Cryptosystems Based On Chebyshev Polynomials - Report
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Chaos and Cryptography
The study of chaotic systems and their possible applications to Cryptography has
received considerable attention during the last years in a part of the scientific
community. Chaotic systems are indeed characterized by sensitive dependence
on initial conditions and similarity to random behavior, properties which seem
pretty much the same required by several cryptographic primitives.
Chaos Theory has not received much attention inside the cryptographic
community. However, it has had several applications in other communication
areas and people involved in Chaos Theory have been keeping working on the
idea of using the properties of chaotic systems in designing efficient
cryptographic primitives.
Two main approaches to the use of chaotic systems in designing cryptographic
systems can be found in the literature. One of these approaches uses hardware-
based synchronized chaotic circuits where, in order to encrypt messages, the
cleartext is hidden in the spectral domain of the chaotic signal. This method is
strongly related to the concept of synchronization of two chaotic systems and the
interested reader can find a survey on the state of art in this field.
Many chaotic systems are defined over real numbers. On the other hand,
Cryptography deals with systems defined mostly on finite fields. This yields some
immediate consequences. Some ordinary design strategies and standard
cryptanalytic methods cannot be applied to cryptosystems based on chaotic
systems working over real numbers. Just to exemplify, cryptographic systems
have secret parameters taking values over a large but finite field. Hence, a brute
force attack, which simply tries all elements of the field in searching the secret
values might be infeasible but possible. If the range of the parameters of a
cryptosystem based on real numbers is a continous infinite interval, an exaustive
search is just impossible.
However, at the state of current knowledge, the security of chaos-based
cryptosystems defined over real numbers is not well understood.
Chebyshev Polynomials
Definition 2.1 Let n be an integer, and let x be a variable taking value
over the interval [ − 1,1] . The polynomial Tn ( x) : [ − 1,1] → [ − 1,1] is recursively
defined as
Tn ( x ) = 2.x.Tn −1 ( x) − Tn − 2 ( x) , for any n ≥ 2 ,
where T0 ( x) = 1 and T1 ( x) = x .
Some examples of Chebyshev polynomials are (see Fig. 1):
T2 ( x ) = 2.x 2 − 1
T3 ( x) = 4.x 3 − 3.x
T4 ( x) = 8.x 4 − 8.x 2 + 1
Properties of Chebyshev polynomials
One of the most important properties of Chebyshev polynomials is the so called
semi-group property
which establishes that:
Tr (Ts ( x)) = Tr .s ( x) .
An immediate consequence of this property is that Chebyshev polynomials
commute under composition:
Tr (Ts ( x)) = Ts (Tr ( x )) .
A Cryptosystem based on Chebyshev Polynomials
The public key cryptosystem based on Chebyshev polynomials is defined. It can
be viewed as a generalization of the ElGamal public-key cryptosystem.
The Cryptosystem. The cryptosystem is composed of three algorithms: a Key
Generation algorithm, an Encryption algorithm, and a Decryption algorithm.
Key Generation Algorithm. Key Generation takes place in three steps.
Alice, in order to generate the keys, does the following:
1. Generates a large integer s .
2. Selects a random number x ∈ [ − 11] and computes Ts (x) .
3. Alice sets her public key to ( x, Ts ( x)) and her private key to s.
Encryption Algorithm. Encryption requires five steps:
Bob, in order to encrypt a message, does the following:
1. Obtains Alice’s authentic public key ( x, Ts ( x)) .
2. Represents the message as a number M ∈ [ − 11] .
3. Generates a large integer .
4. Computes Tr (x) , Tr .s ( x) = Tr (Ts ( x)) and X = M .Tr .s ( x) .
5. Sends the ciphertext C = (Tr ( x), X ) to Alice.
Decryption algorithm. Decryption requires two steps:
Alice, to recover the plaintext M from the ciphertext C , does the following:
1. Uses her private key s to compute T s .r ( x) = T s (T r ( x)) .
X
2. Recovers M by computing M = .
Ts.r ( x)
Correctness of the Cryptosystem
The algorithm is correct due to the semi-group property of the Chebyshev
polynomials. Indeed, encryption provides:
X = M .Tr (Ts ( x ))
Since Chebyshev polynomials commute under composition, it follows that:
X = M .T s (T r ( x ))
Therefore:
X
M = .
T s.r ( x)
Implementation
Both encryption and decryption involve the evaluation of Chebyshev polynomials.
If we evaluate Chebyshev polynomials directly, applying the recursive definition,
then the computation of Tn(x) takes linear time in n. However, it is possible to
further reduce the computation to a logarithmic number of steps, by noticing that
T 2.n ( x) = T 2 (T n ( x)) ,
T 2.n + 1 ( x) = 2.T n + 1 ( x).T n ( x) − x ,
and re-organizing the computation. More precisely, we can use the recursive
relation for evaluating Chebyshev polynomials:
T0 = 1
T1 = x
2.Tn2/ 2 ( x ) − 1 if n is even
Tn ( x ) =
2.T Otherwise
( n −1) / 2 ( x ).T( n +1) / 2 ( x ) − x
Another important issue that must be considered when implementing the above
cryptosystem is the finite precision of the arithmetics. The semi-group property of
Chebyshev polynomials, stated by equation (3), holds only if the values s and r ,
chosen by Alice and Bob, are such that s < s 0 and r < r0 , where s 0 and r0 are
constant values depending on the arithmetics precision used in implementing the
encryption and decryption algorithms. They gave a table where, for certain
precisions, expressed in terms of bits, some possible upper bound for s 0 and r0
hold. For example, a 2048-bit precision implies constants s 0 and r0 smaller than
2970. Such upper bounds where empirical determined. No general relation linking
the arithmetic precision of the operations to the values of s 0 and r0 is currently
known.
Advantages
• Implements chaos theory
• used along with Diffie-Hellman & RSA
• the discrete log for Tn ( x ) mod p , is as difficult as that for x n mod p .
Disadvantages
• Already broken [2]
• semi-group property, allows implementation of trapdoor
References
1. Fee, J., Monagan, M.B. 2003. Cryptography using Chebyshev polynomials
2. Bergamo, P., D’Arco, P, Santis, A, and Kocarev, L. 2008. Security of Public
Key Cryptosystems based on Chebyshev Polynomials
