A REPORT ON

IP OVER WDM
PREPARED BY

Divyaprakash Gohil (06bec027)_ Rahul khunti (06BECO37)

ABSTRACT

Supporting WDM multicasting in an IP over WDM network poses interesting problems because some WDM switches may be incapable of switching an incoming signal to more than one output interface. An approach to WDM multicasting based on wavelength-routing, which constructs a multicast forest for each multicast session so that multicastincapable WDM switches do not need to multicast, was proposed and evaluated in [5]. Such an approach requires global knowledge of the WDM layer. In this paper, we study WDM multicasting in an IP over WDM network using optical burst/packet switching. The Internet is emerging as the new universal telecommunication medium. IP over WDM has been versioned as one of the most attractive architectures for the new Internet. Consequently survivability is a crucial concern in designing IP over WDM networks. This paper presents a survey of the survivability mechanisms for IP over WDM networks. A number of optical layer protection techniques have been discussed. They are examined from the point of view of cost, complexity and application. The case of survivability at multiple layers has been considered. The advantages and issues of multi-layer survivability have been identified. The main stressed idea is that the optical layer should provide fast protection hile the higher layer should provide intelligent restoration. With this idea in mind, a relatively scheme of carrying IP over WDM using MPLS or Multi Protocol Lambda-Switching has been discussed.

REPORT OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION
1. CIRCUIT SWITCHING 2. PACKET SWITCHING 3. IP 4. ATM 5. SONET

6. WDM

IP-over-ATM-over-SONET-over-WDM IP-over-SONET-over-WDM IP-over-WDM

1. OPTICAL BURST SWITCHING 2. OPTICAL PACKET SWITCHING

CONCLUTION

INTRODUCTION
Challenges presented by the exponential growth of the Internet have resulted in the intense demand for broadband services. In satisfying the increasing demand for bandwidth, optical networks and more precisely WDM technologies represent a unique opportunity for their almost unlimited potential bandwidth On the other hand, practically all end-user communication applications today make use of TCP/IP, and it has become clear that IP is going to be the common traffic convergence layer in communication networks. Consequently IP over WDM has been envisioned as the winning combination of the new network architecture.At present, WDM is mostly deployed point-to-point and the current approaches consist in a multi-layered architecture comprising top most IP/MPLS layer over ATM over SONET/SDH over WDM, shown in. An appropriate interface is designed to provide access to the optical network. Multiple higher layer protocols can request light paths to peers connected across the optical network. This architecture has four management layers. One can also use a packet over SONET approach, doing away with the ATM layer, by putting IP/PPP/HDLC into SONET/SDH framing. This architecture has three management layers. The most attractive proposal is the two-layer model, which aims at a tighter integration between IP and optical layers, and offers a series of important advantages over the current multi-layer architecture. The benefits include more flexibility in handling higher capacity networks, better network scalability, more efficient operations and better traffic engineering. MPLS is proposed as the integrating structure between IP and optical layers. MPLS brings two main advantages. First it can be used as a powerful instrument for traffic engineering and second it fits naturally to WDM when labels are wavelengths. An extension of the MPLS has been proposed for IP/WDM integration. This is called the Multi-protocol lambda switching which equates wavelengths to labels.With the introduction of IP in telecommunications networks, there is tremendous focus on reliability and availability of the new IP-WDM hybrid infrastructures. Automated establishment and restoration of end to end paths in such networks require standardized signaling and routing mechanisms. As a result network survivability is a major criteria in comparing the solutions for integrating IP over WDM as well as the main factor in designing and operating these networks. Layering models that facilitate fault restoration are discussed. There are various proposals stating that the optical layer itself should provide restoration/protection capabilities of some form. This will require careful coordination with the mechanisms of the higher layers such as the SONET APS and the IP rerouting strategies. Hold-off timers have been proposed to inhibit higher layers backup mechanisms. Problems can also arise from the high level of multiplexing. The optical fiber links contain a large number of higher layer

flows such as SONET / SDH, IP flows or ATM VCs. Since these have their own mechanisms, a flooding of alarm messages can take place. A better integration between IP and optical will provide opportunities to implement a better fault restoration. Survivability refers to the ability of a network to maintain an acceptable level of service during a network or equipment failure. Mechanisms for survivability can be built at the optical transport layer or at higher network layers such as IP or ATM. The physical layer is 'close' to most of the usual faults that occur, such as a cable cut. Survivability mechanisms in the optical layer involve detecting this and performing a simple switch to divert the traffic through an alternate path. This is called protection . Hence optical layer mechanisms are inherently faster.

1.CIRCUIT SWITCHING
It creates a direct physical connection between two devices such as phones and computers. Mainly used in telecommunication in earlier time. It uses TDM. PROCEDURES (1) Select one physical circuit between A and B by using signaling (2) Sending information using the selected circuit (no other call is used) (3) The circuit is released after communication by signaling DRAWBACKS: Temporary dedicated connection. Due to TDM, One way communication is being established. No concept of message priority.

2.PACKET SWITCHING
Standard switching technology for Computer to Computer communication. Most of the communication protocols such as X.25, TCP/IP, ATM are used. Data is divided into discrete blocks called PACKET It has two types : 1. Datagram approach 2. Virtual Circuit approach PACKET PROCESSING OVERHEAD If a packet passes through K intermediate nodes Received, processed and retransmitted K times. (at each intermediate node) With lot of traffic between two nodes a direct link between two nodes - desirable. Reduces processing overhead. Ideally interconnection topology should change with variation in traffic pattern. Goal - within given resources, maximize the throughput PROCEDURES

(1) A sends a packet with destination address B. The packet will arrive at B by selecting idle circuit. (2) A sends a packet with destination address C. The packet will arrive at C by other circuit. (3) A packet with destination address B will be reached to B again.

3.IP INTERNET PROTOCOL

Its layer of instructions which help in communication network. it also provides rules and regulations in different network like LAN,MAN,INTERNET. Each internet device has its private IP address.

IP ROUTER FUNCTIONALITY Information is encapsulated in IP and forward to next hop based on routing table and destination IP address in packet. Each IP router receive the incoming IP packet, analyses the header and forward to appropriate next hop. Routing table are maintained using distributed algorithm.

4.ATM (ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE)

ATM introduces a concept known as cell networking. Variable size packets make networks very unpredictable, whereas fixed size packets can lead to waste of bandwidth because of excessive padding. The solution adopted by ATM is to allow packets of fixed size only, but to MAKE this fixed size very small so that not much bandwidth is wasted by padding.

Incoming data is chopped every 48 bytes, added a header then an ATM cell is formed. Transmission and switching are conducted by cell basis.

5.SONET(SYNCHORONOUS OPTICAL NETWORK)

The high bandwidth offered by fiber optic cables is very attractive for broadband services and for multiplexing several lower speed transmission technologies onto a single line. But to exploit their bandwidth in backbone networks ,there was for standards in USA American Standards Institute (ANSI) came up with a standard called the synchronous optical network (SONET) whereas in Europe, International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication standardization sector (ITU-T) SONET is a synchronous system network wide synchronization makes the system predictable. This predictability coupled with a powerful frame design, enables multiple digital channels to be multiplexed, there by improving speed and reducing cost. SONET also provides support for the operations, administration, and maintenance(OAM) functions that are required to operate digital transmission facilities. Sonnet has defined hierarchy of signals called the Synchronous Transport Signals(STS). These levels are known as synchronous transport modules(STM).

6.WDM (WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING )

Theoretically fiber has very high bandwidth about 25 THz which is 1000 times of the total bandwidth of radio on planet earth. However end user can achieve only few gigabits per second speed because network is limited to electronic speed. Hence it is extremely difficult to exploit all of the huge bandwidth of a single fiber using a single high capacity wavelength channel due to optical electronic bandwidth mismatch or electronic bottleneck. The recent breakthroughs are the result of : 1. WDM(Wavelength Division Multiolexeng ) 2. EDFA(Erbium Dopped Fiber Amplifier) WDM is conceptually similar to FDM, in which multiple information signal modulate optical signals at different wavelength and the resulting signals are combined and transmitted simultaneously over the same optical fiber. Prisms and diffraction grating can be used to combine(multiplex) or split( demultiplex ) different colour(wavelength) signals. FDM is used to carry many radio channel over the air or several simultaneous TV channels or cables. A WDM optical system using a diffraction grating is completely passive , unlike electrical FDM, and thus is highly reliable. Further, a carrier wave of each WDM optical channel is higher than that of an FDM channel by MILLION time (THz versus MHz) in frequencies.

IP-over-ATM-over-SONET-over-WDM
ATM functionality is added to SONET network elements to improve network bandwidth use and to facilitate the introduction of new service having the inherent benefits of technologies such as quality of system (QoS) support. In this scheme , ip traffic is carried by ATM connection which are multiplexed into SONET connections, which is turned are multiplexed into lightpaths . in other words the ip layer uses ATM connections as a link, and the SONET layer uses lightpaths as a links. Ip packets are transferred over an ATM network consisting of ATM switches inter connected by SONET links. Ip packets are first encapsulated into ATM cells. Each ip packets is encapsulated into an ATM adaptation layer type 5 ( AAL5 ) protocol data unit. It is fragmented into a sequence of 48 byte segments. There are two types of encapsulation mechanism, VC based multiplexing and LLC encapsulation. Virtual circuit based multiplexing allows only one protocol to be carried by single VC. Logical link control encapsulation allows multiple protocol in 1 VC. ATM cells are scrambled before being placed into the SONET payload in order to prevent malicious attacks. Idle ATM cells have to be inserted into SONET payload during the time that ATM cells are not available for transmission.

IP-over-SONET-over-WDM
The ATM 5 byte header introduce additional overhead, which leads to increased bandwidth inefficiency as ip link capacities demands grow to gigabytes. This has led to the idea of eliminating the ATM layer in backbone network. The overhead can be reduced by encapsulating ip packets intp Point to Point protocol packets framed using HDLC like framing, which are then framed using high level data link control and transmitted over SONET , or by encapsulating ip packets into simple data link frames. For this there are two types of methods : 1. IP/PPP/HDLC/SONET 2. IP/SDL/SONET

The disadvantage of using IP over SONET over WDM instead of IP over ATM over SONET over WDM is that no scrambling is recommended for PPP over SONET, while in ATM scrambling is recommended. Scrambling is used to prevent malicious attacks.

IP-over-WDM
The IP packets can be directly mapped to SDL frames and routed over the optical network. This avoids the intermediate SONET layer, resulting in significant overhead savings. Gigabit Ethernets can also be used for direct transport of IP traffic over the WDM optical layer. The gigabit Ethernet has distance limitations (upto 5km.) and hence can be used for WDM MANs covering a small geographical area. Other forms of closer integration of IP and WDM, such as optical burst switching, optical packet switching and MPLS frame work. There are two types of models can be adopted in IP/WDM networks.

OPTICAL BURST SWITCHING

It combines Optical circuit switching and Optical Packet switching. Resources are allocated using one way reservation Sender sends a request. Burst switching does not necessarily require buffering. In a burst switching, the basic switching entity is a burst. A burst is a variable length data message which needs to be sent from an ingress routing node to an egress routing node. Sender sends burst without waiting for an acknowledgement of its reservation request. Switch does preparation for the burst when getting the request. Bursts can have variable lengths. A burst has two components : 1. Control burst (CB) 2. Data burst (DB) The control component of a burst carries the header information. This includes various fields such as the source node address , destination node address and QoS requirements, among others. Thus the control component incurs an overhead , referred to as control overhead. The data component refers to the actual payload.

OPTICAL BURST SWITCHING NODE ARCHITECTURE

An OBS node is built from optical and electronic components besides optical receivers and optical transmitters. The optical component

includes wavelength demux, wavelength mux and an optical switching network. The electronic component include i/p modules (IM), o/p modules (OM),a control burst router(CBRT),and a scheduler. An OBS node with Fin i/p filters , Fout o/p filters each carrying W wavelengths uses Fin number of Wx1 demux, and Fout number of 1xW mux. A node with 2 input filters and two output filters with each fiber carrying three wavelengths is dedicated for CBs. Its called controlled wavelengths. The remaining W-1 wavelengths are used for DB communication . for each of the control wavelengths , an IM and OM are used. First the wavelength aggregate signal arriving on an incoming fiber is demux into W wavelength signals. The CB on the control wavelength is input to the corresponding IM , which converts CB into electronic form by a receiver. The control fields carried by the CB are extracted. The CBRT makes the use of this field to determine the next outgoing fiber for the corresponding DB by consulting a routing table maintained locally and the CB is then scheduled for transmission onto the selected outgoing fiber by the scheduler. This queue is ordered by the arrival time of CBs. The scheduler also reserves bandwidth(wavelength) on the chosen outgoing link for the DB for the duration if its transmission. The CBs then forwarded to the OM , which updates its control fields and transmits it to the selected outgoing fiber using an optical transmitter on the control wavelength.

An optical burst switchin node architecture The corresponding wavelength mux combines the control wavelength with other data wavelength. The scheduler unit sends control signals to OSN to configure switches , so that the incoming DBs will be sent to the chosen wavelength on the outgoing fiber link. If the OSN is equipped with wavelength converters, the outgoing wavelength can be different from the incoming wavelength. The OSN can be a multistage inter connection network of burst switch element using a Benes topology. It has within it a burst storage unit (BSU). If a DB can not be immediately forwarded to the outgoing wavelength channel, a request is made to store it in the BSU for a certain amount if time. If it cant be stored in BSU , the CB is updated to indicate that the burst is deleted. The BSU may be equipped with FDL( fiber delay lines) to store the DB optically. The storage varies with the length of the FDLs.

OPTICAL PACKET SWITCHING

In traditional non WDM IP networks, IP traffic is processed and switched every IP router on a packet by packet basis. An IP packet contains two distinct components, namely, header and payload. The header carries the information required for routing, such as source and destination node IP address. The payload carries the actual data and IP router keeps within it a routing table which maintains the information about the possible outgoing links and their cost for every source destination pair. The status of the outgoing links and routing table information are exchange periodically among the IP routers in order to keep the estimated network connectivity information up to date. An IP router receives a packet and stores it in a electronics buffers. The source and destination IP address are extracted from the packet header. It then consults the routing table to determine the next outgoing link by matching the destination IP address with the entries in the routing table. This operation is known as forwarding. The router then send the packet to the chosen outgoing port for transmission to the next router. this process is known as switching. It is to be noted that both the operation are perform electronically. The OPS node consist of three subblocks : 1. The input interface 2. The optical switching fabric 3. The output interface

A generic optical packet switching node structure. A generic node structure is depicted in fig. At the input interface, the header is extracted from the packet, converted to electronic form, and the payload is optically buffered by using FDL because electronic header processing takes longer when compared to the optical packet switching time. the boundaries of a packet need to be aligned so that packet is aligned with its time slot. An optical synchronizer is used at the input interface for the below process. The optical switching fabric is responsible for switching the payload optically to the output port. It also resolves contention among packets which are directed to the same output port. When packet pass through the switching matrix, they experience some degradation of optical signal to noise ratio and extinction ratio. The regenerator at the output interface does optical regeneration of signals to compensate the above degradation. The header is rewritten and inserted in the packet. The packet again synchronize at the output interface, because different packet may experience different delays while they pass through the switching fabric. Selection of the output port and wavelength and the appropriate control of switches are done electronically.

CONCLUSION
IP over WDM explores the coming together of communication and computer networking technologies: optical fiber using WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) and IP - the Internet Protocol. Fiber optics technology is revolutionizing the telecommunications and networking industries by offering the enormous capacity required to sustain continuous growth of the Internet. Meanwhile, IP is rapidly becoming the dominant network protocol for a global and ubiquitous Internet. In his pioneering text, Kevin Liu demonstrates how to fully exploit the fiber bandwidth capacity by WDM and the universal connectivity offered by IP, by carefully integrating the two technologies and optimising systems to play to their strengths. He presents IP/WDM architectural and internetworking models, discusses network control and traffic engineering and highlights issues specific to IP/WDM networks. Features: Performance studies, simulations and case studies WDM network testbeds and products comparison Standardization initiatives A comprehensive review of optical communications, routing, signalling, and other optical network control and management functions A comprehensive review of IP over WDM networking architectures, IP/WDM internetworking models, and IP/WDM service models Detailed coverage of Internet routing, MPLS/MPlS/GMPLS, IP/WDM network addressing, WDM topology discovery, IP/WDM routing, IP/WDM signalling, and IP/WDM restoration Detailed coverage on Internet and MPLS traffic engineering, and IP/WDM traffic engineering Discussion on IP/WDM group communication, TCP over optical networks, and IP/WDM network applications This detailed and precise presentation of a new paradigm in network engineering will appeal to all telecommunications and computer network engineers designing and building next generation systems as well as graduate students majoring in control and traffic engineering for next generation optical networks. " Current IP over ATM over SONET over WDM network is inefficient and redundant Future IP directly over WDM network Advantages Less latency Automatic provisioning Higher bandwidth utilization

 Challenge of packet directly over WDM network Optical buffer

Optical burst switch is one of the proposed techniques to IP over WDM network

REFERENCE
BOOK : WDM OPTICAL NETWORKS C.Siva Ram Murthy And Mohan Gurusamy TECHNIQUES FOR OPTICAL PACKET SWITCHING H G Perros WEBSITES : WWW.amazon.co.uk www.alcatel.com www.artel.com www.opticaloracle.com