Problem:: R R R R - 1V 10V 50V 100V
Problem:: R R R R - 1V 10V 50V 100V
A 1 mA meter movement with an internal resistance of 50ohms is to be used in a 0-1 V, 0-10V, 0-50V, 0-100V ranges in the arrangement shown below. Find the value of the required multiplier resistances.
R1 R2 R3 R4 Im Rm 50V 10V 100V S 1V DC Input, Vin
Problem:
In the circuit shown below, the voltage across 25kohm is to be measured by a voltmeter with sensitivity of 1 k ohms/V. Find the percentage error in the measurement.
50 Kohms
75 V
25 Kohms
Problem: Design a series ohmmeter with following specification Half-scale deflection resistance is 2500ohm Battery voltage is 3V Meter with internal resistance of 50 ohm and Ifsd 1mA Find the change in the value of R2 and half-scale deflection resistance if the battery voltage reduce by A R1 10%
I2 Rm I R2 E B Rx
Scale
To calculate R1 and R2 ( By Half Deflection Method) Let Rh = Half deflection resistance. For this value of Rx, I = Ifsd/2. At half deflection
E Ih = 2 R
R2 Rm Rh = R 1 + R2 + Rm E , I2 = It - Ifsd , It = Rh
I
R2 =
fsd
RmRh
fsd
E I
Rh
I
R1 = Rh -
fsd
Rm Rh E
Shunt Type
R1 It E S Im Rm Ish Rsh B
A Ix Rx
To calculate R1 and Rsh (Half Deflection Method) Let Rh = Half deflection resistance. For this value of Rx, Im = Ifsd/2. At half deflection Ix = Ish + Im , Ix =
Em Im Rm = Rh Rh ( R
m
R Rh
I m Rm Rsh = I sh
R1 = (E ImRm)/It
Multimeter
Decibel Scale
Audio frequency signals are expressed in dB It is log scale Human ear perceives changes in amplitude on log basis --- Making measurements on dB scale reflects audibility more accurately dB= 10 log (P1/P2) dB= 20 log (V1/V2)
Decibel Scale
Denominator variable is stated reference For power based measurements reference impedance must be specified---- 600ohm in audio & 50ohm in microwave circuits High impedance VMs are calibrated in dB for voltage required to reach 1mW in the reference impedance (0.775V-600 ohm)
Calibration
Rheostat
Ammeter
Standard Instrument
Voltmeter
Standard Resistor
Standard M Instrument
AC Analog Meters
RMS reading Peak reading Peak to peak reading True RMS reading
I +Ip 0 2 3 t
Ip = Iav =
Vp RS + Rm
I
p
= 0.318 Ip
AC voltmeters are marked in the root mean square (rms) value of the pure sinusoidal input voltage, which is 0.707 of the peak voltage.
To calculate Rs
0 .707 Vrms = 0.707 Vp = 0.707 Ip (RS + Rm) = Iav (RS + Rm) 0 .318
V rms RS = 0.45 - Rm I av
Problems in the circuit In the negative half cycle of the input, reverse current flows in the circuit, thereby reducing the overall average value of the current. The meter reads low. In the reverse direction, diode may breakdown due to large reverse voltage.
Problem:
A 50A meter movement with an internal resistance of 50ohm is to be used in a 0-50 rms range in the arrangement shown below. Find the value of the required multiplier Ideal resistance.
A RS Im Rm Diode
D2
Rm
B Reverse current protection for both Diodes No reverse current through meter due to Diode D2
V fsd I fsd
0 . 45 Sac = I fsd
Sdc =
1 I fsd
Rsh
Rm
- (RD+ Rsh||Rm)
Sac =
2 I fsd
Vs Vs +Vp 3 t Iav =
D2
D4
IR +Ip
0 -Vp
0
2I
p
2 3
Vrms RS = 0.9 - Rm I av
Sac=
= 0.636 Ip
0 .9
I fsd
Form Factor =
0.707Vp (2 / ) Vp
= 1.11
+Vp -Vp
0
+Vp -Vp
0
2 t
Vi C R Vout
+Vp
Vf
2 t
Vi C Vout
+Vp t
Ideally, right hand side should be unity. For small values of T/RC, we can write
Vf Vp
= e T / RC 1 T/RC = accuracy
For a 99% accurate peak detector RC = 100 T = 100/f For a 95% accurate peak detector RC = 20 T = 20/f
+Vp -Vp
0
2 t
t -2Vp
Negative DC clamping
Vout = Vi - Vp Used for signals whose positive and negative cycles are not equal.
+Vp 0 -Vp 2 t
+2Vp
+2Vp