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Phase 1 - Week 4 - Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is the series of events that cells undergo to divide and duplicate. It consists of four main phases: G1 phase where the cell grows and prepares for DNA synthesis; S phase where DNA replication occurs; G2 phase where the cell prepares for mitosis; and mitosis where the cell divides into two daughter cells through the processes of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. The progression through the cell cycle is regulated by cyclins that activate cyclin-dependent kinases at specific times to phosphorylate proteins necessary for cell cycle progression.

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36 views

Phase 1 - Week 4 - Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is the series of events that cells undergo to divide and duplicate. It consists of four main phases: G1 phase where the cell grows and prepares for DNA synthesis; S phase where DNA replication occurs; G2 phase where the cell prepares for mitosis; and mitosis where the cell divides into two daughter cells through the processes of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis. The progression through the cell cycle is regulated by cyclins that activate cyclin-dependent kinases at specific times to phosphorylate proteins necessary for cell cycle progression.

Uploaded by

Michael Briscoe
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHASE 1_WEEK 4_THE CELL CYCLE

THE CELL CYCLE The cell cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. PHASES

G1 PHASE
o CELL GROWS IN SIZE AND SYNTHESIZES mRNA AND PROTEINS IN PREPARATION FOR DNA SYNTHESIS CELL MONITORS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT FOR EXTRACELLULAR SIGNALS, LEVELS OF NUTRIENTS AND ENERGY AVAILABILITY

S PHASE
o o DNA REPLICATION OCCURS CHROMOSOMAL DUPLICATION IS TRIGGERED BY S-CDKs WHICH ACTIVATE PROTEINS THAT UNWIND DNA AND INITIATE REPLICATION WITHIN PARTICULAR SITES OF THE MOLECULE

G2 PHASE
o o o PERIOD OF RAPID CELL GROWTH AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DURING WHICH CELL READIES ITSELF FOR MITOSIS REPLICATION OF ORGANELLES G2 CHECKPOINT ARRESTS CELLS IN RESPONSE TO DNA DAMAGE THROUGH INHIBITORY REGULATION OF CDK1

MITOSIS
PROPHASE o CHROMATIN CONDENSES APPEARING AS TWO DISCRETE SISTER CHROMATIDS BOUND AT THE CENTROMERE o NUCLEOLUS IN THE NUCLEUS DISAPPEARS o MITOTIC SPINDLE ASSEMBLEY FROM CENTROSOMES PROMETAPHASE o NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DISINTEGRATION o MICROTUBULES INVADE NUCLEAR SPACE o EACH CHROMOSOME FORMS TWO KINETOCHORES AT ITS CENTROMERE, ONE ATTACHED TO EACH CHROMATID o MICROTUBULES / SPINDLE APPARATUS ATTACHES TO KINETOCHORES METAPHASE o o SPINDLE FIBERS BEGIN TO CONTRACT CENTROMERES OF EACH CHROMOSOME CONVENE ALONG THE EQUATOR OF THE CELL AT THE METAPHASE PLATE AS THE SPINDLE FIBERS CONTRACT WITH EQUAL FORCE

PHASE 1_WEEK 4_THE CELL CYCLE

ANAPHASE o o o o o o PROTEINS THAT BIND SISTER CHROMATIDS TOGETHER ARE CLEAVED SISTER CHROMATIDS BECOME SINGLE DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES CHROMATIDS ARE PULLED APART BY SHORTENING KINETOCHORE MICROTUBULES AND MOVE TOWARDS THEIR RESPECTIVE CENTROSOMES TO WHICH THEY ARE ATTACHED PROCESS = CHROMOSOMAL SEGREGATION CHROMATIDS MOVE TO OPPOSITE POLES OF THE CELL KINETOCHORE AND MICROTUBULES DISINTEGRATE

TELOPHASE o o o o o DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES ARRIVE AT CELL POLES A NUCLEAR MEMBRANE FORMS AROUND EACH SET OF DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES AT THE CELL POLES NUCLEOLI REAPPEAR DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES DECONDENSE CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION BEGINS DUE TO ESTABLISHMENT OF A CONTRACTILE RING

CYTOKINESIS o o A CLEAVAGE FURROW CONTAINING A CONTRACTILE RING DEVELOPS IN PLACE OF THE METAPHASE PLATE CYTOPLASM DIVIDES INTO TWO UNDER ACTION OF ACTIN AND MYOSIN FILAMENTOUS CONTRACTION

REGULATION OF THE CELL CYCLE


Cyclins are proteins that are capable of turning on specifically, and at appropriate times, a variety of cyclin-dependent kinase molecules (cdks) that phosphorylate substrates essential for the progression through the cell cylce D cyclins activate CDK4 and CDK6. Tjese two kinases are also synthesized during G1 in cells undergoing active division One substrate for this kinase is the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Rb is a cell cycle regulator because it binds to and inactivates a transcription factor E2F necessary for the transcription of certain genes (histone genes, DNA replication proteins, etc.) needed for progression from the G1 to S phase The phosphorylation of Rb by CDK$ or CDK6 results in the release of E2F from the Rb-mediated transcription repression, thus gene activation ensues

Cyclin E and CDK2 form a complex in late G1. Cyclin E is rapidly degraded, and the released CDK2 forms a complex with cyclin A. This sequence is necessary for the initiation of DNA synthesis in S phase A complex between cyclin B and CDK1 is rate-limiting fot the G2/M transition

PHASE 1_WEEK 4_THE CELL CYCLE

Cyclins can be covalently bound to ubiquitin by ubiquitin ligase. Several ubiquitin molecules are then appended, providing a signal for a proteolytic enzyme complex, or proteasome, to degrade the cyclin

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