pointed to is returned. If the argument is of a derived type with POINTER or ALLOCATABLE components, the return value does not account for the sizes of the data pointed to by these components. If the argument is polymorphic, the size according to the declared type is returned. The argument may not be a procedure or procedure pointer. GNU extension Intrinsic function N = SIZEOF(X)

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Example :
integer :: i real :: r, s(5) print *, (sizeof(s)/sizeof(r) == 5) end

The example will print .TRUE. unless you are using a platform where default REAL variables are unusually padded. See also : Section 8.43 [C SIZEOF], page 88, Section 8.234 [STORAGE SIZE], page 200

8.228 SLEEP Sleep for the specified number of seconds

Description : Calling this subroutine causes the process to pause for SECONDS seconds. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : SECONDS Example :
program test_sleep call sleep(5) end

GNU extension Subroutine CALL SLEEP(SECONDS) The type shall be of default INTEGER.

8.229 SPACING Smallest distance between two numbers of a given type

Description : Determines the distance between the argument X and the nearest adjacent number of the same type. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Shall be of type REAL. Return value : The result is of the same type as the input argument X. Example :
PROGRAM test_spacing INTEGER, PARAMETER :: SGL = SELECTED_REAL_KIND(p=6, r=37) INTEGER, PARAMETER :: DBL = SELECTED_REAL_KIND(p=13, r=200) WRITE(*,*) spacing(1.0_SGL) WRITE(*,*) spacing(1.0_DBL) END PROGRAM ! "1.1920929E-07" on i686 ! "2.220446049250313E-016" on i686

Fortran 95 and later Elemental function RESULT = SPACING(X)

See also :

Section 8.207 [RRSPACING], page 184

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8.230 SPREAD Add a dimension to an array

Description : Replicates a SOURCE array NCOPIES times along a specified dimension DIM. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : SOURCE DIM NCOPIES Shall be a scalar or an array of any type and a rank less than seven. Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER with a value in the range from 1 to n+1, where n equals the rank of SOURCE. Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function RESULT = SPREAD(SOURCE, DIM, NCOPIES)

Return value : The result is an array of the same type as SOURCE and has rank n+1 where n equals the rank of SOURCE. Example :
PROGRAM test_spread INTEGER :: a = 1, b(2) = (/ 1, 2 /) WRITE(*,*) SPREAD(A, 1, 2) WRITE(*,*) SPREAD(B, 1, 2) END PROGRAM ! "1 1" ! "1 1 2 2"

See also :

Section 8.254 [UNPACK], page 210

8.231 SQRT Square-root function

Description : SQRT(X) computes the square root of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL or COMPLEX. Return value : The return value is of type REAL or COMPLEX. The kind type parameter is the same as X. Example :
program test_sqrt real(8) :: x = 2.0_8 complex :: z = (1.0, 2.0) x = sqrt(x) z = sqrt(z) end program test_sqrt

Fortran 77 and later Elemental function RESULT = SQRT(X)

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Specific names : Name SQRT(X) DSQRT(X) CSQRT(X) ZSQRT(X) CDSQRT(X)

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(8) X COMPLEX(4) X COMPLEX(8) X COMPLEX(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8) COMPLEX(4) COMPLEX(8) COMPLEX(8)

Standard Fortran 95 and later Fortran 95 and later Fortran 95 and later GNU extension GNU extension

8.232 SRAND Reinitialize the random number generator

Description : SRAND reinitializes the pseudo-random number generator called by RAND and IRAND. The new seed used by the generator is specified by the required argument SEED. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : SEED Shall be a scalar INTEGER(kind=4). Return value : Does not return anything. Example : Notes : See RAND and IRAND for examples. The Fortran 2003 standard specifies the intrinsic RANDOM_SEED to initialize the pseudo-random numbers generator and RANDOM_NUMBER to generate pseudorandom numbers. Please note that in GNU Fortran, these two sets of intrinsics (RAND, IRAND and SRAND on the one hand, RANDOM_NUMBER and RANDOM_SEED on the other hand) access two independent pseudo-random number generators. Section 8.198 [RAND], page 178, Section 8.200 [RANDOM SEED], page 180, Section 8.199 [RANDOM NUMBER], page 179 GNU extension Subroutine CALL SRAND(SEED)

See also :

8.233 STAT Get file status

Description : This function returns information about a file. No permissions are required on the file itself, but execute (search) permission is required on all of the directories in path that lead to the file. The elements that are obtained and stored in the array VALUES: VALUES(1) Device ID VALUES(2) Inode number VALUES(3) File mode VALUES(4) Number of links VALUES(5) Owners uid VALUES(6) Owners gid

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VALUES(7)

ID of device containing directory entry for file (0 if not available) VALUES(8) File size (bytes) VALUES(9) Last access time VALUES(10) Last modification time VALUES(11) Last file status change time VALUES(12) Preferred I/O block size (-1 if not available) VALUES(13) Number of blocks allocated (-1 if not available) Not all these elements are relevant on all systems. If an element is not relevant, it is returned as 0. This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Subroutine, function CALL STAT(NAME, VALUES [, STATUS]) STATUS = STAT(NAME, VALUES)

Standard : Class : Syntax :

GNU extension

Arguments : NAME VALUES STATUS Example :

PROGRAM test_stat INTEGER, DIMENSION(13) :: buff INTEGER :: status CALL STAT("/etc/passwd", buff, status) IF (status == 0) THEN WRITE (*, FMT="(Device ID:, WRITE (*, FMT="(Inode number:, WRITE (*, FMT="(File mode (octal):, WRITE (*, FMT="(Number of links:, WRITE (*, FMT="(Owners uid:, WRITE (*, FMT="(Owners gid:, WRITE (*, FMT="(Device where located:, WRITE (*, FMT="(File size:, WRITE (*, FMT="(Last access time:, WRITE (*, FMT="(Last modification time, WRITE (*, FMT="(Last status change time:, WRITE (*, FMT="(Preferred block size:, WRITE (*, FMT="(No. of blocks allocated:, END IF END PROGRAM

The type shall be CHARACTER, of the default kind and a valid path within the file system. The type shall be INTEGER(4), DIMENSION(13). (Optional) status flag of type INTEGER(4). Returns 0 on success and a system specific error code otherwise.

T30, T30, T30, T30, T30, T30, T30, T30, T30, T30, T30, T30, T30,

I19)") I19)") O19)") I19)") I19)") I19)") I19)") I19)") A19)") A19)") A19)") I19)") I19)")

buff(1) buff(2) buff(3) buff(4) buff(5) buff(6) buff(7) buff(8) CTIME(buff(9)) CTIME(buff(10)) CTIME(buff(11)) buff(12) buff(13)

See also :

To stat an open file: Section 8.93 [FSTAT], page 121, to stat a link: Section 8.158 [LSTAT], page 157

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8.234 STORAGE_SIZE Storage size in bits

Description : Returns the storage size of argument A in bits. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : A KIND Shall be a scalar or array of any type. (Optional) shall be a scalar integer constant expression. Fortran 2008 and later Inquiry function RESULT = STORAGE_SIZE(A [, KIND])

Return Value : The result is a scalar integer with the kind type parameter specified by KIND (or default integer type if KIND is missing). The result value is the size expressed in bits for an element of an array that has the dynamic type and type parameters of A. See also : Section 8.43 [C SIZEOF], page 88, Section 8.227 [SIZEOF], page 195

8.235 SUM Sum of array elements

Description : Adds the elements of ARRAY along dimension DIM if the corresponding element in MASK is TRUE. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = SUM(ARRAY[, MASK]) RESULT = SUM(ARRAY, DIM[, MASK]) Arguments : ARRAY DIM MASK Shall be an array of type INTEGER, REAL or COMPLEX. (Optional) shall be a scalar of type INTEGER with a value in the range from 1 to n, where n equals the rank of ARRAY. (Optional) shall be of type LOGICAL and either be a scalar or an array of the same shape as ARRAY. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function

Return value : The result is of the same type as ARRAY. If DIM is absent, a scalar with the sum of all elements in ARRAY is returned. Otherwise, an array of rank n-1, where n equals the rank of ARRAY, and a shape similar to that of ARRAY with dimension DIM dropped is returned. Example :
PROGRAM test_sum INTEGER :: x(5) = (/ 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 /) print *, SUM(x) print *, SUM(x, MASK=MOD(x, 2)==1) END PROGRAM ! all elements, sum = 15 ! odd elements, sum = 9

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Description : TAN(X) computes the tangent of X.

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Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments :

Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later Elemental function RESULT = TAN(X) X The type shall be REAL or COMPLEX.

Return value : The return value has same type and kind as X. Example :
program test_tan real(8) :: x = 0.165_8 x = tan(x) end program test_tan

Specific names : Name TAN(X) DTAN(X) See also :

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8)

Standard Fortran 95 and later Fortran 95 and later

Section 8.21 [ATAN], page 76

8.240 TANH Hyperbolic tangent function

Description : TANH(X) computes the hyperbolic tangent of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X The type shall be REAL or COMPLEX. Return value : The return value has same type and kind as X. If X is complex, the imaginary part of the result is in radians. If X is REAL, the return value lies in the range 1 tanh(x) 1. Example :
program test_tanh real(8) :: x = 2.1_8 x = tanh(x) end program test_tanh

Fortran 77 and later, for a complex argument Fortran 2008 or later Elemental function X = TANH(X)

Specific names : Name TANH(X) DTANH(X) See also :

Argument REAL(4) X REAL(8) X

Return type REAL(4) REAL(8)

Standard Fortran 95 and later Fortran 95 and later

Section 8.23 [ATANH], page 77

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8.241 THIS_IMAGE Function that returns the cosubscript index of this image
Description : Returns the cosubscript for this image. Standard : Class : Syntax : RESULT = THIS_IMAGE() RESULT = THIS_IMAGE(COARRAY [, DIM]) Arguments : COARRAY DIM Coarray of any type (optional; if DIM present, required). default integer scalar (optional). If present, DIM shall be between one and the corank of COARRAY. Fortran 2008 and later Transformational function

Return value : Default integer. If COARRAY is not present, it is scalar and its value is the index of the invoking image. Otherwise, if DIM is not present, a rank-1 array with corank elements is returned, containing the cosubscripts for COARRAY specifying the invoking image. If DIM is present, a scalar is returned, with the value of the DIM element of THIS_IMAGE(COARRAY). Example :
INTEGER :: value[*] INTEGER :: i value = THIS_IMAGE() SYNC ALL IF (THIS_IMAGE() == 1) THEN DO i = 1, NUM_IMAGES() WRITE(*,(2(a,i0))) value[, i, ] is , value[i] END DO END IF

See also :

Section 8.186 [NUM IMAGES], page 172, Section 8.123 [IMAGE INDEX], page 138

8.242 TIME Time function

Description : Returns the current time encoded as an integer (in the manner of the function time(3) in the C standard library). This value is suitable for passing to CTIME, GMTIME, and LTIME. This intrinsic is not fully portable, such as to systems with 32-bit INTEGER types but supporting times wider than 32 bits. Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be, or become, negative, or numerically less than previous values, during a single run of the compiled program. See Section 8.243 [TIME8], page 205, for information on a similar intrinsic that might be portable to more GNU Fortran implementations, though to fewer Fortran compilers.

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Standard : Class : Syntax :

GNU extension Function RESULT = TIME()

Return value : The return value is a scalar of type INTEGER(4). See also : Section 8.59 [CTIME], page 99, Section 8.107 [GMTIME], page 129, Section 8.159 [LTIME], page 157, Section 8.168 [MCLOCK], page 162, Section 8.243 [TIME8], page 205

8.243 TIME8 Time function (64-bit)

Description : Returns the current time encoded as an integer (in the manner of the function time(3) in the C standard library). This value is suitable for passing to CTIME, GMTIME, and LTIME. Warning: this intrinsic does not increase the range of the timing values over that returned by time(3). On a system with a 32-bit time(3), TIME8 will return a 32-bit value, even though it is converted to a 64-bit INTEGER(8) value. That means overflows of the 32-bit value can still occur. Therefore, the values returned by this intrinsic might be or become negative or numerically less than previous values during a single run of the compiled program. Standard : Class : Syntax : GNU extension Function RESULT = TIME8()

Return value : The return value is a scalar of type INTEGER(8). See also : Section 8.59 [CTIME], page 99, Section 8.107 [GMTIME], page 129, Section 8.159 [LTIME], page 157, Section 8.169 [MCLOCK8], page 163, Section 8.242 [TIME], page 204

8.244 TINY Smallest positive number of a real kind

Description : TINY(X) returns the smallest positive (non zero) number in the model of the type of X. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : X Shall be of type REAL. Return value : The return value is of the same type and kind as X Fortran 95 and later Inquiry function RESULT = TINY(X)

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Description : Returns the upper cobounds of a coarray, or a single upper cobound along the DIM codimension. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : ARRAY DIM KIND Shall be an coarray, of any type. (Optional) Shall be a scalar INTEGER. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 2008 and later Inquiry function RESULT = UCOBOUND(COARRAY [, DIM [, KIND]])

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. If DIM is absent, the result is an array of the lower cobounds of COARRAY. If DIM is present, the result is a scalar corresponding to the lower cobound of the array along that codimension. See also : Section 8.141 [LCOBOUND], page 148, Section 8.140 [LBOUND], page 147

8.252 UMASK Set the file creation mask

Description : Sets the file creation mask to MASK. If called as a function, it returns the old value. If called as a subroutine and argument OLD if it is supplied, it is set to the old value. See umask(2). Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL UMASK(MASK [, OLD]) OLD = UMASK(MASK) Arguments : MASK OLD Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER. (Optional) Shall be a scalar of type INTEGER. GNU extension Subroutine, function

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8.253 UNLINK Remove a file from the file system

Description : Unlinks the file PATH. A null character (CHAR(0)) can be used to mark the end of the name in PATH ; otherwise, trailing blanks in the file name are ignored. If the STATUS argument is supplied, it contains 0 on success or a nonzero error code upon return; see unlink(2). This intrinsic is provided in both subroutine and function forms; however, only one form can be used in any given program unit. Standard : Class : Syntax : CALL UNLINK(PATH [, STATUS]) STATUS = UNLINK(PATH) Arguments : PATH STATUS See also : Shall be of default CHARACTER type. (Optional) Shall be of default INTEGER type. GNU extension Subroutine, function

Section 8.147 [LINK], page 151, Section 8.236 [SYMLNK], page 201

8.254 UNPACK Unpack an array of rank one into an array

Description : Store the elements of VECTOR in an array of higher rank. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : VECTOR MASK FIELD Shall be an array of any type and rank one. It shall have at least as many elements as MASK has TRUE values. Shall be an array of type LOGICAL. Shall be of the same type as VECTOR and have the same shape as MASK. Fortran 95 and later Transformational function RESULT = UNPACK(VECTOR, MASK, FIELD)

Return value : The resulting array corresponds to FIELD with TRUE elements of MASK replaced by values from VECTOR in array element order. Example :
PROGRAM test_unpack integer :: vector(2) = (/1,1/) logical :: mask(4) = (/ .TRUE., .FALSE., .FALSE., .TRUE. /) integer :: field(2,2) = 0, unity(2,2) ! result: unity matrix unity = unpack(vector, reshape(mask, (/2,2/)), field) END PROGRAM

See also :

Section 8.188 [PACK], page 173, Section 8.230 [SPREAD], page 197

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8.255 VERIFY Scan a string for characters not a given set

Description : Verifies that all the characters in STRING belong to the set of characters in SET. If BACK is either absent or equals FALSE, this function returns the position of the leftmost character of STRING that is not in SET. If BACK equals TRUE, the rightmost position is returned. If all characters of STRING are found in SET, the result is zero. Standard : Class : Syntax : Arguments : STRING SET BACK KIND Shall be of type CHARACTER. Shall be of type CHARACTER. (Optional) shall be of type LOGICAL. (Optional) An INTEGER initialization expression indicating the kind parameter of the result. Fortran 95 and later, with KIND argument Fortran 2003 and later Elemental function RESULT = VERIFY(STRING, SET[, BACK [, KIND]])

Return value : The return value is of type INTEGER and of kind KIND. If KIND is absent, the return value is of default integer kind. Example :
PROGRAM test_verify WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", WRITE(*,*) VERIFY("FORTRAN", END PROGRAM "AO") "FOO") "C++") "C++", .TRUE.) "FORTRAN") ! ! ! ! ! 1, 3, 1, 7, 0 found found found found found F R F N none

See also :

Section 8.211 [SCAN], page 186, Section 8.124 [INDEX intrinsic], page 139

8.256 XOR Bitwise logical exclusive OR

Description : Bitwise logical exclusive or. This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with GNU Fortran 77. For integer arguments, programmers should consider the use of the Section 8.121 [IEOR], page 137 intrinsic and for logical arguments the .NEQV. operator, which are both defined by the Fortran standard. Standard : Class : Syntax : GNU extension Function RESULT = XOR(I, J)

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Arguments : I J The type shall be either a scalar INTEGER type or a scalar LOGICAL type. The type shall be the same as the type of I.

Return value : The return type is either a scalar INTEGER or a scalar LOGICAL. If the kind type parameters differ, then the smaller kind type is implicitly converted to larger kind, and the return has the larger kind. Example :
PROGRAM test_xor LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE. INTEGER :: a, b DATA a / ZF /, b / Z3 / WRITE (*,*) XOR(T, T), XOR(T, F), XOR(F, T), XOR(F, F) WRITE (*,*) XOR(a, b) END PROGRAM

See also :

Fortran 95 elemental function: Section 8.121 [IEOR], page 137

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9 Intrinsic Modules
9.1 ISO_FORTRAN_ENV
Standard : Fortran 2003 and later, except when otherwise noted The ISO_FORTRAN_ENV module provides the following scalar default-integer named constants: ATOMIC_INT_KIND: Default-kind integer constant to be used as kind parameter when defining integer variables used in atomic operations. (Fortran 2008 or later.) ATOMIC_LOGICAL_KIND: Default-kind integer constant to be used as kind parameter when defining logical variables used in atomic operations. (Fortran 2008 or later.) CHARACTER_KINDS: Default-kind integer constant array of rank one containing the supported kind parameters of the CHARACTER type. (Fortran 2008 or later.) CHARACTER_STORAGE_SIZE: Size in bits of the character storage unit. ERROR_UNIT: Identifies the preconnected unit used for error reporting. FILE_STORAGE_SIZE: Size in bits of the file-storage unit. INPUT_UNIT: Identifies the preconnected unit identified by the asterisk (*) in READ statement. INT8, INT16, INT32, INT64: Kind type parameters to specify an INTEGER type with a storage size of 16, 32, and 64 bits. It is negative if a target platform does not support the particular kind. (Fortran 2008 or later.) INTEGER_KINDS: Default-kind integer constant array of rank one containing the supported kind parameters of the INTEGER type. (Fortran 2008 or later.) IOSTAT_END: The value assigned to the variable passed to the IOSTAT= specifier of an input/output statement if an end-of-file condition occurred. IOSTAT_EOR: The value assigned to the variable passed to the IOSTAT= specifier of an input/output statement if an end-of-record condition occurred. IOSTAT_INQUIRE_INTERNAL_UNIT: Scalar default-integer constant, used by INQUIRE for the IOSTAT= specifier to denote an that a unit number identifies an internal unit. (Fortran 2008 or later.)

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NUMERIC_STORAGE_SIZE: The size in bits of the numeric storage unit. LOGICAL_KINDS: Default-kind integer constant array of rank one containing the supported kind parameters of the LOGICAL type. (Fortran 2008 or later.) OUTPUT_UNIT: Identifies the preconnected unit identified by the asterisk (*) in WRITE statement. REAL32, REAL64, REAL128: Kind type parameters to specify a REAL type with a storage size of 32, 64, and 128 bits. It is negative if a target platform does not support the particular kind. (Fortran 2008 or later.) REAL_KINDS: Default-kind integer constant array of rank one containing the supported kind parameters of the REAL type. (Fortran 2008 or later.) STAT_LOCKED: Scalar default-integer constant used as STAT= return value by LOCK to denote that the lock variable is locked by the executing image. (Fortran 2008 or later.) STAT_LOCKED_OTHER_IMAGE: Scalar default-integer constant used as STAT= return value by UNLOCK to denote that the lock variable is locked by another image. (Fortran 2008 or later.) STAT_STOPPED_IMAGE: Positive, scalar default-integer constant used as STAT= return value if the argument in the statement requires synchronisation with an image, which has initiated the termination of the execution. (Fortran 2008 or later.) STAT_UNLOCKED: Scalar default-integer constant used as STAT= return value by UNLOCK to denote that the lock variable is unlocked. (Fortran 2008 or later.) The module provides the following derived type: LOCK_TYPE: Derived type with private components to be use with the LOCK and UNLOCK statement. A variable of its type has to be always declared as coarray and may not appear in a variable-definition context. (Fortran 2008 or later.) The module also provides the following intrinsic procedures: Section 8.50 [COMPILER OPTIONS], page 93 and Section 8.51 [COMPILER VERSION], page 93.

9.2 ISO_C_BINDING
Standard : Fortran 2003 and later, GNU extensions The following intrinsic procedures are provided by the module; their definition can be found in the section Intrinsic Procedures of this manual.

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C_ASSOCIATED C_F_POINTER C_F_PROCPOINTER C_FUNLOC C_LOC C_SIZEOF The ISO_C_BINDING module provides the following named constants of type default integer, which can be used as KIND type parameters. In addition to the integer named constants required by the Fortran 2003 standard and C_PTRDIFF_T of TS 29113, GNU Fortran provides as an extension named constants for the 128-bit integer types supported by the C compiler: C_INT128_T, C_INT_LEAST128_T, C_INT_FAST128_T. Furthermore, if __float128 is supported in C, the named constants C_FLOAT128, C_FLOAT128_COMPLEX are defined. Fortran Type INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER INTEGER REAL REAL REAL REAL COMPLEX COMPLEX COMPLEX Named constant C_INT C_SHORT C_LONG C_LONG_LONG C_SIGNED_CHAR C_SIZE_T C_INT8_T C_INT16_T C_INT32_T C_INT64_T C_INT128_T C_INT_LEAST8_T C_INT_LEAST16_T C_INT_LEAST32_T C_INT_LEAST64_T C_INT_LEAST128_T C_INT_FAST8_T C_INT_FAST16_T C_INT_FAST32_T C_INT_FAST64_T C_INT_FAST128_T C_INTMAX_T C_INTPTR_T C_PTRDIFF_T C_FLOAT C_DOUBLE C_LONG_DOUBLE C_FLOAT128 C_FLOAT_COMPLEX C_DOUBLE_COMPLEX C_LONG_DOUBLE_COMPLEX C type int short int long int long long int signed char/unsigned char size_t int8_t int16_t int32_t int64_t int128_t int_least8_t int_least16_t int_least32_t int_least64_t int_least128_t int_fast8_t int_fast16_t int_fast32_t int_fast64_t int_fast128_t intmax_t intptr_t intptr_t float double long double __float128 float _Complex double _Complex long double _Complex Extension

Ext.

TS 29113

Ext.

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REAL C_FLOAT128_COMPLEX __float128 _Complex Ext. LOGICAL C_BOOL _Bool CHARACTER C_CHAR char Additionally, the following parameters of type CHARACTER(KIND=C_CHAR) are defined. Name C definition Value C_NULL_CHAR null character \0 C_ALERT alert \a C_BACKSPACE backspace \b C_FORM_FEED form feed \f C_NEW_LINE new line \n C_CARRIAGE_ carriage return \r RETURN C_HORIZONTAL_ horizontal tab \t TAB C_VERTICAL_TAB vertical tab \v Moreover, the following two named constants are defined: Name Type C_NULL_PTR C_PTR C_NULL_FUNPTR C_FUNPTR Both are equivalent to the value NULL in C.

9.3 OpenMP Modules OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS

Standard : OpenMP Application Program Interface v3.1 The OpenMP Fortran runtime library routines are provided both in a form of two Fortran 90 modules, named OMP_LIB and OMP_LIB_KINDS, and in a form of a Fortran include file named omp_lib.h. The procedures provided by OMP_LIB can be found in the Section Introduction in GNU OpenMP runtime library manual, the named constants defined in the modules are listed below. For details refer to the actual OpenMP Application Program Interface v3.1. OMP_LIB_KINDS provides the following scalar default-integer named constants: omp_lock_kind omp_nest_lock_kind omp_sched_kind OMP_LIB provides the scalar default-integer named constant openmp_version with a value of the form yyyymm, where yyyy is the year and mm the month of the OpenMP version; for OpenMP v3.1 the value is 201107. And the following scalar integer named constants of the kind omp_sched_kind: omp_sched_static omp_sched_dynamic omp_sched_guided omp_sched_auto

Contributing

217

Contributing
Free software is only possible if people contribute to efforts to create it. Were always in need of more people helping out with ideas and comments, writing documentation and contributing code. If you want to contribute to GNU Fortran, have a look at the long lists of projects you can take on. Some of these projects are small, some of them are large; some are completely orthogonal to the rest of what is happening on GNU Fortran, but others are mainstream projects in need of enthusiastic hackers. All of these projects are important! We will eventually get around to the things here, but they are also things doable by someone who is willing and able.

Contributors to GNU Fortran

Most of the parser was hand-crafted by Andy Vaught, who is also the initiator of the whole project. Thanks Andy! Most of the interface with GCC was written by Paul Brook. The following individuals have contributed code and/or ideas and significant help to the GNU Fortran project (in alphabetical order): Janne Blomqvist Steven Bosscher Paul Brook Tobias Burnus Fran cois-Xavier Coudert Bud Davis Jerry DeLisle Erik Edelmann Bernhard Fischer Daniel Franke Richard Guenther Richard Henderson Katherine Holcomb Jakub Jelinek Niels Kristian Bech Jensen Steven Johnson Steven G. Kargl Thomas Koenig Asher Langton H. J. Lu Toon Moene Brooks Moses Andrew Pinski Tim Prince

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Christopher D. Rickett Richard Sandiford Tobias Schl uter Roger Sayle Paul Thomas Andy Vaught Feng Wang Janus Weil Daniel Kraft

The following people have contributed bug reports, smaller or larger patches, and much needed feedback and encouragement for the GNU Fortran project: Bill Clodius Dominique dHumi` eres Kate Hedstrom Erik Schnetter Joost VandeVondele Many other individuals have helped debug, test and improve the GNU Fortran compiler over the past few years, and we welcome you to do the same! If you already have done so, and you would like to see your name listed in the list above, please contact us.

Projects
Help build the test suite Solicit more code for donation to the test suite: the more extensive the testsuite, the smaller the risk of breaking things in the future! We can keep code private on request. Bug hunting/squishing Find bugs and write more test cases! Test cases are especially very welcome, because it allows us to concentrate on fixing bugs instead of isolating them. Going through the bugzilla database at http: / /gcc .gnu .org /bugzilla / to reduce testcases posted there and add more information (for example, for which version does the testcase work, for which versions does it fail?) is also very helpful.

Proposed Extensions
Heres a list of proposed extensions for the GNU Fortran compiler, in no particular order. Most of these are necessary to be fully compatible with existing Fortran compilers, but they are not part of the official J3 Fortran 95 standard.

Compiler extensions:
User-specified alignment rules for structures. Automatically extend single precision constants to double.

Contributing

219

Compile code that conserves memory by dynamically allocating common and module storage either on stack or heap. Compile flag to generate code for array conformance checking (suggest -CC). User control of symbol names (underscores, etc). Compile setting for maximum size of stack frame size before spilling parts to static or heap. Flag to force local variables into static space. Flag to force local variables onto stack.

Environment Options
Pluggable library modules for random numbers, linear algebra. LA should use BLAS calling conventions. Environment variables controlling actions on arithmetic exceptions like overflow, underflow, precision lossGenerate NaN, abort, default. action. Set precision for fp units that support it (i387). Variable for setting fp rounding mode. Variable to fill uninitialized variables with a user-defined bit pattern. Environment variable controlling filename that is opened for that unit number. Environment variable to clear/trash memory being freed. Environment variable to control tracing of allocations and frees. Environment variable to display allocated memory at normal program end. Environment variable for filename for * IO-unit. Environment variable for temporary file directory. Environment variable forcing standard output to be line buffered (unix).

GNU General Public License

221

GNU General Public License

Version 3, 29 June 2007 Copyright c 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. http://fsf.org/ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble
The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works. The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a programto make sure it remains free software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs, and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others. For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps: (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it. For the developers and authors protection, the GPL clearly explains that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users and authors sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to authors of previous versions. Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of protecting users freedom to change the software. The systematic pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.

231

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the copyright line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
one line to give the programs name and a brief idea of what it does. Copyright (C) year name of author This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
program Copyright (C) year name of author This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type show w. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type show c for details.

The hypothetical commands show w and show c should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your programs commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an about box. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a copyright disclaimer for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/. The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html.

GNU Free Documentation License

233

239

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License or any later version applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxys public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. 11. RELICENSING Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site (or MMC Site) means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A Massive Multiauthor Collaboration (or MMC) contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site. CC-BY-SA means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization. Incorporate means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document. An MMC is eligible for relicensing if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

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ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) year your name. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the with...Texts. line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts being list.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.

Funding Free Software

241

Funding Free Software

If you want to have more free software a few years from now, it makes sense for you to help encourage people to contribute funds for its development. The most effective approach known is to encourage commercial redistributors to donate. Users of free software systems can boost the pace of development by encouraging for-afee distributors to donate part of their selling price to free software developersthe Free Software Foundation, and others. The way to convince distributors to do this is to demand it and expect it from them. So when you compare distributors, judge them partly by how much they give to free software development. Show distributors they must compete to be the one who gives the most. To make this approach work, you must insist on numbers that you can compare, such as, We will donate ten dollars to the Frobnitz project for each disk sold. Dont be satisfied with a vague promise, such as A portion of the profits are donated, since it doesnt give a basis for comparison. Even a precise fraction of the profits from this disk is not very meaningful, since creative accounting and unrelated business decisions can greatly alter what fraction of the sales price counts as profit. If the price you pay is $50, ten percent of the profit is probably less than a dollar; it might be a few cents, or nothing at all. Some redistributors do development work themselves. This is useful too; but to keep everyone honest, you need to inquire how much they do, and what kind. Some kinds of development make much more long-term difference than others. For example, maintaining a separate version of a program contributes very little; maintaining the standard version of a program for the whole community contributes much. Easy new ports contribute little, since someone else would surely do them; difficult ports such as adding a new CPU to the GNU Compiler Collection contribute more; major new features or packages contribute the most. By establishing the idea that supporting further development is the proper thing to do when distributing free software for a fee, we can assure a steady flow of resources into making more free software. Copyright c 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Verbatim copying and redistribution of this section is permitted without royalty; alteration is not permitted.

Option Index

243

Option Index
gfortrans command line options are indexed here without any initial - or --. Where an option has both positive and negative forms (such as -foption and -fno-option), relevant entries in the manual are indexed under the most appropriate form; it may sometimes be useful to look up both forms.

A
A-predicate=answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Apredicate=answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

B
backslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

C
C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 CC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

D
dD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dname=definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12 11 11 13 13 11

F
faggressive-function-elimination . . . . . . . . . . 26 falign-commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 fall-intrinsics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 fblas-matmul-limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 fbounds-check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 fcheck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 fcheck-array-temporaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 fcoarray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 fconvert=conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 fcray-pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 fd-lines-as-code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 fd-lines-as-comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 fdefault-double-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 fdefault-integer-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 fdefault-real-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 fdollar-ok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 fdump-fortran-optimized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 fdump-fortran-original . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 fdump-parse-tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 fexternal-blas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ff2c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 ffixed-line-length-n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

ffpe-trap=list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ffree-form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ffree-line-length-n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 fimplicit-none . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 finit-character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 finit-integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 finit-local-zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 finit-logical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 finit-real . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 finteger-4-integer-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 fintrinsic-modules-path dir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 fmax-array-constructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 fmax-errors=n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 fmax-identifier-length=n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 fmax-stack-var-size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 fmax-subrecord-length=length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 fmodule-private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 fno-automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 fno-backtrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 fno-fixed-form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 fno-protect-parens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 fno-underscoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 fno-whole-file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 fopenmp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 fpack-derived . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 fpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 frange-check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 freal-4-real-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 freal-4-real-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 freal-4-real-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 freal-8-real-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 freal-8-real-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 freal-8-real-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 frealloc-lhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 frecord-marker=length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 frecursive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 frepack-arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 frontend-optimize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 fsecond-underscore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 fshort-enums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 34 fsign-zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 fstack-arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 fsyntax-only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 fworking-directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

H
H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

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I
Idir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . idirafter dir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . imultilib dir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iprefix prefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iquote dir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . isysroot dir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . isystem dir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 12 12 12 12 12 12

U
Uname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 undef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

W
Waliasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Walign-commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wampersand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warray-temporaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wc-binding-type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wcharacter-truncation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wcompare-reals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wconversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wconversion-extra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Werror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wextra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wfunction-elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wimplicit-interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wimplicit-procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wintrinsic-shadow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wintrinsics-std . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wline-truncation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wreal-q-constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wrealloc-lhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wrealloc-lhs-all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wsurprising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wtabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wtargt-lifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wunderflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wunused-dummy-argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wunused-parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 17 15 15 15 15 15 17 15 16 17 16 17 16 16 16 16 15 16 17 17 16 16 17 16 17 17

J
Jdir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

M
Mdir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

N
nostdinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

P
P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 pedantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 pedantic-errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

S
static-libgfortran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 std=std option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Keyword Index

245

Keyword Index
$
$............................................... 9 ALOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 ALOG10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 AMAX0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 AMAX1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 AMIN0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 AMIN1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 AMOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 AND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 ANINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 ANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 area hyperbolic cosine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 area hyperbolic sine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 area hyperbolic tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 argument list functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 arguments, to program . . . . . 92, 123, 124, 125, 134 array, add elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 array, AND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 array, apply condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 73 array, bounds checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 array, change dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 array, combine arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 array, condition testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 73 array, conditionally add elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 array, conditionally count elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 array, conditionally multiply elements . . . . . . . . . 177 array, constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 array, count elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 array, duplicate dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 array, duplicate elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 array, element counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 array, gather elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 array, increase dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197, 210 array, indices of type real . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 array, location of maximum element . . . . . . . . . . 161 array, location of minimum element . . . . . . . . . . . 165 array, lower bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 array, maximum value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 array, merge arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 array, minimum value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 array, multiply elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 array, number of elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 195 array, OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 array, packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 array, parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 array, permutation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 array, product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 array, reduce dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 array, rotate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 array, scatter elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 array, shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 array, shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 array, shift circularly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 array, size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 array, sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

%
%LOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 %REF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 %VAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

&
& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

[
[...] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

_gfortran_set_args . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _gfortran_set_convert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _gfortran_set_fpe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _gfortran_set_max_subrecord_length . . . . . . . . _gfortran_set_options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _gfortran_set_record_marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59 60 61 61 59 61

A
ABORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 ABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 absolute value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 ACCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 ACCESS=STREAM I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 ACHAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 ACOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 ACOSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 adjust string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 ADJUSTL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 ADJUSTR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 AIMAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 AINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 ALARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 ALGAMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 aliasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 alignment of COMMON blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 25 ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 all warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ALLOCATABLE components of derived types . . . . . . 34 ALLOCATABLE dummy arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 ALLOCATABLE function results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 ALLOCATED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 allocation, moving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 allocation, status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

246

The GNU Fortran Compiler

array, array, array, array, array,

transmogrify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 transpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 unpacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 upper bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 XOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 ASCII collating sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 131 ASIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 ASINH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 ASSOCIATED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 association status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 association status, C pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 ATAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 ATAN2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 ATANH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Atomic subroutine, define . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Atomic subroutine, reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 ATOMIC_DEFINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 ATOMIC_REF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

bits, testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 bits, unset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 bits, XOR of array elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 bitwise comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 84 bitwise logical and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 133 bitwise logical exclusive or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137, 211 bitwise logical not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 bitwise logical or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141, 173 BLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 BLT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 bounds checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 BOZ literal constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 BTEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

C
C_ASSOCIATED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 C_F_POINTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 C_F_PROCPOINTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 C_FUNLOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 C_LOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 C_SIZEOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 CABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 calling convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 CCOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 CDABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 CDCOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 CDEXP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 CDLOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 CDSIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 CDSQRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 ceiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 89 CEILING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 CEXP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 CHAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 character kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 character set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 CHDIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 checking array temporaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 checking subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 CHMOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 clock ticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 163, 202 CLOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 CMPLX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 coarray, IMAGE_INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 coarray, lower bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 coarray, NUM_IMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 coarray, THIS_IMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 coarray, upper bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 coarrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 code generation, conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 collating sequence, ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 131 command line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 command options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 command-line arguments . . . 92, 123, 124, 125, 134 command-line arguments, number of . . . . . . 92, 134 COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 compiler flags inquiry function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

B
backslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 backtrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 base 10 logarithm function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 BESJ0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 BESJ1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 BESJN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Bessel function, first kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79, 80 Bessel function, second kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81, 82 BESSEL_J0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 BESSEL_J1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 BESSEL_JN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 BESSEL_Y0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 BESSEL_Y1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 BESSEL_YN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 BESY0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 BESY1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 BESYN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 BGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 BGT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 binary representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 BIT_SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 bits set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 bits, AND of array elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 bits, clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 bits, extract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 bits, get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 bits, merge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 bits, move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168, 206 bits, negate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 bits, number of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 bits, OR of array elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 bits, set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 bits, shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 bits, shift circular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 bits, shift left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156, 191 bits, shift right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184, 191, 192

Keyword Index

247

compiler, name and version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 COMPILER_OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 COMPILER_VERSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 COMPLEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 complex conjugate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Complex function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 complex numbers, conversion to . . . . . . . 92, 94, 101 complex numbers, imaginary part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 complex numbers, real part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 182 Conditional compilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 CONJG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 consistency, durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Contributing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 16 conversion, to character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 conversion, to complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92, 94, 101 conversion, to integer . . 44, 131, 136, 139, 140, 156 conversion, to logical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 155 conversion, to real . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100, 182 conversion, to string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 CONVERT specifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 core, dump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 COS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 COSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 cosine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 cosine, hyperbolic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 cosine, hyperbolic, inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 cosine, inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 COUNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 CPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 11 CPU_TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 CSHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 CSIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 CSQRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 CTIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 current date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 113, 137 current time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 113, 146, 204, 205

D
DABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 DACOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 DACOSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 DASIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 DASINH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 DATAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 DATAN2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 DATANH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 date, current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 113, 137 DATE_AND_TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 DBESJ0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 DBESJ1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 DBESJN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 DBESY0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 DBESY1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 DBESYN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

DBLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 DCMPLX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 DCONJG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 DCOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 DCOSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 DDIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 debugging information options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 debugging, preprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 12 DECODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 delayed execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 196 DEXP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 DFLOAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 DGAMMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 dialect options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 DIGITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 DIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 DIMAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 DINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 directive, INCLUDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 directory, options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 directory, search paths for inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 division, modulo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 division, remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 DLGAMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 DLOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 DLOG10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 DMAX1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 DMIN1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 DMOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 DNINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 dot product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 DOT_PRODUCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 DPROD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 DREAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 DSHIFTL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 DSHIFTR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 DSIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 DSIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 DSINH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 DSQRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 DTAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 DTANH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 DTIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 dummy argument, unused . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

E
elapsed time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 186, 187 Elimination of functions with identical argument lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 ENCODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 ENUM statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 ENUMERATOR statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 environment variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 27, 126, 127 EOSHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 EPSILON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 ERF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 ERFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

248

The GNU Fortran Compiler

ERFC_SCALED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 error function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 error function, complementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 error function, complementary, exponentially-scaled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 errors, limiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 escape characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ETIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Euclidean distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Euclidean vector norm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 EXECUTE_COMMAND_LINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 EXIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 EXP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 EXPONENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 exponential function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 exponential function, inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 expression size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 195 EXTENDS_TYPE_OF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 extensions, implemented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 extensions, not implemented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 extra warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

FLUSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 FLUSH statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 FNUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Fortran 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 FPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 FPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 FPUTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 FRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 FREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Front-end optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 FSEEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 FSTAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 FTELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 function elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

G
g77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 g77 calling convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 22 GAMMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Gamma function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Gamma function, logarithm of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 GCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 GERROR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 GET_COMMAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 GET_COMMAND_ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 GET_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 GETARG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 GETCWD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 GETENV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 GETGID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 GETLOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 GETPID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 GETUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 GMTIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 GNU Compiler Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 GNU Fortran command options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

F
f2c calling convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 22 Factorial function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 FDATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 FDL, GNU Free Documentation License . . . . . . 233 FGET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 FGETC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 file format, fixed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 file format, free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 10 file operation, file number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 file operation, flush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 file operation, position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120, 122 file operation, read character . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114, 115 file operation, seek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 file operation, write character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 file system, access mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 file system, change access mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 file system, create link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151, 201 file system, file creation mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 file system, file status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121, 157, 198 file system, hard link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 file system, remove file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 file system, rename file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 file system, soft link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 flags inquiry function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 FLOAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 floating point, exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 floating point, fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 floating point, nearest different . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 floating point, relative spacing . . . . . . . . . . . 184, 196 floating point, scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 floating point, set exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 116 FLOOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

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Hollerith constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 HOSTNM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 HUGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 hyperbolic cosine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 hyperbolic function, cosine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 hyperbolic function, cosine, inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 hyperbolic function, sine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 hyperbolic function, sine, inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 hyperbolic function, tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 hyperbolic function, tangent, inverse . . . . . . . . . . . 77 hyperbolic sine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 hyperbolic tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 HYPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

I
I/O item lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Keyword Index

249

IABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 IACHAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 IALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 IAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 IANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 IARGC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 IBCLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 IBITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 IBSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 ICHAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 IDATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 IDIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 IDINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 IDNINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 IEEE, ISNAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 IEOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 IERRNO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 IFIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 IMAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 IMAGE_INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 images, cosubscript to image index conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 images, index of this image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 images, number of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 IMAGPART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 IMPORT statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 INCLUDE directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 inclusion, directory search paths for . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 INT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 INT2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 INT8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 integer kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 intrinsic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 intrinsic Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 intrinsic procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 inverse hyperbolic cosine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 inverse hyperbolic sine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 inverse hyperbolic tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 IOMSG= specifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 IOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 IOSTAT, end of file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 IOSTAT, end of record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 IPARITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 IRAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 IS_IOSTAT_END . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 IS_IOSTAT_EOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 ISATTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 ISHFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 ISHFTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 ISIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 ISNAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 ISO_FORTRAN_ENV statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 ITIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

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KILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 147 KIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 kind, character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 kind, integer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 kind, old-style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 kind, real . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

L
L2 vector norm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 language, dialect options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 LBOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 LCOBOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 LEADZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 left shift, combined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 LEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 LEN_TRIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 lexical comparison of strings . . . . . . . . 150, 151, 152 LGAMMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 LGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 LGT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 libf2c calling convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 22 libgfortran initialization, set args . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 libgfortran initialization, set convert . . . . . . . . . . . 60 libgfortran initialization, set fpe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 libgfortran initialization, set max subrecord length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 libgfortran initialization, set options . . . . . . . . . . . 59 libgfortran initialization, set record marker . . . . 61 limits, largest number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 limits, smallest number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 LINK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 linking, static . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 LLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 LLT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 LNBLNK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 LOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 location of a variable in memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 LOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 LOG_GAMMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 LOG10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 logarithm function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 logarithm function with base 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 logarithm function, inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 LOGICAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 logical and, bitwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 133 logical exclusive or, bitwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137, 211 logical not, bitwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 logical or, bitwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141, 173 logical, variable representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 login name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 LONG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 LSHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 LSTAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 LTIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

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The GNU Fortran Compiler

M
MALLOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 mask, left justified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 mask, right justified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 MASKL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 MASKR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 MATMUL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 matrix multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 matrix, transpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 MAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 MAX0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 MAX1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 MAXEXPONENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 maximum value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160, 162 MAXLOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 MAXVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 MCLOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 MCLOCK8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 memory checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 MERGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 MERGE_BITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 messages, error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 messages, warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 MIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 MIN0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 MIN1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 MINEXPONENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 minimum value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164, 166 MINLOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 MINVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Mixed-language programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 MOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 model representation, base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 model representation, epsilon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 model representation, largest number . . . . . . . . . 130 model representation, maximum exponent . . . . 160 model representation, minimum exponent . . . . . 165 model representation, precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 model representation, radix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 model representation, range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 model representation, significant digits . . . . . . . . 101 model representation, smallest number . . . . . . . . 205 module entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 module search path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 modulo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 MODULO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 MOVE_ALLOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 moving allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 multiply array elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 MVBITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

NINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . norm, Euclidean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NORM2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NUM_IMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

170 171 171 171 172 172

O
OpenMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 47 operators, unary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 options inquiry function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 options, code generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 options, debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 options, dialect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 options, directory search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 options, errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 options, Fortran dialect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 options, gfortran command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 options, linking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 options, negative forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 options, preprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 options, real kind type promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 options, run-time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 options, runtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 options, warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 output, newline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

P
PACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 PARITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 paths, search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 PERROR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 pointer checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 pointer, C address of pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 pointer, C address of procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 pointer, C association status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 pointer, convert C to Fortran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 pointer, cray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120, 158 pointer, Cray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 pointer, disassociated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 pointer, status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 172 POPCNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 POPPAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 positive difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 PRECISION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 preprocessing, assertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 preprocessing, define macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 preprocessing, include path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 preprocessing, keep comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 preprocessing, no linemarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 preprocessing, undefine macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 preprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

N
Namelist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 natural logarithm function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 NEAREST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 NEW_LINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 newline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Keyword Index

251

preprocessor, debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 12 preprocessor, disable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 preprocessor, enable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 preprocessor, include file handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 preprocessor, working directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 PRESENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 procedure pointer, convert C to Fortran . . . . . . . . 88 process ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 PRODUCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 product, double-precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 product, matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 product, vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 program termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 program termination, with core dump . . . . . . . . . . 63 PROTECTED statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

rounding, ceiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 89 rounding, floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69, 116 rounding, nearest whole number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 RRSPACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 RSHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 run-time checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

S
SAME_TYPE_AS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 SAVE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 SCALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 SCAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 search path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 search paths, for included files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 SECNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 SECOND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 seeding a random number generator . . . . . . 180, 198 SELECTED_CHAR_KIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 SELECTED_INT_KIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 SELECTED_REAL_KIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 SET_EXPONENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 SHAPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 shift, left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 191 shift, right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 192 shift, right with fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 SHIFTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 SHIFTL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 SHIFTR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 SHORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 SIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 sign copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 SIGNAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 SIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 sine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 sine, hyperbolic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 sine, hyperbolic, inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 sine, inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 SINH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 size of a variable, in bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 size of an expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 195 SIZEOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 SLEEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 SNGL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 SPACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 SPREAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 SQRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 square-root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 SRAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 STAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 statement, ENUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 statement, ENUMERATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 statement, FLUSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 statement, IMPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 statement, ISO_FORTRAN_ENV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 statement, PROTECTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Q
Q exponent-letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

R
RADIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 radix, real . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 RAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 RAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 random number generation . . . . . . . . . . 142, 178, 179 random number generation, seeding . . . . . . 180, 198 RANDOM_NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 RANDOM_SEED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 RANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 range checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 rank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 RANK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 re-association of parenthesized expressions . . . . . 25 read character, stream mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114, 115 REAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 real kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 real number, exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 real number, fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 real number, nearest different . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 real number, relative spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184, 196 real number, scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 real number, set exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Reallocate the LHS in assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Reallocate the LHS in assignments, notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 REALPART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 RECORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Reduction, XOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 remainder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 RENAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 repacking arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 REPEAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 RESHAPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 right shift, combined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

252

The GNU Fortran Compiler

statement, SAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 statement, USE, INTRINSIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 statement, VALUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 statement, VOLATILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 storage size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 STORAGE_SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 STREAM I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 stream mode, read character . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114, 115 stream mode, write character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 string, adjust left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 string, adjust right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 string, comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 151, 152 string, concatenate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 string, find missing set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 string, find non-blank character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 string, find subset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 string, find substring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 string, length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 string, length, without trailing whitespace . . . . . 149 string, remove trailing whitespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 string, repeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 strings, varying length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 structure packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 subscript checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 substring position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 SUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 sum array elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 suppressing warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 symbol names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 symbol names, transforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22 symbol names, underscores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22 SYMLNK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 syntax checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 system, error handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123, 138, 175 system, group ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 system, host name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 system, login name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 system, process ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 system, signal handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 system, system call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 201 system, terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144, 208 system, user ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 system, working directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 126 SYSTEM_CLOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

THIS_IMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 thread-safety, threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 time, clock ticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 163, 202 time, conversion to GMT info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 time, conversion to local time info . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 time, conversion to string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 time, current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 113, 146, 204, 205 time, elapsed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 105, 109, 186, 187 TIME8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 TINY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 TR 15581 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 TRAILZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 TRANSFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 transforming symbol names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22 transpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 TRANSPOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 trigonometric function, cosine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 trigonometric function, cosine, inverse . . . . . . . . . . 66 trigonometric function, sine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 trigonometric function, sine, inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 trigonometric function, tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 trigonometric function, tangent, inverse . . . . 76, 77 TRIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 TTYNAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 type cast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

U
UBOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 UCOBOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 UMASK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 underflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 underscore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22 UNLINK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 UNPACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 unused dummy argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 unused parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 USE, INTRINSIC statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 user id . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

V
VALUE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Varying length character strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Varying length strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 vector product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 VERIFY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 version of the compiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 VOLATILE statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

T
tabulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 TAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 tangent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 tangent, hyperbolic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 tangent, hyperbolic, inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 tangent, inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76, 77 TANH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 terminate program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 terminate program, with core dump . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

W
warning, C binding type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . warnings, aliasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . warnings, alignment of COMMON blocks . . . . . . . . . . warnings, all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 15 17 15

Keyword Index

253

warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings, warnings,

ampersand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . array temporaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . character truncation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, extra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . function elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . implicit interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . implicit procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . intrinsic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . intrinsics of other standards . . . . . . . . . line truncation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . non-standard intrinsics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . q exponent-letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . suppressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . suspicious code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . underflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 15 15 16 16 17 16 16 16 16 15 16 16 14 16 16 17 16

warnings, unused dummy argument . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 warnings, unused parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 write character, stream mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

X
XOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 XOR reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Z
ZABS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 ZCOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 zero bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148, 206 ZEXP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 ZLOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 ZSIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 ZSQRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

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