Unit G484: The Newtonian World

Define linear momentum (and appreciate the vector nature of momentum) net force on a body impulse of a force a perfectly elastic collision an inelastic collision as the product of mass and velocity as equal to rate of change of its momentum; Area under a force/time graph. Change in momentum A collision with no change/loss of kinetic energy Total energy is conserved though some loss of kinetic energy (during collision). The magnitude of the impulse on each object is the same. The angle where the arc of a circle equals the radius. Force per unit mass (at a point in a gravitational field) The time taken for the object to describe a complete circle/orbit Equatorial orbit Same period as Earth (fixed point above the Earths surface) Is the distance of a body from the equilibrium position and is directed in the opposite direction to the displacement (equilibrium when the resultant force is zero) Is the maximum displacement Time taken to compete one oscillation/cycle Number of oscillations/cycles per unit time Product of 2 x frequency or 2/period The angle, in radians between subsequent wave peaks Force/acceleration is (directly) proportional to displacement (from the equilibrium position) Of a gas: Collisions with surface of large numbers of particles travelling randomly exerts a force (or each collision has a change of momentum) Pressure = Force / Area The sum of the random distribution of kinetic and potential energies associated with the molecules of a system The amount of thermal energy required to raise 1kg of substance through one degree Kelvin. The force which gives a mass of 1kg an acceleration of 1 ms-2 1kWh is the energy used/provided by a 1 kW device in 1 hour

the radian gravitational field strength the period of an object describing a circle geostationary orbit of a satellite

displacement

amplitude period frequency angular frequency phase difference simple harmonic motion pressure

internal energy

specific heat capacity The newton Kilowatt-hour

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Unit G484: The Newtonian World

State The uses of geostationary satellites Newton's three laws of motion Communication Weather 1st: A body will remain at rest or continue to move with constant velocity unless acted upon by a force 2nd: Force is proportional to rate of change of momentum 3rd: When one body exerts a force upon another, the other body exerts and equal bot opposite force on the first body the principle of conservation of (linear momentum) Total momentum is conserved. momentum For a closed system / no external forces Newtons law of gravitation The attraction of two masses is directly proportional to the product of their mass and inversely proportional to the square of their distance apart/separation Boyles law Pressure is inversely proportional to volume for a fixed mass of gas at a constant temperature that absolute zero is the temperature at which a substance has minimum internal energy. the basic assumptions of the Volume of particles negligible compared to volume of kinetic theory of gases; container OR molecules much smaller than distance between them. No intermolecular forces (except during collision) OR molecules only have kinetic energy. Elastic collisions Particles travel at a constant, rapid velocity (in straight lines) between collisions OR effect of gravity is small Time of collision is much smaller than time between collision. Gas consists of a large number of molecules moving randomly that one mole of any substance contains 6.02 1023 particles and that 6.02 1023 mol-1 is the Avogadro constant NA

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Unit G484: The Newtonian World

Explain that F = ma is a special case of Newtons Second Law using the kinetic model explain the pressure exerted by gases that whilst the momentum of a system is always conserved in the interaction between bodies, some change in kinetic energy usually occurs. that a force perpendicular to the velocity of an object will make the object describe a circular path; what is meant by centripetal acceleration and centripetal force; that close to the Earths surface the gravitational field strength is uniform and approximately equal to the acceleration of free fall; When the mass is constant, the rate of change of momentum (mass x velocity / time) can be expressed as mass x acceleration. See pressure definition earlier Changes in kinetic energy occur because not all collisions are perfectly elastic, some energy is lost in deformation, thermal changes etc

(Resultant) force acts perpendicular to velocity (towards the centre) Velocity or direction is always changing Acceleration is in the direction of the force OR towards the centre/perpendicular to velocity Close to Earth, field lines are effectively parallel and therefore uniform.
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that the period of an object with simple harmonic motion is independent of its amplitude; that the rise in temperature of a body leads to an increase in its internal energy; that a change of state for a substance leads to changes in its internal energy but not its temperature; that thermal energy is transferred from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature; that regions of equal temperature are in thermal equilibrium; that the mean translational kinetic energy of an atom of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas in kelvin;

T = 2 m/k

The total internal energy of a substance is the kinetic energy and the potential energy. Only kinetic energy contributes to temperature. See latent heats of fusion and vaporisation

No net heat flow between objects E = 3/2kT KE = 1/2mv2 3/2kT = 1/2mv2 (3/2k is a constant) T is proportional to KE

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Unit G484: The Newtonian World

Recall that the area under a force against time graph is equal to impulse; the equation: impulse = change in momentum. Use gravitational field lines to represent a gravitational field;

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Derive the equation T2={42/GM} r3 from first principles; Describe how a mass creates a gravitational field in the space around it;

F = GMm/r2 = mv2/r (v2 = GM/r) T = 2r/v hence T2 = 42r2/v2 2 2 2 2 Substitute for v : T = 4 r r/GM etc F = GM/r2

simple examples of free oscillations; Describe, with graphical illustrations, the changes in displacement, velocity and acceleration during simple harmonic motion;

Pendulum, mass on a spring

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the interchange between kinetic and potential energy during simple harmonic motion;

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the effects of damping on an oscillatory

Damping an effect that reduces the

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Unit G484: The Newtonian World

system; practical examples of forced oscillations and resonance; graphically how the amplitude of a forced oscillation changes with frequency near to the natural frequency of the system; amplitude of oscillations Where a force is continually applied resulting in resonance. For example Bartons pendulums or a wine glass.

examples where resonance is useful and other examples where resonance should be avoided.

Useful: microwaves cause water molecules to vibrate. Woodwind reed/lips cause air column to resonate. MRI radio waves cause nuclei to vibrate Problem: walking in step on a bridge. Engine vibrations causing car to shake. Earthquake ground vibrations causing buildings to collapse.

solids, liquids and gases in terms of the spacing, ordering and motion of atoms or molecules;

a simple kinetic model for solids, liquids and gases; an experiment that demonstrates Brownian motion and discuss the evidence for the movement of molecules provided by such an experiment;

See previous Movement of smoke particles caused by being hit by randomly moving, different speed, air molecules Smoke particles are constantly moving because the air particles are continuously moving Smoke particles are visible but air molecules arent hence air molecules must be very small Small movement of smoke particles is due to the large numbers of air molecules hitting from all sides

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Unit G484: The Newtonian World

Describe, using a simple kinetic model for matter, the terms melting, boiling and evaporation.

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how there is an absolute scale of temperature that does not depend on the property of any particular substance (ie the thermodynamic scale and the concept of absolute zero);

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an electrical experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a solid or a liquid;

what is meant by the terms latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporisation.

Must show liquid in vessel with electrical heater with thermometer, ammeter and voltmeter Measure mass of liquid, temperature change, values of I, V & t. Rearrange E=mc Identify uncertainties Note specific means per unit mass. Latent Heat of Fusion: Thermal energy required to change a solid into a liquid at constant temperature. Latent Heat of vaporisation: Thermal energy required to change a liquid into a gas at constant temperature

Note: The definitions etc are updated as a result of Exam Board feedback or newer mark schemes are released. Definitions in blue do not come from OCR