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Biology Notes: Respiration

Cellular respiration releases energy from sugars and other biomolecules in three main steps: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules while generating a small amount of ATP. Aerobic respiration uses the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in mitochondria to extract more energy. In the Krebs cycle, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is converted to acetyl-CoA to enter the cycle. Electrons are passed through the electron transport chain, pumping hydrogen ions out and creating a gradient to power ATP synthase and produce significantly more ATP than glycolysis alone. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in

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253 views2 pages

Biology Notes: Respiration

Cellular respiration releases energy from sugars and other biomolecules in three main steps: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules while generating a small amount of ATP. Aerobic respiration uses the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in mitochondria to extract more energy. In the Krebs cycle, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is converted to acetyl-CoA to enter the cycle. Electrons are passed through the electron transport chain, pumping hydrogen ions out and creating a gradient to power ATP synthase and produce significantly more ATP than glycolysis alone. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in

Uploaded by

Daniel Baluris
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Respiration (151)

1) Respiration - How is energy in sugars (and other biomolecules) released for cellular use? - cellular respiration (basically the reverse of PS) - there are three basic steps to respiration a) Glycolysis b) Krebs cycle c) Electron transport chain 2) Glycolysis - What happens in glycolysis? - takes place in the cytoplasm - a series of enzymatic steps - glucose is first converted into fructose bisphosphate (FBP) at the expense of 2 ATP - this is then split into 2 3-carbon molecules (3GP), each of which is eventually converted into pyruvate - these steps also generate 4 ATP (net 2) and 2 NADH - for some organisms, ATP from glycolysis alone is enough to exist on - however, they need to regenerate the NAD+ to keep glycolysis going (otherwise that step is limited by NAD+ supply) - respiration that doesnt use oxygen is called anaerobic respiration - the process of regenerating NAD+ is called fermentation - the two major types of fermentation produce either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol 3) Aerobic Respiration - How can we get more energy out of our glucose molecule? - the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain in the mitochondria (aerobic respiration) - mitochondria also have an internal membrane called the cristae - pyruvate can enter the mitochondria, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA - acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle, a series of enzymatic conversions - the carbon from the acetyl-CoA molecules is released in the form of CO2 - several steps pass e- on to NADH and FADH2 - e from these molecules can be passed on to an electron transport chain, similar to photosynthesis

- components reside in the inner membrane - process of passing e- pumps H+ into the outer space - gradient flow of H+ back in powers ATP generation via ATP synthase - O2 is the terminal e- acceptor - frees the chain to continue flowing - fermentation doesnt use O2, so it anaerobic - C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + energy (opposite of photosynthesis)

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