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2009 Frosch

1) The document summarizes research on modeling and predicting the shear strength of concrete beams. It presents test data on various beam designs including reinforced concrete, FRP reinforced, and prestressed beams. 2) A simplified model is proposed to calculate shear strength as the sum of a concrete contribution (Vc) and steel contribution (Vcw). Vc is calculated as 5√f'c times the effective cross-sectional area. 3) Test data shows shear strength is influenced by factors like flexural reinforcement ratio, concrete strength, member size, and degree of prestressing. Larger or more heavily reinforced beams exhibited higher shear strength than predicted.

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neve08
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27 views8 pages

2009 Frosch

1) The document summarizes research on modeling and predicting the shear strength of concrete beams. It presents test data on various beam designs including reinforced concrete, FRP reinforced, and prestressed beams. 2) A simplified model is proposed to calculate shear strength as the sum of a concrete contribution (Vc) and steel contribution (Vcw). Vc is calculated as 5√f'c times the effective cross-sectional area. 3) Test data shows shear strength is influenced by factors like flexural reinforcement ratio, concrete strength, member size, and degree of prestressing. Larger or more heavily reinforced beams exhibited higher shear strength than predicted.

Uploaded by

neve08
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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11/5/2009

Solving the Riddle of Concrete Shear Strength


Robert J. Frosch, Ph.D., P.E. Professor of Civil Engineering As

Shear Resistance

Beam width, bw Effective depth, d Tensile strength, f

' c

bw

Shear Strength
7

FRP Reinforcement

1963
6 5

Sand Coated

Vtest

bw d f c' 3
2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Wrapped and Sand Coated

Reinforcement Ratio, (%) Effective Reinforcement Ratio, eff (%)

Fabric Texture

FRP Bars
140 120

Test Setup
P
a / d = 3.4 a
d

Aramid (6,850 ksi) Steel Glass 1 (5,900 ksi)

Stress (ksi)

100 80 60 40 20 0 0

Glass 2 (5,450 ksi)

4-0 8-0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

4-0

Strain, (0.001)

11/5/2009

Specimen Design
Applied Load (kip)

Test Results
100 80 60 40 20 0.0 0.36% Steel 2% Glass 2% Steel 2% Aramid fc = 6200 psi

2%

2%

0.36%

14 .2 16

0.36 %

2% Glass

18

ASteel

EGlass = AGlass E Steel

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Midspan ( in.)

Long. Reinforcement Ratio


6.0 5.0 4.0
Vu bw d f c'

Equal Area, 40 kips


Steel 2%

Steel FRP

3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 (%) (%) eff
= Er eff Es

Glass 2% 7.0

5.0

6.0

Equal Stiffness, 40 kips


Steel 0.36% Steel 2%

Failure

Glass 2%

Glass 2%

11/5/2009

Simplified Model
P
N.A.

Theoretical Distribution
c

max =

V bw jd

max =

3 V 2 bwc
Neutral Axis

c
6

a
V=P/2

a
V=P/2
Cracks

Flexural Reinforcement

Shear Strength
3.0

Analysis Results
2.5 2.0

Vc = K f c' bw c

K = 16 +

4 m 3 f
' c

Vtest 1.5 V calc


1.0 0.5 0.0 0

Effective Reinforcement Ratio, eff (%)

d
7

K Values
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Effective Reinforcement Ratio, eff (%)

Average Distribution
avg =
V bw d

avg =

V bw c
Neutral Axis

c d

Flexural Reinforcement

Cracks

11/5/2009

Vcalc = 5 f c' bw c
3.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.5 2.0

Vcalc = 2 f c' bw d

V test 1.5 V calc


1.0 0.5 0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

V test 1.5 V calc


1.0 0.5 0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Effective Reinforcement Ratio, eff (%)

Effective Reinforcement Ratio, eff (%)

Factors Influencing Strength


3.0

Concrete Strength
Vcalc = 5 f c' bw c
2.5 2.0 V test V calc 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Flexural Reinforcement Ratio Concrete Strength Member Size

Concrete Compressive Strength (ksi)

Concrete Strength
Vcalc = 2 f b d
3.0 2.5 2.0 V test V calc 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
As bw

Member Depth
(Equal As)

' c w

Vc = 2 f c' bw d
Vc (Beam B) = 2 Vc (Beam A)
2d

Beam A
d

Beam B

Vc = 5 fc' bwc
Vc (Beam B) = 1.5 Vc (Beam A)

As bw

Concrete Compressive Strength (ksi)

11/5/2009

Member Depth
(Equal )
14 12 10

Influence of Beam Depth

Vc = 2 f c' bw d
Vc (Beam C) = 2 Vc (Beam A)
2d
Beam A Beam C

Vtest

8
Average Trend Lower-bound Trend

Vc = 5 fc bwc
'

bw c f c' 6
4 2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25

As

2As

Vc (Beam C) = 2 Vc (Beam A)

bw

bw

30

35

40

45

50

Effective Depth, d (in.)

Influence of Beam Depth


7 6 5

Flanged Sections
45
o

NA

Vtest
bw d f c'

4 3 2 1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Aeff

NA

NA

Vcalc = 5 f c' Aeff


Effective Depth, d (in.)

Flanged Sections
4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 Vtest 2.5 V calc 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
Vcalc = 2 f c' bw d

Findings
Shear Strength influenced by Longitudinal Stiffness
' ' Vc = 5 f c bwc = 5k f c bw d

Vcalc = 5 f c' Aeff

Improved Insight of Shear Resistance


8.0 10.0

2.0

Reinforcement Ratio, w (%)

4.0

6.0

11/5/2009

Prestressed Sections
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Vtest 0.0 V calc 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Initial Axial Precompression, P/A (ksi) 1.0
Rect. 3 Web 1.75 Web

Experimental Program
ACI 318

5 fcAeff

Nine large-scale rectangular beams 14 Three series - 4 1/2 strands - 7 1/2 strands 24 28 - 10 1/2 strands Variable mild reinforcement As Constant prestressing force

Mild Reinforcement
Midspan Deflection (mm) 0 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 0 5 10
V-10-2.37

15

20

25

30

35 1000

Applied Load P ((kips)

V-10-0

800 600 400 200 0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.25

1.5

Midspan Deflection (in.)

Applied Load P (kN)

V-10-1.51

11/5/2009

Neutral Axis Depth


0 0
Neutral Axis Depth (in.)

Prestressing Steel Area


1000 0 50

200

Moment (ft*k) 400 600

800

Midspan Deflection (mm) 0 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 0 0.25 0.5
Applied Load P (kips)

10

15

20

25

30

35 1000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Moment (kN*m) Vcalc V-10-0 V-10-1.51 V-10-2.37 Vtest

100
(mm)

V-7-0 V-4-0

800 600 400 200 0

150 200 250 300 350

0.75

1.25

1.5

Midspan Deflection (in.)

Neutral Axis Depth


0 0
Neutral Axis Depth (in.)

Effect of Equivalent Reinforcement


(At = 2.98 in.2)
1000 0 50

200

Moment (ft*k) 400 600

800

Midspan Deflection (mm) 0 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30


V-7-1.84 V-10-1.51 V-4-2.37

35 1000 800 600 400 200 0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 200 400

V-7-0 Vtest V-10-0

Vcalc

200 250 300 350

(mm)

150

600

800

1000

1200

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.25

1.5

Moment (kN*m)

Midspan Deflection (in.)

Neutral Axis Depth (At = 2.98 in.2)


0 0 2
Neutral Axis Depth (in.)

Prestressed Design
12

200

Moment (ft*k) 400 600

800

1000 0 50

4 6 8 10 12 14 0 200 400

V-10-1.51 Vcalc Vtest

200 250 300 350

600

800

1000

1200

(mm)

16

Moment (kN*m)

28

V-4-2.37

V-7-1.84

100 150

Applied Load P (kN)

100

Applied Load P (kips)

V-4-0

Applied Load P (kN)

V-10-0

11/5/2009

Design Method Example


LL = 1.5 k/ft
d = 35.2 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 95.1 k

Proposed Design Equation


Calculate the Neutral Axis Depth
Strain Compatibility

DL = 0.5 k/ft
70

Vci Determined

Vu (k)

Vci = 5 f c Aeff
Vcw Determined
Mcr=1215 k-ft

Mu (k-ft)

14.9

Mult=1815 k-ft

Shear Strength
160 Uncracked Cracked 140 Vn 120 100 V = 105 k cw 80 Vci 60 40 Vci, ACI 20 Mcr 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Distance from Support (ft)

Conclusions
Simple Method for Design Unified Method
Reinforced Prestressed Partially Prestressed Varying Reinforcement (FRP, Steel) 30 35

Shear (kips)

Vcalc = 5 f c' bw c

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