BACKFLOW AWARENESS

CONTINUING EDUCATION PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT COURSE

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Contributing Editors Joseph Camerata has a BS in Management with honors (magna cum laude). He retired as a Chemist in 2006 having worked in the field of chemical, environmental, and industrial hygiene sampling and analysis for 40 years. He has been a professional presenter at an EPA analytical conference at the Biosphere in Arizona and a presenter at an AWWA conference in Mesa, Arizona. He also taught safety classes at the Honeywell and City of Phoenix, and is a motivational/inspirational speaker nationally and internationally. Eric Pearce S.M.E., chemistry and biological review. Pete Greer S.M.E., retired biology instructor. Jack White, Environmental, Health, Safety expert, City of Phoenix. Art Credits.

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Common Hydraulic Terms

Head The height of a column or body of fluid above a given point expressed in linear units. Head is often used to indicate gauge pressure. Pressure is equal to the height times the density of the liquid. Head, Friction The head required to overcome the friction at the interior surface of a conductor and between fluid particles in motion. It varies with flow, size, type and conditions of conductors and fittings, and the fluid characteristics. Head, Static The height of a column or body of fluid above a given point Hydraulics Engineering science pertaining to liquid pressure and flow. Hydrokinetics Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquid flow and pressure. Pascal's Law A pressure applied to a confined fluid at rest is transmitted with equal intensity throughout the fluid. Pressure The application of continuous force by one body upon another that it is touching; compression. Force per unit area, usually expressed in pounds per square inch (Pascal or bar). Pressure, Absolute The pressure above zone absolute, i.e. the sum of atmospheric and gauge pressure. In vacuum related work it is usually expressed in millimeters of mercury. (mmHg). Pressure, Atmospheric Pressure exported by the atmosphere at any specific location. (Sea level pressure is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute, 1 bar = 14.5psi.) Pressure, Gauge Pressure differential above or below ambient atmospheric pressure. Pressure, Static The pressure in a fluid at rest.

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Top, a highly trained General Backflow Assembly Tester is working on a fireline assembly. Bottom, a double check backflow preventor with OS& Y valves.

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Important Information about this Manual

This manual has been prepared to educate operators in the general awareness of cross-connections and backflow prevention. The scope of cross-connection control and backflow prevention is quite large, requiring a major effort to bring it under control. Water customers health and safety, as well as that of the operators, depend upon careful application of backflow prevention methods and effective cross-connection control procedures/programs. The manner in which we deal with such hazards will affect the earth and its inhabitants for many generations to come. This manual covers general laws, regulations, required procedures and work rules relating to cross-connection control. It should be noted, however, that the regulation of backflow prevention and plumbing codes is an on going process and subject to change over time. For this reason, a list of resources is provided to assist in obtaining the most up-to-date information on various subjects. This manual should not be used as a guidance document for employees who are involved with crossconnection control. It is not designed to meet the requirements of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or the Department of Labor-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or your state environmental or health agency. Technical Learning College or Technical Learning Consultants, Inc. make no warranty, guarantee or representation as to the absolute correctness or appropriateness of the information in this manual and assumes no responsibility in connection with the implementation of this information. It cannot be assumed that this manual contains all measures and concepts required for specific conditions or circumstances. This document should be used for educational purposes and is not considered a legal document. Individuals who are responsible for cross-connection control, backflow prevention or water distribution should obtain and comply with the most recent federal, state, and local regulations relevant to these sites and are urged to consult with OSHA, the EPA and other appropriate federal, state and local agencies.

Copyright Notice
2005 Technical Learning College (TLC) No part of this work may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without TLCs prior written approval. Permission has been sought for all images and text where we believe copyright exists and where the copyright holder is traceable and contactable. All material that is not credited or acknowledged is the copyright of Technical Learning College. This information is intended for educational purposes only. Most unaccredited photographs have been taken by TLC instructors or TLC students. We will be pleased to hear from any copyright holder and will make good on your work if any unintentional copyright infringements were made as soon as these issues are brought to the editor's attention. Every possible effort is made to ensure that all information provided in this course is accurate. All written, graphic, photographic or other material is provided for information only. Therefore, Technical Learning College accepts no responsibility or liability whatsoever for the application or misuse of any information included herein. Requests for permission to make copies should be made to the following address: TLC PO Box 420 Payson, AZ 85547-0420 Information in this document is subject to change without notice. TLC is not liable for errors or omissions appearing in this document.

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Technical Learning Colleges Scope and Function

Technical Learning College (TLC) offers affordable continuing education for todays working professionals who need to maintain licenses or certifications. TLC holds approximately eighty different governmental approvals for granting of continuing education credit. TLCs delivery method of continuing education can include traditional types of classroom lectures and distance-based courses or independent study. Most of TLCs distance based or independent study courses are offered in a print based format and you are welcome to examine this material on your computer with no obligation. Our courses are designed to be flexible and for you to finish the material at your leisure. Students can also receive course materials through the mail. The CEU course or e-manual will contain all your lessons, activities and assignments. Most CEU courses allow students to submit lessons using email or fax, however some courses require students to submit lessons by postal mail. (See the course description for more information.) Students have direct contact with their instructorprimarily by e-mail. TLCs CEU courses may use such technologies as the World Wide Web, e-mail, CD-ROMs, videotapes and hard copies. (See the course description.) Make sure you have access to the necessary equipment before enrolling, i.e., printer, Microsoft Word and/or Adobe Acrobat Reader. Some courses may require proctored exams depending upon your state requirements. Flexible Learning At TLC, there are no scheduled online sessions you need contend with, nor are you required to participate in learning teams or groups designed for the "typical" younger campus based student. You will work at your own pace, completing assignments in time frames that work best for you. TLC's method of flexible individualized instruction is designed to provide each student the guidance and support needed for successful course completion. We will beat any other training competitors price for the same CEU material or classroom training. Student satisfaction is guaranteed. Course Structure TLC's online courses combine the best of online delivery and traditional university textbooks. Online you will find the course syllabus, course content, assignments, and online open book exams. This student-friendly course design allows you the most flexibility in choosing when and where you will study. Classroom of One TLC Online offers you the best of both worlds. You learn on your own terms, on your own time, but you are never on your own. Once enrolled, you will be assigned a personal Student Service Representative who works with you on an individualized basis throughout your program of study. Course specific faculty members are assigned at the beginning of each course, providing the academic support you need to successfully complete each course. Satisfaction Guaranteed Our Iron-Clad, Risk-Free Guarantee ensures you will be another satisfied TLC student. We have many years of experience, dealing with thousands of students. We assure you, our customer satisfaction is second to none. This is one reason we have taught more than 10,000 students.
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Our administrative staff is trained to provide the best customer service in town. Part of that training is knowing how to solve most problems on the spot with an exchange or refund. TLC Continuing Education Course Material Development Technical Learning Colleges (TLCs) continuing education course material development was based upon several factors; extensive academic research, advice from subject matter experts, data analysis, task analysis and training needs assessment process information gathered from other states.

Please call us if you need any assistance. You can find 24-hour course assistance on our internet Assignment Page. Look to the bottom of that page and look for Course Assistance. If you need this course graded and the certificate mailed to you within 48-hours, prepare to pay a rush handling fee of $40.00.

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CEU Course Description

Backflow Awareness CEU Training Course
Review of water distribution and plumbing related fundamentals and principles. This course will cover the basics of backflow prevention, cross-connection control, water quality issues and hydraulic fundamentals. Task Analysis and Training Needs Assessments have been conducted to determine or set Needs-To-Know for this course. The following is a listing of some of those who have conducted extensive valid studies from which TLC has based this program upon: the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ), the Texas Commission of Environmental Quality (TCEQ) and the American Boards of Certification (ABC). You will not need any other materials for this course. Water Distribution, Well Drillers, Pump Installers, Water Treatment Operators, Wastewater Treatment Operators, Wastewater Collection Operators, Industrial Wastewater Operators and General Backflow Assembly Testers. The target audience for this course is the person interested in working in a water or wastewater treatment or distribution/collection facility and/or wishing to maintain CEUs for certification license or to learn how to do the job safely and effectively, and/or to meet education needs for promotion. Prerequisites: None Course Procedures for Registration and Support All of Technical Learning Colleges correspondence courses have complete registration and support services offered. Delivery of services will include e-mail, web site, telephone, fax and mail support. TLC will attempt immediate and prompt service. When a student registers for a distance or correspondence course, he/she is assigned a start date and an end date. It is the student's responsibility to note dates for assignments and keep up with the course work. If a student falls behind, he/she must contact TLC and request an end date extension in order to complete the course. It is the prerogative of TLC to decide whether to grant the request. All students will be tracked by their social security number or a unique number will be assigned to the student. Instructions for Written Assignments The Backflow Awareness CEU training course uses an essay type answer key. You can find a copy of the exam in a Word format on TLCs website under the Assignment Page. You can also find complete course support under the Assignment Page. You can write your answers in this manual or type out your own answer key. TLC would prefer that you type out and e-mail the final exam to TLC, but it is not required. Feedback Mechanism (examination procedures) Each student will receive a feedback form as part of their study packet. You will be able to find this form in the rear of the course or lesson. Security and Integrity All students are required to do their own work. All lesson sheets and final exams are not returned to the student to discourage sharing of answers. Any fraud or deceit and the student will forfeit all fees and the appropriate agency will be notified. Grading Criteria TLC will offer the student either pass/fail or a standard letter grading assignment. If TLC is not notified, you will only receive a pass/fail notice.

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Required Texts The Backflow Awareness CEU training course will not require any other materials. This course comes complete. No other materials are needed. Recordkeeping and Reporting Practices TLC will keep all student records for a minimum of seven years. It is the students responsibility to give the completion certificate to the appropriate agencies. ADA Compliance TLC will make reasonable accommodations for persons with documented disabilities. Students should notify TLC and their instructors of any special needs. Course content may vary from this outline to meet the needs of this particular group. This course is also available in Spanish. Please check with your State for special instructions. You will have 90 days from receipt of this manual to complete it in order to receive your Continuing Education Units (CEUs) or Professional Development Hours (PDHs). A score of 70% or better is necessary to pass this course. If you should need any assistance, please email all concerns and the final test to: [email protected]. Educational Mission The educational mission of TLC is: To provide TLC students with comprehensive and ongoing training in the theory and skills needed for the environmental education field, To provide TLC students with opportunities to apply and understand the theory and skills needed for operator certification and environmental education, To provide opportunities for TLC students to learn and practice environmental educational skills with members of the community for the purpose of sharing diverse perspectives and experience, To provide a forum in which students can exchange experiences and ideas related to environmental education, To provide a forum for the collection and dissemination of current information related to environmental education, and to maintain an environment that nurtures academic and personal growth.

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INDEX
Introduction Actual Events Hydraulic Principles Vacuum Pascals Law Volume and Velocity Bernoullis Principle Cross-Connection Terms Types of Devices Fireline Assemblies Types of Pipes Responsibilities Cross-Connection Program Section Internal Protection Developing a Program Backflow Unit Duties Hazard Evaluation Facilities Requiring Devices Table 7.1 Installation Requirements Compliance Program Incident Response Emergency Response Homeland Security Letter/Forms and Related Examples Job Description Checklist Installation Checklist Closed Loop Fire Services Responsibilities Example Freeze Protection Freeze Protection Form Installation Example Code of Conduct Glossary Conversion Factors Registration Form Assignment Customer Survey 12 15 17 23 28 30 30 35 41 49 53 57 61 63 67 71 72 73 75 77 81 82 85 91 97 99 101 103 104 105 107 105 109 110 111 116 117 119 127

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RPDA, Two Reduced Pressure Principle Backflow Assemblies together on a Fireline. Ames SS Assembly. Below an Antifreeze Loop with check valve on a Fireline. Notice the OS&Y Valves (Outside Screw and Yoke).

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Backflow Introduction
Backflow Prevention, also referred to as Cross-Connection Control, addresses a serious health issue. This issue was addressed on the federal level by passage of the "Federal Safe Drinking Water Act" as developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (E.P.A.) and passed into law on December 16, 1974. This Act tasked each state with primary enforcement responsibility for a program to assure access to safe drinking water by all citizens. Such state program regulations as adopted are required to be at least as stringent as the federal regulations as developed and enforced by the E.P.A. The official definition of a cross-connection is "the link or channel connecting a source of pollution with a potable water supply." There are two distinct levels of concern with this issue. The first is protection of the general public and the second is protection of persons subject to such risks involving service to a single customer, be that customer an individual residence or business. Sources of pollution which may result in a danger to health are not always obvious and such cross-connections are certainly not usually intentional. They are usually the result of oversight or a non-professional installation. As source examples, within a business environment the pollutant source may involve the unintentional cross-connection of internal or external piping with chemical processes or a heating boiler. In a residential environment the pollutant source may be an improper cross-connection with a landscape sprinkler system or reserve tank fire protection system. Or, a situation as simple as leaving a garden hose nozzle submerged in a bucket of liquid or attached to a chemical sprayer. Another potential hazard source within any environment may be a cross-connection of piping involving a water well located on the property. This is a special concern with older residences or businesses, which may have been served by well water prior to connection to the developed water system. There are many other potential sources of pollutant hazards. Control of cross-connections is possible but only through knowledge and vigilance. Public education is essential, for many that are educated in piping and plumbing installations fail to recognize cross-connection dangers.

Another buried RP inside a pit, all we can see is a test cock, all RPs need to be installed 12 inched above the ground. This device was buried in ground and not tested for over 25 years. Owners are required to test their devices once a year at a minimum.
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Top picture, a Hot Box a good method of keeping the assembly from freezing during the winter. Bottom, electrical heat tape method for freeze protection.

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Actual Backflow Events

Paraquat In June 1983, "yellow gushy stuff" poured from some faucets in the Town of Woodsboro, Maryland. Town personnel notified the County Health Department and the State Water Supply Division. The State dispatched personnel to take water samples for analysis and placed a ban on drinking the Town's water. Firefighters warned residents not to use the water for drinking, cooking, bathing, or any other purpose except flushing toilets. The Town began flushing its water system. An investigation revealed that the powerful agricultural herbicide Paraquat had backflowed into the Town's water system. Someone left open a gate valve between an agricultural herbicide holding tank and the Town's water system and, thus, created a cross-connection. Coincidentally, water pressure in the Town temporarily decreased due to failure of a pump in the Town's water system. The herbicide Paraquat was backsiphoned into the Town's water system. Upon restoration of pressure in the Town's water system, Paraquat flowed throughout much of the Town's water system. Fortunately, this incident did not cause any serious illness or death. The incident did, however, create an expensive burden on the Town. Tanker trucks were used temporarily to provide potable water, and the Town flushed and sampled its water system extensively. Mortuary The chief plumbing inspector in a large southern city received a telephone call advising that blood was coming from drinking fountains at a mortuary (i.e., a funeral home). Plumbing and health inspectors went to the scene and found evidence that blood had been circulating in the potable water system within the funeral home. They immediately ordered the funeral home cut off from the public water system at the meter. City water and plumbing officials did not think that the water contamination problem had spread beyond the funeral home, but they sent inspectors into the neighborhood to check for possible contamination. Investigation revealed that blood had backflowed through a hydraulic aspirator into the potable water system at the funeral home. The funeral home had been using a hydraulic aspirator to drain fluids from bodies as part of the embalming process. The aspirator was directly connected to a faucet at a sink in the embalming room. Water flow through the aspirator created suction used to draw body fluids through a needle and hose attached to the aspirator. When funeral home personnel used the aspirator during a period of low water pressure, the potable water system at the funeral home became contaminated. Instead of body fluids flowing into the wastewater system, they were drawn in the opposite direction--into the potable water system.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cross-Connection Control Manual, 1989

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Recent Backflow Situations

Oregon 1993 Water from a drainage pond, used for lawn irrigation, is pumped into the potable water supply of a housing development. California 1994 A defective backflow device in the water system of the County Courthouse apparently caused sodium nitrate contamination that sent 19 people to the hospital. New York 1994 An 8-inch reduced pressure principle backflow assembly in the basement of a hospital discharged under backpressure conditions, dumping 100,000 gallons of water into the basement. Nebraska 1994 While working on a chiller unit of an air conditioning system at a nursing home, a hole in the coil apparently allowed Freon to enter the circulating water and from there into the city water system. California 1994 The blue tinted water in a pond at an amusement park backflowed into the city water system and caused colored water to flow from homeowners faucets. California 1994 A film company shooting a commercial for television accidentally introduced a chemical into the potable water system. Iowa 1994 A backflow of water from the Capitol Building chilled water system contaminates potable water with Freon. Indiana 1994 A water main break caused a drop in water pressure allowing anti-freeze from an air conditioning unit to backsiphon into the potable water supply. Washington 1994 An Ethylene Glycol cooling system was illegally connected to the domestic water supply at a veterinarian hospital. Ohio 1994 An ice machine connected to a sewer sickened dozens of people attending a convention.

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Hydraulics
Definition: Hydraulics is a branch of engineering concerned mainly with moving liquids. The term is applied commonly to the study of the mechanical properties of water, other liquids, and even gases when the effects of compressibility are small. Hydraulics can be divided into two areas, hydrostatics and hydrokinetics. Hydraulics: The Engineering science pertaining to liquid pressure and flow. The word hydraulics is based on the Greek word for water, and originally covered the study of the physical behavior of water at rest and in motion. Use has broadened its meaning to include the behavior of all liquids, although it is primarily concerned with the motion of liquids. Hydraulics includes the manner in which liquids act in tanks and pipes, deals with their properties, and explores ways to take advantage of these properties. Hydrostatics, the consideration of liquids at rest, involves problems of buoyancy and flotation, pressure on dams and submerged devices, and hydraulic presses. The relative incompressibility of liquids is one of its basic principles. Hydrodynamics, the study of liquids in motion, is concerned with such matters as friction and turbulence generated in pipes by flowing liquids, the flow of water over weirs and through nozzles, and the use of hydraulic pressure in machinery. Hydrostatics Hydrostatics is about the pressures exerted by a fluid at rest. Any fluid is meant, not just water. Research and careful study on water yields many useful results of its own, however, such as forces on dams, buoyancy and hydraulic actuation, and is well worth studying for such practical reasons. Hydrostatics is an excellent example of deductive mathematical physics, one that can be understood easily and completely from a very few fundamentals, and in which the predictions agree closely with experiment. There are few better illustrations of the use of the integral calculus, as well as the principles of ordinary statics, available to the student. A great deal can be done with only elementary mathematics. Properly adapted, the material can be used from the earliest introduction of school science, giving an excellent example of a quantitative science with many possibilities for hands-on experiences. The definition of a fluid deserves careful consideration. Although time is not a factor in hydrostatics, it enters in the approach to hydrostatic equilibrium. It is usually stated that a fluid is a substance that cannot resist a shearing stress, so that pressures are normal to confining surfaces. Geology has now shown us clearly that there are substances which can resist shearing forces over short time intervals, and appear to be typical solids, but which flow like liquids over long time intervals. Such materials include wax and pitch, ice, and even rock.

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A ball of pitch, which can be shattered by a hammer, will spread out and flow in months. Ice, a typical solid, will flow in a period of years, as shown in glaciers, and rock will flow over hundreds of years, as in convection in the mantle of the earth. Shear earthquake waves, with periods of seconds, propagate deep in the earth, though the rock there can flow like a liquid when considered over centuries. The rate of shearing may not be strictly proportional to the stress, but exists even with low stress. Viscosity may be the physical property that varies over the largest numerical range, competing with electrical resistivity. There are several familiar topics in hydrostatics which often appears in expositions of introductory science, and which are also of historical interest and can enliven their presentation. Lets start our study with the principles of our atmosphere.

Atmospheric Pressure
The atmosphere is the entire mass of air that surrounds the earth. While it extends upward for about 500 miles, the section of primary interest is the portion that rests on the earths surface and extends upward for about 7 1/2 miles. This layer is called the troposphere. If a column of air 1-inch square extending all the way to the "top" of the atmosphere could be weighed, this column of air would weigh approximately 14.7 pounds at sea level. Thus, atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 14.7 psi. As one ascends, the atmospheric pressure decreases by approximately 1.0 psi for every 2,343 feet. However, below sea level, in excavations and depressions, atmospheric pressure increases. Pressures under water differ from those under air only because the weight of the water must be added to the pressure of the air. Atmospheric pressure can be measured by any of several methods. The common laboratory method uses the mercury column barometer. The height of the mercury column serves as an indicator of atmospheric pressure. At sea level and at a temperature of 0 Celsius (C), the height of the mercury column is approximately 30 inches, or 76 centimeters. This represents a pressure of approximately 14.7 psi. The 30-inch column is used as a reference standard. Another device used to measure atmospheric pressure is the aneroid barometer. The aneroid barometer uses the change in shape of an evacuated metal cell to measure variations in atmospheric pressure. The thin metal of the aneroid cell moves in or out with the variation of pressure on its external surface. This movement is transmitted through a system of levers to a pointer, which indicates the pressure. The atmospheric pressure does not vary uniformly with altitude. It changes very rapidly. Atmospheric pressure is defined as the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of the air above that surface. In the diagram on the following page, the pressure at point "X" increases as the weight of the air above it increases. The same can be said about decreasing pressure, where the pressure at point "X" decreases if the weight of the air above it also decreases.

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Barometric Loop The barometric loop consists of a continuous section of supply piping that abruptly rises to a height of approximately 35 feet and then returns back down to the originating level. It is a loop in the piping system that effectively protects against backsiphonage. It may not be used to protect against backpressure. Its operation, in the protection against backsiphonage, is based upon the principle that a water column, at sea level pressure, will not rise above 33.9 feet. In general, barometric loops are locally fabricated, and are 35 feet high. Pressure may be referred to using an absolute scale, pounds per square inch absolute (psia), or gauge scale, (psiag). Absolute pressure and gauge pressure are related. Absolute pressure is equal to gauge pressure plus the atmospheric pressure. At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psai. Absolute pressure is the total pressure. Gauge pressure is simply the pressure read on the gauge. If there is no pressure on the gauge other than atmospheric, the gauge will read zero. Then the absolute pressure would be equal to 14.7 psi, which is the atmospheric pressure.

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Pressure
By a fluid, we have a material in mind like water or air, two very common and important fluids. Water is incompressible, while air is very compressible, but both are fluids. Water has a definite volume; air does not. Water and air have low viscosity; that is, layers of them slide very easily on one another, and they quickly assume their permanent shapes when disturbed by rapid flows. Other fluids, such as molasses, may have high viscosity and take a long time to come to equilibrium, but they are no less fluids. The coefficient of viscosity is the ratio of the shearing force to the velocity gradient. Hydrostatics deals with permanent, time-independent states of fluids, so viscosity does not appear, except as discussed in the Introduction.

A fluid, therefore, is a substance that cannot exert any permanent forces tangential to a boundary. Any force that it exerts on a boundary must be normal to the boundary. Such a force is proportional to the area on which it is exerted, and is called a pressure. We can imagine any surface in a fluid as dividing the fluid into parts pressing on each other, as if it were a thin material membrane, and so think of the pressure at any point in the fluid, not just at the boundaries. In order for any small element of the fluid to be in equilibrium, the pressure must be the same in all directions (or the element would move in the direction of least pressure), and if no other forces are acting on the body of the fluid, the pressure must be the same at all neighboring points. Therefore, in this case the pressure will be the same throughout the fluid, and the same in any direction at a point (Pascal's Principle). Pressure is expressed in units of force per unit area such as dyne/cm2, N/cm2 (pascal), pounds/in2 (psi) or pounds/ft2 (psf). The axiom that if a certain volume of fluid were somehow made solid, the equilibrium of forces would not be disturbed is useful in reasoning about forces in fluids.

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On earth, fluids are also subject to the force of gravity, which acts vertically downward, and has a magnitude = g per unit volume, where g is the acceleration of gravity, approximately 981 cm/s2 or 32.15 ft/s2, is the density, the mass per unit volume, expressed in g/cm3, kg/m3, or slug/ft3, and is the specific weight, measured in lb/in3, or lb/ft3 (pcf). Gravitation is an example of a body force that disturbs the equality of pressure in a fluid. The presence of the gravitational body force causes the pressure to increase with depth, according to the equation dp = g dh, in order to support the water above. We call this relation the barometric equation, for when this equation is integrated, we find the variation of pressure with height or depth. If the fluid is incompressible, the equation can be integrated at once, and the pressure as a function of depth h is p = gh + p0. The density of water is about 1 g/cm3, or its specific weight is 62.4 pcf. We may ask what depth of water gives the normal sea-level atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi, or 2117 psf. This is simply 2117 / 62.4 = 33.9 ft of water. This is the maximum height to which water can be raised by a suction pump, or, more correctly, can be supported by atmospheric pressure. Professor James Thomson (brother of William Thomson, Lord Kelvin) illustrated the equality of pressure by a "curtain-ring" analogy shown in the diagram. A section of the toroid was identified, imagined to be solidified, and its equilibrium was analyzed. The forces exerted on the curved surfaces have no component along the normal to a plane section, so the pressures at any two points of a plane must be equal, since the fluid represented by the curtain ring was in equilibrium. The right-hand part of the diagram illustrates the equality of pressures in orthogonal directions. This can be extended to any direction whatever, so Pascal's Principle is established. This demonstration is similar to the usual one using a triangular prism and considering the forces on the end and lateral faces separately.

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Free Surface Perpendicular to Gravity

When gravity acts, the liquid assumes a free surface perpendicular to gravity, which can be proved by Thomson's method. A straight cylinder of unit cross-sectional area (assumed only for ease in the arithmetic) can be used to find the increase of pressure with depth. Indeed, we see that p2 = p1 + gh. The upper surface of the cylinder can be placed at the free surface if desired. The pressure is now the same in any direction at a point, but is greater at points that lie deeper. From this same figure, it is easy to prove Archimedes's Principle that the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid, and passes through the center of mass of this displaced fluid.

Geometric Arguments
Ingenious geometric arguments can be used to substitute for easier, but less transparent arguments using calculus. For example, the force acting on one side of an inclined plane surface whose projection is AB can be found as in the diagram on the previous page. O is the point at which the prolonged projection intersects the free surface. The line AC' perpendicular to the plane is made equal to the depth AC of point A, and line BD' is similarly drawn equal to BD. The line OD' also passes through C', by proportionality of triangles OAC' and OAD'. Therefore, the thrust F on the plane is the weight of a prism of fluid of crosssection AC'D'B, passing through its centroid normal to plane AB. Note that the thrust is equal to the density times the area times the depth of the center of the area; its line of action does not pass through the center, but below it, at the center of thrust. The same result can be obtained with calculus by summing the pressures and the moments, of course.

Atmospheric Pressure and its Effects

Suppose a vertical pipe is stood in a pool of water, and a vacuum pump applied to the upper end. Before we start the pump, the water levels outside and inside the pipe are equal, and the pressures on the surfaces are also equal and are equal to the atmospheric pressure. Now start the pump. When it has sucked all the air out above the water, the pressure on the surface of the water inside the pipe is zero, and the pressure at the level of the water on the outside of the pipe is still the atmospheric pressure. Of course, there is the vapor pressure of the water to worry about if you want to be precise, but we neglect this complication in making our point. We require a column of water 33.9 ft high inside the pipe, with a vacuum above it, to balance the atmospheric pressure. Now do the same thing with liquid mercury, whose density at 0 C is 13.5951 times that of water. The height of the column is 2.494 ft, 29.92 in, or 760.0 mm.

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Standard Atmospheric Pressure

This definition of the standard atmospheric pressure was established by Regnault in the mid-19th century. In Britain, 30 in. Hg (inches of mercury) had been used previously. As a practical matter, it is convenient to measure pressure differences by measuring the height of liquid columns, a practice known as manometry. The barometer is a familiar example of this, and atmospheric pressures are traditionally given in terms of the length of a mercury column. To make a barometer, the barometric tube, closed at one end, is filled with mercury and then inverted and placed in a mercury reservoir. Corrections must be made for temperature, because the density of mercury depends on the temperature, and the brass scale expands for capillarity if the tube is less than about 1 cm in diameter, and even slightly for altitude, since the value of g changes with altitude. The vapor pressure of mercury is only 0.001201 mmHg at 20C, so a correction from this source is negligible. For the usual case of a mercury column ( = 0.000181792 per C) and a brass scale (& alpha = 0.0000184 per C) the temperature correction is -2.74 mm at 760 mm and 20C. Before reading the barometer scale, the mercury reservoir is raised or lowered until the surface of the mercury just touches a reference point, which is mirrored in the surface so it is easy to determine the proper position. An aneroid barometer uses a partially evacuated chamber of thin metal that expands and contracts according to the external pressure. This movement is communicated to a needle that revolves in a dial. The materials and construction are arranged to give a low temperature coefficient. The instrument must be calibrated before use, and is usually arranged to read directly in elevations. An aneroid barometer is much easier to use in field observations, such as in reconnaissance surveys. In a particular case, it would be read at the start of the day at the base camp, at various points in the vicinity, and then finally at the starting point, to determine the change in pressure with time. The height differences can be calculated from h = 60,360 log (P/p) [1 + (T + t - 64)/986) feet, where P and p are in the same units, and T, t are in F. An absolute pressure is referring to a vacuum, while a gauge pressure is referring to the atmospheric pressure at the moment. A negative gauge pressure is a (partial) vacuum. When a vacuum is stated to be so many inches, this means the pressure below the atmospheric pressure of about 30 in. A vacuum of 25 inches is the same thing as an absolute pressure of 5 inches (of mercury).

Vacuum
The term vacuum indicates that the absolute pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure and that the gauge pressure is negative. A complete or total vacuum would mean a pressure of 0 psia or 14.7 psig. Since it is impossible to produce a total vacuum, the term vacuum, as used in this document, will mean all degrees of partial vacuum. In a partial vacuum, the pressure would range from slightly less than 14.7 psia (0 psig) to slightly greater than 0 psia (-14.7 psig). Backsiphonage results from atmospheric pressure exerted on a liquid, forcing it toward a supply system that is under a vacuum.
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Water Pressure
The weight of a cubic foot of water is 62.4 pounds per square foot. The base can be subdivided into 144-square inches with each subdivision being subjected to a pressure of 0.433 psig. Suppose you placed another cubic foot of water on top of the first cubic foot. The pressure on the top surface of the first cube which was originally atmospheric, or 0 psig, would now be 0.4333 psig as a result of the additional cubic foot of water. The pressure of the base of the first cubic foot would be increased by the same amount of 0.866 psig or two times the original pressure. Pressures are very frequently stated in terms of the height of a fluid. If it is the same fluid whose pressure is being given, it is usually called "head," and the factor connecting the head and the pressure is the weight density g. In the English engineer's system, weight density is in pounds per cubic inch or cubic foot. A head of 10 ft is equivalent to a pressure of 624 psf, or 4.33 psi. It can also be considered an energy availability of ft-lb per lb. Water with a pressure head of 10 ft can furnish the same energy as an equal amount of water raised by 10 ft. Water flowing in a pipe is subject to head loss because of friction. Take a jar and a basin of water. Fill the jar with water and invert it under the water in the basin. Now raise the jar as far as you can without allowing its mouth to come above the water surface. It is always a little surprising to see that the jar does not empty itself, but the water remains with no visible means of support. By blowing through a straw, one can put air into the jar, and as much water leaves as air enters. In fact, this is a famous method of collecting insoluble gases in the chemical laboratory, or for supplying hummingbird feeders. It is good to remind oneself of exactly the balance of forces involved. Another application of pressure is the siphon. The name is Greek for the tube that was used for drawing wine from a cask. This is a tube filled with fluid connecting two containers of fluid, normally rising higher than the water levels in the two containers, at least to pass over their rims. In the diagram, the two water levels are the same, so there will be no flow. When a siphon goes below the free water levels, it is called an inverted siphon. If the levels in the two basins are not equal, fluid flows from the basin with the higher level into the one with the lower level, until the levels are equal. A siphon can be made by filling the tube, closing the ends, and then putting the ends under the surface on both sides. Alternatively, the tube can be placed in one fluid and filled by sucking on it. When it is full, the other end is put in place. The analysis of the siphon is easy, and should be obvious. The pressure rises or falls as described by the barometric equation through the siphon tube. There is obviously a maximum height for the siphon which is the same as the limit of the suction pump, about 34 feet. Inverted siphons are sometimes used in pipelines to cross valleys. Differences in elevation are usually too great to use regular siphons to cross hills, so the fluids must be pressurized by pumps so the pressure does not fall to zero at the crests.

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Liquids at Rest
In studying fluids at rest, we are concerned with the transmission of force and the factors which affect the forces in liquids. Additionally, pressure in and on liquids and factors affecting pressure are of great importance.

Pressure and Force

Pressure is the force that pushes water through pipes. Water pressure determines the flow of water from the tap. If pressure is not sufficient then the flow can reduce to a trickle and it will take a long time to fill a kettle or a cistern. The terms force and pressure are used extensively in the study of fluid power. It is essential that we distinguish between the terms. Force means a total push or pull. It is the push or pull exerted against the total area of a particular surface and is expressed in pounds or grams. Pressure means the amount of push or pull (force) applied to each unit area of the surface and is expressed in pounds per square inch (lb/in2) or grams per square centimeter (gm/cm2). Pressure maybe exerted in one direction, in several directions, or in all directions.

Computing Force, Pressure, and Area

A formula is used in computing force, pressure, and area in fluid power systems. In this formula, P refers to pressure, F indicates force, and A represents area. Force equals pressure times area. Thus, the formula is written:

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Development of Hydraulics
Although the modern development of hydraulics is comparatively recent, the ancients were familiar with many hydraulic principles and their applications. The Egyptians and the ancient people of Persia, India, and China conveyed water along channels for irrigation and domestic purposes, using dams and sluice gates to control the flow. The ancient Cretans had an elaborate plumbing system. Archimedes studied the laws of floating and submerged bodies. The Romans constructed aqueducts to carry water to their cities. After the breakup of the ancient world, there were few new developments for many centuries. Then, over a comparatively short period, beginning near the end of the seventeenth century, Italian physicist, Evangelista Torricelle, French physicist, Edme Mariotte, and later, Daniel Bernoulli conducted experiments to study the elements of force in the discharge of water through small openings in the sides of tanks and through short pipes. During the same period, Blaise Pascal, a French scientist, discovered the fundamental law for the science of hydraulics. Pascals law states that increase in pressure on the surface of a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the confining vessel or system. For Pascals law to be made effective for practical applications, it was necessary to have a piston that "fit exactly." It was not until the latter part of the eighteenth century that methods were found to make these snugly fitted parts required in hydraulic systems. This was accomplished by the invention of machines that were used to cut and shape the necessary closely fitted parts and, particularly, by the development of gaskets and packings. Since that time, components such as valves, pumps, actuating cylinders, and motors have been developed and refined to make hydraulics one of the leading methods of transmitting power. Liquids are almost incompressible. For example, if a pressure of 100 pounds per square inch (psi) is applied to a given volume of water that is at atmospheric pressure, the volume will decrease by only 0.03 percent. It would take a force of approximately 32 tons to reduce its volume by 10 percent; however, when this force is removed, the water immediately returns to its original volume. Other liquids behave in about the same manner as water. Another characteristic of a liquid is the tendency to keep its free surface level. If the surface is not level, liquids will flow in the direction which will tend to make the surface level. Evangelista Torricelli Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647), Galileo's student and secretary, and a member of the Florentine Academy of Experiments, invented the mercury barometer in 1643, and brought the weight of the atmosphere to light. The mercury column was held up by the pressure of the atmosphere, not by horror vacui as Aristotle had supposed. Torricelli's early death was a blow to science, but his ideas were furthered by Blaise Pascal (1623-1662). Pascal had a barometer carried up the 1465 m high Puy de Dme, an extinct volcano in the Auvergne just west of his home of Clermont-Ferrand in 1648 by Prier, his brother-in-law. Pascal's experimentum crucis is one of the triumphs of early modern science. The Puy de Dme is not the highest peak in the Massif Central--the Puy de Sancy, at 1866 m is, but it was the closest. Clermont is now the centre of the French pneumatics industry.

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Burgomeister of Magdeburg The remarkable Otto von Guericke (1602-1686), Burgomeister of Magdeburg, Saxony, took up the cause, making the first vacuum pump, which he used in vivid demonstrations of the pressure of the atmosphere to the Imperial Diet at Regensburg in 1654. Famously, he evacuated a sphere consisting of two well-fitting hemispheres about a foot in diameter, and showed that 16 horses, 8 on each side, could not pull them apart. An original vacuum pump and hemispheres from 1663 are shown at the right (photo edited from the Deutsches Museum). He also showed that air had weight, and how much force it did require to separate the evacuated hemispheres. Then, in England, Robert Hooke (1635-1703) made a vacuum pump for Robert Boyle (1627-1691). Christian Huygens (1629-1695) became interested in a visit to London in 1661 and had a vacuum pump built for him. By this time, Torricelli's doctrine had triumphed over the Church's support for horror vacui. This was one of the first victories for rational physics over the illusions of experience, and is well worth consideration. Pascal demonstrated that the siphon worked by atmospheric pressure, not by horror vacui. The two beakers of mercury are connected by a three-way tube, with the upper branch open to the atmosphere. As the large container is filled with water, pressure on the free surfaces of the mercury in the beakers pushes mercury into the tubes. When the state shown is reached, the beakers are connected by a mercury column, and the siphon starts, emptying the upper beaker and filling the lower. The mercury has been open to the atmosphere all this time, so if there were any horror vacui, it could have flowed in at will to soothe itself.

Torr
The mm of mercury is sometimes called a torr after Torricelli, and Pascal also has been honored by a unit of pressure, a newton per square meter or 10 dyne/cm2. A cubic centimeter of air weighs 1.293 mg under standard conditions, and a cubic meter 1.293 kg, so air is by no means even approximately weightless, though it seems so. The weight of a sphere of air as small as 10 cm in diameter is 0.68 g, easily measurable with a chemical balance. The pressure of the atmosphere is also considerable, like being 34 ft under water, but we do not notice it. A bar is 106 dyne/cm2, very close to a standard atmosphere, which is 1.01325 bar. In meteorology, the millibar, mb, is used. 1 mb = 1.333 mmHg = 100 Pa = 1000 dyne/cm2. A kilogram-force per square centimeter is 981,000 dyne/cm2, also close to one atmosphere. In Europe, it has been considered approximately 1 atm, as in tire pressures and other engineering applications. As we have seen, in English units the atmosphere is about 14.7 psi, and this figure can be used to find other approximate equivalents. For example, 1 psi = 51.7 mmHg. In Britain, tons per square inch has been used for large pressures. The ton in this case is 2240 lb, not the American short ton. 1 tsi = 2240 psi, 1 tsf = 15.5 psi (about an atmosphere!). The fluid in question here is air, which is by no means incompressible. As we rise in the atmosphere and the pressure decreases, the air also expands.
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To see what happens in this case, we can make use of the ideal gas equation of state, p = RT/M, and assume that the temperature T is constant. Then the change of pressure in a change of altitude dh is dp = -g dh = -(pM/RT)gdh, or dp/p = -(Mg/RT)dh. This is a little harder to integrate than before, but the result is ln p = -Mgh/RT + C, or ln(p/p0) = Mgh/RT, or finally p = p0exp(-Mgh/RT). In an isothermal atmosphere, the pressure decreases exponentially. The quantity H = RT/Mg is called the "height of the homogeneous atmosphere" or the scale height, and is about 8 km at T = 273K. This quantity gives the rough scale of the decrease of pressure with height. Of course, the real atmosphere is by no means isothermal close to the ground, but cools with height nearly linearly at about 6.5C/km up to an altitude of about 11 km at middle latitudes, called the tropopause. Above this is a region of nearly constant temperature, the stratosphere, and then at some higher level the atmosphere warms again to near its value at the surface. Of course, there are variations from the average values. When the temperature profile with height is known, we can find the pressure by numerical integration quite easily. Meteorology The atmospheric pressure is of great importance in meteorology, since it determines the winds, which generally move at right angles to the direction of most rapid change of pressure, that is, along the isobars, which are contours of constant pressure. Certain typical weather patterns are associated with relatively high and relatively low pressures, and how they vary with time. The barometric pressure may be given in popular weather forecasts, though few people know what to do with it. If you live at a high altitude, your local weather reporter may report the pressure to be, say, 29.2 inches, but if you have a real barometer, you may well find that it is closer to 25 inches. At an elevation of 1500 m (near Denver, or the top of the Puy de Dme), the atmospheric pressure is about 635 mm, and water boils at 95 C. In fact, altitude is quite a problem in meteorology, since pressures must be measured at a common level to be meaningful. The barometric pressures quoted in the news are reduced to sea level by standard formulas that amount to assuming that there is a column of air from your feet to sea level with a certain temperature distribution, and adding the weight of this column to the actual barometric pressure. This is only an arbitrary 'fix' and leads to some strange conclusions, such as the permanent winter highs above high plateaus that are really imaginary.

Pascals Law
The foundation of modern hydraulics was established when Pascal discovered that pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions. This pressure acts at right angles to the containing surfaces. If some type of pressure gauge, with an exposed face, is placed beneath the surface of a liquid at a specific depth and pointed in different directions, the pressure will read the same. Thus, we can say that pressure in a liquid is independent of direction. Pressure due to the weight of a liquid, at any level, depends on the depth of the fluid from the surface. If the exposed face of the pressure gauges are moved closer to the surface of the liquid, the indicated pressure will be less. When the depth is doubled, the indicated pressure is doubled. Thus the pressure in a liquid is directly proportional to the depth.

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Consider a container with vertical sides that is 1 foot long and 1 foot wide. Let it be filled with water 1 foot deep, providing 1 cubic foot of water. 1 cubic foot of water weighs 62.4 pounds. Using this information and equation, P = F/A, we can calculate the pressure on the bottom of the container. Since there are 144 square inches in 1 square foot, this can be stated as follows: the weight of a column of water 1 foot high, having a cross-sectional area of 1 square inch, is 0.433 pound. If the depth of the column is tripled, the weight of the column will be 3 x 0.433, or 1.299 pounds, and the pressure at the bottom will be 1.299 lb/in2 (psi), since pressure equals the force divided by the area. Thus, the pressure at any depth in a liquid is equal to the weight of the column of liquid at that depth divided by the cross-sectional area of the column at that depth. The volume of a liquid that produces the pressure is referred to as the fluid head of the liquid. The pressure of a liquid due to its fluid head is also dependent on the density of the liquid.

Gravity
Gravity is one of the four forces of nature. The strength of the gravitational force between two objects depends on their masses. The more massive the objects are, the stronger the gravitational attraction. When you pour water out of a container, the earth's gravity pulls the water towards the ground. The same thing happens when you put two buckets of water, with a tube between them, at two different heights. You must work to start the flow of water from one bucket to the other, but then gravity takes over and the process will continue on its own. Gravity, applied forces, and atmospheric pressure are static factors that apply equally to fluids at rest or in motion, while inertia and friction are dynamic factors that apply only to fluids in motion. The mathematical sum of gravity, applied force, and atmospheric pressure is the static pressure obtained at any one point in a fluid at any given time.

Static Pressure
Static pressure exists in addition to any dynamic factors that may also be present at the same time. Pascals law states that a pressure set up in a fluid acts equally in all directions and at right angles to the containing surfaces. This covers the situation only for fluids at rest or practically at rest. It is true only for the factors making up static head. Obviously, when velocity becomes a factor it must have a direction, and as previously explained, the force related to the velocity must also have a direction, so that Pascals law alone does not apply to the dynamic factors of fluid power. The dynamic factors of inertia and friction are related to the static factors. Velocity head and friction head are obtained at the expense of static head. However, a portion of the velocity head can always be reconverted to static head. Force, which can be produced by pressure or head when dealing with fluids, is necessary to start a body moving if it is at rest, and is present in some form when the motion of the body is arrested; therefore, whenever a fluid is given velocity, some part of its original static head is used to impart this velocity, which then exists as velocity head.

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Volume and Velocity of Flow

The volume of a liquid passing a point in a given time is known as its volume of flow or flow rate. The volume of flow is usually expressed in gallons per minute (gpm) and is associated with relative pressures of the liquid, such as 5 gpm at 40 psi. The velocity of flow or velocity of the fluid is defined as the average speed at which the fluid moves past a given point. It is usually expressed in feet per second (fps) or feet per minute (fpm). Velocity of flow is an important consideration in sizing the hydraulic lines. Volume and velocity of flow are often considered together. With other conditions unalteredthat is, with volume of input unchangedthe velocity of flow increases as the cross section or size of the pipe decreases, and the velocity of flow decreases as the cross section increases. For example, the velocity of flow is slow at wide parts of a stream and rapid at narrow parts, yet the volume of water passing each part of the stream is the same.

Bernoulli's Principle
Bernoulli's principle thus says that a rise (or fall) in pressure in a flowing fluid must always be accompanied by a decrease (or increase) in the speed, and conversely, if an increase (decrease) in, the speed of the fluid results in a decrease ( or increase) in the pressure. This is at the heart of a number of everyday phenomena. As a very trivial example, Bernoullis principle is responsible for the fact that a shower curtain gets sucked inwards'' when the water is first turned on. What happens is that the increased water/air velocity inside the curtain (relative to the still air on the other side) causes a pressure drop. The pressure difference between the outside and inside causes a net force on the shower curtain which sucks it inward. A more useful example is provided by the functioning of a perfume bottle: squeezing the bulb over the fluid creates a low pressure area due to the higher speed of the air, which subsequently draws the fluid up. This is illustrated in the following figure.

Action of a spray atomizer.

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Bernoullis principle also tells us why windows tend to explode, rather than implode in hurricanes: the very high speed of the air just outside the window causes the pressure just outside to be much less than the pressure inside, where the air is still. The difference in force pushes the windows outward, and hence they explode. If you know that a hurricane is coming it is therefore better to open as many windows as possible, to equalize the pressure inside and out. Another example of Bernoulli's principle at work is in the lift of aircraft wings and the motion of curve balls'' in baseball. In both cases the design is such as to create a speed differential of the flowing air past the object on the top and the bottom - for aircraft wings this comes from the movement of the flaps, and for the baseball it is the presence of ridges. Such a speed differential leads to a pressure difference between the top and bottom of the object, resulting in a net force being exerted, either upwards or downwards.

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Understanding the Venturi

It is not easy to understand the reason low pressure occurs in the small diameter area of the venturi. This explanation may seem to help the principle. It is clear that all the flow must pass from the larger section to the smaller section. Or in other words, the flow rate will remain the same in the large and small portions of the tube. The flow rate is the same rate, but the velocity changes. The velocity is greater in the small portion of the tube. There is a relationship between the pressure energy and the velocity energy; if velocity increases the pressure energy must decrease. This is known as the principle of conservation of energy at work which is also Bernoulli's law. This is similar to the soapbox derby car in the illustration at the top of a hill. At the top or point, the elevation of the soapbox derby car is high and the velocity low. At the bottom the elevation is low and the velocity is high, elevation (potential) energy has been converted to velocity (kinetic) energy. Pressure and velocity energies behave in the same way. In the large part of the pipe the pressure is high and velocity is low, in the small part, pressure is low and velocity high.

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If you ever need to prove for a need for backflow protection, visit your local fair grounds or trailer park. I guarantee that youll find all you need at the concession stand and most health departments and plumbing officials could care less. Here is a photograph of a drinking water and sewer connection in the same meter box with the sewer backing up. The white hose is for drinking water and it is back siphoning the sewage water, the sheen is a reflection of the water pulsating in and out of the meter box.

What is backflow? Reverse flow condition.

Backflow is the undesirable reversal of flow of nonpotable water or other substances through a cross-connection and into the piping of a public water system or consumers potable water system. There are two types of backflow--backpressure and backsiphonage.

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Common Cross-Connection Terms

Cross-connection A cross-connection is any temporary or permanent connection between a public water system or consumers potable (i.e., drinking) water system and any source or system containing nonpotable water or other substances. An example is the piping between a public water system or consumers potable water system and an auxiliary water system, cooling system, or irrigation system.

Several cross-connection have been made to soda machines, the one to worry about is when you have a copper water line hooked to CO2 without a backflow preventer. The reason is that the CO2 will mix in the water and create copper carbonic acid which can be deadly. This is one reason that you will see clear plastic lines at most soda machines and no copper lines. Most codes require a stainless steel RP backflow assembly at soda machines.

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Common Cross-Connections

Bottom, a direct connection between water and sewage. A perfect crossconnection. 36 Backflow Awareness Course www.ABCTLC.com 4/21/2009
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Backflow
Backflow is the undesirable reversal of flow of nonpotable water or other substances through a cross-connection and into the piping of a public water system or consumers potable water system. There are two types of backflow--backpressure and backsiphonage. Backsiphonage

Backpressure caused by heat.

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Backsiphonage
Backsiphonage is backflow caused by a negative pressure (i.e., a vacuum or partial vacuum) in a public water system or consumers potable water system. The effect is similar to drinking water through a straw. Backsiphonage can occur when there is a stoppage of water supply due to nearby fire fighting, a break in a water main, etc.

Every day, our public water system has several backsiphonage occurrences, Think of people that use water driven equipment, from a device that drains waterbeds to pesticide applicators. Backpressure is rarer, but does happen in areas of high elevation, like tall buildings or buildings with pumps. A good example is the pressure exerted by a building that is 100 feet tall is about 43 PSI, the water main feeding the building is at 35 PSI. The water will flow back to the water main. Never drink water or coffee inside a funeral home, vet clinic or hospital.

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Backpressure
Backpressure backflow is backflow caused by a downstream pressure that is greater than the upstream or supply pressure in a public water system or consumers potable water system. Backpressure (i.e., downstream pressure that is greater than the potable water supply pressure) can result from an increase in downstream pressure, a reduction in the potable water supply pressure, or a combination of both. Increases in downstream pressure can be created by pumps, temperature increases in boilers, etc. Reductions in potable water supply pressure occur whenever the amount of water being used exceeds the amount of water being supplied, such as during water line flushing, fire fighting, or breaks in water mains.

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Backpressure Examples
Booster pumps, pressure vessels, elevation, heat

Here we see the backpressure of salt water back into the public water system from a ships pressure pump. Most water providers are now requiring a RP assembly at the hydrant. What is a backflow preventer? A backflow preventer is a means or mechanism to prevent backflow. The basic means of preventing backflow is an air gap, which either eliminates a cross-connection or provides a barrier to backflow. The basic mechanism for preventing backflow is a mechanical backflow preventer, which provides a physical barrier to backflow. The principal types of mechanical backflow preventer are the reduced-pressure principle assembly, the pressure vacuum breaker assembly, and the double check valve assembly. Residential Dual Check Valve A secondary type of mechanical backflow preventer is the residential dual check valve. We do not recommend the installation of dual checks because there is no testing method or schedule for these devices. Once these devices are in place, they, like all mechanical devices, are subject to failure and will probably be stuck open. Some type of debris will keep the device from working properly.

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Types of Backflow Prevention Methods and Assemblies

Backflow Devices Cross connections must either be physically disconnected or have an approved backflow prevention device installed to protect the public water system. There are five types of approved devices/methods: 1. Air gap- Is not really a device but is a method. 2. Atmospheric vacuum breaker 3. Pressure vacuum breaker 4. Double check valve 5. Reduced pressure principle backflow preventer (RP device) The type of device selected for a particular installation depends on several factors. First, the degree of hazard must be assessed. A high hazard facility is one in which a cross connection could be hazardous to health, such as a chrome plating shop or a sewage treatment plant. A low hazard situation is one in which a cross connection would cause only an aesthetic problem such as a foul taste or odor. Second, the plumbing arrangement must be considered. Third, it must be determined whether protection is needed at the water meter or at a location within the facility. A summary of these factors and the recommended device selection is given in Table 7-1. Approved Air Gap Separation (AG) An approved air gap is a physical separation between the free flowing discharge end of a potable water supply pipeline, and the overflow rim of an open or non pressure receiving vessel. These separations must be vertically orientated a distance of at least twice the inside diameter of the inlet pipe, but never less than one inch. An obstruction around or near an air gap may restrict the flow of air into the outlet pipe and nullify the effectiveness of the air gap to prevent backsiphonage. When the air flow is restricted, such as the case of an air gap located near a wall, the air gap separation must be increased. Also, within a building where the air pressure is artificially increased above atmospheric, such as a sports stadium with a flexible roof kept in place by air blowers, the air gap separation must be increased.
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Which of these ice machine drains has an approved air gap? Here is a better question, would you use the ice from this ice machine? Here is where all those stories about cockroaches and stomach flu originate. The stories are true.

Air Gap
An air gap is a physical disconnection between the free flowing discharge end of a potable water pipeline and the top of an open receiving vessel. The air gap must be at least two times the diameter of the supply pipe and not less than one inch. This type of protection is acceptable for high hazard installations and is theoretically the most effective protection. However, this method of prevention can be circumvented if the supply pipe is extended.

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Vacuum Breakers
There are two types of vacuum breakers, atmospheric and pressure. The difference between them is that the pressure vacuum breaker is spring loaded to assist the devices opening. Both devices open the pipeline to atmosphere in the event of backsiphonage only. Neither device is approved for backpressure conditions. Both devices are only suitable for low hazard applications. Their primary purpose is to protect the water system from cross connections due to submerged inlets, such as irrigation systems and tank applications. Shutoff valves may not be installed downstream of atmospheric vacuum breakers but are allowed on pressure vacuum breakers. The devices must be installed above the highest downstream piping.

Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker (AVB) The Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker contains

a float check (poppet), a check seat, and an air inlet port. The device allows air to enter the water line when the line pressure is reduced to a gauge pressure of zero or below. The air inlet valve is not internally loaded. To prevent the air inlet from sticking closed, the device must not be installed on the pressure side of a shutoff valve, or wherever it may be under constant pressure more than 12 hours during a 24 hour period. Atmospheric vacuum breakers are designed to prevent backflow caused by backsiphonage only from low health hazards. Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker Uses: Irrigation systems, commercial dishwasher and laundry equipment, chemical tanks and laboratory sinks (backsiphonage only, nonpressurized connections.) (Note: hazard relates to the water purveyor's risk assessment; plumbing codes may allow AVB for high hazard fixture isolation).

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Pressure Vacuum Breaker Assembly (PVB) The Pressure Vacuum Breaker

Assembly consists of a spring loaded check valve, an independently operating air inlet valve, two resilient seated shutoff valves, and two properly located resilient seated test cocks. It shall be installed as a unit as shipped by the manufacturer. The air inlet valve is internally loaded to the open position, normally by means of a spring, allowing installation of the assembly on the pressure side of a shutoff valve. The PVB needs to be installed 12 inches above the highest downstream outlet to work correctly.

Double Check Valve Assembly (DC)

The Double Check Valve Assembly consists of two internally loaded check valves, either spring loaded or internally weighted, two resilient seated full ported shutoff valves, and four properly located resilient seated test cocks. This assembly shall be installed as a unit as shipped by the manufacturer. The double check valve assembly is designed to prevent backflow caused by backpressure and backsiphonage from low health hazards or pollutional concerns only. The double check valve should be installed in an accessible location and protected from freezing. The DC needs to be installed 12 inches above the ground for testing purposes only.

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Reduced Pressure Backflow Assembly (RP)

The reduced pressure backflow assembly consists of two independently acting spring loaded check valves separated by a spring loaded differential pressure relief valve, two resilient seated full ported shutoff valves, and four properly located resilient seated test cocks. This assembly shall be installed as a unit shipped by the manufacturer. During normal operation, the pressure between the two check valves, referred to as the zone of reduced pressure, is maintained at a lower pressure than the supply pressure. If either check valve leaks, the differential pressure relief valve maintains a differential pressure of at least two (2) psi between the supply pressure and the zone between the two check valves by discharging water to atmosphere. The reduced pressure backflow assembly is designed to prevent backflow caused by backpressure and backsiphonage from low to high health hazards. The RP needs to installed 12 inches above the ground for testing purposes only.

Two brand new RPs.

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Different Types of RPs

The RP consists of two internally loaded (weighted or spring loaded) check valves separated by a reduced pressure zone with a relief port to vent water to the atmosphere. The reduced pressure device can be used for high hazard situations under both backpressure and backsiphonage conditions. Under normal conditions, the second check valve should prevent backflow. However, if the second check valve fails or becomes fouled and backflow into the reduced pressure zone occurs, the relief port vents the backflow to atmosphere. The reduced pressure zone port opens anytime pressure in the zone comes within 2 psi of the supply pressure.

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Why do Backflow Preventors have to be Tested Periodically?

Mechanical backflow preventors have internal seals, springs, and moving parts that are subject to fouling, wear, or fatigue. Also, mechanical backflow preventors and air gaps can be bypassed. Therefore, all backflow preventors have to be tested periodically to ensure that they are functioning properly. A visual check of air gaps is sufficient, but mechanical backflow preventors have to be tested with properly calibrated gauge equipment. Backflow prevention devices must be tested annually to ensure that they work properly. It is usually the responsibility of the property owner to have this test done and to make sure that a copy of the test report is sent to the Public Works Department or Water Purveyor. If a device is not tested annually, Public Works or the Water Purveyor will notify the property owner, asking them to comply. If the property owner does not voluntarily test their device, the City may be forced to turn off water service to that property. State law requires the City to discontinue water service until testing is complete.

Leaky RP--have your assemblies tested annually or more often. Re-test after repairs and problems. A RP should not leak more than 1 or 2 minuteany more than that, there is a problem; a piece of debris or stuck check is causing the RPs hydraulic relief port to dump.
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Here is an RP that has never been tested and leaked every day until the grass was 3 feet high and the owner notified the Water Department of a water leak. The water meter reader should have caught this problem in the first couple months.

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Fireline Backflow Assemblies

Example of an inline and vertical Reduced Pressure Backflow Assembly.

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Fire Suppression Systems

9 Properly designed and installed fixed fire suppression systems enhance fire safety in the workplace. Automatic sprinkler systems throughout the workplace are among the most reliable fire fighting means. The fire sprinkler system detects the fire, sounds an alarm and puts the water where the fire and heat are located. 9 Automatic fire suppression systems require proper maintenance to keep them in serviceable condition. When it is necessary to take a fire suppression system out of service while business continues, the employer must temporarily substitute a fire watch of trained employees standing by to respond quickly to any fire emergency in the normally protected area. The fire watch must interface with the employers' fire prevention plan and emergency action plan. 9 Signs must be posted about areas protected by total flooding fire suppression systems which use agents that are a serious health hazard such as carbon dioxide, Halon 1211, etc. Such automatic systems must be equipped with area pre-discharge alarm systems to warn employees of the impending discharge of the system and allow time to evacuate the area. There must be an emergency action plan to provide for the safe evacuation of employees from within the protected area. Such plans are to be part of the overall evacuation plan for the workplace facility.

Halon Systems

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Fire System Classifications

Industrial fire protection systems will usually consist of sprinklers, hose connections, and hydrants. Sprinkler system may be dry or wet, open or closed. Systems of fixedspray nozzles may be used indoors or outdoors for protection of flammable-liquid and other hazardous processes. It is standard practice, especially in cities, to equip automatic sprinkler systems with fire department pumper connections. For cross-connection control, fire protection systems may be classified on the basis of water source and arrangement of supplies as follows: 1. Class 1--direct connections from public water mains only; no pumps, tanks, or reservoirs; no physical connection from other water supplies; no antifreeze or other additives of any kind; all sprinkler drains discharging to atmosphere, dry wells, or other safe outlets. 2. Class 2--same as class 1, except that booster pumps may be installed in the connections from the street mains (Booster pumps do not affect the potability of the system; it is necessary, however, to avoid drafting so much water that pressure in the water main is reduced below 10 psi.) 3. Class 3--direct connection from public water supply main plus one or more of the following: elevated storage tanks; fire pumps taking suction from above-ground covered reservoirs or tanks; and pressure tanks (All storage facilities are filled or connected to public water only, the water in the tanks to be maintained in potable conditions. Otherwise, Class 3 systems are the same as Class 1.) 4. Class 4--directly supplied from public mains similar to Classes 1 and 2, and with an auxiliary water supply on or available to the premises; or an auxiliary water supply may be located within l,700 ft. of the pumper connection. 5. Class 5--directly supplied from public mains, and interconnected with auxiliary supplies, such as: pumps taking suction from reservoirs exposed to contamination, or rivers and ponds; driven wells; mills or other industrial water systems; or where antifreeze or other additives are used. 6. Class 6--combined industrial and fire protection systems supplied from the public water mains only, with or without gravity storage or pump suction tanks. Industrial Fluids - shall mean any fluid or solution which may chemically, biologically or otherwise contaminated or polluted in a form or concentration such as would constitute a health, system, pollutional or plumbing hazard if introduced into an approved water supply.

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This may include, but not be limited to: polluted or contaminated used water; all types of process waters and "used waters" originating from the public water system which may deteriorate in sanitary quality; chemicals in fluids from: plating acids and alkalies; circulated cooling waters connected to an open cooling tower and/or cooling waters that are chemically or biologically treated or stabilized with toxic substances; contaminated natural waters such as from wells, springs, streams, rivers, bays, harbors, seas, irrigation canals or systems, etc.; oils, gases, glycerin, paraffins, caustic and acid solutions and other liquid and gaseous fluids used in industrial or other processes or for fire fighting purposes. In some states like Arizona, Fire lines need backflow prevention assemblies for certain criteria: a. Class 1 and 2 fire systems are not currently required to have any backflow prevention equipment at the service connection other than the equipment that is required for those systems under the state fire code standards. b. Class 3 fire systems may be converted to Class 1 or 2 systems by removing the tank. However, you must have the approval of the fire authority. c. Class 4 and 5 must comply with backflow requirements. Class 5 includes those fire systems that use antifreeze or other additives (RPDA required). This may apply to residential homes over 3,000 sq. ft. d. Class 6 fire systems require an on-site review to determine backflow requirements.

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Types of Pipes
Several types of pipe are used in water distribution systems, but only the most common types used by operators will be discussed. These piping materials include copper, plastic, galvanized steel, and cast iron. Some of the main characteristics of pipes made from these materials are presented below. Plastic pipe has been used extensively in current construction. Available in different lengths and sizes, it is lighter than steel or copper and requires no special tools to install. Plastic pipe has several advantages over metal pipe: it is flexible; it has superior resistance to rupture from freezing; it has complete resistance to corrosion; and, in addition, it can be installed aboveground or below ground. One of the most versatile plastic and polyvinyl resin pipes is the polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PVC pipes are made of tough, strong thermoplastic material that has an excellent combination of physical and chemical properties. Its chemical resistance and design strength make it an excellent material for application in various mechanical systems. Sometimes polyvinyl chloride is further chlorinated to obtain a stiffer design, a higher level of impact resistance, and a greater resistance to extremes of temperature. A CPVC pipe (a chlorinated blend of PVC) can be used not only in cold-water systems, but also in hot-water systems with temperatures up to 210F. Economy and ease of installation make plastic pipe popular for use in either water distribution and supply systems or sewer drainage systems. Galvanized pipe is commonly used for the water distributing pipes inside a building to supply hot and cold water to the fixtures. This type of pipe is manufactured in 21-ft lengths. It is GALVANIZED (coated with zinc) both inside and outside at the factory to resist corrosion. Pipe sizes are based on nominal INSIDE diameters. Inside diameters vary with the thickness of the pipe. Outside diameters remain constant so that pipe can be threaded for standard fittings. Ductile/Cast-iron pipe, sometimes called cast-iron pressure pipe, is used for water mains and frequently for service pipe up to a building. Unlike cast-iron soil pipe, cast-iron water pipe is manufactured in 20-ft lengths rather than 5-ft lengths. Besides bell-and-spigot joints, cast-iron water pipes and fittings are made with flanged, mechanical, or screwed joints. The screwed joints are used only on small-diameter pipe. Copper is one of the most widely used materials for tubing. This is because it does not rust and is highly resistant to any accumulation of scale particles in the pipe. This tubing is available in three different types: K, L, and M. K has the thickest walls, and M, the thinnest walls, with Ls thickness in between the other two. The thin walls of copper tubing are soldered to copper fittings.
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Soldering allows all the tubing and fittings to be set in place before the joints are finished. Generally, faster installation will be the result. Type K copper tubing is available in either rigid (hard temper) or flexible (soft temper) and is primarily used for underground service in the water distribution systems. Soft temper tubing is available in 40- or 60-ft coils, while hard temper tubing comes in 12- and 20-ft straight lengths. Type L copper tubing is also available in either hard or soft temper and either in coils or in straight lengths. The soft temper tubing is often used as replacement plumbing because of the tubes flexibility, which allows easier installation. Type L copper tubing is widely used in water distribution systems. Type M copper tubing is made in hard temper only and is available in straight lengths of 12 and 20 ft. It has a thin wall and is used for branch supplies where water pressure is low, but it is NOT used for mains and risers. It is also used for chilled water systems, for exposed lines in hot-water heating systems, and for drainage piping. Fittings Fittings vary according to the type of piping material used. The major types commonly used in water service include elbows, tees, unions, couplings, caps, plugs, nipples, reducers, and adapters.

Caps A pipe cap is a fitting with a female (inside) thread. It is used like a plug, except that the pipe cap screws on the male thread of a pipe or nipple. Couplings The three common types of couplings are straight coupling, reducer, and eccentric reducer. The STRAIGHT COUPLING is for joining two lengths of pipe in a straight run that does not require additional fittings. A run is that portion of a pipe or fitting continuing in a straight line in the direction of flow. A REDUCER is used to join two pipes of different sizes. The ECCENTRIC REDUCER (also called a BELL REDUCER) has two female (inside) threads of different sizes with centers so designed that when they are joined, the two pieces of pipe will not be in line with each other, but they can be installed so as to provide optimum drainage of the line. Elbows (Ells) 90 and 45. These fittings (fig. 8-5, close to middle of figure) are used to change the direction of the pipe either 90 or 45 degrees. REGULAR elbows have female threads at both outlets.

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Street elbows change the direction of a pipe in a close space where it would be impossible or impractical to use an elbow and nipple. Both 45- and 90-degree street elbows are available with one female and one male threaded end. The REDUCING elbow is similar to the 90-degree elbow except that one opening is smaller than the other. A nipple is a short length of pipe (12 in. or less) with a male thread on each end. It is used for extension from a fitting. At times, you may use the DIELECTRIC or INSULATING TYPE of fittings. These fittings connect underground tanks or hot-water tanks. They are also used when pipes of dissimilar metals are connected. Tees A tee is used for connecting pipes of different diameters or for changing the direction of pipe runs. A common type of pipe tee is the STRAIGHT tee, which has a straight-through portion and a 90-degree takeoff on one side. All three openings of the straight tee are of the same size. Another common type is the REDUCING tee, similar to the straight tee just described, except that one of the threaded openings is of a different size than the other. Unions There are two types of pipe unions. The GROUND JOINT UNION consists of three pieces, and the FLANGE UNION is made in two parts. Both types are used for joining two pipes together and are designed so that they can be disconnected easily. When joined, the two pieces of pipe will not be in line with each other, but they can be installed so as to provide optimum drainage of the line. Thermal Expansion Tank (Closed Loop System) However, the installation of backflow preventors may require some modification to your home plumbing. Prior to the installation of the backflow device, the volume of water in your home's pipes, which can expand when heated, could easily flow back into the public water system. With the installation of the backflow preventer, the water pressure in your home may build up, particularly when the hot water system is activated. To prevent thermal expansion, the Administrative Authority or Water Provider will suggest having a thermal expansion tank installed. If after the backflow prevention device is installed you notice your faucets leak or the emergency relief valve on the hot water tank is continuously activated, you should call a plumbing professional, as damage to your system may occur. For many homeowners, merely lowering the temperature on the hot water tank will eliminate the need for plumbing work. A setting between 115-125 degrees is considered appropriate for most household users. A thermal expansion tank is a small tank with an air/ water bladder. The air in the bladder can be compressed, enabling the water to expand into this tank, relieving pressure on other fixtures. This tank is to be located on the cold water side of the hot water tank.

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Barometric Loop

The barometric loop consists of a continuous section of supply piping that abruptly rises to a height of approximately 35 feet and then returns back down to the originating level. It is a loop in the piping system that effectively protects against backsiphonage. It may not be used to protect against backpressure. Its operation, in the protection against backsiphonage, is based upon the principle that a water column, at sea level pressure, will not rise above 33.9 feet. In general, barometric loops are locally fabricated, and are 35 feet high.

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Cross-Connection Control Responsibility

The Public Water Purveyor The primary responsibility of the water purveyor is to develop and maintain a program to prevent or control contamination from water sources of lesser quality or other contamination sources from entering into the public water system. Under the provisions of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (SDWA) and current Groundwater Protection rules, the Federal Government through the EPA, (Environmental Protection Agency), set national standards of safe drinking water. The separate states are responsible for the enforcement of these standards as well as the supervision of public water systems and the sources of drinking water. The water purveyor or supplier is held responsible for compliance to the provisions of the Safe Drinking Water Act, to provide a warranty that water quality by their operation is in conformance with EPA standards at the source, and is delivered to the customer without the quality being the compromised as its delivery through the distribution system. This is specified in the Code of Federal Regulations (Volume 40, Paragraph141.2 Section c): Maximum contaminant level means the permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to the free flowing outlet of the ultimate user of a public water system, except in the case of turbidity where the maximum permissible level is measured at the point of entry (POE) to the distribution system. Contaminants added to the water under circumstances controlled by the user, except those resulting from corrosion of piping and plumbing caused by water quality, are excluded from this definition. The Water Consumer Has the responsibility to prevent contaminants from entering into the public water system by way of their individual plumbing system, and retain the expenses of installation, maintenance, and testing of the approved backflow prevention assemblies installed on their individual water service line. The Certified General Backflow Tester Has the responsibility to test, maintain, inspect, repair, and report/notify on approved backflow prevention assemblies as authorized by the persons that have jurisdiction over those assemblies.

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Why do water suppliers need to control cross-connections and protect their public water systems against backflow? Backflow into a public water system can pollute or contaminate the water in that system (i.e., backflow into a public water system can make the water in that system unusable or unsafe to drink), and each water supplier has a responsibility to provide water that is usable and safe to drink under all foreseeable circumstances. Furthermore, consumers generally have absolute faith that water delivered to them through a public water system is always safe to drink. For these reasons, each water supplier must take reasonable precautions to protect its public water system against backflow. What should water suppliers do to control cross-connections and protect their public water systems against backflow? Water suppliers usually do not have the authority or capability to repeatedly inspect every consumers premises for cross-connections and backflow protection. Alternatively, each water supplier should ensure that a proper backflow preventer is installed and maintained at the water service connection to each system or premises that poses a significant hazard to the public water system. Generally, this would include the water service connection to each dedicated fire protection system or irrigation piping system and the water service connection to each of the following types of premises: (1) premises with an auxiliary or reclaimed water system; (2) industrial, medical, laboratory, marine or other facilities where objectionable substances are handled in a way that could cause pollution or contamination of the public water system; (3) premises exempt from the State Plumbing Code and premises where an internal backflow preventer required under the State Plumbing Code is not properly installed or maintained; (4) classified or restricted facilities; and (5) tall buildings. Each water supplier should also ensure that a proper backflow preventer is installed and maintained at each water loading station owned or operated by the water supplier.

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Common Backflow Questions and Answers

1. What is a cross connection, what two types of backflow can cause one, and what methods of protection can be used to prevent them? Backflow: Water that flows back to the distribution system. It is sometimes caused by a loss of pressure in the water system. A reverse flow condition. Cross-Connection: A physical connection between potable water and any other source or non-potable water. Backpressure: Backpressure backflow is backflow caused by a downstream pressure that is greater than the upstream or supply pressure in a public water system or consumer's potable water system. Backpressure (i.e., downstream pressure that is greater than the potable water supply pressure) can result from an increase in downstream pressure, a reduction in the potable water supply pressure, or a combination of both. Increases in downstream pressure can be created by pumps, temperature increases in boilers, etc. Reductions in potable water supply pressure occur whenever the amount of water being used exceeds the amount of water being supplied, such as during water line flushing, fire fighting, or breaks in water mains. Backsiphonage: Backsiphonage is backflow caused by a negative pressure (i.e., a vacuum ~ or partial vacuum) in a Public water system or consumer's potable water system. The effect is similar to drinking water through a straw. Backsiphonage can occur when there is a stoppage of water supply due to nearby fire fighting, a break in a water main, etc. 2. Why do water suppliers need to control cross-connections and protect their public water systems against backflow? Backflow: Backflow into a public water system can pollute or contaminate the water in that system (i.e., backflow into a public water system can make the water in that system unusable or unsafe to drink), and each water supplier has a responsibility to provide water that is usable and safe to drink under all foreseeable circumstances. Furthermore, consumers generally have absolute faith that water delivered to them through a public water system is always safe to drink. For these reasons, each water supplier must take reasonable precautions to protect its public water system against backflow. 3. What should water suppliers do to control cross-connections and protect their public water systems against backflow? Water suppliers usually do not have the authority or capability to repeatedly inspect every consumer's premises for cross-connections and backflow protection. Alternatively, each water supplier should ensure that a proper backflow preventer is installed and maintained at the water service connection to each system or premises that poses a significant hazard to the public water system. Generally, this would include the water service connection to
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each dedicated fire protection system or irrigation piping system and the water service connection to each of the following types of premises: (I ) premises with an auxiliary or reclaimed water system: (2) industrial, medical, laboratory, marine or other facilities where objectionable substances are handled in a way that could cause pollution or contamination of the public water system; (3) premises exempt from the State Plumbing Code and premises where an internal backflow preventer required under the State Plumbing Code is not properly installed or maintained; (4) classified or restricted facilities; and (S) tall buildings. Each water supplier should also ensure that a proper backflow preventer is installed and maintained at each water loading station owned or operated by the water supplier. 4. Air gap: An air gap is a vertical, physical separation between the end of a water supply outlet and the flood-level rim of a receiving vessel. This separation must be at least twice the diameter of the water supply outlet and never less than one inch. An air gap is considered the maximum protection available against backpressure backflow or backsiphonage but is not always practical and can easily be bypassed. 5. RP: An RP or reduced pressure priniciple backflow prevention assembly is a mechanical backflow preventer that consists of two independently acting, spring-loaded check valves with a hydraulically operating, mechanically independent, spring-loaded pressure differential relief valve between the check valves and below the first check valve. It includes shutoff valves at each end of the assembly and is equipped with test cocks. An RP is effective against backpressure backflow and backsiphonage and may be used to isolate health or nonhealth hazards. 6. DC: A DC or double check is a mechanical backflow preventer that consists of two independently acting, spring-loaded check valves. It includes shutoff valves at each end of the assembly and is equipped with test cocks. A DC is effective against backpressure backflow and backsiphonage but should be used to isolate only nonhealth hazards. 7. Vacuum breaker: A PVB is a mechanical backflow preventer that consists of an independently acting, spring-loaded check valve and an independently acting, springloaded, air inlet valve on the discharge side of the check valve. It includes shutoff valves at each end of the assembly and is eqipped with test cocks. A PVB may be used to isolate health or nonhealth hazards but is effective against backsiphonage only. 8. What is thermal expansion and what are the considerations with regards to backflow assemblies and devices? A backflow assembly will create a closed system. A closed system will not allow built up pressure to be released. You need to release excessive pressure in a closed system. One method is by installing expansion tanks or blow-offs.

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Cross-Connection Control Program Section

All public water system operators are required to maintain an active cross connection control program to identify and eliminate or isolate all cross connections within their systems. This program should provide for inspections of premises which may contain cross connections, installation of approved backflow prevention devices and annual testing of installed devices. A cross connection ordinance (or other enabling authority) that prohibits water service to any premise on which a cross connection exists without proper protection is required. The ordinance can also specify who will do the inspections and can specify testing of devices. Only backflow prevention devices that are approved by the State Environ-mental Quality or Health Division may be installed. Backflow prevention devices must be tested annually by certified testers to be sure the devices are functioning properly.

Responsibility Administration of a Cross-Connection Program

Under the provisions of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, the Federal Government has established, through the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), national standards of safe drinking water. The states are responsible for the enforcement of these standards as well as the supervision of public water supply systems and the sources of drinking water. The water purveyor (supplier) is held responsible for compliance to the provisions of the Safe Drinking Water Act, to include a warranty that water quality provided by his operation is in conformance with the EPA standards at the source, and is delivered to the customer without the quality being compromised es a result of its delivery through the distribution system. As specified in the Code of Federal Regulations (Volume 40, Paragraph 141.2, Section (c)) Maximum contaminant level, means the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to the free flowing outlet of the ultimate user of a public water system, except in the case of turbidity where the maximum permissible level is measured at the point of entry to the distribution system. Contaminants added to the water under circumstances controlled by the user, except those resulting from corrosion of piping and plumbing caused by water quality, are excluded from this definition. Containment There are several options that are open to a water purveyor when considering crossconnection protection to commercial, industrial, and residential customers. He may elect to work initially on the containment theory. This approach utilizes a minimum of backflow devices and isolates the customer from the water main. It virtually insulates the customer from potentially contaminating or polluting the public water supply system.
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While it is recognized that containment does not protect the customer within his building, it does effectively remove him from possible contamination to the public water supply system. If the water purveyor elects to protect his customers on a domestic internal protective basis and/or fixture outlet protective basis, then cross-connection control protective devices are placed at internal high hazard locations as well as at all locations where crossconnections exist at the last free-flowing outlet. This approach entails extensive cross-connective survey work on behalf of the water superintendent as well as constant policing of the plumbing within each commercial, industrial and residential account. In large water supply systems, fixture outlet protection cross-connection control philosophy, in itself, is a virtual impossibility to achieve and police due to the quantity of systems involved, the complexity of the plumbing systems inherent in many industrial sites, and the fact that many plumbing changes are made within industrial and commercial establishments that do not require the water department to license or otherwise endorse or ratify when contemplated or completed. Containment Protection Secondary protection This approach utilizes a minimum of backflow devices and isolates the customer from the water main. It virtually insulates the customer from potentially contaminating or polluting the public water supply system. Containment protection does not protect the customer within his own building, it does effectively remove him from the possibility public water supply contamination. Containment protection is usually a backflow prevention device as close as possible to the customers water meter and is often referred to as Secondary Protection. This type of backflow protection is excellent for water purveyors and is the least expense to the water customer but does not protect the occupants of the building.

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Internal Protection, Primary protection

The water purveyor may elect to protect his customers on a domestic internal protective basis and/or fixture outlet protective basis, in this case cross-connection-control devices (backflow preventors) are placed at internal hazard locations and at all locations where cross-connections may exist including the last free flowing outlet. This type of protection entails extensive cross-connection survey work usually preformed by a plumbing inspector or a Cross-Connection Specialist. In a large water supply system, internal protection in itself is virtually impossible to achieve and police due to the quantity of systems involved, the complexity of the plumbing systems inherent in many industrial sites, and the fact that many plumbing changes are made within commercial establishments that do not get the plumbing departments approval or require that the water department inspects when the work is completed. Internal protection is the most expensive and best type of backflow protection for both the water purveyor and the customer alike, but is very difficult to maintain. In order for the purveyor to provide maximum protection of the water distribution system, consideration should be given to requiring the owner of the premises to provide at his own expense, adequate proof that his internal water supply system complies with the local or state plumbing code(s). In addition, he may be required to install, test, maintain all backflow protection assemblies. Method of Action In addition, internal plumbing cross-connection control survey work is generally foreign to the average water purveyor and is not normally a portion of his job description or duties. While it is admirable for the water purveyor to accept and perform survey work, he should be aware that he runs the risk of additional liability in an area that may be in conflict with plumbing inspectors, maintenance personnel and other public health officials. Even where extensive fixture outlet protection, cross-connection control programs are in effect through the efforts of an aggressive and thorough water supply cross-connection control program, the water authorities should also have an active containment program in order to address the many plumbing changes that are made and that are inherent within commercial and industrial establishments. In essence, fixture outlet protection becomes an extension beyond the containment program. Also, in order for the supplier of water to provide maximum protection of the water distribution system, consideration should be given to requiring the owner of a premise (commercial, industrial, or residential) to provide at his own expense, adequate proof that his internal water system complies with the local or state plumbing code(s).
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In addition, he may be required to install, have tested, and maintain, all backflow protection devices that would be required - at his own expense! The supplier of water should have the right of entry to determine degree of hazard and the existence of cross-connections in order to protect the potable water system. By so doing he can assess the overall nature of the facility and its potential impact on the water system (determine degree of hazard), personally see actual cross-connections that could contaminate the water system, and take appropriate action to insure the elimination of the cross-connection or the installation of required backflow devices. To assist the water purveyor in the total administration of a cross-connection control program requires that all public health officials, plumbing inspectors, building managers, plumbing installers, and maintenance men participate and share in the responsibility to protect the public health and safety of individuals from cross-connections and contamination or pollution of the public water supply system. A complete cross-connection control program requires a carefully planned and executed initial action plan followed by aggressive implementation and constant follow-up. Proper staffing and education of personnel is a requirement to insure that an effective program is achieved. A recommended plan of action for a cross-connection control program should include the following characteristics: (1) Establish a cross-connection control ordinance at the local level and have it approved by the water commissioners, town manager, etc., and ensure that it is adopted by the town or private water authority as a legally enforceable document. (2) Conduct public informative meetings that define the proposed cross-connection control program, review the local cross-connection control ordinance, and answer all questions that may arise concerning the reason for the program, why and how the survey will be conducted, and the potential impact upon the industrial, commercial and residential water customers. Have state authorities and the local press and radio attend the meeting. (3) Place written notices of the pending cross-connection control program in the local newspaper, and have the local radio station make announcements about the program as a public service notice. (4) Send employees who will administer the program, to a course, or courses, on backflow tester certification, backflow survey courses, backflow device repair courses, etc. (5) Equip the water authority with backflow device test kits. (6) Conduct meeting(s) with the local plumbing inspection people, building inspectors, and licensed plumbers in the area who will be active in the inspection, installations and repair of backflow devices. Inform them of the intent of the program and the part that they can play in the successful implementation of the program. (7) Prior to initiating a survey of the established commercial and industrial installations, prepare a list of these establishments from existing records, then prioritize the degree of hazard that they present to the water system, i.e., plating plants, hospitals, car wash facilities, industrial metal finishing and fabrication, mortuaries, etc. 64 Backflow Awareness Course www.ABCTLC.com 4/21/2009
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These will be the initial facilities inspected for cross-connections and will be followed by less hazardous installations. (8) Ensure that any new construction plans are reviewed by the water authority to assess the degree of hazard and ensure that the proper backflow preventer is installed concurrent with the potential degree of hazard that the facility presents. (9) Establish a residential backflow protection program that will automatically ensure that a residential backflow device is installed automatically at every new residence. (10) As water meters are repaired or replaced at residences, ensure that a residential backflow preventer is set with the new or reworked water meter. Be sure to have the owner address thermal expansion provisions.

Cross-connection Control Survey Work

(1) Prepare a listing of all testable backflow devices in the community and ensure that they are tested by certified test personnel at the time intervals consistent with the local crossconnection control ordinance. (2) Prepare and submit testing documentation of backflow devices to the State authority responsible for monitoring this data. (3) Survey all commercial and industrial facilities and require appropriate backflow protection based upon the containment philosophy and/or internal protection and fixture outlet protection. Follow up to ensure that the recommended devices are installed and tested on both an initial basis and a periodic basis consistent with the cross-connection control ordinance. The surveys should be conducted by personnel experienced in commercial and industrial processes. The owners or owners representatives should be questioned as to what the water is being used for in the facility and what hazards the operations may present to the water system (both within the facility and to the water distribution system) in the event that a back-siphonage or backpressure condition were to exist concurrent with a non-protected cross-connection. In the event that experienced survey personnel are not available within the water authority to conduct the survey, consideration should be given to having a consulting firm perform the survey on behalf of the water department. Cross-connection control survey work should only be performed by personnel knowledgeable about commercial and industrial potential cross-connections as well as general industrial uses for both potable and process water. If containment is the prime objective of the survey, then only sufficient time need be spent in the facility to determine the degree of hazard inherent within the facility or operation. Once this is determined, a judgment can be made by the cross-connection control inspector as to what type of backflow protective device will be needed at the potable supply entrance, or immediately downstream of the water meter.
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In the event that the cross-connection control program requires total protection to the last free flowing outlet, then the survey must be conducted in depth to visually inspect for all cross-connections within the facility and make recommendations and requirements for fixture outlet protective devices, internal protective devices, and containment devices. It is recommended that consideration be given to the following objectives when performing a cross-connection control survey: (1) Determine if the survey will be conducted with a pre-arranged appointment or unannounced. (2) Upon entry, identify yourself and the purpose of the visitation and request to see the plant manager, owner, or maintenance supervisor in order to explain the purpose of the visit and why the cross-connection survey will be of benefit to him. (3) Ask what processes are involved within the facility and for what purpose potable water is used, i.e., do the boilers have chemical additives? Are air conditioning cooling towers in use with chemical additives? Do they use water savers with chemical additives? Do they have a second source of water (raw water from wells, etc.) in addition to the potable water supply? Does the process water cross-connect with potentially hazardous chemical etching tanks, etc.? (4) Request as-built engineering drawings of the potable water supply in order to trace out internal potable lines and potential areas of cross-connections. (5) Initiate the survey by starting at the potable entrance supply (the water meter in most cases) and then proceed with the internal survey in the event that total internal protective devices and fixture outlet protective devices are desired. (6) Survey the plant facilities with the objective of looking for cross-connections at all potable water outlets such as: Hose bibbs Slop sinks Wash room facilities Cafeteria and kitchens Fire protection and Siamese outlets Irrigation outlets Boiler rooms Mechanical rooms Laundry facilities (hospitals) Production floor (7) Make a sketch of all areas requiring backflow protection devices. (8) Review with the host what you have found and explain the findings to him. Inform him that he will receive a written report documenting the findings together with a written recommendation for corrective action. Attempt to answer all questions at this time. Review the findings with the owner or manager if time and circumstances permit. (9) Document all findings and recommendations prior to preparing the written report. Include as many sketches with the final report as possible and specifically state the size and generic type of backflow preventer required at each cross-connection found.

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Developing a Cross-Connection Control Program

Introduction Establishing a cross connection control program for a small water utility can be a daunting task. The responsibility of creating and implementing the program will often fall on the operator, who will most likely be responsible for water, sewer, roads, parks and other public work projects as well. This can seem overwhelming, but with an organized approach an effective program can be established. What is a Cross-Connection? Before anyone can start a cross connection program, he or she must understand what cross connections are, why they are dangerous, and how they can be corrected. Therefore, the first step must be education. The approach to learning about cross connection control will vary depending on time and funding constraints. The best approach will be to attend a training course that is specifically designed to teach cross connection control practices for public water systems. If this is not possible, then the operator will have to pursue other avenues. Some agencies and organizations offer training courses that include sessions on cross connection control for little or no cost. Some areas have committees, associations or other groups dedicated to cross connection control. These groups can be a great source of information and networking. Many cross connection control publications and videos are available. It is also advisable for the operator to contact neighboring water utilities for information on their cross connection control programs. Legal Authority Once the operator has a good understanding of cross connection control, the next task will be to prepare a written document that will establish legal authority for the program. This may be in the form of an ordinance, resolution, by-law, etc., depending on the organization of the water system. This document will define the utility's cross connection control requirements, such as what circumstances will require the installation of a backflow preventer; who will be responsible for the installation, testing and maintenance costs; program enforcement; approval of backflow preventors and installation requirements. This document must avoid conflicts with other agencies. It is important to consider the requirements of local building, plumbing and fire codes in addition to Health Services requirements. It is useful to obtain copies of ordinances from nearby utilities and consider their requirements. It is preferable for utilities to have similar requirements when possible. This will minimize confusion for those who work in several districts and are expected to be familiar with local requirements, such as backflow assembly testers, plumbers and vendors. It will also help avoid critical comparisons between utilities.
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"The Board" A cross connection ordinance will be useless without the approval of the board of directors or city council. This fact can present problems of its own. As is often the case, the operator will be given the responsibility of running a cross connection control program but will not have the authority to create and enforce the ordinance. For this reason, it is extremely important to have the support of the board. Board members must be educated about cross connection control. They need to understand the hazards cross connections present to the safety of the water supply, and the liability they are vulnerable to in the event of a backflow incident. Once they understand the importance of a cross connection control program, they can be strong allies in adopting an effective ordinance and implementing the program. Organize the Program Once an ordinance has been adopted, it must be implemented. This requires an organized approach. The responsibilities of each person involved in the program must be clearly defined; a system for coordinating with other agencies must be developed; a plan to educate the public must be in place; an efficient system for keeping records is critical; and various form letters and notices will need to be developed. Work Responsibilities It is important to identify who is responsible for each element in the cross connection control program. Who will determine when a backflow preventer is required? Who will prioritize installations? Who will verify the correct installation of the backflow preventer? Who will test backflow preventors? Who will send out letters and notices? Who will track the testing and maintenance of the backflow preventors in the system? Who will respond to customer inquiries and complaints? These are all questions that need to be answered before the program is presented to the customers. Agency Coordination Working with other agencies can be a great benefit to the cross connection control program. The local building department plan review process can be a useful tool. If an agreement can be made to include the water utility in the plan review process, any needed backflow preventors can be included in the planning stage. A good relationship with local plumbing inspectors can be a great benefit to the program. They can serve as extra eyes to spot any variations from building plans that might create a need for backflow prevention. Working with fire officials is extremely important. The installation of backflow preventors on fire lines will increase the pressure loss, and this needs to be considered in the system design. Good working relationships with these officials will eliminate the headache of retrofitting a new building, and the bad publicity that follows a lack of coordination between agencies. 68 Backflow Awareness Course www.ABCTLC.com 4/21/2009
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Public Education Public education is an important aspect of cross connection control that is too often overlooked or minimized. This can have disastrous consequences. If a customer receives a notice to install a backflow preventer with no explanation, they will often have a negative response. It is important to educate the customers to the dangers of cross connections and the importance of installing backflow preventors when needed. It is also very important to explain the program priorities so the customers don't feel singled out. If one customer is notified to install a backflow preventer and their neighbor isn't, they will want to know why. It is better for the utility to answer these questions with public education, rather than leave the customers wondering, or worse yet, doubting the sensibility of the cross connection control program. Most customers will be willing to support the cross connection control program when they understand that the safety of their drinking water is at stake. Record-keeping, Forms and Notices An active cross connection control program will generate information that must be organized and tracked. It is important to give careful consideration to record keeping methods before information begins to accumulate. Once information is stored, changing the format becomes quite difficult. A system needs to be in place for notifying customers when backflow preventors must be installed, tested or repaired, and for tracking the responses. Backflow preventors must be tested regularly, so a system of tracking due dates is needed in order to send notices on time. Certain letters will be sent out frequently, so it is helpful to have a standard form prepared for these occasions. Cross connection software is available to assist with this aspect of the program. The software is available in a wide range of prices and capabilities. Cross-Connection Program Implementation Once these preparations have been completed, the cross connection control program is ready for implementation. Public education can be initiated to gain customer support for the program. The operator will be ready to identify cross connection hazards in the system and begin the process of eliminating or isolating them. As the program begins to function, the utility will be prepared to handle the paper flow and phone calls that are generated. Summary Creating an effective cross connection control program is an important and challenging responsibility. An organized approach in the beginning will help avoid many problems and conflicts once the program begins to function. Once the program is established, the utility can take pride in the knowledge that they are taking an active role in protecting the public water supply from potentially life-threatening contamination.
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What is Backsiphonage? Backsiphonage is backflow caused by a negative pressure (i.e., a vacuum or partial vacuum) in a public water system or consumers potable water system. The effect is similar to drinking water through a straw. Backsiphonage can occur when there is a stoppage of water supply due to nearby fire fighting, a break in a water main, etc.

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Water Quality Inspector-Backflow Unit Program Duty Example

The technical and administrative demands for a Backflow Prevention Program are extensive for a water system the size of the City of Sunflower. These responsibilities cannot be met merely by delegating additional duties among existing staff and field personnel. Personnel possessing the appropriate administrative, technical and clerical skills need to be organized as a "Backflow Prevention Unit" to form the nucleus for such a program. General Duties - Responsible for the enforcement of the City's Backflow Prevention Program and policy that include: system review, determining new service and retrofit replacements; field investigation and correction of backflow occurrences; and the review of testing and repair reports to ensure compliance. Specific Duties: (1) Conduct surveys of commercial and industrial water users to determine backflow prevention compliance. (2) Meet with affected business groups to explain and promote the City's backflow prevention objectives. (3) Act as Department representatives involving various requests regarding backflow prevention requirements. (4) Review test report forms of backflow prevention devices. (5) Investigate reported incidents of cross-connections or backflow problems. (6) Perform quality assurance tests on backflow prevention assemblies repaired by certified general testers. (7) Establish and update maintenance history files of backflow prevention assemblies. (8) Monitor and track progress of retrofit requirements placed on individual commercial and industrial users. (9) Remain current with backflow technology in order to answer general and technical inquiries about backflow prevention requirements. (10) Maintain General Tester certification.
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Evaluation of Hazard Policy Example

The Department shall evaluate potential hazard to the public water supply which may be created as a result of a condition on a user's premises. However, the Department shall not be responsible for abatement of cross-connection that may exist within the user's premises. This evaluation shall give particular consideration to the premises that involve the following type of situations of water uses: (1) Premises where substances harmful to health are handled under pressure. (2) Premises that boost the pressure of water delivered by the public water system. (3) Premises which could expose the public water system to backflow. (4) Premises having an auxiliary water supply. (5) Premises where water from the public water system, under normal circumstances, could develop a polluted water source. (6) Premises where entry for investigation or information regarding water use is restricted. (7) Premises that contain a degree of piping system complexity and the potential for routine system modification. 1. Hazard Types The type and degree of hazard potential to the public potable water supply and system from a customer's water supply system shall be determined using the following hazard factors: a. Plumbing Hazard - an actual or potential plumbing type cross-connection that is not properly protected by an approved backflow prevention method. b. System Hazard - an actual or potential threat that may cause severe damage to the physical facilities of the public water supply system or that may have a protracted effect on the quality of the water in the system. 2. Degree of Hazard a. Pollution - (non-health) an actual or potential threat to the physical facilities of the public water supply system or to the public water supply that, although not dangerous to health, would constitute a nuisance or be aesthetically objectionable, or could cause damage to the system or its appurtenances. b. Contamination - (health) any condition, device or practice that, in the judgment of the Department, may create a danger to the health and well-being of the public water users.

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Backflow Requirements Example

TABLE 7.1 Facilities or Activities Requiring Backflow Assembly The following criteria will be used to determine the backflow prevention requirements for all service connections: 1. Specified Facilities or Activities When any of the following activities are conducted on premises served by the public potable water system, a potential hazard to the public potable water supply shall be presumed and a backflow prevention method, of the type specified for that activity herein, must be utilized or installed at the service connection for that premise. (1) Aircraft and missile plants: RP (2) Animal clinics and animal grooming shops: RP (3) Any premises where a cross-connection is maintained: RP (4) Automotive repair with steam cleaner, acid cleaning equipment, or solvent facilities: RP (5) Auxiliary water system: RP (6) Bottling plants, beverage or chemical: RP (7) Breweries: RP (8) Buildings with house pumps and/or potable water storage tank: RP (9) Buildings with landscape fountains, ponds, or baptismal tanks: Air Gap or RP (10) Building with sewage ejector: Air Gap or RP (11) Canneries, packing houses, and reduction plants: RP (12) Car wash facilities: RP (13) Centralized heating and air conditioning plants: RP (14) Chemical plants: RP (15) Chemically treated potable or nonpotable water system: RP (16) Civil works (government owned or operated facilities not open for inspection by the Department): RP (17) Commercial laundries: RP (18) Dairies and cold storage plants: RP (19) Dye works: RP (20) Film processing laboratories: RP (21) Fire system-American Water Works Association Classes 1, 2. Any system constructed of a piping material not approved as a potable water system material per the Uniform Plumbing Code as adopted by the City: DC (22) Fire system-American Water Work Association Classes 3, 4, 5, 6: RP (23) Food processing plants: RP (24) High schools, trade schools and colleges: RP (25) Holding tank disposal stations: RP (26) Hospitals and mortuaries: RP

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(27) Irrigation systems (not to include single family detached residences): a. Premises having separate systems used in elevated areas: RP b. Premises having nonpotable water piping (lawn sprinklers) two (2) inches and smaller: PVB (28) Laboratories using toxic materials: RP (29) Manufacturing, processing, and fabricating plants: RP (30) Medical and dental buildings, sanitariums, rest and convalescent homes engaged in diagnosis, care or treatment of human illness: RP (31) Motion picture studios: RP (32) Multiple Services Interconnected: RP or DC (33) Multiple Use Facilities/activities - When two or more of the activities listed above are conducted on the same premises and served by the same service connection, the most restrictive backflow prevention method required for any of the activities conducted on the premises shall be required at the service connection. The order of the most restrictive to least restrictive backflow prevention method shall be as follows: (A) Air Gap (most restrictive) (B) Reduced Pressure Principle Assembly (RP) (C) Pressure vacuum Breaker Assembly (PVB) (D) Double Check Valve Assembly (DC) (least restrictive) (34) Oil and gas production plants: RP (35) Paper and paper production plants: RP (36) Plating plants: RP (37) Portable insecticide and herbicide spray tanks: Air Gap or RP (38) Power plants: RP (39) Radioactive materials processing facilities: RP (40) Recreational vehicle parks, trailer parks (seasonal): RP (41) Restricted, classified, or other closed facilities: RP (42) Rubber plants: RP (43) Sand and gravel plants: RP (44) Sewage and storm drainage facilities: Air Gap or RP (45) Street sweepers, steel wheeled rollers: Air Gap or RP (46) Temporary Services-Construction water: Air Gap or RP (47) Water trucks, water tanks or hydraulic sewer cleaning equipment: Air Gap or RP 2. Non-Specified Facilities or Activities The Department shall determine backflow prevention requirements for all other facilities or activities not specified herein. This determination will be on a case by case basis and shall require the consumer to comply with all other provisions within the policy. 3. Private Fire Hydrants When a single fire service connection provides service solely to privately owned fire hydrants upon a premise no protection is required provided: 1) The fire system is designed, furnished, installed and tested in conformance with current department specifications. 2) The entire route of the service pipe shall constantly remain visible from the point of connection.

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Installation Requirements Example

1. General Requirements: (a) Backflow prevention assemblies shall be installed by the user, at the user's expense, in compliance with the standards and specifications adopted by the City, at the service connection. The assembly or assemblies shall be sized equivalent to the diameter of the service connection. (b) All assemblies shall be installed in a manner as to be readily accessible for testing and maintenance. It will be located as close as practicable to the point of service delivery. A reduced pressure principle assembly, a double check valve assembly and a pressure vacuum breaker assembly shall be installed above ground. With the Department's approval, a double check valve assembly may be installed in below ground vault. (c) An air-gap separation shall be located as close as practicable to the user's point of service delivery. All piping between the user's connection and receiving tank shall be entirely visible unless otherwise approved by the City. (d) It shall be unlawful, and punishable as a misdemeanor, for any person to bypass or remove a backflow prevention method without the approval of the City. (e) Fire Protection Systems - the user shall make proper application to the Fire Department for a permit prior to installation of an assembly on an existing fire system. 2. Continuous Water Supply (a) Domestic or Building Supply Systems - when a customer desires a continuous water supply during testing and repairs, two or more backflow prevention assemblies shall be installed parallel to one another at the service connection to allow a continuous water supply during testing of the backflow prevention assemblies. (b) Fire Protection Systems - where it is determined by the Sunflower Fire Department that a fire sprinkler system shall have a continuous water supply that may not be interrupted during testing and maintenance of the backflow prevention assembly, the user shall install two backflow prevention assemblies parallel to one another at the service connection. The diameter of each assembly shall be as approved by the Fire Department.

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Testing Frequency
1. General Requirements: (a) The user shall test backflow prevention assemblies at least once a year. Affected user will be notified of the testing due date. If the test reveals the assembly to be defective or in unsatisfactory operating condition, the user shall perform any necessary repairs, including replacement of the assembly if necessary, which will return the assembly to satisfactory operating condition. (b) As a condition of water service, the user is responsible for the effective operating condition of the backflow prevention assembly at all times. (c) All expenses associated with the annual testing and maintenance of backflow prevention assemblies shall be the responsibility of the user. (d) The Department reserves the right to require more testing. Qualified Certified General Testers List Policy Example The purpose of this list is to identify qualified general testers for user/customer to contact and hire for backflow assembly testing. (a) The Department may recognize other agencies or organizations involved with the training and certification of testers. (b) It is the responsibility of the certified general tester to submit accurate and current certification to the Backflow Unit of the Water Quality Division. A list of certified general testers will be maintained by the Department and made available upon request to all users required to install or maintain a backflow prevention assembly. (c) The Department may disqualify a tester, at any time, without warning, for any malfeasance or misrepresentation.

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Compliance Program Example

1. New Service Connections (a) An approved backflow prevention assembly shall be installed and maintained at every service connection to a user's water system when the Department determines that the water supplied by the public water system may be subject to contamination, pollution or other deterioration in sanitary quality by conditions within the user's water system. (b) The backflow prevention method to be utilized shall be determined by the Department. The method shall be sufficient to protect against the potential hazard, as determined by the Department, to the public water supply. 2. Existing Service Connections (a) The provision herein shall apply to all new water customers and all water customers existing prior to enactment date of this policy. (b) Backflow prevention assemblies installed prior to enactment of this policy that do not comply with these requirements shall be replaced at the user's expense with assemblies that comply with the standards set forth herein. (c) All existing water service connections will be subject to a survey by the Water and Wastewater Department to identify water user premises where service protection is required. The selection of service connections to be surveyed will be determined by the Department and based on suspected hazards. A letter of notification will be sent to all users identified to install, upgrade, or utilize a backflow prevention assembly. The user shall have no more than twelve (12) months from the date of notification to comply with requirements set forth in this policy. (d) A water user survey will automatically be initiated should a user apply for a building permit to install or modify existing plumbing. This investigation may be performed by the Development Services Department in conjunction with the plan review or the permit application process. The issuance of a building permit requiring that a backflow prevention assembly be installed, upgraded, or utilized shall constitute written notice and shall hold the user responsible to the provisions set forth in this policy. (e) A permit from the Fire Department, Division of Fire Prevention, shall be secured prior to issuance of a Building Permit for any retrofit application.

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Failure to Comply 1. Notice of Violation (a) Prior to disconnecting any water service, the Department shall make written notification to the user describing the violation and give notice that the condition must be remedied within forty-five (45) days. If such condition is not remedied within (45) days, the Department shall send a second notice, by certified mail, notifying the user that water service will be discontinued in fifteen (15) days if the condition is not remedied within such time period. 2. Discontinuance of Water Service Example (a) If the customer within the time specified in this section: - fails to install a required backflow prevention assembly; or - fails to properly test; or - fails to properly maintain a backflow device; or - bypasses or removes a backflow device; or - fails to submit records of tests and repair of a backflow device; or - has an identified unprotected cross-connection existing in the user's water system; then water service to that service connection shall be discontinued. Their service shall not be restored until the condition is remedied. See Appendix I - Section IV. (b) Water services to a fire protection system shall not be subject to disconnection under this section. If the situation is not remedied within the time specified to the user, the user may be issued a citation for a misdemeanor offense. Each day the situation is allowed to continue thereafter shall constitute a separate violation of this section. (c) The Department shall disconnect, without notice, water service to any customer when the Department discovers or determines that the customer's water system is contaminating the public water supply. 3. Citations Example (a) If a situation, which would otherwise result in discontinuance of water service in section (2), subsection (b) above, is not remedied within the time provided in the notice sent to the customer, the customer may be issued a citation for a misdemeanor offense. Each day the situation is allowed to continue, thereafter, shall constitute a separate violation of this section. (b) If a customer commits a deliberate act to fraud, misrepresent, falsify or act in an unauthorized capacity in violation of this policy relating to falsification of records, the deliberate bypass of a backflow prevention device, the illegal restoration of a service or the willful withholding or concealing of information or activity for the purpose of avoiding service protection requirements, a citation for a misdemeanor offense may be issued for each separate violation of this policy. See Appendix I - Section V. 78 Backflow Awareness Course www.ABCTLC.com 4/21/2009

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Records Requirements Policy Example

(a) The user/customer shall submit on forms approved by the Department, results of all tests, repairs to, or replacement of backflow prevention assemblies. (b) Submitted records shall be completed and signed by a certified general tester. (c) The user/customer shall be responsible for prompt submission of records to the Department after completion of the activity for which the record is made. Failure to submit records within the time frames established by the Department shall constitute a violation of this policy. Refer to Section VI.E., Failure to Comply, for more details. (d) It is recommended records be kept by the user and tester for at least three (3) years.

Here is an example of a PRV Valve, which is not a backflow preventer, but a Pressure Regulation Valve.

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What is backpressure? Backpressure backflow is backflow caused by a downstream pressure that is greater than the upstream or supply pressure in a public water system or consumers potable water system. Backpressure (i.e., downstream pressure that is greater than the potable water supply pressure) can result from an increase in downstream pressure, a reduction in the potable water supply pressure, or a combination of both. Increases in downstream pressure can be created by pumps, temperature increases in boilers, etc. Reductions in potable water supply pressure occur whenever the amount of water being used exceeds the amount of water being supplied, such as during water line flushing, fire fighting, or breaks in water mains. 80 Backflow Awareness Course www.ABCTLC.com 4/21/2009

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Incident Response Plan Example

1. Introduction This is a reference document to be used in incident and emergency incident response situations affecting public drinking water supplies. Although every effort has been made to make this document as complete as possible, the user must recognize that not every situation can be anticipated. The responder may be called upon to use their best judgment in a given situation. (a) Incident Response Example A customer complaint is usually handled by contacting Customer Services, 262-6215 between 8:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. on weekdays and Water Distribution, 261-8000 after 5:30 p.m. and on weekends. If the complaint concerns system problems (pressure, leaks) the complaint is referred to the Water Distribution Division. If the complaint is in reference to the quality of the water (taste, odor, color), the complaint is referred to the Water Quality Division, Water Monitoring Unit. The Water Monitoring Unit will perform a phone interview to determine the seriousness and magnitude of the water quality problem. If it is felt that the situation warrants, a member of the Water Monitoring Unit will visit the site to perform an inspection and sample the water at the site. The samples will be delivered to the Water Quality Laboratory for analysis. If the inspector suspects the water has been contaminated by an outside source through a possible cross-connection, the Backflow Prevention Unit will be notified. Upon notification of a possible backflow incident, the Backflow Prevention Unit will visit the site, perform an inspection of the premise for possible cross-connections, and evaluate the water use within the premises. A determination of the proper backflow protection will be made and notification to install the assembly may be issued. The water may be turned off at the service connection if it is determined that the user's water system is contaminating the public water system. The appropriate Customer Services Area Field Supervisor will be notified of the water being turned off. Also notify Customer Services that the water was turned off.
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Emergency Incident Response Example

An emergency incident response to a possible backflow situation would be triggered if it involved a health hazard concerning the potable water system. Notification of such an incident could come from the Health Department directly to the Water Quality Division or from 911. The 911 dispatcher then notifies the City Operator that there is an incident involving the water distribution system, who in turn notifies the Water Distribution 24 hour Emergency Dispatcher. This dispatcher then notifies the Water Distribution Superintendent, the Water Quality Superintendent and the Water and Wastewater Information Officer. The Water Distribution Superintendent notifies and dispatches the appropriate crews to isolate, flush, or neutralize the contamination. The Water Quality Superintendent will notify the Chief Water Quality Inspector who will then dispatch the Water Monitoring Unit and/or the Backflow Prevention Unit to perform their duties as described in the incident response section. The Water Quality Lab would submit a written report to the Water and Wastewater Information Officer who would handle all media contact. See Appendix I - Section VI. 2. Reports and Records Example (a) Customer In the event the customer's water system or the public water system is contaminated or polluted due to a cross-connection or other cause, and the customer has knowledge of such an event, the Department shall be promptly notified by the customer so that the appropriate measures may be taken to overcome the contamination. The customer shall submit a written incident report within 72 hours of first knowledge of the event. The report shall address all of the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Date and time of discovery; Nature of the problem; Affected area; Cause of the problem; Public health impact; Corrective action taken; Date of completion of corrective actions.

(b) Water Purveyor The water purveyor shall submit a written cross-connection incident report within five business days to the Department of Environmental Quality or equivalent agency and the local health authority whenever a cross-connection problem has occurred which resulted in contamination of the public water system. 82 Backflow Awareness Course www.ABCTLC.com 4/21/2009

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The report shall address all of the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Date and time of discovery of the unprotected cross-connection; Nature of the cross-connection problem; Affected area; Cause of the cross-connection problem; Public health impacts; Dates and text of any public health advisories issued; Corrective actions taken; and Date of completion of corrective actions.

Accurate records and reports must be written and maintained because unfortunately the end result of a backflow incident will probably be a court case, and the damages ensuing may be partly the water purveyor's responsibility.

Looking inside a Check Valve. This is not a backflow prevention assembly! Ive hurt a lot of salesmens feelings on this issue. A check valve is a device not an assembly.

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Sources of Pollution Sources of pollution which may result in a danger to health are not always obvious and such cross-connections are certainly not usually intentional. They are usually the result of oversight or a non-professional installation. As source examples, within a business environment the pollutant source may involve the unintentional cross-connection of internal or external piping with chemical processes or a heating boiler. In a residential environment the pollutant source may be an improper cross-connection with a landscape sprinkler system or reserve tank fire protection system. Or, a situation as simple as leaving a garden hose nozzle submerged in a bucket of liquid or attached to a chemical sprayer.

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HOMELAND SECURITY INFORMATION UPDATE

Suggested Guidance on Protective Measures Information Bulletin 03-002 February 7, 2003 National Threat Warning SystemHomeland Security Information UpdateHSAS Threat Level Orange (High); joint guidance from the Department of Homeland Security and the FBI. As recipients were advised, the Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS) was raised to High (Orange) from Elevated (Yellow) on 2/7/03. This communication provides critical infrastructure owners/operators suggested guidance for developing protective measures based on this heightened threat condition. This communication also provides potential indicators of threats involving weapons of mass destruction. PART I: GENERAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES In addition to continuing all precautions from the lower threat condition (Yellow), the following general protective measures may be utilized. Recipients are advised to take other appropriate steps, in conjunction with local conditions, policies, and procedures. The list that follows is not intended to be exhaustive, but merely illustrative: -- coordinate necessary security efforts with Armed Forces or law enforcement agencies. -- take additional precautions at public events. -- review contingency plans to work at an alternate site or with a dispersed work force. -- review plans to restrict access to facilities.

PART II: SPECIFIC PROTECTIVE MEASURES FOR INFRASTRUCTURE OWNERS/OPERATORS AT HIGH CONDITION (ORANGE) -- announce threat condition high (orange) to all employees. -- consider full or partial activation of emergency operations center. -- review policy and plans relating to restricting access to critical facilities and infrastructure. -- conduct periodic inspections of building facilities and HVAC systems for potential indicators/irregularities.
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-- direct people to the Red Cross website for further review of protective measures for families and businesses. -- enhance security at critical facilities. -- institute/increase vehicle, foot and roving security patrols. -- implement random security guard shift changes. -- increase visibility in and around perimeters by increasing lighting and removing or trimming vegetation. -- implement stringent identification procedures to include conducting hands on checks of security badges for all personnel, if badges are required. -- remind personnel to properly display badges, if applicable, and enforce visibility. -- rearrange exterior vehicle barriers to alter traffic patterns near facilities. -- arrange for law enforcement vehicles to be parked randomly near entrances and exits. -- approach all illegally parked vehicles in and around facilities, question drivers and direct them to move immediately. If the owner can not be identified, have vehicle towed by law enforcement. -- if possible, institute a vehicle inspection program to include checking under the undercarriage of vehicles, under the hood, and in the trunk. Provide vehicle inspection training to security personnel. -- instruct citizens to report suspicious activities, packages and people, and report all suspicious activity immediately to local law enforcement. -- x-ray packages, if possible, prior to entry, and inspect handbags, and briefcases, if possible. -- encourage personnel to avoid routines, vary times and routes, and pre-plan with family members and supervisors. -- validate vendor lists for all routine deliveries and repair services. -- restrict vehicle parking close to buildings. -- inspect all deliveries and consider accepting shipments only at offsite locations. -- require identification, sign-in, and escorts for visitors. 86 Backflow Awareness Course www.ABCTLC.com 4/21/2009
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-- instruct people to be especially watchful for suspicious or unattended packages and articles either delivered or received through the mail. -- send a public information officer to the state joint information center. -- install special locking devices on manhole covers in and around critical infrastructure facilities. -- initiate a system to enhance mail and package screening procedures (both announced and unannounced). -- review current contingency plans and if not already in place, develop and implement procedures for receiving and acting on: threat information, alert notification procedures, terrorist incident response procedures, evacuation procedures, shelter in place procedures, bomb threat procedures, hostage and barricade procedures, chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) procedures, consequence and crisis management procedures, accountability procedures and media procedures. PART III: POTENTIAL INDICATORS OF THREATS INVOLVING WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION (WMD) POTENTIAL INDICATORS OF WMD THREATS OR INCIDENTS: -- unusual/suspicious packages or containers, especially those found in unlikely or sensitive locations, such as those found near air intake/HVAC systems or enclosed spaces. -- unusual powders or liquids/droplets/mists/clouds, especially found near air intake/HVAC systems or enclosed spaces. -- signs of tampering or break-in to a facility or maintenance/utility area -- reports of suspicious person(s) or activities, especially those involving sensitive locations within or around a building -- dead animals/birds, fish, or insects -- unexplained/unusual odors. Smells may range from fruity/flowery to sharp/pungent, garlic/horseradish-like, bitter almonds, peach kernels, and new mown grass/hay. -- unusual/unscheduled spraying or discovery of spray devices or bottles
The NIPC encourages individuals to report information concerning suspicious activity to their local FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) office, http://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htm, the NIPC, or to other appropriate authorities. Individuals can reach the NIPC WATCH AND WARNING UNIT at (202) 323-3205, tol1 free at 1-888-585-9078, or by email to [email protected].
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A Certified Tester is testing the integrity of this RP. Notice OS &Y.

Above, this is an Ames Silver Bullet RP on a fireline. 88 Backflow Awareness Course www.ABCTLC.com 4/21/2009
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Notification Letters/Forms Examples and Related Documents

Example of frost protection. Ive seen everything from a fake rock to a fake statue. This frost protection and assembly protection stuff has grown into a full blown industry. There are people that only install protective devices and dont even test the assembly because they have too much work.

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The following are several examples of backflow related letters and notices.

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April 30, 2009 ABC Company 12345 North Beeline Highway Sunflower, Arizona 85547

Dear Sirs:

Example of a regulatory letter

In order to protect the public water supply from contamination, State and local regulations require approved backflow prevention assemblies for your water service lines. These assemblies, which should be located on your domestic, fire sprinkler and/or landscape water supply lines, are due for an annual operation test. This test must be performed by a backflow prevention assembly tester who possesses a valid certification. A list of certified testers recognized by the Sunflower Water Department has been enclosed to assist you in selecting a qualified contractor. Prices charged for installation, testing and/or repair of assemblies can vary widely between contractors. So, for your own protection, carefully check service costs and qualifications before employing a contractor for your assemblies. Generally, testing costs range from approximately $35-50 per assembly. If needed, repairs are usually an additional expense. You are responsible for submitting test results for your assemblies on the proper form to the Town of Sunflower Water Department no later than June 07, 2005. Test forms and information packages are available at no charge from the Town of Sunflower Water Department located at 303A North Beeline Highway. If you have any questions about the testing requirements, or need additional information, please contact me at (520) 474-5242, Ext. 235 or Michael Ploughe at Ext. 284. Sincerely,

Jim Bevan Water Resources Specialist

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< DATE > < CONTACT > < TITLE > < COMPANY NAME> < STREET ADDRESS > < CITY AND STATE AND ZIP > REMINDER NOTICE

<CERTIFIED MAIL> OR <HAND DELIVERED TO:>

Annual Testing Requirement Example

Dear------------------------: In reviewing our files, we have been unable to find this year's test results for your backflow device(s) (see attached). City Ordinances G3672 / G3674 require yearly testing of all containment backflow devices. These Ordinances also require reporting the results to: City of Sunflower Pollution Control Division Backflow Prevention Unit 2303 West Beeline Street Sunflower, AZ 85009 We are notifying each customer at least 30 days in advance of their yearly test date. If we have missed notifying you previously, please accept this letter as that notification. If you have forgotten to test or mail the test results, please consider this letter a reminder. We appreciate your continued co-operation. Should you have any questions please contact me at (602) 534-2140. Our office hours are 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. Sincerely, Scott Stratton Senior Water Quality Inspector Backflow Prevention Unit Enclosure

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< DATE > < CONTACT > < TITLE > < COMPANY NAME> < STREET ADDRESS > < CITY AND STATE AND ZIP > NOTICE OF FAILURE TO COMPLY

<CERTIFIED MAIL> OR <HAND DELIVERED TO:>

Annual Testing Requirement EXAMPLE

Two notices have been sent to you requesting the annual testing of the containment backflow prevention assembly(s) (see attached notices). We have not received the test report(s) as of the date of this letter. This is the last notification. A passing test report for the containment device(s) must be received by <DATE>. The mailing address is: City of Sunflower Pollution Control Division Backflow Prevention Unit 2303 West Beeline Street Sunflower, AZ 85009 FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS LETTER MAY RESULT IN A REVIEW MEETING BEING SCHEDULED TO DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING APPLICABLE ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS OUTLINED IN CHAPTER 37 OF THE SUNFLOWERCITY CODE. A civil penalty not to exceed one thousand percent per billing period on the charges for all water used beginning from the date the corrective action was required and until the corrective action has been completed by the customer. Publication in the largest daily newspaper published in the City as a violator of the requirements of Chapter 37. TERMINATION OF WATER SERVICE. All costs, fees, expenses incurred, surcharges, and penalties relating to the termination and restoration of water service shall be paid by the customer prior to the water service being restored.

Should you have any questions regarding this Notice, please call me at 534-9506. Our office hours are 8:00 a.m. through 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday. Sincerely, Bill Fields Chief Water Quality Inspector Backflow Prevention Unit Enclosures Backflow Awareness Course www.ABCTLC.com 4/21/2009 All backflow materials are used by permission from CMB Industries, Inc

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Date: To: From: RE:

December 11, 2009 Bill Fields, Public Works Director Chris Binder, Water Resource Specialist Owners refusal to install Required Backflow Prevention Assembly at Sunflower Car Wash - 114 W. Kiedel Street

Current State and Local Backflow Requirements Current state drinking water regulations adopted by the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality require a water supplier to protect its public water system from contamination caused by backflow through unprotected cross connections by requiring the installation and periodic testing of backflow prevention assemblies (A.A.C., Title 18, Chapter 4, Article 1, Section R18-4-115). In addition, Sunflower Town Ordinance Number 422 adopts Resolution Number 1016 which establishes rules, regulations and penalties relative to cross connection control for users of the public water supply. Section 13-4-3, Part I of Town of Sunflower Resolution Number 1016 [Discontinuance of Service] states the penalty for failure to comply with backflow prevention requirements as follows: Service of water to any premises may be discontinued by the Department if a backflow prevention assembly required by this ordinance is not installed, tested and maintained; if it has been found that a backflow prevention assembly has been removed or bypassed; or if a cross connection exists on the premises. Service will not be restored until such conditions or defects are corrected. Sunflower may also terminate a users service upon twenty (20) days notice in writing in non-emergency. Procedure Used to Notify Sunflower Water Customers of Backflow Prevention Requirements Sunflower Water Department staff has designed a backflow prevention program that is designed to help customers achieve compliance with state regulations and local ordinance. Customers who are required to install a backflow prevention assembly at their water meter are notified of the requirement as follows: Water Department staff mailed a First Notice letter to customers who are required to install a backflow assembly at their water meter. If the customer does not comply with the requirement after 30 days, a Second Notice letter is mailed. If the water customer does not install and test the required backflow assembly after 60 days, a Water Service Shutoff Notice is mailed to the customer [Refer to copies of attached letters]. Water Department staff also telephone the water system customer to verify that they have received the backflow prevention letters, to answer their questions about the requirements and to advise them that their water service will be discontinued if the specified assemblies are not properly installed and tested.

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Schedule of Notification for Sunflower Car Wash On June 04, 1996, a first notice letter was mailed to the property owner of Sunflower Car Wash located at 114 West Kiedel Street. A second notice letter was mailed on July 29, 1996. The owner of the car wash, Mr. Duane Smith, did not respond to either letter. Finally, on November 07, 1996, Town staff mailed a letter to advise Mr. Jones that his water service would be discontinued if he did not comply with the backflow prevention requirements within thirty (30) days of the final notice. Mike Ploughe, Hydrogeologist for the Sunflower Water Department, attempted to contact Mr. Jones several times after mailing the final notice. During the third week in November, 1996, Mr. Jones left a voice mail message at my extension, and said that he didnt think an assembly was needed at his car wash. I asked Mike Ploughe to contact him and schedule an on-site survey. Mike was unable to contact Mr. Jones until Tuesday, December 10, 1996. On Wednesday morning, December 11, 1996, Mike surveyed the site, but was uncertain if the mixing basins for the car wash chemicals were properly air-gapped. As a result, I contacted Mr. Jones at the car wash in the afternoon and resurveyed the site. Several backflow hazards exist at the facility. First, the mixing basins for the car wash chemicals are not properly air-gapped. The water inlet for the basins is below the rim of the receiving vessel, which violates the air-gap requirements of the Uniform Plumbing Code. Furthermore, the car wash facility has two hose bibs with attached hoses that are not protected against backsiphonage. Owners Refusal To Comply With Backflow Prevention Requirements When I showed Mr. Jones the backflow hazards and explained the requirements for installation and testing of a backflow prevention assembly, Mr. Jones told me that he would not comply with the requirements if it would cost him too much money. He looked through a plumbing supply catalog for a few minutes and estimated that he would probably need to pay $400-600 for the installation and an additional $35 - 50 for the testing. Then he told me that he had already contacted his lawyer, and that we should shut off his water and he would see us in court.

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Cross-Connection Specialist Job Description Example

JOB SUMMARY: Performs specialized work analyzing industrial and commercial water systems and inspecting new installations to ensure compliance with permit requirements, ordinances and state and federal regulations regarding cross connection control. ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS: 1. Evaluates industrial and commercial on-site water systems for proper cross connection devices to protect the city water supply from contamination. 2. Inspects new plumbing installations for compliance with cross-connection ordinances and engineering standards and follows up on deficiencies. 3. Reviews civil and architectural drawings for compliance with backflow prevention ordinances, approved components and systems. 4. Explains to owners and managers approved methods for retrofit and negotiates compliance dates. 5. Develops and presents specialized training on cross connection control and back flow prevention. 6. Provides lead supervision to support staff and serves as a technical expert for General and Specialist Building Inspectors. 7. Conducts research on cross-connection issues, construction materials and potential hazards, and prepares reports. 8. Maintains files and prepares various activity reports; develops surveys, forms, schedules, graphics, permits and draft ordinances and special programs. 9. Reviews qualifications of independent testers and issues approvals to test in our jurisdiction. 10. Tests back flow prevention assemblies to ensure certified tester accuracy. 11. Explains, interprets and enforces the City Cross-Connection Code and other codes, ordinances and guidelines related to cross connection control; issues citations and prepares materials for court cases. 12. Investigates water quality complaints and takes appropriate action. 13. Provides quality customer service. SECONDARY FUNCTIONS: 14. Performs other related duties as assigned. KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, ABILITIES: Knowledge of: Local ordinances, codes, state and federal regulations governing the causes and control of contamination of City potable water supply. Complex piping systems and engineering principles applicable to commercial construction. Techniques involved in testing, identifying and correcting problems with cross connection control devices.
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Installations of the correct back flow prevention devices and the proper device application. Legal requirements related to Building Code Enforcement. Ability to: Make decisions within area of specialization. Use and maintain testing equipment. Identify possible cross connections within user's system for conformance with specifications and ordinances. Read and interpret plans for the proper cross connection control devices. Conduct research. Communicate effectively verbally and in writing. Establish and maintain effective working relationships with business owners, managers, Engineers, State and City officials and testers. Negotiate effectively and obtain regulatory compliance. WORKING CONDITIONS: Fieldwork, which requires some heavy lifting and climbing up and down, ladders with possible exposure to gases and chemicals and open trenches. MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS: Two years of college coursework in Engineering, Building Construction or a related field, and four years technical experience in plumbing inspection, water or wastewater systems, or water distribution treatment experience in cross connection control preferred. Any equivalent combination of training and experience, which provides the required knowledge, skills, and abilities, is qualifying. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS: Back flow Prevention Assembly Tester Certification within six months of appointment. Driver's license. Cross Connection Control Specialist Certification within six months of appointment. ICBO Certification as a Plumbing Inspector within one year of appointment.

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TOWN OF SUNFLOWER Backflow Prevention Program (Checklist Example) Developers, Contractors and Sunflower Residents:
An approved backflow prevention assembly may be required on your water service line(s) to protect the public water system from the possibility of contamination. The assemblies, required by State and local regulations are not needed on most single family residential water services, but are required for most industrial, commercial, irrigation and fire sprinkler service connections. This information package is designed to explain the Town of Sunflowers Backflow Prevention Program and provide you with information you will need to install and test your backflow prevention assemblies. Inside you will find the following information: Backflow: Protecting Our Water Quality: General backflow prevention information. Program: Outlines customer and Sunflower Water Departments responsibilities for backflow prevention. Customer Checklist: Lists steps necessary for permitting, installation, testing and final approval. Permit Application: Application and two signed forms needed to obtain an installation permit. Freeze and Theft Protection: A list of manufacturers who produce heating devices and locking enclosures to safeguard your assemblies. Standard Details and Approved Assemblies: Sunflower Water Department Standard Details for assembly installation and information on currently approved assemblies. Testers: A directory of Sunflower Water Department approved Certified Backflow Testers. This list is presented in random order and may not include recent changes. Ask the contractor about current registration with Sunflower Water and insurance coverage before work is performed. Fire: Special information relating to fire services and systems. 99

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CUSTOMER CHECKLIST FOR NEW AND RETROFIT INSTALLATIONS (Example)

INSTALLATION OF A BACKFLOW PREVENTION ASSEMBLY REQUIRES THE FOLLOWING ITEMS: STEP 1) Inspections Required: Install required assemblies and call the Backflow Prevention Staff at 978-5242, Ext. 379 to schedule an inspection. a) Inspection for Correct Installation (Use Attached Town of Sunflower Standard Details). b) Inspection of Underground Piping- DO NOT BACKFILL THE TRENCH UNTIL SUNFLOWER WATER DEPARTMENT STAFF HAVE APPROVED YOUR INSTALLATION. c) Inspection for Adequate Clearance from obstructions to permit proper testing. d) Inspection for use of assemblies approved by the University of Southern California Foundation for Cross Connection Control and Hydraulic Research (USC FCCCHR) approved assemblies [Call the Sunflower Water Department to check on current approvals].
* The Town of Sunflower will specify what types of assemblies are needed to protect each service connection during the plan review process. Specific locations of installed assemblies must be reported to the Water Department for testing and recordkeeping purposes. Assemblies must be installed as close to the service connection (downstream side of the water meter) as practical, unless an alternate installation location has been approved by the Sunflower Water Department. [Town Ordinance Article 13, Section 13-4-3, Number 422] [State of Arizona Administrative Code - Title 18, R18-4-115]

STEP 2) Testing Requirements: a) After the installation inspection and approval, each backflow prevention assembly must be tested by a certified contractor prior to active use (refer to attached list of backflow prevention assembly general testers). Water service will be discontinued if backflow assemblies are not properly tested prior to occupancy! b) Submit test reports to the Sunflower Water Department after completion of the tests (Use Attached Form) at the following address:

Attention: Backflow Prevention Program Town of Sunflower Water Department 978A North Beeline Highway Sunflower, Arizona 85547
c) Annual testing of each assembly is required. Reminder notices will be sent by Water Department.
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STEP 3) Requirements for Final Approval: a) All Final Inspections and Testing Complete b) Chains and locks on fire lines to keep them in the open position and prevent system shut off. If you have any questions about this program, please contact the Backflow Prevention Department at (520) 978-5242, Ext. 379.

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Closed-Loop Water System Form (Example)

WARNING - HOT WATER HEATER LEAK, RUPTURE OR EXPLOSION HAZARD! Normally, cold water flows in from your water service line and fills your hot water heater. Then, as the water is heated, it expands and flows back out through the pipe towards the water meter. As long as the flow of the expanded water is not blocked, the water pressure in the service line remains normal. However, when a backflow preventer is installed, the hot expanded water can no longer escape out through the water meter. In this case, the only way to prevent excessive heat and pressure from building up in the service line is to install a temperature and pressure (T&P) relief valve on the water heater and an expansion tank to the water system (1991 Uniform Plumbing Code- Section 1007). Other forms of added protection include toilet tank relief valves and in-line relief valves. The T&P relief valve should be checked regularly to ensure that it is functioning properly. This test should be performed on an annual basis when the backflow prevention assembly is tested. If you understand this information, please sign and return this form to obtain your assembly installation permit. If you do not understand this information, please contact the Backflow Prevention Office at (520) 978-5242, Ext. 379.

I, the undersigned, do hereby state that I fully understand the potential hazards of a closed water system and the consequences which may occur if the temperature and pressure relief valve on my hot water heater is not functioning as designed OR if expansion tanks and/or relief valves are not added to the water system when needed. SIGNATURE: ______________________________________________________ NAME: (Please print) DATE: / /

ADDRESS:___________________________________________________________ CITY: STATE: ZIP CODE: ________

**A SIGNED COPY OF THIS FORM MUST BE SUBMITTED TO OBTAIN YOUR BACKFLOW ASSEMBLY INSTALLATION PERMIT

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Fire Services and Systems Policy (Example)

Class 1 and 2 fire systems are not currently required to have any backflow prevention equipment at the service connection other than the equipment that is required for those systems under the state fire code standards. However, backflow prevention assemblies may be required on all Class 1 and 2 fire systems after future legislative review. (Refer to the Suggested Removable Pipe Spool Installation for Class 1 and 2 Fire Sprinkler Systems@ - Standard Detail W1-07 in this information package). Class 3 fires systems may be converted to Class 1 or 2 systems by removing the tank. However, you must have the approval of the fire authority. Contact your fire authority prior to making any changes to your existing fire system. If the system cannot be modified, a backflow assembly will be required. Class 4 and 5 must comply with backflow requirements. Class 5 includes those fire systems that use antifreeze or other additives (RPDA required). This may apply to residential homes over 3000 sq. ft. Class 6 fire systems require an on-site review to determine backflow requirements. Customers who want to increase the size of an incoming service line must comply with backflow requirements prior to the completion of construction. Contact the Sunflower Water Department at 978-5242, Ext. 379 or e-mail for more information. Customers who will receive reclaimed water must comply with backflow prevention requirements prior to completion of construction and before receiving reclaimed water. Contact the Sunflower Water Department at 978-5242, Ext. 379 for more information.

?????? Ive seen this many times and is a common site because of un-educated Inspectors and backflow personnel. This line feeds an irrigation system, no protection at all and was in place for many years. I also hate to see an AVB or PVB installed and see the potential for back-pressure downstream. 104 Backflow Awareness Course www.ABCTLC.com 4/21/2009
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Backflow Prevention Program Responsibilities Example

Customer Responsibilities Installation of Approved Backflow Assembly Maintenance, Repair and Annual Testing of Assembly Annual inspection of check valve assemblies for Class I and 2 fire sprinkler systems by an L-16 or C-16 contractor (Refer to Fire System Section in this information package)

Sunflower Water Department Responsibilities Assurance of Water Quality Enforcement of Laws, Ordinances and Codes Implementation of Backflow Prevention Program Inspections, Surveys and Water Service Evaluations Retain Inventory and Service Records of All Backflow Prevention Assemblies Submit Reports to the State

Rust Particles
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Freeze and Theft Protection for Backflow Prevention Assemblies Example

If a backflow prevention assembly is installed outside in a location subject to freezing weather, it must be protected to prevent damage and to ensure proper operation. Several manufacturers of enclosures designed to protect assemblies from freeze and theft damage are listed below: 1) Heat Hut from Northern Arizona Backflow, Inc. Flagstaff, Arizona Contact: Rick Williams at (520) 527-8919 2) HydroCowl, Inc. Nashville, TN (615) 833-0233 1-800-245-6333

Fax:

(615) 831-0156

3) FreezeGuard from Astra Industrial Services 1-800-776-1464 Fax: (805) 499-9084 4) Hot Box from Hot Box-NFE, Inc. 250 N. Lane Avenue Jacksonville, Florida 32254 (904) 786-0204 1-800-736-0238 Fax: (904) 783-6965

5) Just Set Thermo Shelters from Pennsylvania Insert Corporation Bridge Street Spring City, Pennsylvania 19475 (610) 948-9688 Fax: (610) 948-9750 Facility owners may install assemblies inside the building with approval from the Backflow Prevention Section of the Sunflower Water Department at (520) 978-5242, Ext. 379, or email . All customers whether installing an assembly outdoors or indoors must complete and submit a copy of the attached Freeze Protection Installation Approval Form when applying for a backflow assembly permit.

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Freeze Protection Installation Approval Form Example

Please check the appropriate box. Outdoor Installation: I, the undersigned, do hereby agree to install all required backflow prevention assemblies for my facility or residence in an outdoor location (as close to the meter as possible) with adequate freeze protection to prevent damage to the assembly and to ensure its proper operation. I understand that the Town of Sunflower Backflow Ordinance prohibits any taps between the water meter and backflow assembly or any bypass lines around the assembly and certify that no such taps or bypasses exist on my domestic, fire or irrigation water service lines. Indoor Installation with Water Department Approval: I, the undersigned, have obtained approval from the Backflow Prevention Section of the Water Department to install all required backflow prevention assemblies for my facility or residence inside the building in a location (as close to the meter as practical) that will protect the assembly from freeze damage. I understand that the Town of Sunflower Backflow Ordinance prohibits any taps between the water meter and backflow assembly or any bypass lines around the assembly and certify that no such taps or bypasses exist on my domestic, fire or irrigation water service lines. I also understand the potential for flooding that may result within my facility if an installed reduced pressure principle assembly reaches a full port dump condition. I agree to accept all responsibility for damage if this situation occurs.

SIGNATURE: NAME: (Please print) DATE: / /

ADDRESS: _________________________________________________ CITY: TELEPHONE: ( STATE: ) _______________________________ ZIP CODE: __________

**A SIGNED COPY OF THIS FORM MUST BE SUBMITTED TO OBTAIN YOUR BACKFLOW

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Assembly Installation Permit Example BACKFLOW ASSEMBLY PERMIT APPLICATION

WATER CUSTOMER MAILING ADDRESS
Name: Address: City, State, Zip

ASSEMBLY INFORMATION
Serial No. MFR: Model Water Meter No : Size

PROJECT NAME: PROJECT CONTRACTOR: SERVICE ADDRESS: CITY, STATE, ZIP: CONTACT PERSON: ASSEMBLY LOCATION:
1) What type of assembly will be installed? (Please Check One) Reduced Pressure Principle Assembly (RP) Double Check Valve Assembly (DC) Pressure Vacuum Breaker (PVB) Reduced Pressure Principle Detector Assembly (RPDA) - Fire Systems Only Double Check Detector Assembly (DCDA) Fire Systems Only 3/4 inch 1 inch 1 1/2 inch 2 inch 3 inch 4 inch Other, Please specify

TELEPHONE: PAGER:

2) What size is your service line?

3) Which Town of Sunflower Standard Detail will you be using to install the backflow prevention assembly? Reduced Pressure Principle Assembly (RP) - 3" and larger Double Check Valve Assembly (DC) - 3" and larger Reduced Pressure Principle Assembly (RP) - INDOOR - 2 1/2 " and less Reduced Pressure Principle Assembly (RP) - OUTDOOR - 21/2 " and less Double Check Valve Assembly (DC) - 21/2 " and less Pressure Vacuum Breaker (PVB) Suggested Spool Installation for Class 1 and 2 Fire Sprinkler System Safety Post - MAG STANDARD DETAIL #140
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TOWN OF SUNFLOWER - BACKFLOW PREVENTION CODE OF CONDUCT FOR CERTIFIED TESTERS Example
Backflow prevention general testers recognized by the Town of Sunflower must test, repair, and install assemblies under the direction of the Town of Sunflower Water Department and according to Town of Sunflower Ordinance # Article 13, Section 13-4-3, Number 422. The backflow prevention program for the Town has been established as follows:
Monthly test notices will be mailed on the first day of each month to customers whose backflow prevention assemblies are due for testing in that month. A copy of the approved list of testers will be sent with the notification letter. The customer will be responsible for contacting a certified tester. The Town will recognize testers who have been certified by AWWA, USC FCCCHR, ASETT Center, and the Pipe Industry Progress and Education Fund (P.I.P.E.) . A copy of the testers certification, the test gauge calibration certificate, insurance certificate and Plumber or Contractors License must be on file with the Town of Sunflower Water Department. Testers must use recognized test equipment and provide proof of its accuracy annually. All backflow assemblies must be tested in accordance with the procedures outlined in Section 9 of the 9th edition of the USC FCCCHR Manual of Cross Connection Control. In addition, testers must perform a backpressure check on each pressure vacuum breaker. Testers who are unsure of the current procedure to check for backpressure may contact the Sunflower Water Department at (520) 978-5242, Ext. 379. The Town will provide test forms to testers. Forms other than that provided by the Town will not be accepted. Each form must be filled out correctly and completely after each test or repair is performed on any assembly within the jurisdiction of the Town of Sunflower. All tests must be performed during the month for which they are designated. Early tests will not be accepted. Completed original test forms must be returned by the certified tester to the Town by the due date indicated on the monthly mailing record. Any test performed during the appropriate time interval, but received after the due date will be considered late, and handled as follows: 1) A written warning will be issued to the tester whenever the form is received late. 2) Testers receiving two warnings within a six month period will have their certification suspended for a period of three months. 3) Testers receiving two warnings within any six-month interval, after having a three month suspension, will have their certification revoked permanently. 4) Tests performed after the monthly deadline, because of a delay caused by the owner, will not result in a written warning, if the tester provides a written explanation for the delay. The explanation shall be attached to the test form. 5) Incomplete test forms will not be accepted. Testers who dismantle an assembly are responsible for having replacement parts readily available so that the assembly may be restored to proper working condition within the same working day. Under no circumstances should a customers water be left shut off while a tester attempts to obtain repair parts. A tester may be suspended or removed from the list of certified testers for improper testing, maintenance, reporting or any other practices determined to be improper by the Backflow Program Manager.

I, have received a copy of the Town of Sunflower Backflow Prevention Ordinance and read the above information. As a certified tester recognized by the Town of Sunflower, I will follow all established laws and accepted practices for installation, testing and repair of backflow prevention assemblies. Testers Signature______________________________________ Date______________

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GLOSSARY
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE: The pressure above zone absolute, i.e. the sum of atmospheric and gauge pressure. In vacuum related work it is usually expressed in millimeters of mercury. (mmHg). AIR BREAK: A physical separation which may be a low inlet into the indirect waste receptor from the fixture, or device that is indirectly connected. You will most likely find an air break on waste fixtures or on non-potable lines. You should never allow an air break on an ice machine. AIR GAP SEPARATION: A physical separation space that is present between the discharge vessel and the receiving vessel, for an example, a kitchen faucet. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: Pressure exported by the atmosphere at any specific location. (Sea level pressure is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute, 1 bar = 14.5psi.) BACKFLOW PREVENTION: To stop or prevent the occurrence of, the unnatural act of reversing the normal direction of the flow of liquid, gases, or solid substances back in to the public potable (drinking) water supply. See Cross-connection control. BACKFLOW: To reverse the natural and normal directional flow of a liquid, gases, or solid substances back in to the public potable (drinking) water supply. This is normally an undesirable effect. BACKSIPHONAGE: A liquid substance that is carried over a higher point. It is the method by which the liquid substance may be forced by excess pressure over or into a higher point. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP: A pump consisting of an impeller fixed on a rotating shaft and enclosed in a casing, having an inlet and a discharge connection. The rotating impeller creates pressure in the liquid by the velocity derived from centrifugal force. CHLORINE: Chemical disinfectant that kills bacteria and algae. COLIFORM: A group of bacteria commonly found in the environment. They are an indicator of potential contamination of water. Adequate and appropriate disinfection effectively destroys coliform bacteria. COMBINED CHLORINE: The reaction product of chlorine with ammonia or other pollutants, also known as chloramines.

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CONTAMINANT: Any natural or man-made physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter in water, which is at a level that may have an adverse effect on public health, and which is known or anticipated to occur in public water systems. CONTAMINATION: To make something bad; to pollute or infect something. To reduce the quality of the potable (drinking) water and create an actual hazard to the water supply by poisoning or through spread of diseases. CORROSION: The removal of metal from copper, other metal surfaces and concrete surfaces in a destructive manner. Corrosion is caused by improperly balanced water or excessive water velocity through piping or heat exchangers. CROSS-CONTAMINATION: The mixing of two unlike qualities of water. For example the mixing of good water with a polluting substance like a chemical substance. DISINFECT: To kill and inhibit growth of harmful bacterial and viruses in drinking water. DISINFECTION: The treatment of water to inactivate, destroy, and/or remove pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and other parasites. E. COLI, Escherichia coli : A bacterium commonly found in the human intestine. For water quality analyses purposes, it is considered an indicator organism. These are considered evidence of water contamination. Indicator organisms may be accompanied by pathogens, but do not necessarily cause disease themselves. ELEVATION HEAD: The energy possessed per unit weight of a fluid because of its elevation. 1 foot of water will produce .433 pounds of pressure head. ENERGY: The ability to do work. Energy can exist in one of several forms, such as heat, light, mechanical, electrical, or chemical. Energy can be transferred to different forms. It also can exist in one of two states, either potential or kinetic. FECAL COLIFORM: A group of bacteria that may indicate the presence of human or animal fecal matter in water. FILTRATION: A series of processes that physically removes particles from water. FLOOD RIM: The point of an object where the water would run over the edge of something and begin to cause a flood. See Air Break. FRICTION HEAD: The head required to overcome the friction at the interior surface of a conductor and between fluid particles in motion. It varies with flow, size, type and conditions of conductors and fittings, and the fluid characteristics. GAUGE PRESSURE: Pressure differential above or below ambient atmospheric pressure. HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE : An atmosphere which by reason of being explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, may cause death, illness, or injury.

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HEAD: The height of a column or body of fluid above a given point expressed in linear units. Head is often used to indicate gauge pressure. Pressure is equal to the height times the density of the liquid. The measure of the pressure of water expressed in feet of height of water. 1 psi = 2.31 feet of water. There are various types of heads of water depending upon what is being measured. Static (water at rest) and Residual (water at flow conditions). HYDRAULICS: Engineering science pertaining to liquid pressure and flow. HYDROKINETICS: Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquid flow and pressure. IRRIGATION: Water that is especially furnished to help provide and sustain the life of growing plants. It comes from ditches; it is sometimes treated with herbicides and pesticides to prevent the growth of weeds and the development of bugs in a lawn and a garden. KINETIC ENERGY: The ability of an object to do work by virtue of its motion. The energy terms that are used to describe the operation of a pump are pressure and head. MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS (MCLs): The maximum allowable level of a contaminant that federal or state regulations allow in a public water system. If the MCL is exceeded, the water system must treat the water so that it meets the MCL. Or provide adequate backflow protection. MECHANICAL SEAL: A mechanical device used to control leakage from the stuffing box of a pump. Usually made of two flat surfaces, one of which rotates on the shaft. The two flat surfaces are of such tolerances as to prevent the passage of water between them. Mg/L: milligrams per liter MICROBE, MICROBIAL: Any minute, simple, single-celled form of life, especially one that causes disease. MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS: Microscopic organisms present in untreated water that can cause waterborne diseases. ML: milliliter NON-CHLORINE SHOCK: An oxygen based shocking compound. Non-Chlorine shock is fast dissolving so it allows swimming just 15 minutes after use. Often the best cure for ridding a water line of contamination after a backflow incident. OXIDIZING: The process of breaking down organic wastes into simpler elemental forms or by products. Also used to separate combined chlorine and convert it into free chlorine. PASCALS LAW: A pressure applied to a confined fluid at rest is transmitted with equal intensity throughout the fluid. PATHOGENS: Disease-causing pathogens; waterborne pathogens A pathogen is a bacterium, virus or parasite that causes or is capable of causing disease. Pathogens may contaminate
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water and cause waterborne disease.

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pCi/L: picocuries per liter A curie is the amount of radiation released by a set amount of a certain compound. A picocurie is one quadrillionth of a curie. PIPELINE APPURTENANCE: Pressure reducers, bends, valves, regulators (which are a type of valve), etc. POTABLE: Good water which is safe for drinking or cooking purposes. Non-Potable: A liquid or water that is not approved for drinking. pH : A measure of the acidity of water. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14 with 7 being the mid point or neutral.. A pH of less than 7 is on the acid side of the scale with 0 as the point of greatest acid activity. A pH of more than 7 is on the basic (alkaline) side of the scale with 14 as the point of greatest basic activity. pH (Power of Hydroxyl Ion Activity). POLLUTION: To make something unclean or impure. Some states will have a definition of pollution that relates to non-health related water problems, like taste and odors. See Contaminated. POTENTIAL ENERGY: The energy that a body has by virtue of its position or state enabling it to do work. PPM: Abbreviation for parts per million. PRESSURE HEAD: The height to which liquid can be raised by a given pressure. PRESSURE: The application of continuous force by one body upon another that it is touching; compression. Force per unit area, usually expressed in pounds per square inch (Pascal or bar). RESIDUAL DISINFECTION/ PROTECTION: A required level of disinfectant that remains in treated water to ensure disinfection protection and prevent recontamination throughout the distribution system (i.e., pipes). SANITIZER: A chemical which disinfects (kills bacteria), kills algae and oxidizes organic matter. SCALE: Crust of calcium carbonate, the result of unbalanced pool water. Hard insoluble minerals deposited (usually calcium bicarbonate) which forms on pool and spa surfaces and clog filters, heaters and pumps. Scale is caused by high calcium hardness and/or high pH. You will often find major scale deposits inside a backflow prevention assembly. SOLDER: A fusible alloy used to join metallic parts. Solder for potable water pipes shall be leadfree. SHOCK: Also known as superchlorination or break point chlorination. Ridding a pool of organic waste through oxidization by the addition of significant quantities of a halogen. STATIC HEAD: The height of a column or body of fluid above a given point STATIC PRESSURE: The pressure in a fluid at rest.
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STUFFING BOX: That portion of the pump which houses the packing or mechanical seal.

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SUMMERGED: To cover with water or liquid substance. TURBIDITY: A measure of the cloudiness of water caused by suspended particles. VALVE: A device that opens and closes to regulate the flow of liquids. Faucets, hose bibs, and Ball are examples of valves. VANE: That portion of an impeller which throws the water toward the volute. VELOCITY HEAD: The vertical distance a liquid must fall to acquire the velocity with which it flows through the piping system. For a given quantity of flow, the velocity head will vary indirectly as the pipe diameter varies. VENTURI: If water flows through a pipeline at a high velocity, the pressure in the pipeline is reduced. Velocities can be increased to a point that a partial vacuum is created. VIBRATION: A force that is present on construction sites and must be considered. The vibrations caused by backhoes, dump trucks, compactors and traffic on job sites can be substantial. VOLUTE: The spiral-shaped casing surrounding a pump impeller that collects the liquid discharge by the impeller. WATER PURVEYOR: The individuals or organization responsible to help provide, supply, and furnish quality water to a community. WATER WORKS: All of the pipes, pumps, reservoirs, dams and buildings that make up a water system. WATERBORNE DISEASES: A disease, caused by a virus, bacterium, protozoan, or other microorganism, capable of being transmitted by water (e.g., typhoid fever, cholera, amoebic dysentery, gastroenteritis).

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Math Conversion Factors

1 PSI = 2.31 Feet of Water 1 Foot of Water = .433 PSI 1.13 Feet of Water = 1 Inch of Mercury 454 Grams = 1 Pound 1 Gallon of Water = 8.34 lbs/gallon 1 mg/L = 1 PPM 17.1 mg/L = 1 Grain/Gallon 1% = 10,000 mg/L 694 Gallons per Minute = MGD 1.55 Cubic Feet per Second = 1 MGD 60 Seconds = 1 Minute 1440 Minutes = 1 Day .746 kW = 1 Horsepower LENGTH 12 Inches = 1 Foot 3 Feet = 1 Yard 5,280 Feet = 1 Mile AREA 144 Square Inches = 1 Square Foot 43,560 Square Feet = 1 Acre VOLUME 1000 Milliliters = 1 Liter 3.785 Liters = 1Gallon 231 Cubic Inches = 1 Gallon 7.48 Gallons = 1 Cubic Foot of Water 62.38 Pounds = 1 Cubic Foot of Water

Another RP buried inside a water meter box, broken shut-offs and not tested for over 20 years. The best thing to do is rip out this assembly and install a completely new assembly above ground and test the assembly. Careful to document the location, serial number and other information for the water provider. The owner of the backflow preventer will feel ripped-off because he did not realize the potential hazard, so you need to carefully and skillfully explain the necessity of the replacement and relocation. Often, your water provider will support you in a correct decision but sometimes, these officials dont know or dont care about the condition or location of assemblies. I have seen water providers do the dumbest things and the next day, change their minds and blame the tester for the problem. CWA! Document everything and prepare to be underbid and held accountable. 118 Backflow Awareness Course www.ABCTLC.com 4/21/2009
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Registration form

BACKFLOW AWARENESS CEU COURSE $150.00

Start Date:________________ Finish Date: ______________________
You will have 90 days from this date in order to complete this course

Name________________________________ Signature ____________________

(This will appear on your certificate as above)

Address:________________________________________________________ City___________________State________Zip________Email______________ Phone: Home (

)_____________Work (

)____________Fax (

)____________

Operator ID#________________________________Class/Grade______________ Certificate Expiration Date___________________________ Please circle which certification you are applying the course CEUs/PDHs.
Water Treatment Plumbing Water Distribution Pump Installer Other Wastewater Collection Pretreatment Wastewater Treatment Drillers Groundwater Backflow Pesticide

________________________________ Your certificate will be mailed to you in about two weeks.

Advisor/Applicator CSI

Make checks payable to: Technical Learning College PO Box 420, Payson, AZ 85547-0420 (928) 468-0665 Fax (928) 468-0675 Toll Free (866) 557-1746 [email protected] Visit us on the web at www.ABCTLC.com
3 digit code on back of card_______ American Express Master Card / Visa Card #_____________________________Exp. Date___________ If you purchased this off the Internet, please write your Customer#_____________ Referrals Name______________________________________________________
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A disassembled Double Check or DC. We at TLC have actual hands-on classes and we destroy and re-build the assemblies. We have fun and learn while we explore backflow and water principles. 120 Backflow Awareness Course www.ABCTLC.com 4/21/2009
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Backflow Awareness CEU Training Course Assignment You can download the assignment only off the website. The Assignment is available in Word for your convenience.
The focus of this course is a basic understanding of Backflow Prevention/CrossConnection. This course is NOT designed to certify you as a General Tester or a Cross-Connection Specialist. You will have 90 days from receipt of this course to complete it in order to receive your Continuing Education Units (CEUs) or Professional Development Hours (PDHs). A score of 70% or better is necessary to pass this course. If you should need any assistance, please email all concerns and the final test to [email protected]. We enjoy helping students learn. Please e-mail or call for help.

You are expected to type out your own answer key and include the essay questions. Please include your name and address on your exam. If you are unable to do so, write your answer in this manual and mail this part of the booklet back to us. We like digital pictures if possible but not required.

1. Define the term BACKFLOW.

2. Define the term BACKPRESSURE.

3. Define the term BACKSIPHONAGE.

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4. Why is backflow a concern?

5. Do you believe backflow is a reasonable concern to you? Why?

6. When should a water supplier require a backflow-prevention assembly to be installed?

Define the following abbreviations: 7. AG 8. RP 9. PVB 10. DC

11. What does your State use for a reference or standard for determining what type of backflow assembly can be used? Please provide the name/title or reference of this Rule or Regulation.

12. What State agency is responsible for backflow protection? 122 Backflow Awareness Course www.ABCTLC.com 4/21/2009

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13. Are single family residences in your State required to have a backflow assembly?

14. What is the standard or description for an Air Gap?

15. Give one example of an Air Gap that you have seen.

16. Give two examples of how a PVB can be used.

17. Give one example of a backflow prevention assembly, manufactures name, model number, and type of assembly.

18. Explain Pascals Law.

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19. Explain Bernoullis Principle.

20. Explain in detail a backflow/cross-connection occurrence. If you are unfamiliar with a backflow/cross-connection occurrence, please use the library or the Internet and you will be able to find several occurrences. We would prefer an actual report of a backflow occurrence that you know of or have seen.

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21. How could the previous backflow /cross-connection event or incident have been prevented? Explain in detail. 100 word minimum.

22. Do you believe that backflow prevention is reasonable? Explain why in 100 words.

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23. Do you believe that backflow prevention is unreasonable or could be excessive in some way? Explain why in less than 100 words.

24. Have you learned anything about backflow or your State Rule? How would you improve the Rules?

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25. What is meant by the expression Closed-Loop commonly caused by placing a RP on a service line?

26. Do Firelines need backflow prevention assemblies? Explain

27. Does backflow in any way relate to your profession? Explain in detail. 100 word minimum

Rush Service If you need this course graded and reported within 48-hours of your finishing, prepare to pay a rush service handling fee of $40.00. If you need this service, write RUSH on the
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top of your registration page.

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A happy TLC student at our hands-on backflow awareness class.

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Please mail or fax this survey along with your final exam

Backflow Awareness CEU Training Course

CUSTOMER SERVICE RESPONSE CARD DATE:________________ NAME:____________________________ ADDRESS:___________________________________________________________ E-MAIL_________________________________PHONE_______________________ PLEASE COMPLETE THIS FORM BY CIRCLING THE NUMBER OF THE APPROPRIATE ANSWER IN THE AREA BELOW. 1. Please rate the difficulty of your course. Very Easy 0 1 2 3 4 5 5 Very Difficult Very Difficult

2. Please rate the difficulty of the testing process. Very Easy 0 1 2 3 4

3. Please rate the subject matter on the exam to your actual field or work. Very Similar 0 1 2 3 4 5 Very Different 4. How did you hear about this Course? ___________________________________ 5. What would you do to improve the Course?

_____________________________________________________________________ Any other concerns or comments. _____________________________________________________________________

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