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Peak Reading Voltmeter: +Vp +Vp +Vp Vp π 2 π ωt Vp π 2 π ωt ωt +Vp

The document describes various types of analog meters used to measure voltage, current and resistance. It discusses peak, average and RMS responding meters. It explains the working of different meter movements like PMMC and moving coil. Electronic analog meters overcome limitations of conventional meters through signal conditioning circuits, amplifiers and multiplier resistors. Thermal and sampling converters are used in true RMS responding ac voltmeters. Four-wire sensing improves resistance measurement accuracy. Digital meters offer flexibility through internal signal processing and digital displays.

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Abhinav Gupta
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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60 views

Peak Reading Voltmeter: +Vp +Vp +Vp Vp π 2 π ωt Vp π 2 π ωt ωt +Vp

The document describes various types of analog meters used to measure voltage, current and resistance. It discusses peak, average and RMS responding meters. It explains the working of different meter movements like PMMC and moving coil. Electronic analog meters overcome limitations of conventional meters through signal conditioning circuits, amplifiers and multiplier resistors. Thermal and sampling converters are used in true RMS responding ac voltmeters. Four-wire sensing improves resistance measurement accuracy. Digital meters offer flexibility through internal signal processing and digital displays.

Uploaded by

Abhinav Gupta
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PeakIdeal Reading Voltmeter

Diode Vi Vout

+Vp Vp -Vp Vp
0 Vi

Ideal Diode Vout

+Vp -Vp
0

2 t

Vi C R Vout

+Vp
Vf

2 t

Vi C Vout

+Vp t

Relationship between frequency, R and C


Vf = Vp W can define We d fi accuracy as Ideally, it should be unity.
For small values of T/RC, we can write

e-T/RC

Vout

+Vp
Vf

Vp

Vf Vp

= e T / RC 1 T/RC = accuracy

For a 99% accurate peak detector RC = 100 T = 100/f peak detector For a 95% accurate p RC = 20 T = 20/f

Vf

Effect of source and diode resistance


Ideal Diode Vi C R Vout

For a capacitor to charge 99% of Vp R should be greater than 100 Rs For a capacitor to charge 95% of Vp R should be greater than 20 Rs

Peak to Peak Reading Voltmeter


Vp Vi 0 R Vout Vi Vout C

+Vp -Vp
0

2 t

t -2Vp

Negative DC clamping
Vout = Vi - Vp Used for signals whose positive and negative cycles are not equal.

Peak to Peak Reading Voltmeter


A Positive Clamper Positive Peak Detector DC Voltmeter

+Vp 0 -Vp 2 t

+2Vp

+2Vp

Reading Assignment

Other Meter Movements


Electrodynamic y Meter Movement Moving Iron Meter Movement

ELECTRONIC ANALOG METERS

The voltmeters, ammeters and multimeters discussed earlier are rugged but suffer from following disadvantages: Low sensitivity Low input impedance
Example: A meter specified as a 100 , 50 A PMMC with the sensitivity of 20 K/V. Power absorbed by this movement (0.25 W) may also be quite large for many electronic circuits.

Electronic Analog g DC Voltmeter

A DC Input Input Switching and Range Selection Amplifier B Multiplier Resistor PMMC Movement

Typical Switching and Amplifier Gain Selection Circuit

R1

S1 100 K S2

S3

OPAMP


S5 R4

X1

90 K

R2 9.9 M

DC Voltage I t Vin Input,

S4

X10

S6 R5 S7 R6

9 K

R3 100 K

X100

1 K B

Ranges: 10mV

100mV

1V

100V

Typical Switching and Amplifier Gain Selection Circuit

R1

S1 100 K S2

S3

OPAMP


S5 R4

X1

90 K

R2 9.9 M

DC Voltage Input, Vin

S4

X10

S6 R5 S7 R6

9 K

R3 100 K

X100

1 K B

Ranges: 10mV

100mV

1V

100V

Typical Switching and Amplifier Gain Selection Circuit

R1

S1 100 K S2

S3

OPAMP


S5 R4

X1

90 K

R2 9.9 M

DC Voltage Input Vin Input, i

S4

X10

S6 R5

9 K

R3 100 K S7

X100

R6 1 K B

Ranges: 100mV

Typical Switching and Amplifier Gain Selection Circuit

R1

S1 100 K S2

S3

OPAMP


S5 X1 R4

90 K

9 9 M R2 9.9

DC Voltage p , Vin Input,

S4

X10

S6 R5

9 K

R3 100 K S7

X100

R6 1 K B

Ranges: 1V

Typical Switching and Amplifier Gain Selection Circuit

R1

S1 100 K S2

S3

OPAMP


S5 R4

X1

90 K

9 9 M R2 9.9

DC Voltage p , Vin Input,

S4

X10

S6 R5 S7 R6

9 K

R3 100 K

X100

1 K B

Ranges:

100V

Electronic Analog DC Ammeter


Iin El Electronic i Analog A l Voltmeter

RS

Vin i

For pico ampere range:


RF

Iin

OPAMP

Vin

Electronic Analog Voltmeter

Electronic Analog AC Voltmeter


Two types:
General purpose Electronic Analog Voltmeter True rms Electronic Analog ac Voltmeter ac

General purpose Electronic Analog AC Voltmeter

Rectifier Based AC Voltmeter


A

AC Input Input pu Switching and Range Selection Ampli fier Rectif ier
B Multiplier Resistor

PMMC Movement

The scale is calibrated in terms of RMS value of a pure sine i wave.

True RMS AC Voltmeter


Thermal ac ac-to-dc to dc converters Peak and Averaging ac ac-to-dc to dc converters Analog ac ac-to-dc to dc con converters erters Digital Di it l sampling li

RMS: Root-Mean-Square
1
1.733 v 1.414 v 1v 1v

Waveform Vpeak Vrms

Sine 1.414 1

Square 1 1

Triangle 1.733 1

DC Vpeak p 1 Vrms 1

All = 1 WATT

* All the following voltage waveforms have the

same RMS value and indicate 1.000 VAC on an rms meter: * An AC voltage with a given RMS value has the same heating (power) effect as a DC voltage with that same value.

True RMS AC Voltmeter


Power delivered to the heater by any source is given by : P = Vrms2/Rheater
Heater Vt

The heat so generated is measured by a thermocouple which generates a voltage proportional to the temperature of the junction. Vt = f(P) = f(Vrms2/Rheater) = K Vrms2 where K is the constant of proportionality and depends upon the distance between the heater and thermocouple and on the material used in the heater and the thermocouple

Thermocouple based ac-to-dc converters


Measuring Thermocouple Hea AC Input, Vrms ter DC Amplifier Vo Multiplier Resistor PMMC Movement Balancing Thermocouple V2 Feedback Current

V1

Heater

Linearization by Balancing Thermocouple

Thermocouple based ac-to-dc converters


Measuring Thermocouple Hea AC Input, Vrms ter DC Amplifier Vo Multiplier Resistor PMMC Movement Balancing Thermocouple V2 F db k Feedback Current

V1

Heater

Vo = A(V1 V2)
V1 V2 = Vo/A 0 Or Or Or V1 V2 K Vrms2 K Vo2 Vrms Vo for large A

Thermal IC based ac-to-dc converters

The disadvantages g of the thermal approach pp are cost and lack of flexibility in trading off measurement speed with low-frequency accuracy. For these reasons, the technique is not used in the latest-generation DMMs.

Electronic Analog g AC Ammeter Shunt type arrangement similar to the DC current measurement is used in these meters. meters Electronic Analog Ohmmeter
Unknown Resistor, RU
I

Voltmeter
Vin

Ohmmeter

Two-Wire Sensing
Rlead

I V

RU

Rlead

Four-Wire Sensing (Kelvin Sensing Technique)


Rlead

Z Zero current

I V

Sense Lead Rlead

Source Lead RU Source Lead Rlead

Very high I/P i impedance d

Sense Lead

Rlead

The only disadvantage is in multi-channel systems, it requires twice as many switches and twice as many wires as the two-wire two wire technique.

Electronic Analog Multimeter Similar to a non-electronic multimeter, electronic multimeter also includes the circuits, with a common movement for the measurement of multirange AC and movement, DC voltages and currents and the measurement of resistance. es s a ce.

Device Testing g
Device testing facility is offered by many multimeter manufacturers.

Problem 1.16: A basic ohmmeter circuit is shown below. below Assume a meter movement with 500A full-scale deflection current and 2K internal resistance. The unknown resistance is connected across terminals XX. Calculate the value of Vdc and R so that half-scale deflection reading corresponds to 75 . Consider the op-amp as ideal.
Vdc 100 X R X
PMMC Movement OPAMP

Problem 1.19: For the waveform given, will a meter designed to read sinusoidal read high or low?
5V

T/2

Time

Problem 1.20: 1 20: Design a switching and amplifier gain i circuit i it for f an electronics l t i analog l d dc voltmeter using FETs and an op-amp. The i input t ranges of f the th voltmeter lt t should h ld be b 10mV, 100mV, 1V and 10V. The input resistance it of f the th voltmeter lt t should h ld be b 10M

DIGITAL METERS

Block Diagram
AC Attenuator AC Converter Digital Processing Digital Display

HI (+) Amp Input

AC DC Ohm
Ohm Converter DC Attenuator

AC DC Ohm

A/D Converter

Output Ports (GPIB, RS 232)

Precision Shunts

Precision Reference

LO (-)

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