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Date: 1383 / 2 / 28: Name of Experiment

This experiment determined the specific gravity and API gravity of two crude oil samples at different temperatures. Specific gravity measurements were taken using a hydrometer submerged in the oil samples in a water bath. The specific gravity values were then converted to the standard temperature of 60°F to calculate API gravity using the standard formula. The results showed that specific gravity increased and API gravity decreased with lower temperatures, as the volume of the fluid decreases with temperature. It is recommended that a cleaner water bath be used to ensure more uniform temperature distribution for accurate measurements.

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Ali Rostami
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136 views

Date: 1383 / 2 / 28: Name of Experiment

This experiment determined the specific gravity and API gravity of two crude oil samples at different temperatures. Specific gravity measurements were taken using a hydrometer submerged in the oil samples in a water bath. The specific gravity values were then converted to the standard temperature of 60°F to calculate API gravity using the standard formula. The results showed that specific gravity increased and API gravity decreased with lower temperatures, as the volume of the fluid decreases with temperature. It is recommended that a cleaner water bath be used to ensure more uniform temperature distribution for accurate measurements.

Uploaded by

Ali Rostami
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name Of Experiment:

Experiment NO. 5

Date : 1383 / 2 / 28

Master : Jamshid Moghaddasi Prepared By : Saeid Rajabi Moghaddam Mohammad Mojarrab Vahid Razavi Mohammad Evazi 805315 805435 805216 805229

Abstract :
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API Gravity In the early years of the petroleum industry, density was the principal specification for petroleum and refinery products , it was used to give an estimation of the gaso-line and, more particularly, the kerosene present in the crude oil. However, the derived relationships between the density of petroleum and its fractional composition were only valid if they were applied to a certain type of petroleum and lost some of their significance when applied to different types of petroleum. Nevertheless, density is still used to give a rough estimation of the nature of petroleum and petro- leum products. Density is defined as the mass of a unit volume of material at a specified temperature and has the dimensions of grams per cubic centimeter (a close approximation to grams per milliliter), but the arbitrary and general property,specific gravity, is more widely used. This is the ratio of the mass of a volume of the substance to the mass of the same volume of water and is dependent on two temperatures, those at which the masses of the sample and the water are measured. When the water temperature is 40 C (390 F), the specific gravity is equal to the density in the centimeter-gram-second (cgs) system, since the volume of 1 g of water at that temperature is, by definition, 1 ml. Thus the density of water, for example, varies with temperature, while its specific gravity at equal temperatures is always unity. The standard temperatures for specific gravity in the petroleum industry in North America are 600/600 F (15.6/15. 6C). Although density and specific gravity are used extensively, the API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity is the preferred property. This property was derived from the Baume scale which, as such, was used initially:

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However, a considerable number of hydrometers calibrated according to the Baume scale were, at an early period, found to be in error by a consistent amount, and this led to the adoption of the following equation:

141.5 API = - 131.5 Specific gravity


density of the sample at 60 F Specific Gravity = density of water at 60 F
The specific gravities of petroleums usually range from about 0.8 (45.3 API) for the lighter crude oils to over 1.0 (10 API) for the heavier asphaltic crude oils. Density is influenced by the chemical composition of petroleum but quantitative correlations are difficult to establish. Nevertheless, it is generally recognized that increased amounts of aromatic-type compounds result in an increase in density whereas an increase in saturated compounds results in a decrease in density. Indeed, it is also possible to recognize certain preferred trends between the density of petroleum and one or another of the physical properties. For example, approximate correlations exist between the density (API gravity) and sulfur content). Conradson carbon residue, Viscosity and asphaltenes plus resins.

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Density (specific gravity) or API gravity may be measured by means of a hydrometer (ASTM D-287 and D-1298) or by means of a pycnometer (ASTM D-941 and D-1217). The variation of density with temperature effectively the coefficient of expansion is a property of great technical importance, since most petroleum products are sold by volume and specific gravities are usually determined at the prevailing temperature (210 C. 700 F) rather than at the standard temperature (60F, 15.6C). The tables of gravity corrections (ASTM D-1555) are based on an assumption that the coefficient of expansion of all petroleum products is a function(at fixed temperatures) of density only. Purpose : To determine specific gravity and related API gravity of two different sample crude oil and investigate the effect of temperature on the amount of specific gravity and API.

Experimental procedure : 1. Take two different sample crude oil and put them in two different cylinders. 2. Transfer these two cylinders inside a water bath. 3. Different hydrometers are available. Some of them measure specific gravity and some of them measure API. Take the proper hydrometer and let it to submerge inside the sample crude oil, such that its bottom part does not attach to the bottom of the cylinder. Also it should be submerged completely inside the

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sample such that the parts with greater diameter submerge completely in the sample. 4. After hydrometer becomes static, read the number at which the hydrometer has been submerged to that point. 5. Read the water bath temperature. 6. By using given table, change the measured value (specific gravity) at water bath temperature to standard temperature (60 F).

Results : In this experiment only the hydrometer which is made of mercury will set for the given sample crude oils. This hydrometer only measure the specific gravity. 1) test sample 1 : Specific gravity = 0.894 2) test sample 2 : Specific gravity = 0.945 3) test sample 3 : API = 12 Analysis of results :

141.5 API = - 131.5 Specific gravity


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density of the sample at 60 F Specific Gravity = density of water at 60 F


1) test sample 1 : Specific gravity = 0.894 API = ( 141.5 / 0.894 ) 131.5 = 26.7774 2) test sample 2 : Specific gravity = 0.945 API = ( 141.5 / 0.945 ) 131.5 = 18.23545 3) test sample 3 : API = 12 Conclusion : Because the standard specific gravity measurement is done at temperature of 60 F , so we change the resulted value to the standard value of 60 F by using the given table. From this table it can be observed that , as temperature decreases the volume of the fluid will decrease and as a result the density will increase. So the specific gravity will increase and according to the formula of API, API will decrease.

Recommendation :
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Because water bath has been contaminated with crude oil, maybe the temperature distribution inside the bath does not be uniform and so the values of specific gravity be measured temperatures. at different

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