Bibliography

Discovery of the X-ray: The Turning Point in History for Seeing Inside the Body

Primary Sources Books Simmons, John. "Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen." Doctors and Discoveries: Lives That Created Today's Medicine. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002. 100-04. Print. This book discusses Dr. Roentgen's personal and professional life and how he discovered the X-ray. It gave me an overview of his life including his many accomplishments and it also gave the history of the X-ray in great detail. This was my best source because it gave me numerous specific details about his life which were useful for the biographical section of my website, and included so much useful information about the X-ray. Scholarly Articles Roentgen, Wilhelm C., Dr. "Dr. Roentgen Continues the Investigation." The X-ray Century. Emory University, n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2013. This is the 2nd part of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgens paper. This article, translated from German to English, explained how the X-ray works, and his thoughts on the X-ray. This part of the article describes how he discovered how X-ray radiation causes air to become electrically conductive, and described in detail various experiments he conducted with the X-ray. This information helped me understand how Roentgen used the X-ray when he first invented it.

Roentgen, Wilhelm C., Dr. On a New Kind of Ray, A Preliminary Communication. Diss. Emory University, 1896. Atlanta: Department of Radiology, 1896. Print. In this article Roentgen was translated from German to English. It explained how the X-ray works, and his thoughts on the X-ray. It describes how he invented the X-ray by accident, what he had done with the X-ray so far, and he described in detail various experiments he conducted with the X-ray. This information helped me understand how Roentgen viewed the X-ray when he first invented it. Websites "The Franklin Institute Awards - Laureate Search." The Franklin Institute Awards - Laureate Search. The Franklin Institute, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2013. This website is from the Franklin Institute. This organization is the source of the Elliott Cresson Medal. I learned this medal was awarded to Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1897. This institute awarded this medal for the discovery of the X-ray. ""Matteucci" Medal." "Matteucci" Medal. Italian Society of Sciences, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2013. This website is from the Italian Society of Sciences. This organization is the source of the Matteucci Medal. I learned this medal was awarded to Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1896. This institute awarded this medal for the discovery of the X-ray. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901." The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2013. This website is from the Nobel Prize. It is the source of the Nobel Prize started by Alfred Nobel. I learned this medal was awarded to Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1901. This was the first year it was awarded for physics. This institute awarded this medal for the discovery of the X-ray.

"Welcome to the Royal Society." The Royal Society. The Royal Society, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2013. This website is from the Royal Society. This organization is the source of the Rumford Medal. I learned this medal was awarded to Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1896. This institute awarded this medal for the discovery of the X-ray. Newspapers "The Rontgen Discovery." The New-York Times [New York] 29 Jan. 1896: 9. Print. This New York Times article was published in January of 1896 when Roetgens discovery had just come to global attention and announces the discovery to the Times reader base. It explains what the invention can do, how it does it, and takes a more in depth look at the technology X-rays use, such as crookes tubes. This article was valuable to my research because it gave me insights into how the world first viewed the X-ray.

Secondary Sources

Interviews Cowgill, Terry, DDS. Personal interview. 6 Apr. 2013. In this personal interview I conducted, Dr. Cowgill discussed how he uses the X-ray in his practice. This helped me with my research by giving me insight on how he uses the X-ray in diagnosing and treating patients, the minimal amount of radiation used, and he showed me my baby teeth on X-ray. Fischer, Gary A., PT, DC. Personal interview. 16 Feb. 2013. In this personal interview I conducted, Dr. Fischer discussed how he uses the X-ray in his practice. This helped me with my research by giving me insights to how he uses the Xray in diagnosing and treating patients. Foss, Richard, OD. Personal interview. 3 Apr. 2013. In this personal interview I conducted, Dr. Foss discussed what he looks for in his patients eyes. He explains that he looks for change and that change is not good. This helped me with my research by showing me what an optometrist looks for inside his patients eyes. Hurley, Chris, Optician. "Cirrus HD-OCT 3D View." Personal interview. 3 Apr. 2013. In this personal interview I conducted, Chris Hurley discussed how Cirrus HD-OCT 3D and Optimap imaging works. He explained how it helps diagnose eye issues. This helped me with my research by discussing different problems in the eye.

Newspapers "Amazing X-rays." Weird News. Huffington Post, n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. This article shows an amazing X-ray image of 3 inch nails in a mans head. It explains how this accident happened and that he medically survived. This helped me with my topic because the X-ray image shows exactly where the nails are in his head. Without the X-ray there was a less chance that he would have survived. Scholarly Articles Bassett, Mike. "X-ray Technique Enables Early Detection of Pulmonary Disease." FierceMedicalImaging. N.p., 29 Oct. 2012. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. This article talks about how the X-ray used with a special technique can help find pulmonary disease earlier than other methods of detection. Because the X-rays used with this technique can detect this disease earlier than other methods, it has the ability to save many lives. This article was very useful to my research on how the X-ray has advanced medicine by being able to detect ailments in the body more quickly than more invasive methods that require surgery. Donaldson, Rene, and Kirk, Bill. Beam Line. Vol. 25. Stanford, CA: Center, 1990. Print. This article talks about the early history of the X-ray and it went into great detail about Roentgen and other developers of the X-rays that followed his research in the early years. It explained how Professor Roentgen accidently discovered X-rays. This source included a lot of information found in some of my other sources, but was useful because it gave a few details about the X-ray discovery not found in my other sources.

Donaldson, Rene. "Beam Line." A Periodical of Partical Physics 25.2 (1995): 10-24S. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Web. 14 Feb. 13. This article talked about more advanced use of radiation and the X-ray. It talks about the early history of the X-ray, and the advancements of the X-ray. This helped me with my project because it showed the history and advancements of the X-ray. Magazine Chadbourne, Robert. D. "The Evolution of the X-ray." Rhdmag.com. N.p., 2013. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <www.rhdmag.com/articles/print/volume-19/issue2/feature/the>. This article talks about dental X-rays and how they are used. It talks about dentists that use this technology, and how it helps with their work. This article helped me with my project because it showed why dentists like the X-ray and how they use it. Film/Video Dursi, Lance. "Ultrasound at 18 Weeks, Surprise! Its Twins!" YouTube. YouTube, 27 July 2008. Web. 05 Mar. 2013. This video shows an ultrasound of two babies. It shows a couple finding out that theyre having twins. Earlier they used a stethoscope to listen for heartbeats and they only heard one heartbeat. This was useful to my research by showing that ultrasound is more accurate than a regular stethoscope. Nationwide Childrens. "Experience the MRI Process (no Sedation)." YouTube. YouTube, 27 Apr. 2012. Web. 05 Mar. 2013. This video describes the MRI. It shows how doctors use it and why they use it to locate and cure medical problems. This article helped me with my project by showing how the MRI works.

Reedy, Ben. "Ben's Open Heart Surgery at Nationwide Children's." YouTube. YouTube, 07 Mar. 2008. Web. 05 Mar. 2013. This video shows how they will be using the CT scan on Ben to help improve his life. It also shows how they can use 3D images in the computer from the CT scanner to accurately plan out the procedure. This helped me with my project by showing how they use the CT scan in a real life situation. "My X Ray Swallows." YouTube. Spladgum, 11 Sept. 2009. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. Websites Bellis, Mary. "X-ray." About.com Inventors. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2013. <www.inventors.about.com/od/xyzstartinventions/a/X-ray.htm>. This website talked about Roentgen discovering the X-ray. It also discusses the early history of the X-ray, and how the X-ray works. It also talks about Roentgens life, and how he discovered the X-ray. This helped me with my topic by showing background information on Roentgen and more detail on how he discovered the X-ray. "Bone X-ray (Radiography)." Bone X-ray. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?PG=bonerad>. This article talks about common uses of the X-ray. It discusses what the X-ray is used on and why its efficient. This article helped me with my research because it showed what the X-ray can be used on.

"Chest X-ray." HeartHealthyWomen.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2013. <www.hearthealthywomen.org/tests-diagnosis/index-tests/chest>. This article talks about who can benefit from a chest X-ray. It explains why women might need a chest X-ray and how it will affect them. This helped me with my research because it shows another reason the X-ray may be used. Clark, Brian. "The Advantages of X-rays." EHow. Demand Media, 12 Mar. 2010. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.ehow.com/list_6069240_advantages-x_rays.html>. This article talks about current uses and medicine before the X-ray. It talks about how the X-ray is used in the medical field, and the procedures doctors would have to do to find the health problem before the X-ray. This helped me with my research by providing me information on how the X-ray is used. Cluett, Jonathon, M.D. "X-ray of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Feet." X-ray of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Feet. N.p., 8 Sept. 2005. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.myhealth.alberta.ca/health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=zm6062>. This article shows an X-ray of rheumatoid arthritis in the feet. It talks about how they used X-ray to find the rheumatoid arthritis and how they find it on the X-ray image. This helped me with my project by showing how they use X-ray for other medical problems, other than bone fractures.

"Diagnosis of Mesothelioma with X-rays." Mesothelioma News. N.p., 17 Aug. 2013. Web. 2 Feb. 2013. <www.mesoblog.org/blog/diagnosis-mesothelimia-xrays/>. This article talks about using X-rays to detect cancer. It talks about how X-rays help find mesothelioma cancer, but X-rays dont help that much because the tumor must be big for the X-ray to detect it. This helped me with my research because it shows a negative side of the X-ray, and an area they could improve on the X-ray. "The Electromagnet Spectrum." Nasa.com. Nasa, n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2013. <www.science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/xrays.htm>. This website article shows the electromagnetic spectrum and where the X-ray fits in, and also explained how this inspired more scientists to find discoveries in the radiation field. It explained that X-rays have smaller wave lengths, which means more energy. This website article helped me understand how people reacted to, and the general interest in, the X-ray. Harris, Tom. "How X-rays Work." How Stuff Works. How Stuff Works, n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.howstuffworks.com/X-ray.htm>. This article talks about how X-rays work. It discusses the use of X-rays and how they were discovered. This helped me with my research by giving me more information on the physical side of the X-ray.

Hickinson, Melissa, Dr. "X-rays." Netdoctor. N.p., 25 July 2012. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/examinations/X-ray.htm>. This article talks about the discovery of the X-ray and the discoveries that followed immediately after. It talks about the early years of the X-ray and how the X-ray progressed, and if X-ray radiation is dangerous to our health. This helped me with my research because it talked about the early history of the X-ray and if it can be dangerous. "History of Medical Diagnosis and Diagnostic Imaging." Imaginis.com. Www.imaginis.com, n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2013. This article talks about the medical use of X-ray and early history of the X-ray. It also talks about the medical advancements such as the image intensifier. This helped me with my research because it showed medical advancements and other inventions inspired by the X-ray. "Imagine The Universe! Home Page." Imagine The Universe! Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. This article explains how X-rays have been used by scientists to study space, by inventing X-ray telescopes. It talks about how and why they are used to investigate space in a way conventional telescopes cannot. This helped me with my project by giving me another example of how X-rays are used beyond medicine.

":: Medical Discovery News ::." :: Medical Discovery News ::. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.medicaldiscoverynews.com/shows/xray.html>. This article talked about medicine before the X-ray and the discovery of the X-ray. It shows what doctors would do for medical treatment before the X-ray, and discusses the history of the X-ray. This helped my research by letting me compare medical treatment from before the X-ray was invented, to after. Ninomiya, Kent. "What Does an X-ray Show?" EHow. Demand Media, 02 Dec. 2008. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. This article shows the current medical use of the X-ray, how it works and the history of the X-ray. It shows how X-rays are very useful but limited in technology. This helped me in my research by giving me positive and negative information about the X-ray. "Radiology History." Radiology Schools. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.radiologyschools.com/radiology-history.html>. The article shows radiology colleges and also talks about the history of the X-ray. It shows what theyre about and the different programs that they offer and also discusses the history of the X-ray. This helped me with my research by showing examples of how and where you can study radiology and become successful in that area, and informing me more about the X-ray.

"Read What Your Physician Is Reading on Medscape." EMedicineHealth. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.emedicinehealth.com/understanding_X-rays/article_em.htm>. This article deals with whether or not X-rays are safe. It explains that X-rays today are relatively safe due to the minimal amount and time of radiation used, but in the early years, the X-ray wasnt safe because scientists did not know that X-rays were potentially harmful and used X-rays with long exposure times. This article was useful to my research because it helped me understand how X-rays have become safer through technological advances. "Roentgen's Discovery of the X-ray." Roentgen's Discovery of the X-ray. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.bl.uk./learning/artimages/bodies/xray/roentgen.html>. This article explained how Roentgen invented/discovered the X-ray and it included his biography. Like many of the other sources on the discovery it explained the general time frame of the discovery of X-rays and their implementation. This source was very helpful to my project because it gave me additional biographical information on Roentgen. Sampson, James. "Why Are Dental X-rays Important." SampsonDentristy. N.p., 3 Nov. 2011. Web. 2 Feb. 2013. <SampsonDentristy.com/news/why-are-dental-X-rays important>. This article talks about the use of dental X-ray and the advancements in the X-ray have made the radiation time much less. It compares how much radiation a U.S resident receives for one year compared to one X-ray and how safe it is. This helped me with my project by showing how safe X-rays really are as a medical tool.

Schutte, Bart. "'medical-X-rayp3995236350X-ray' | Scoop.it." Scoop.it. N.p., 20 Jan. 2013. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.scoop.it/medical-X-ray/p/3995236350/X-ray>. This article talks about the X-ray's current use and the difference between X-ray and gamma ray. It discusses how X-rays are used and what they are used on. This helped with my project by giving me information on how the X-ray is used and defines gamma and X-ray radiation. Shields, Brenton. "The History of the X-ray Machine." EHow. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2013. <www.eHow.com/about_5368638_history-ray-machine.htm>. This article explains how the Crooks tube and the X-ray machine was invented. It went into detail about how other scientists improved the use of the X-rays with using Crooks tubes. This source gave me useful details on how the X-ray developed in the early years. "Shoe-Fitting Fluoroscope." Shoe-Fitting Fluoroscope. Oak Ridge Associated Universities, 20 Apr. 2010. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. This article talks about a non-medical use of the X-ray in the earlier years of its invention. It explained how X-rays were used between 1930s -1950s in the shoe industry as a sales gimmick to show customers how their foot fit in a particular shoe. This was a very interesting source because it showed how X-rays were once used to increase sales of a product and exposed the public to a lot of X-rays needlessly because the dangers of Xray exposure were not fully known.

Spinal X-ray." WebMD. WebMD, 01 Mar. 2011. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. This article explains how X-rays work, focusing specifically on the spine, and it also discusses what X-rays are used for. It describes what parts of the body the X-ray can be used for and also different diseases. This helped me with my research by giving me information on what the X-ray can be used for and why they use it. Staff, Mayo Clinic. "CT Scan." Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 23 Mar. 2012. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/ctscan/MY00309/METHOD=print>. This website page defines what a CT scan is, and it also tells why CT scans are done. It gives an explanation on how CT scanners work, and it also lists several areas that can be viewed with a CT scanners and diseases associated with each of these areas. This helped me with my research by showing how CT scans work and why its done. Swallow, Erica. "Scannners." Mashable. N.p., 17 Nov. 2011. Web. 20 Apr. 2013. This article talks about the benefit and concern of being exposed to X-ray at airport security. This article helped me by showing me x-ray security works and concerns for radiation for travelers. "Topic 1: Medical Diagnostic Imaging." Essay on Medical Diagnostic Imaging. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.starfighter.acornarcade.com/mysite/articles/aiessay.htm>. This website article talks about how the X-ray was invented. The article explained how X-ray images, CT scans, MRIs, and software work. It also explained advantages and disadvantages of the X-ray. The article also informed me on what the X-ray will be like in the future and what improvements could be made to it. This article helped me with my topic because I could not find a lot of articles that discussed the future of X-rays.

Tyson, Jeff. "How Airport Security Works." How Stuff Works. Discovery, n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. This article talks about how they use X-rays for airport security and how its the first line of defense when it comes to airport security. It also explains that orange items are organic and green items are metal. This helped me with my research because it shows how X-rays can be used outside of the medical field. "Why Xrays Are Necessary for Treating Fractures." Www.niteowlurgentcare.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2013. <www.niteowlurgentcare.com/CommonQuestions/XRayandMi>. This article talks about different types of bone fractures and how the X-ray helps cure them. It talks about the different types of fractures that the X-ray would be taking pictures of. This helped me with my research because it shows what the X-ray can be used. "The X-ray Diagnosis of Bone Tumors." Radiology. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2013. <www.radiology.rsna.org/content/9/6/453>. This article talks about the difficulty of seeing tumors on X-ray. It talks about the struggle of trying to get a tumor to show up on X-ray. This helped me with my research by giving me negative information about the X-ray.

"X-ray Technology Today." Spectroscopy. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 July 13. <www.spectroscopyonline.com/spectroscopy/article/articledetail>. This website article explains how the electromagnetic spectrum that X-rays come from operates to create images and it also gives biographical information on Roentgen and his discovery. It details how X-rays pass through the body and operate with it to produce images useful in medicine, further the article includes lots of useful information about how Roentgen won the first Nobel Prize in physics. This was a useful article because it informed me about Roentgen and the electromagnetic spectrum. "X-rays." - ABTA. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.abta.org/understanding-braintumors/diagnosis/X-rays.html>. This website article showed how X-rays are used for different types of diagnosis with a special focus on brain tumors. The article explains in detail how X-rays travel through the body to create images, and also explains what X-rays are used for. This article helped me in my understanding of X-rays by informing me how X-rays work and more precisely what theyre used for. "Xrays." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.dictionary.reference.com/browse/xrays>. This site gave me the official definition of X-ray to use in my research. It gave me a base definition of what X-ray means.

Image Sources Fischer, Daniel J. X-ray 3. 2013. Photograph. Chiropractic & Physical Therapy, Onalaska, Wisconsin. I used this photograph to show an X-ray. Fischer, Daniel J. X-ray 4. 2013. Photograph. Chiropractic & Physical Therapy, Onalaska, Wisconsin. I used this photograph to show an X-ray. Fischer, Daniel J. X-ray 5. 2013. Photograph. Chiropractic & Physical Therapy, Onalaska, Wisconsin. I used this photograph to show an X-ray. Fischer, Daniel J. Lumbar X-ray Example. 2013. Photograph. Chiropractic & Physical Therapy, Onalaska, Fischer, Daniel J. X-ray 3. 2013. Photograph. Chiropractic& Physical Therapy, Onalaska,Wisconsin. I used this photograph to show an X-ray. Fischer, Daniel J. X-ray 4. 2013. Photograph. Chiropractic & Physical Therapy, Onalaska,Wisconsin. I used this photograph to show an X-ray. Fischer, Daniel J. X-ray 5. 2013. Photograph. Chiropractic & Physical Therapy, Onalaska, Wisconsin. I used this photograph to show an X-ray. Fischer, Daniel J. Lumbar X-ray Example. 2013. Photograph. Chiropractic & Physical Therapy, Onalaska,Wisconsin. I used this photograph to show an X-ray of scoliosis.

Fischer, Daniel J. X-ray Photos. 2009. Photograph. Chiropractic & Physical Therapy, Onalaska, WI. I used this photograph to show example of an X-ray image. Fischer, Daniel J. X-ray 2. 2013. Photograph. Chiropractic & Physical Therapy, Onalaska, Wisconsin. I used this photograph to show example of an X-ray image. Fischer, Daniel J. X-ray Machine. 2013. Photograph. Chiropractic & Physical Therapy, Onalaska, Wisconsin. I used this photograph to show an X-ray machine. What Do You See When You Look through the Pedascope? Digital image. Telemachus Unedited. Telemachus Unedited, 6 Dec. 2011. Web. 6 Apr. 2013. <http://telemachusunedited.wordpress.com/tag/pedascope/>. I used this photograph to show example short term use of X-ray. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Digital image. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Goddard Space Flight Center, 18 Oct. 2007. Web. 6 Apr. 2013. <http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/people/Wilhelm_Roentgen.html>. I used this digital image to show picture of Roentgen. . First X-ray 1896. Digital image. First X-ray. World's Famous Photos, 2013. Web. 6 Apr. 2013. <http://www.worldsfamousphotos.com/2007/03/28/first-X-ray-1896/>. I used this digital image to show picture to show a picture of Roentgens wifes hand. Biting It at Using a Nail Gun! Digital image. Bitingit .com. Bitingit, 2009. Web. 6 Apr. 2013. <http://bitingit.com/tag/gun/>. I used this digital image to show X-ray of nails in head.

Tyson, Jeff, and Ed Grabianowski. Suitcase X-ray. Digital image. How Airport Security Works. How Stuff Works, 2013. Web. 04 Apr. 2013. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/airport-security4.htm>. I used this digital image to show an example of airport security. Hakim, Zahi, M.D. Early X-ray tube. Digital image. Early Basic Type Crookes Tube. Sept. 2011. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. <http://home.comcast.net/~znhakim/web6/GasDischargeTubes/EarlyCrookesTube.htm>. I used this digital image to show an early X-ray tube.

Commemorative Stamp Images Albania. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show an Albania stamp honoring Roentgen. Antigua & Barbado. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show an Antigua & Barbado stamp honoring Roentgen. Carribean. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show a Carribean stamp honoring Roentgen. Central African Republic. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show a Central African Republic stamp honoring Roentgen. Cuba. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show a Cuba stamp honoring Roentgen. Czech Republic. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show a Czech Republic stamp honoring Roentgen. East Germany. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show an East Germany stamp honoring Roentgen. Egypt. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show an Egypt stamp honoring Roentgen. The Free City of Danzig. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show a Free City of Danzig stamp honoring Roentgen. Germany. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show a German stamp honoring Roentgen. Grenada. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show a Grenada stamp honoring Roentgen.

India. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show an India stamp honoring Roentgen. Korea. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show a Korea stamp honoring Roentgen. Mexico. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show a Mexico stamp honoring Roentgen. Monaco. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show a Monaco stamp honoring Roentgen. Nicaragua. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show a Nicaragua stamp honoring Roentgen. Republic of Guinea. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show 3 Republic of Guinea stamps honoring Roentgen. Sierra Leone. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013 I used this digital image to show a Sierra Leone stamp honoring Roentgen.. Spain. Digital image. Physics Related Stamps. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2013. I used this digital image to show a Spain stamp honoring Roentgen.