Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Benjamin Zores
ABS 2012 13th February 2012 Redwood Shores, SF Bay, CA, USA

1 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

About Me
ALCATEL LUCENT

SOFTWARE ARCHITECT Expert and Evangelist on Open Source Software. 9y experience on various multimedia/network embedded devices design. From low-level BSP integration to global applicative software architecture.

PROJECT FOUNDER, LEADER AND/OR CONTRIBUTOR FOR:

OPEN SOURCE

OpenBricks GeeXboX Enna uShare MPlayer

Embedded Linux cross-build framework. Embedded multimedia HTPC distribution. EFL Media Center. UPnP A/V and DLNA Media Server. Linux media player application.

FORMER ELC EDITIONS SPEAKER

EMBEDDED LINUX CONFERENCE

ELC 2010 ELC-E 2010 ELC-E 2011

GeeXboX Enna: Embedded Media Center. State of Multimedia in 2010 Embedded Linux Devices. Linux Optimization Techniques: How Not to Be Slow ?

2 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

My Experience

Expert in Linux Embedded Systems and Cross-Build Systems.

Used to work on various embedded arch and Vendors:
- x86 (AMD Geode, Intel Tolapai and CE4xxx). - PowerPC (Freescale 6xx, e300 and e500 cores). - MIPS 64 (Cavium Octeon CN52xx). - ARM:
- XScale (Intel PXA 250). - ARM 9 (Marvell Orion and Kirkwood). - ARM 11 (Broadcom Bcmring). - Cortex-A8 (TI OMAP 3 and Freescale i.MX5x). - Cortex-A9 (TI OMAP 4, Freescale i.MX6 and nVidia Tegra2).

Newbie in Android though learning more about it every day ...

3 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

My Android Bibles

4 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Work Context

Designing an Enterprise Desktop IP Phone. Differs heavily from usual Android devices:
- Always connected, no battery - No GSM/CDMA Phone/Modem - Always docked - No screen rotation - No accelerometer - No GPS - => Not a Smartphone

5 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Goals
- Ensure Google device certification.
- Provide Android MarketPlace support. - Provide Android applications compatibility.

Ice Cream Sandwich Device Compatibility Guidelines

- Provide access to Google services (GMail, Calendar ...).

Key Requirements
- Memory: - Storage: - Display: - Graphics: Minimum of 512 MB. Minimum of 2 GB. Minimum resolution of 460x320. Hardware 2D/3D engine is more than recommended.

- DO NOT modify Google APIs and framework. - Android "Telephony" refers to 3G/CDMA, hence IP-Phones are NOT considered as Android phones.
6 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Google

Which Android Sources to Start With ?

- Up-to-date reference but limited devices support (reference design only).
- https://android.googlesource.com/platform/manifest

Linaro
- Most integrated with wide hardware support. - git://android.git.linaro.org/platform/manifest.git

Cyanogen Mod
- Most features but mostly used for tuning already released commercial products. - https://github.com/cyanogenmod

Vendor BSP
- Potentially outdated but best support for a given platform/SoC.

Well base our example on TI OMAP4 Pandaboard-derived board based on Linaro sources.
7 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Linaro Android Added-Value

Extra Packages:

- x264, ffmpeg, powertop, ARM DS-5 Gator Profiler, U-Boot, Linux Kernel, BusyBox

Optimized Packages:
- Dalvik, IPSec, libvpx, libpng, libjpeg-turbo, OpenSSL, GCC Toolchain

Proprietary-Open Firmwares (BT, WiFi ...)

More hardware devices support than stock Google ICS:

- TI Pandaboard - TI BeagleBoard - Freescale i.MX53 - ST Snowball - Samsung Origen
8 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

AOSP Custom Device HowTo

Mandatory vendorsetup.sh: add_lunch_combo my_device-eng Mandatory Android.mk:

Create your own device/my_company/my_device directory with complete product description.

LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir) include $(call all-makefiles-under,$(LOCAL_PATH)) Mandatory AndroidProducts.mk:

PRODUCT_MAKEFILES := $(LOCAL_DIR)/my_device_name.mk
Mandatory my_device_name.mk: $(call inherit-product, $(SRC_TARGET_DIR)/product/full_base.mk) $(call inherit-product, device/my_company/common/common.mk) $(call inherit-product, device/my_company/my_device/device.mk) PRODUCT_BRAND PRODUCT_DEVICE PRODUCT_NAME := my_device_brand := my_device_name := my_device_name
9 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

AOSP Custom Device HowTo

Mandatory device.mk:

PRODUCT_COPY_FILES += device/my_company/my_device/init.rc:root/init.rc PRODUCT_PACKAGES += audio.primary.omap4 PRODUCT_PROPERTY_OVERRIDES += hwui.render_dirty_regions=false PRODUCT_CHARACTERISTICS := tablet,nosdcard PRODUCT_TAGS += dalvik.gc.type-precise $(call inherit-product, frameworks/base/build/tablet-dalvik-heap.mk) $(call inherit-product-if-exists, device/ti/proprietary-open/install-binaries.mk)

Mandatory BoardConfig.mk (product-specific compile-time definitions):

- See build/core/product.mk for a list of nice-to-know build options. - # Platform TARGET_BOARD_PLATFORM := omap4

10 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

AOSP Custom Device HowTo

# Target and compiler options

TARGET_CPU_ABI TARGET_CPU_ABI2 TARGET_CPU_SMP

# Enable NEON feature

:= armeabi-v7a := armeabi := true

TARGET_ARCH_VARIANT := armv7-a-neon ARCH_ARM_HAVE_TLS_REGISTER := true TARGET_EXTRA_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option,"-march=armv7-a -mtune=cortex-a9", $(call cc-option,"-march=armv7-a -mtune=cortex-a8")) # Filesystem and partitioning

BOARD_SYSTEMIMAGE_PARTITION_SIZE BOARD_USERDATAIMAGE_PARTITION_SIZE BOARD_CACHEIMAGE_PARTITION_SIZE BOARD_CACHEIMAGE_FILE_SYSTEM_TYPE BOARD_FLASH_BLOCK_SIZE TARGET_USERIMAGES_USE_EXT4 TARGET_USERIMAGES_SPARSE_EXT_DISABLED

# System TARGET_NO_RECOVERY TARGET_PROVIDES_INIT_RC

:= := := := := := :=

256M 512M 256M ext4 4096 true true

:= true := true

11 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

AOSP Custom Device HowTo

Configuration Overlay
- In device.mk: DEVICE_PACKAGE_OVERLAYS

:= device/my_company/my_device/overlay

- Create a device/my_company/my_device/overlay directory with same depth and files you want to overwrite. e.g:
- frameworks/base/core/res/res/values/config.xml - frameworks/base/core/res/res/values/dimens.xml - frameworks/base/core/res/res/xml/storage_list.xml

12 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Bootloader

Google provides one in bootable/bootloader/legacy. But usually replaced by U-Boot with Fastboot protocol support. Can be either out of AOSP sources or integrated.

In BoardConfig.mk:
- TARGET_USE_XLOADER XLOADER_CONFIG TARGET_NO_BOOTLOADER TARGET_USE_UBOOT UBOOT_CONFIG := := := := := false omap4430panda_config true # Uses u-boot instead true omap4_panda_config

13 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Linux Kernel Androidisms

Kernel Androidisms:

- Ashmem, shared memory allocator. - Binder IPC and RMI system. - Pmem, process memory allocator. - Logger, system logging facility. - Wakelocks, power management and suspend. - Low Memory Killer, OOM Tuning.

- Alarm Timers.
- Paranoid Network Security. - Timed GPIO. - RAM Console.

See http://elinux.org/Android_Kernel_Features for more details.

14 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Linux Kernel Drivers Policy

Usually no drivers built as modules:
- No udev.
- Smaller disk footprint. - Faster to load up.

- Kernel is built for a static hardware configuration.

Except for proprietary drivers (usually) or those requiring firmware (e.g. WiFi). Can be added to Android FS separately as for firmwares. In BoardConfig.mk: BOARD_KERNEL_BASE BOARD_KERNEL_CMDLINE TARGET_NO_KERNEL KERNEL_CONFIG := 0x80000000 := := false := android_omap4_defconfig

Hint: Develop and debug raw drivers on Linux OS, not Android.
15 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Bionic C Library
- Non POSIX.

Small footprint BSD-licensed C library with the following weirdness:

- No support for locales. - No support for wide chars (i.e. multi-byte characters). - Comes with its own smallish implementation of pthreads based on Linux futexes - C++ exceptions are not supported. - pthread cancellation is NOT supported. - Several functions are just stubs (i.e. runtime weirdness may happen). - Non standard /etc config files:
- Dynamic user/groups management (no pam, group, passwd or shadow) - No fstab - No SysV init.
16 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

System Properties and Settings Databases

In-memory Bionic System Properties management
- Array of volatile property=value fields. - Can be get/set through getprop/setprop shell commands as well as Java API. - No documentation on existing properties. - Anyone can add his own custom properties.

More persistent configuration settings are available in SQLite databases:

- e.g: /data/data/com.android.providers.settings/database/settings.db - See secure and system tables.

17 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Android Init

Proprietary init language based on rules and conditions. Able to spawn services and restart them on failures through signals and sockets. Initialization Steps:
- Creates basic filesystem (/dev, /proc, /sys) and mounts it.

- Parses /init.rc
- Parses /init.${hw_name}.rc based on kernel command-line or /proc/cpuinfo - Build exec queues - Start triggers and associated actions and services.
- e.g. "early-init", "init", "early-fs", "fs", "post-fs", "early-boot", "boot"

18 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Android Init Language

Actions:

- Named sequences of commands queued and executed upon events/triggers.

- Syntax: on <trigger> <command> <command> ...

Triggers:
- Strings which can be used to match certain kinds of events and used to cause an action to occur.

Services:
- Programs which init launches and (optionally) restarts when they exit.

- Syntax: service <name> <pathname> [ <argument> ]* <option> <option> ...

Options:
- Modifiers to services. They affect how and when init runs the service.

Commands:
- Android proprietary built-in commands.

19 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Android Init Options

Option Syntax
critical

Description
This is a device-critical service. If it exits more than four times in four minutes, the device will reboot into recovery mode. This service will not automatically start with its class. It must be explicitly started by name. Set the environment variable <name> to <value> in the launched process. Create a unix domain socket named /dev/socket/<name> and pass its fd to the launched process. Change to groupname before exec'ing this service. Do not restart the service when it exits. Specify a class name for the service. All services in a named class may be started or stopped together Execute a Command when service restarts. Set service priority and scheduling class. Output logs on console. Trigger service through keycode in /dev/keychord

disabled

setenv <name> <value>

socket <name> <type> <perm> [ <user> [ <group> ] ]

group <groupname> [ <groupname> ]* oneshot class <name> onrestart ioprio <rt|be|idle> <ioprio 0-7> console capability <keycode>

20 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Android Init Triggers

boot

- This is the first trigger that will occur when init starts (after /init.rc is loaded)

<name>=<value>
- Triggers of this form occur when the property <name> is set to the specific value <value>.

device-added-<path>

device-removed-<path>
- Triggers of these forms occur when a device node is added or removed.

service-exited-<name>
- Triggers of this form occur when the specified service exits.

21 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Android Init Commands

Command Syntax
exec <path> [ <argument> ]* export <name> <value> ifup <interface> hostname <name> chdir <directory> chmod <octal-mode> <path> chown <owner> <group> <path> chroot <directory> class_start <serviceclass> class_stop <serviceclass> class_reset <serviceclass> domainname <name> insmod <path> mkdir <path> [mode] [owner] [group] mount <type> <device> <dir> [ <mountoption> ]*

Description
Fork and execute a program (<path>). This will block until the program completes. Set the environment variable <name> equal to <value> in the global environment. Bring the network interface <interface> online. Set the host name. Change working directory. Change file access permissions. Change file owner and group. Change process root directory. Start all services of the specified class if they are not already running. Stop all services of the specified class if they are currently running. Reset a class. Set the domain name. Install the module at <path> Create a directory at <path>, optionally with the given mode, owner, and group. Attempt to mount the named device at the directory <dir>

22 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Android Init Commands

Command Syntax
setprop <name> <value> setrlimit <resource> <cur> <max> start <service> stop <service> restart <service> symlink <target> <path> sysclktz <mins_west_of_gmt> trigger <event> write <path> <string> [ <string> ]* rm <path> rmdir <path> wait <file> copy <src> <dest> loglevel <level> load_persist_props

Description
Set system property <name> to <value>. Set the rlimit for a resource. Start a service running if it is not already running. Stop a service from running if it is currently running. Restart a service from running if it is currently running. Create a symbolic link at <path> with the value <target> Set the system clock base (0 if system clock ticks in GMT) Trigger an event. Used to queue an action from another action. Open the file at <path> and write one or more strings to it. Removes a file. Removes a directory. Wait for file to exist or timeout to be reached. Copy from source to dest. Set kernel log level. Load properties from files in /data/property
23 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

uEventd

Somehow replaces udevd from desktop Linux. Used to set user/group/permissions on /dev nodes. Steps:
- Parses /ueventd.rc - Parses /ueventd.${hw_name}.rc based on kernel command-line or /proc/cpuinfo. - Set nodes permissions.

24 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Hardware Abstraction Library

HAL Library for some HW Components (see hardware/libhardware):

- Audio (Configuration, Mixing, Routing, Streaming, Echo Cancellation, FX ...). - Framebuffer (Configuration, Composition, Display). - GFX Allocator (GPU Memory Buffer Management). - GFX HW Composer (Surface Composition and Transformation). - Camera (Facing, Orientation, Buffer Management, Pictures, Recording ...).

- WiFi (AP/STA/P2P Configuration and Firmware Support).

- GPS (Configuration, Location Data Acquisition). - Lights (Backlight and LEDS control). - Sensors (Accelerometer/Pressure/Proximity/Gravity/... Controls). - NFC

25 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Hardware Abstraction Library

- MUST match board-specific plugin name

Series of dynamically loaded plugin (.so files):

- See APIs in hardware/libhardware/include/hardware - Default/dummy implementation provided in AOSP (hardware/libhardware/modules) - MUST be fully implemented by device vendor. - Can be closed-source.

For each HAL class module plugins are checked:

- based on system properties values in the following order:
- ro.hardware
- ro.product.board - ro.board.platform - ro.arch

- in the following directories order:

- /vendor/lib/hw - /system/lib/hw

26 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

LCD Display

Kernel Board Config:

- Disable HDMI device:
- static struct omap_dss_device *omap4_panda_dss_devices[] = { &omap4_panda_hdmi_device, + &omap4_panda_lcd_device, };

- Use DPI-LCD as primary video device:

- static struct omap_dss_board_info omap4_panda_dss_data = { .num_devices = ARRAY_SIZE(omap4_panda_dss_devices), .devices = omap4_panda_dss_devices, .default_device = &omap4_panda_lcd_device, };

- Match custom DPI-LCD panel driver name:

- static struct panel_generic_dpi_data omap4_lcd_panel = { .name = "my_dpi_lcd_panel", .platform_enable = omap4_panda_enable_lcd, .platform_disable = omap4_panda_disable_lcd, };
- struct omap_dss_device omap4_panda_lcd_device = { .type = OMAP_DISPLAY_TYPE_DPI, .name = "lcd", .driver_name = "generic_dpi_panel", .data = &omap4_lcd_panel, .channel = OMAP_DSS_CHANNEL_LCD2, };

27 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

LCD Display

DPI-LCD panel driver config:

- Hack drivers/video/omap2/displays/panel-generic-dpi.c:
- static struct panel_config generic_dpi_panels[] = { [...] /* My custom DPI-LCD Panel */ { .x_res = 800, .y_res = 480, .pixel_clock = REFRESH_RATE * 1056 * 525 / 1000, [], .config = OMAP_DSS_LCD_IVS | OMAP_DSS_LCD_IHS, .power_on_delay = 102, .power_off_delay = 100, .name = "my_dpi_lcd_panel", }, [] };

28 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Orientation and Docked Tablet

Force Tablet Mode (120dpi)

- LCD 800x480 WVGA 7 (1.667 aspect ratio) => 133 dpi => Phone Mode. - In BoardConfig.mk:
PRODUCT_PROPERTY_OVERRIDES PRODUCT_CHARACTERISTICS += ro.sf.lcd_density=120 := tablet

Forced Landscape Orientation

- In frameworks/base/core/res/res/values/config.xml:
<bool name="config_allowAllRotations">false</bool> <integer name="config_deskDockKeepsScreenOn">1</integer> <bool name="config_deskDockEnablesAccelerometer">false</bool>
29 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

2D/3D GPU

Force HW GPU Usage

- In BoardConfig.mk:
- BOARD_EGL_CFG - BOARD_USES_HGL - BOARD_USES_OVERLAY - USE_OPENGL_RENDERER := device/my_company/my_device/egl.cfg := true := true := true

Deploy (in /vendor) vendor-provided binary blobs of:

- Gralloc HAL Moduler
- OpenGL|ES 1.x and 2.x libraries.

Optionally force OpenGL|ES libs version detection.

- In BoardConfig.mk:
- PRODUCT_PROPERTY_OVERRIDES += ro.opengles.version=131072 - => Makes AngryBirds happy ... and so are we !

30 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Input Subsystem

See http://source.android.com/tech/input/overview.html Many changes occurred with Android 4.0

31 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Input Key Layout Files

Maps Linux key and axis codes to Android key and axis codes.
Required for all internal (built-in) input devices that have keys, including special keys such as volume, power and headset media keys. Location:
- Located by USB vendor, product (and optionally version) id or by input device name. - The following paths are consulted in order: /system/usr/keylayout/Vendor_XXXX_Product_XXXX_Version_XXXX.kl /system/usr/keylayout/Vendor_XXXX_Product_XXXX.kl /system/usr/keylayout/DEVICE_NAME.kl /system/usr/keylayout/Generic.kl /data/system/devices/keylayout/Vendor_XXXX_Product_XXXX_Version_XXXX.kl /data/system/devices/keylayout/Vendor_XXXX_Product_XXXX.kl /data/system/devices/keylayout/DEVICE_NAME.kl /data/system/devices/keylayout/Generic.kl

32 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Input Key Layout Files

Syntax:

- key - Linux scan code number - Android key code name - [policy flags]

- key 1 key 114 key 16

ESCAPE VOLUME_DOWN Q

WAKE VIRTUAL

WAKE

Policy flags:
- WAKE|WAKE_DROPPED:
The key should wake the device when it is asleep.

- SHIFT: - CAPS_LOCK: - ALT: - ALT_GR: - FUNCTION: - VIRTUAL:

The key should be interpreted as if the SHIFT key were also pressed. The key should be interpreted as if the CAPS LOCK key were also pressed. The key should be interpreted as if the ALT key were also pressed. The key should be interpreted as if the RIGHT ALT key were also pressed. The key should be interpreted as if the FUNCTION key were also pressed. The key is a virtual soft key that is adjacent to the main touch screen.

33 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Input Device Configuration Files

Contains device-specific configuration properties that affect the behavior of input devices. Optional for standard peripherals such as HID keyboard and mouse. Mandatory for built-in embedded devices such as touch screens. Location:
- Located by USB vendor, product (and optionally version) id or by input device name.

- The following paths are consulted in order:

/system/usr/idc/Vendor_XXXX_Product_XXXX_Version_XXXX.idc /system/usr/idc/Vendor_XXXX_Product_XXXX.idc /system/usr/idc/DEVICE_NAME.idc /data/system/devices/idc/Vendor_XXXX_Product_XXXX_Version_XXXX.idc /data/system/devices/idc/Vendor_XXXX_Product_XXXX.idc /data/system/devices/idc/DEVICE_NAME.idc

34 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

I2C Touchscreen

Driver needs to calculate correct position relative to screen.

- Android does not do interpolation like X.Org xf86-input-evdev driver would do.

Kernel I2C Board Config:

- Pin Multiplexing:
- /* TS IRQ - GPIO 48 */ OMAP4_MUX(GPMC_A24, OMAP_MUX_MODE3 | OMAP_PIN_INPUT);

- I2C Device Registration:

- struct cy8ctmg110_pdata omap_panda_ts_data __initdata = { .irq_pin = GPIO_TS_IRQ, }; static struct i2c_board_info __initdata panda_i2c_cy8ctmg110[] = { I2C_BOARD_INFO("cy8ctmg110", 0x20), .platform_data = &omap_panda_ts_data, }; omap_register_i2c_bus(2, 100, panda_i2c_cy8ctmg110, ARRAY_SIZE(panda_i2c_cy8ctmg110));

35 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

I2C Touchscreen Driver

- input_dev->name = "cy8ctmg110";

Initialization (driver name MUST match .idc filename):

input_dev->evbit[0] input_dev->keybit[BIT_WORD(BTN_TOUCH)] input_dev->absbit[ABS_X] input_dev->absbit[ABS_Y] input_dev->absbit[ABS_PRESSURE] = BIT(EV_SYN) | BIT(EV_KEY) | BIT(EV_ABS); = BIT_MASK(BTN_TOUCH); = BIT(ABS_X); = BIT(ABS_Y); = BIT(ABS_PRESSURE);

input_set_abs_params(input_dev, ABS_X, min_x, max_x, 0, 0); input_set_abs_params(input_dev, ABS_Y, min_y, max_y, 0, 0); input_set_abs_params(input_dev, ABS_PRESSURE, 0, 1, 0, 0);

Touch Press Events:

- static void ts_press_on(struct input_dev *input, int x, int y) { input_report_abs(input, ABS_X, x); input_report_abs(input, ABS_Y, y); input_report_abs(input, ABS_PRESSURE, 1); input_report_key(input, BTN_TOUCH, 1); input_sync(input); }

Touch Release Events:

- static void ts_press_off(struct input_dev *input, int x, int y) { input_report_abs(input, ABS_PRESSURE, 0); input_report_key(input, BTN_TOUCH, 0); input_sync(input); }
36 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Touchscreen Device Configuration File

Add cy8ctmg110.idc to system:
- In device.mk, add:
- PRODUCT_COPY_FILES += device/my_company/my_device/cy8ctmg110.idc:system/usr/idc/cy8ctmg110.idc

Example of cy8ctmg110.idc:
- # Basic Parameters touch.deviceType = touchScreen touch.orientationAware = 0 # Size touch.size.calibration = none # Orientation touch.pressure.calibration = none
37 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Storage Subsystem

Overlay storage configuration file:

- See frameworks/base/core/res/res/xml/storage_list.xml:
- <storage android:mountPoint="/mnt/sdcard" android:storageDescription="@string/storage_internal" android:primary="true" android:removable="false" android:emulated="true" android:mtpReserve="100" />

Edit list of mount points:

- See device/my_company/my_device/vold.fstab:
- dev_mount sdcard /mnt/sdcard 6 /devices/platform/omap/omap_hsmmc.0/mmc_host/mmc0

38 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Audio Subsystem
In BoardConfig.mk:

- BOARD_USES_GENERIC_AUDIO #BOARD_USES_ALSA_AUDIO BUILD_WITH_ALSA_UTILS

:= false := false := false

MUST implement Audio HAL

- See hardware/libhardware/modules/audio for example. - MUST declare as AUDIO_HARDWARE_MODULE_ID. - MUST implement audio HAL API; see hardware/libhardware/include/hardware/audio.h. - Implements audio in/out, volume get/set, mute get/set, gain get/set, list and configure all supported in/out devices, open/close input/output streams, configure mixer and router, add/remove audio effects (e.g. Automatic Gain Control and Acoustic Echo Cancellation). - MUST link against TinyALSA (new in ICS). - To be implemented in: device/my_company/my_device/audio/audio_hw.c - MUST be declared in LOCAL_MODULE as "audio.primary.${ro.product.board}"
- e.g. : audio.primary.omap4

See http://goo.gl/zPFQ8 for example.

39 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Network & Connectivity

Low-level kernel drivers work just like a charm up to Linux user-space. For Java apps connectivity, each connection type must register a specific ConnectivityManager and associated ConnectivityService that handles device configuration, packet routing and HTTP(S) proxy settings.
40 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Network & Connectivity

Overlay some resources in frameworks/base/core/res/res/values/config.xml:

- <!-- Used by the connectivity manager to decide which networks can coexist --> <string-array translatable="false" name="networkAttributes"> <item>"wifi,1,1,1,-1,true"</item> <item>"bluetooth,7,7,0,-1,true"</item> <item>"ethernet,9,9,2,-1,true"</item> </string-array> <string-array translatable="false" name="radioAttributes"> <item>"1,1"</item> <item>"7,1"</item> <item>"9,1"</item> </string-array>

41 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Ethernet Connectivity

Ethernet connection type exists in ICS API. But with no ConnectivityManager or ConnectivityService implementation.
- => Can't be configured nor used easily through regular Java apps (with exception to the Web Browser). - Experimental ECM patch has been integrated in Linaro ICS.
- Allow low-level device configuration and settings. - Uses Persistent Secure Settings SQLite database. - Doesn't register with ConnectivityManager (i.e "No Internet Connection" symptom). - Doesn't provide HTTP(S) proxy support.
- => To be implemented !! :-(

42 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

WiFi Connectivity

Obviously requires kernel drivers + potentially associated firmware blobs.

Station Mode:
- In BoardConfig.mk:
- WIFI_DRIVER_MODULE_PATH WIFI_DRIVER_MODULE_NAME WIFI_DRIVER_FW_PATH_STA WIFI_FIRMWARE_LOADER := "/system/modules/wl12xx_sdio.ko" := "wl12xx_sdio" := "/system/etc/firmware/wl1271-fw.bin" :=

- Add WiFi hardware permission, in device.mk:

- PRODUCT_COPY_FILES += frameworks/base/data/etc/android.hardware.wifi.xml:system/etc/permissions/android.hardware.wifi.xml

- HAL driver in hardware/libhardware_legacy/wifi.

- Default implementation should be sufficient in most cases. - Loads/unloads kernel drivers, loads up firmware and register UNIX socket connection to WPA supplicant for further control. - Used by JNI Java framework.
43 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

WiFi Connectivity

Access Point Mode:

- In BoardConfig.mk:
- WIFI_DRIVER_FW_PATH_AP BOARD_WPA_SUPPLICANT_DRIVER WPA_SUPPLICANT_VERSION BOARD_WPA_SUPPLICANT_PRIVATE_LIB := := := := "/system/etc/firmware/wl1271-fw-ap.bin WEXT VER_0_8_X private_lib_driver_cmd

- See external/wpa_supplicant_8/private_lib. - In init.rc:

- service wpa_supplicant /system/bin/wpa_supplicant -Dwext -iwlan0 dd socket wpa_wlan0 dgram 660 wifi wifi disabled oneshot

- In wpa_supplicant.conf (both for AP and STA):

- ctrl_interface=DIR=/data/system/wpa_supplicant GROUP=wifi update_config=1 ap_scan=1

44 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Bluetooth

Obviously requires kernel drivers + potentially associated firmware blobs. In BoardConfig.mk:

- BOARD_HAVE_BLUETOOTH := true

Add Bluetooth hardware permission, in /system/etc/permissions/

- <feature name="android.hardware.bluetooth" />

May requires support in audio HAL for BT A2DP support. libbluedroid implements enables/disables BT interface and creates HCI socket through rfkill (see system/bluetooth/bluedroid).
45 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Multimedia Subsystem
In media_profiles.xml:

- XML file that lists audio/video/image encoder/decoder capabilities.

- <!-- If a codec is not enabled, it is invisible to the applications. In other words, the applications won't be able to use the codec or query the capabilities of the codec at all if it is disabled --> <VideoEncoderCap name="h264" enabled="true" minBitRate="64000" maxBitRate="3000000" minFrameWidth="176" maxFrameWidth="800" minFrameHeight="144" maxFrameHeight="480" minFrameRate="1" maxFrameRate="30" /> - No checks on decoder capabilities so far.

OpenMAX components enablement in BoardConfig.mk:

- HARDWARE_OMX ifdef HARDWARE_OMX OMX_VENDOR OMX_VENDOR_WRAPPER BOARD_OPENCORE_LIBRARIES BOARD_OPENCORE_FLAGS endif := true
:= := := := ti TI_OMX_Wrapper libOMX_Core -DHARDWARE_OMX=1

- OMX implementation and StageFright integration really comes as a dedicated talk.

46 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

No-Battery Trick

Partial trick for Android to believe its running on power supply (at least on main UI).
- Add new system setting in device.mk:
- PRODUCT_PROPERTY_OVERRIDES += hw.nobattery=true

- Hack on frameworks/base/services/java/com/android/server/BatteryService.java
- String hwNoBatteryStr = SystemProperties.get("hw.nobattery"); boolean hwNoBattery = Boolean.parseBoolean(hwNoBatteryStr); if (!hwNoBattery) mPowerSupplyObserver.startObserving("SUBSYSTEM=power_supply"); private void stubUpdate() { // Hardcode values. We could read them from properties mAcOnline = true; mUsbOnline = false; mBatteryPresent = true; mBatteryLevel = 100; mBatteryVoltage = 4700; mBatteryTemperature = 80; mBatteryStatus = BatteryManager.BATTERY_STATUS_FULL; mPlugType = BatteryManager.BATTERY_PLUGGED_AC; } private synchronized final void update() { if (hwNoBattery) stubUpdate(); else { native_update(); processValues(); } }
47 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Phone

Overload some resources in frameworks/base/core/res/res/values/config.xml:

- <!-- This device is not "voice capable"; it's data-only. --> <bool name="config_voice_capable">false</bool> <!-- This device does not allow sms service. --> <bool name="config_sms_capable">false</bool>

<!-- Enables SIP on any network interface --> <bool name="config_sip_wifi_only">false</bool>

<!-- Enables built-in SIP phone capability --> <bool name="config_built_in_sip_phone">true</bool>

48 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

What's More ?

More devices to be supported and described

- Modem / RIL - Camera - GPS - Sensors (Accelerometer ) - HW OpenMAX Multimedia Encoders/Decoders

But that's really another story ... for another day ;-)

49 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Android Device Porting Walkthrough

Thanks

Thank You

50 COPYRIGHT 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.