'LuaCf~ OE

=l&7au1n&A

ni#w%~v

I%IS~<

prefix, suffix t&nas~&punihiu~

L7lU 9s root -Wi!;e = = = wise unwise wisdom

prefix unwise -suffix -wisdom -

228

b.

root prefix

settan foresettan onsettan

= = = = =
= =

to set to set before to set on joy joy1 ess greed

greedy

n.

root suffix root suffix

wynn wynnleas
gSd grZdig

d.

e. giest + hUs (guest) + (house) morgen + steorra (morning) + (star) n. stZop + cild (step) + (child) .f. treow + wyrm (tree) + (worm)

giesthrjs (guesthouse) morgensteorra (morningstar)

stgopc i I d

kl.

(stepchild) trewwyrm (treeworm or caterpillar = ~7~3, +3)

229

II LI I I ,,nua~~"~un"ld~u~"nlwla~~~?~,Md~"lnttn lumi~~n$amlaulrflJ

1-h

~iihwuw?u5~nqw
OE apostol(a-au

muiwi

tihaPiMWMMdIKIU7~~iUiau7LLa~ni-rBnui

t-in4

apostolus) = apostle

OE demon (a-8~ daem6n) = devil OE papa OE sci?l OE ymen

(~53~ (X~J

papa) = pope schola) = school hymnus) = hymn

(a-flu

230

frustrate, individual, minor,

genius,

gesture,

history,

include,

incredible,

index,

inferior,

interrupt, nervous,

legal,

lunatic, polite,

mechanical, popular,

moderate,

necessary,

picture,

prevent, private, project, promote, quiet, reject, rational, script, scrutiny, temperate, solitary, submit, subordinate, substitute, summary,

temporal LLB:: zenith rn'lu"~~lnnlula-8u~~$l~~::~~"?~~~~~CiU

ngnu7o WM; ~~a3no7+-63rn;

Latin

sacramentum

ME sacramente ME deske ME nervous -

(sacrament) (desk) (nervous)

Latin desca Latin nervosus

dmu

ME rm$ir~M~na~lnn7u7RIinum"rurquu,iiu

egg WOW& eggs

OE sweostor (sister) ME (early) suster

9 0: 0 *

w70:L~e~nn~w-~wT~~

trlaluafffr~

FE iT~~~-z~~5tu-1~

00,000

pli

*1

Lm-

ME parlement (parliament), ME tresor (treasure), ME

due (duke),

PI serjeaunt (serqeant), VE .juge (judge), ME tragedye (tragedy), ME stirgien (surgeon), NE diner (dinner), ME ? a zG:RnaGim~n religioun (religion) beef, mutton,

LIN:W?&

7 $L f+,~JT'!-,BIMX

II I OE Md17uy~ra-r LCA~~FI~

veal, pork wtxi OC &o<rR n"a OX, sheep, calf

232

authority,

assembly,

alliance,

adjourn,

baron,

crown,

constable, count, countess, court, council, duke, duchess, empire, exile, governor, homage, liberty, madame, mistress. marquis, mayor, mifiister, mashal, majesty, noble, nobility, office, peasant,

public, paliament, prince, princess, royal, rebel, revenue, slave, servant, sovereign, scepter, squire, sir, tyrant, treaty, tax, traitor, treasure

*1

luaaYut%3~Ari%&$n~ uar ~ih$n~4i)umumimm~~Ch~~~-~ua~~u~u~u b3iFhi#lh97nn7a-3&3

adore, convent, baptism, convert,

IPra~ur~ou~,FCu7Kurr~wu71~~,n
confession, clergy,

abbay, clerk, hermit,

absolution, cardinal, immortality, pity,

charity, confess,

divine,damnation,

nl)lstery, miracle, mercy, ordain, obedience,

prayer,

passion,

preach, pray, repent, reverend, religion, sermon, savior, saint, salvation, virtue. solemn, sacrifice, trinity, theology, vicar, virgin,

*1 rrn~kmi king, queen, lord, lady ua:: earl UF&N 7 q:t6

233

arrest, award, acquit, arson, adultery, attorney, advocate, accuse, bail, blame, bonds, banish, complaint, condemn, convict, decree, defendant estate, executor, evidence, fine, forfeit, heir, heritage, paron, innocent, imprison, inidictment, judge, jury, judgement,

petition, plea, plaintiff, proof, punishment, prison, pledge,

property, ransom, suit, summons, sentence, seize, tenant, trespass, verdict, warrant

captain, defense, defend, enemy, guard, lieutenant, peace, retreat, siege, spy, soldier, sergeant, vanquish ~~lrr~r~atruni5~1~ini7ttaf:~t~~i -. 'Lual3b8w;innau3uqu (&win v)lJ r%Ll "iC(wv;p;a~~~~4uYlUll~~~7\l~u~u;la\l~\l~u amethyst, apparel, beaver, boots, blue, brown, button, brooch, cloak, coat, collar, crystal, coral, diamond, embroidery, ermine, emerald, fur, gown, garnet, garment, habit, ivory, kerchief, lace, mitten, pearl, petticoat, ruby, robe, satin, sapphire, sable, scarlet, turquoise, topaz, veil
tsU7li~ua~~u) u"rn~~u

tih~&~~An~~-r~

234

W7nzlU6udylnfll~l~~~

rnm~'l~"i&&-l&u LJa~a1n1SlLa~

LdOUndlJ

appetite, almonds, biscuit, beef, bacon, boil, cream, cherry, dinner, date, feast, fry, grape, gravy, herb, jelly, lemon, lettuce, loin, mutton, mustard, marjoram, olives, oyster, orange, pork, pullet, pigeon, peach, plate, raisin, roast, stew, salade, sugar, salmon, sardine, supper, sausage, taste, tart, veal, vinegar.

miOrrel~ndu?~uu'll4nn?lu~~ay' ~~~i3uniU~MIMd~iiW%114n~ 7 fi4 arras, basin, blanket, chess, checker, closet, curtain, couch, chair, cushion, dance, fool, forest, heron, juggler, lowel, lamp, lantern, leisure, melody, music, partridge, palor, pantry,

park, quail, quilt, recreation, screen, squirrel, wardrobe

anatomy, art, balm, bay, base, beauty, contagion, copy, clause, column, cellar, choir, cloister, chronicle, ceiling, color, cathedral, chapter, chimney, chamber, distemper, expound, figure,

gender, geometry, gout, grammar, image, logic, lattice, lintel, malady, music, mansion, medicine, noun, ointment, pain, painting, palace, plaque, poison, porch, pillar, poet, prose, prologue, preface, paper, pen, physician, romance, remedy, sculpture, story, study, surgeon, stomach, tone, turret, tragedy, title, volume.

235

2 3 6

'luafffJffm?s7aA

on

UP:: 96 wiffwn;l~tt~&~

rnana7uTauni

Ihnaiu 11% tm

niiru4unlwi~~nqw~~a-~~~nhii[nuJi??~
tululff~n~wao;7uu7nunll

Two ~~w1~9ua1Ymm-nv3fl

4 niwifJS?U

I~~~-J~xu~~~cu-I~~ L&I adoles,cence, immensity, sumptuous, aggravation Lag:: prologation

ingenius, 1 Fh&d

representation,

prefix "to" rnu'l?lu ME t&melt LLa:: toburst 131~ilutPnl~? prefix "with" (= against) dnl-j?;;'Luailo withsake , withhold fi7fiu3irrnlo~flu~ ME 61 withdraw, withgo,

withdraw TYU withhold trazflmiMdrRm&u&

aflu GE 50 withstand (GE wiastondan) i7uni withsay, withspeak LLa: withset rnul-?luazk ME U~?i(uS~in7ala=euttnun7ua7fiuffo resist prefix "on" (ff~~ff~~u7rRRlln75n;u~~~~n"t5u
@j?ras = not L~~%q~assrn~~~-minfo7

renounce, contradict LLa::

un) iTn3-tunuiu9u~flo

liu undo, unbind, unfold, unwind 7~

aau ME T&i uncover, unfasten, unwrap ilqm~u~tnl&i ME rnad;~~~ Uq~un~a4'~nq\J'lo; reassure prefix ~vvmt~adh t?;u counterpart, disorder, -

tbaz transcript LChGu

2 4 0

242

ni~5iu&G~1

us ~~~Il&ur~Sunwt-&wqt~

-0~s ~&e:Biu conspicuus

~ztgll

nlwlthnqw conspicuous HTar;~,~~uu?inn7a7a~~u L?;U nw?aSIu

US rCiunwi6;Jnqa al

externus ~Fh.mia%wqtt external n%nin--twa:#uAa*vb~ 1514 celerity n%mim

972~ tas ~s::rGL.itCh~~wi~~nq~ ty ,&celeritas ad%4 antia tkmp

53::~thm-v9lhnqkt -ante, ence, ancy n% ency ~7iu m"lnw3

constancy ~4sn'7niaia=RuMdauM;un;cl

consonance, concurrence,

bilis q:naluLihl tbn;

-ble lunwl~w~a

,&A considerable LLa:: susceptible

Luaz~u ENE ~~in~ol~~onl~l~~i\lnqa~alu aoGiu&;lu -ate'(n7i37a3%43:ti% p-P+ unua37u

1 ni&uummnwt~a:BIu

past participle) ~rjumin?rr7 extet-minatus (fl%%mtiaShm5?

exterminate uiF3in

infinitive

L&I

exterminare) rm&ia7CSunqa-%~d past participle

uaunnu?a~8wuiMiL~mln4~7nC~w47=ni~iareru9u
QNWWM rra~n~a~~un~~,n"~rn'7rnin4u~~~nn"7q~~~~~~u~Qio~~~ dark -verb

past participle ~1346 L&J adj.

darken, adj. dry-verb dry ~Ciu&

~UaffrJ

EM

t%h~stlnl&phssn

dis

ikmiu-mwi Kuni

L&J tPn?&i

disaccustom,

disacquaint,

disadorn

&:'L9idis

disabuse,

disaffect

ttaz disagree %L&W tsl&tdu;~o~~~'u'L&@~~~ mintul flnmunuqulun%m\r

dis 'Luni disquantity 'l<k&

amsiu~ua\l wil;&uaq (diminish) niumnidtnud

244

chocolate, comrade, detail, duel, entrance, equip,, essay, explore, genteel, mustache, naturalize, probability,

progress, shock, surpass, ticket, tomato,

niC.minniui?%irlou

vogue ~a: volunteer

algebra, balcony, design, granite, piazza, stanza, trill, violin, volcano

alligator, anchovy, apricot, banana, canoe, cedilla, cocoa,corral, maize, mosquito, negro, potato, tobacco tta:: yam

More 7nl?&i+&In~ absurdity, acceptance, (detector,

7 lunl-r+~:+&uoo~~~

L&J

n1~9&i

comprehensible, congratulatory, endurable, exact, exaggerate,

contradictory, explain, fact,

denunciation,

indifference, monopoly, monosyllable,obstruction

LLQZ pretext L&I&

Elyot ~~~~~ilruinihw~~~,'l~lu7u7'lun7ulfjunqa I& accommodate, experience analogy, (verb), animlate, beneficence, infrequent, encyclopedia, irritate ttaz exhaust, modesty

exterminate,

F1.m.

*s&c: Edward Philipps 7krdouwsu7ynsdo

New World of Words Universal

wlu

#-@~a R.N. 9ti~ti, &I Nathaniel Bailey :&&~u-np-&n

246

wqu~yn-irr~~u~Lsn9uan~~:o,rJ3n?rRng;u4uB

8.~. 4ar: IPIU Samuel

Johnson Jr. BO A School Dictionary LLB:IUB B.H. *do0 Johnson tiu John Elliot i;lnd7uKu~~r;waulynTUBo Pronouncing and Accented Dictionary uon

%nimnnrfhM&p&~ rtarilmuiyn4&4 7 rRR~uBn~inuluqun3-Ji\luU ~.9i. advb

John Pickering 1~~;Fiu~~~ulyn~un7s9;;miciuuorllTFiu Noah Webster (Americanisms)

American Spelling Book Lug

an rtkuwmqnsu&dn L~UWI-~ ~~ult&G The I * m.~. ~CLI unCfv& rau?lnlhs ~Ghurr&+di-raznn

RLL;uOuUa=L~jllLLuuLLWuILUU~

LUffiu+ia music (1%~ musick), honor (LOU honour),

center (18~ centre) ~Ciuiu rta=P;oUlr~~UW;r-JlrSyn5Llbnna~u,~~;llffo A Compendious

Dictionary of the English 1.anguage Language.....(qdoti) (9&d) tLa:: (+,dOs) A Dictionary of the English

i American Dictionary of the English Language

2 4 7

248

catastrophe,

critical,

demonstrate,

emphasis,

extract,

hereditary,

horrid, meditate, modest, vast tiazni&uu~aln

romance languages L&A

barricade, bastinado, mutiny tta: renegado U&IU ENE niM&ln&dL% . II I . . . ni9lwMQl'lnucnom?lua~n~~~~l~~~n~~~u~a~~~~~~~~~ 05 niQlwvwou~wmrCh~ru n?iunu?o'lni;tQiuuKunia?rft~
(CS?~ffuUn~~~~nu~u

Kon7awSh.d r& tv&tUu~l&i

communicate = share H%L<

= exchange communication) ffmiunmu

expect u&-h await L&J u-~u~I~:~un~u~fou

Merchant of Venice "Let's en1 argement luwrwnmu take this key,

in and there expect their coming" nTaZ&i &ia'oulinn-t?flnKu

(freedom from confinement) quh:7uR

give enlargement to the swain flquu enlargement o~fh-mnmuluniuou woilu, WUlU+lh,

p!z11wwu7u n?7Kivww L&JP;U

2 4 9

*1 Pyles,

P. 305.

251

n?vlruasx3Klqigt(u?~

knabe = boy rnfiounwdwxp

252

died

~?hh&u~lumi~~nuflo passed away, go to sleepn%

uiw%;lfjRi slang 2lunis~n~4fwwwnw ~414 "to g0

for a Burton", "to buy it" nfn "to hand in your chips" poor

mfinnu?m underpriviledged

253

mistress defecation

&~WWFTQ
mittnufin

hussy (Bna&&ou housewife) lavatory (&~nidr~~&-~ a place for oneself) ladies' room, ladies', washroom, cloakroom, gents rest (ii& (gentlemen), room,

washing toilet niltnuflo bathroom,

convenience,powder-room, comfort mortician belly stomachR?WW%

RiUMUiiO

station, loo undertaker

tulmly

*1

F?WIU~~O

breadbasket
*7

old age people niunuAo senior citizens door keeper

R~WIU&Q

janitor (ulqln Janus = the door keeper

of heaven) 4uQHTg0L~tn7U1Unl~lCiuq~ custodian m garbage a n

niunuffo
fl%LnuC

sanitary

engineer engineer

rat-catcher -

extermination

sweet r%il&usa G r& sweet milk ~gffuhhd~zam~7~ r&4 sweet music

pen

paper

silver

china

256

eye
foot -.

LPIU n~~U +qCtuaw~~n'L< LfilJ r& tfv$fuirawmn7<

(V&&I)

the eye of a needle (J&J) the foot of a page

H%J the foot of a hill(tbqrP1-t)

Heart

tfiu "fi~?q" ff~+mu~-in~ the heart of the matter (zi?vuou r4ou,

nmuaiPTngln\,

r&u)

shoulder

rftr~ "I~FJ'~@ th~fhraw~m7~

the shoulder of the road

(or the cliff) - Ina', uIounuu l&=+h&%nna~u 1 m7unu70 ~4un-h ~gllni~lwTlufnw.nw7u uoonl5n~=9?Lll~n7lunuludu hand 7 (radiation) L&J handwriting, on the

Ba ~1~15nui~~w~uR~1~n~1u

other hand, had a hand in the crime n% by the same hand tClu& head "Riwz" 8xmnuildl~uwmww the head of the English department, to lose his head, two heads is better than one, the head of a page, events come to a head (crisis), count heads (individual)
LiiU&

257

n~7~uunquuuuaoalmsIQuu

(Australian

English)
iQu%wtu~

uUq7ffun7wi~unnrl~iiuunaa im5 iB0 ffiY~~uaun7tt7d;Jnqw iaw1xs3~im3 iBo LOU 7mu iawizn5aan iduua7xa34biy7fu: park, lark s=t~urauuhl~~u~,um;~~nn;l &i%iauu 0o~irn5 British

17.b L~UU /a/ 9~9'7

M::~BUU

English

/a/

mid Central Lu BE nsxn&jur4ux9iu r&umi first, bird tfinu-+::

&U

High 7un~tt-&unrpuuu
wkdututl~mnau

r&u

tikrliguu /i/

r&tQuu rounded vowel

&W~UL$UU

unstress ~UWUWG ed 'luni wanted, added nqnwu-& American English Aaq:nnn

es ?umi washes, bridges hrnontfhu~nffou

i~uu / a d / , /az/ l&nnrC?uu /I/ rib /Id/ n4a /IZ/ LLUU English

British

uonwna5z& flue iuf?iuiulluUuunon ~Quw~fXyvu~

na;Jast:

/rj Sucniun&

L&J bar, bird, third luururQ(nu~~nqa?=r;onnrauu jr/ unL;u , linking r &u r& bar and

Ldo~~idu~a;(;;U~~uiLSju\lll=~7UU18=00n
restaurant,far away
LihVib

2 5 9

&;?u ary, orytta:: ery

L&J

laboratory,

lavatory,

secretary,

military,

dictionary tta:: iillinery ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

primary stress r~&

tAurz (iln~z~&~tllu&rsn) uanfiuxth unstressed rt~nl~l~~ntl~ttuua~ufKu qz?dLQU\IL;unfin6 LO (secondary strers) n4& O (tertiary stress) uu I I WLllUnMd cl R3rJ LZIU ttuuhxp LLUUEl LlJfKU
um8idi

secretary
s&r-etery M?E) s e c r e t d r y

ffGh7sslu Au9 r;uHiln~~nn~7\sKuluniu7\rml

~&i?uni

quinine AE /kw&naIn/ BE /kwrnfn/ m'l garage AE /gara't/ BE /g&rxj/ n%ni laboratory AE /l&baratrr/ BE /lebSratrl/

AE I think that's about 2

chipmunk squash stam/pede cockroach banquette pumpkin cookie pit semester seminar pizza

miPlw&!

AE M-C BE r~,n'l~;rnOeuKuuP;dn~lunuluniuour4iu~~u ffniffw&mlu 7 F1i~L;;1ubitfirl~~~ffu~~~l~LL(RLlX?\)

ar3Anlh

1 QhG?ufl-munu-iurlu-rKu

r&4

British car carawan chips coach

English

American auto trailor

Enqlish

french fries bus

261 British fl,at grlound floor holidoys lorry pavement petrol motorway English American apartment first floor vacation truck sidewalk gasoline parkway, expressway railway staff term trousers underground walistcoat railrood faculty semester pants freeway, turnpike, Enqlish

subway vest

0 6,

did BE MWI -ourr& neibour, humour, labour, colour

qtatmn or iunwl AE %I neibor, humor, labor ttx color ~11ua%i~ lo ,. nin3uwazhnud BE a:npI -ise n% -sation ;u"u organization

civilise, organise,

italicise, realise,civ4lization,

AE ~SWWI&U ize nfo -2ation realize, civilization,

&I civilize, organize,italicize tta::

niuai#fu

organization

262

n.

nid BE aznm -tre tbu centre, theatre, sceptre (WI)

AE qznznn ter 80 center, theater ttnz scepter d. n?d BE aznm -1ogue r& catalogue, dialogue AE ~~~~nn

-log %I catalog, dialog 1. minfo3davGluP;7u -1 L&J travel, cancel, n4nniuw jewel

tdnsnlslnU~~Lldvi7n;l~M7Ur7uln51;

BE qz rfiu 1 En D K-J L&J -11 &ULG~J cancelling, cancellation, jeweller,

fJ~%~Giue?

travelling,

traveller,

jewellry ~ri AE ~x%nun:nrn 1 JIJL?~U~ flo traveler, jewelry LI%P?U

uun97nm~w~~mn~~v ~~u~n75atnrnrnirn~u~~uu~n~~~~iL~~~ ihih~~

Mmn~luSunlTR-nnniul~ni

I& BE tyre AE tire , BE goal AE jail,

BE ketchup AE catsup, catchup nfo ketchup, BE phial (u~rn~ui-&n~~ unt5n 7 AE vial n% PF orogramme AE program L&.&J

263

10.9

&'L+ lhave

got (present perfect) AE

~dh~wn~~u

have (a) t& I have got 'some money, I have got a child I have got a job l~.l~ have gotten
aa%vwu~u have

acquired, have

become L&J I have gotten to take the exam, I've gotten several replies, BE sr9i have got to acauire
~~,CU~~;;I~=B~II~WUIU

to have H%

AE If one loses his temper, he should apologize. BE If one - loses his temper, one should apoiogize.

AE The government is considering the matter themself. BE The government are considering the matter themselves,

264

cf.

nl~&intul~trr&u~uni

U&J only ttaz scarcely AE ~r-r~

pruwI-h~~n=mtulttaz

BE ~rnuuuwlkilmin~u~

AE We had only ten minutes left. BE We only had ten minutes left. b. nisl&iywun L&I

b.q AE He lives on -Oxford Street. BE He lives in - Oxford Street. ~.b AE They caters to - him. BE They caters for - him. b,." AE She always talks with me about the project. BE She always talks to - me about the project.

265

British

English

American

English

ni5 r8nn'l;jPli coach flat trousers underground 1 orry netrol term

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

humor organise theatre dialog traveller programme

266

British

English

American

English

niman LQuu

14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

wanted - / / pcth stop gara% b&r /a/ /3/ /j/

/ba/

I / I /
I

I / / /
I

Rl.

qua~ulurra~on4i?oulunl~

t~duu~t~aun?7~n~7uuou~it~uu Generalization

and

Specialization

c.

quo~uln77ULLPln~lVPlO\)nl~l~~nq~ffq3ffuLLuu American English lurhnmnonrhmse

British English UQZ

b. mtdhnqwuu British English dmwwm&umn lU*i~~~~l~~;lUts

American English

9.

ndhhm&w verb to have

b. 7d past participle ww verb to get m. Agreement vmplin%t~~uaqww (collective noun)

2 6 7

1oaumimu UMd lo 1. 1. 3. 5. 7. Hellenic Celtic Tocharian Indo-Iranian 2. 4. 6. Italic Hittite Balto-Slavic

2. 1. 3. 5. West Germanic West: Germanic West Germanic 2. 4. North Germanic North Germanic

3. 1. 3. 5. Indo-Iranian Balto-Slavic Germanic 2. 4. 6. Hellenic Celtic Balto-Slavic

268

twxlnimJu und ~1

lo. Middle English R.YI, ~900-~~oo ". Early Modern English R.FT. ~coo-9~oo

2 6 9

n.

9.
IO.

fi/ /F/ /a/ /El

aznn aznn arm armfl

knee sheep hard seven

(1. d.

270

L aaofhnou . und b

1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17.

bus pants truck semester organize dialogue program /ie/ /z/

2. 4.
6.

apartment subway gasoline humor theater traveler /a/ /a/ lba'i

8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18.