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Capacitor Response To Square Wave

1) The document analyzes the response of a capacitor to an ideal square wave signal with a 50% duty cycle and infinite slope. 2) It shows that a capacitor does not respond to an instantaneous change in voltage. Therefore, a square wave can be modeled as a DC source that alternates between two voltage levels. 3) The steady-state peak voltage across the capacitor is derived. It is shown to increase with the time period T and equals V0/2 when T = RC ln 3.

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Atul Soti
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343 views

Capacitor Response To Square Wave

1) The document analyzes the response of a capacitor to an ideal square wave signal with a 50% duty cycle and infinite slope. 2) It shows that a capacitor does not respond to an instantaneous change in voltage. Therefore, a square wave can be modeled as a DC source that alternates between two voltage levels. 3) The steady-state peak voltage across the capacitor is derived. It is shown to increase with the time period T and equals V0/2 when T = RC ln 3.

Uploaded by

Atul Soti
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Response to ideal square wave signal

Capacitor:

Consider a simple RC circuit which all of us must have seen before. By simply applying Kirchoffs Law we can find out the relationship between applied voltage, current and voltage across capacitor ( Vc ) , Where Therefore,
dq (t ) q (t ) V (t ) + = dt RC R
dt To solve the above differential equation multiply both sides by e RC = et / RC . We get 1

V (t ) i (t ) R Vc (t ) = 0 q (t ) dq(t ) and i = Vc (t ) = C dt

q (t )et / RC =

1 V (t )et / RC dt R

For V (t ) = V0 with initial condition Vc (t = t0 ) = Vc 0 , we get


Vc (t ) = V0 1 e ( t t0 )/ RC + Vc 0 e (t t0 )/ RC

For V (t ) = mt with initial condition q (t = 0) = 0 , we have

q (t ) = CV (t ) ( mRC 2 ) (1 e t / RC )

Vc (t ) = V (t ) (mRC ) (1 e t / RC )

This is the response of capacitor for a linear wave. Now consider a pulse with very high value of m which rises to some finite value, say V0 , in very short interval t0 . Putting the series form of exponential, 1 1 Vc (t0 ) = V (t0 ) (mRC ) 1 1 t0 / RC + (t0 / RC ) 2 (t0 / RC )3 + ... 2! 3!

1 t0 1 t0 2 Vc (t0 ) = V0 + ... 2 3 2! ( RC ) 3! ( RC ) By taking the limit m tending to infinite and therefore t0 tending to zero one finds Vc (t0 ) = 0 .

Now consider an ideal square wave of 50% duty cycle with time period 2T. By ideal we mean that the time for switching from one voltage level to another is zero (infinite m).

As shown above, capacitor doesnt respond to such pulse of infinite m. Therefore we can think of square wave as a DC source with voltage

V V (t ) = 0 V0
For n = 0, 2, 4..

for nT < t (n + 1)T for (n + 1)T <t (n + 2)T

Vc [( n + 1)T ] = V0 (1 e T / RC ) + Vc [nT ]e T / RC Vc [(n + 2)T ] = V0 (1 e T / RC ) + Vc [(n + 1)T ]e T / RC

By combining above two equations we get,


Vc [(n + 2)T ] = V0 (1 e T / RC ) 2 + Vc [ nT ]e 2T / RC Putting n = n-2, n-4 ...2, 0 in equation (0) Vc [ nT ] = V0 (1 e T / RC ) 2 + Vc [( n 2)T ]e 2T / RC
T / RC 2 2T / RC

..0

.1

.2 Vc [(n 2)T ] = V0 (1 e ) + Vc [( n 4)T ]e ............... .. Vc [( n 2k + 2)T ] = V0 (1 e T / RC ) 2 + Vc [( n 2k )T ]e 2T / RC .k


Vc [2T ] = V0 (1 e T / RC ) 2 + Vc [0]e 2T / RC

n/2

Multiplying kth equation by e 2 kT / RC and adding


Vc [( n + 2)T ] = V0 (1 e T / RC ) 2 {1 + e 2T / RC + e 4T / RC + ... + e nT / RC } + Vc [0]e ( n + 2)T / RC

(1 eT / RC ) 2 Vc [(n + 2)T ] = V0 (1 e ( n + 2)T / RC ) + Vc [0]e ( n + 2)T / RC 2T / RC (1 e ) For the limit n

(1 e T / RC )2 (1 e2T / RC ) This is the steady-state peak voltage across capacitor. Now, Vc [] = V0 d Vc [] 2e T / RC (1 eT / RC ) 2 = dT V0 RC (1 e2T / RC ) 2 = +ve T > 0 Therefore Vc [] increases with T. Also,

Vc [] = V0 / 2 for T = RC ln 3

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