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Tangent and Normal PDF

The document discusses finding the equations of tangents and normals to curves. It provides examples of finding the tangent and normal equations to various curves at given points, including curves defined parametrically or implicitly. It also gives an example of finding a tangent equation parallel to a given line.

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Dg Kamilah Syazwani AKadir
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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1K views

Tangent and Normal PDF

The document discusses finding the equations of tangents and normals to curves. It provides examples of finding the tangent and normal equations to various curves at given points, including curves defined parametrically or implicitly. It also gives an example of finding a tangent equation parallel to a given line.

Uploaded by

Dg Kamilah Syazwani AKadir
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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4.

0
APPLICATIONS OF
DIFFERENTIATION
4.1 TANGENT AND NORMAL
EQUATION
At the end of this topic, students
should be able :


a) To find the equations of tangent and
normal to a curve including the parametric
equation
1 . is the gradient to the function of


dx
dy
x f = ) ( '
) (x f y =
2. At point ( ) on the curve ) (x f y =
the equation of tangent is

) (
1 1 1
x x m y y =
1 1
, y x
where
is the gradient of the tangent to

the curve at the point


dx
dy
m =
1
) , (
1 1
y x
) (x f y =
normal tangent
( )
1 1
, y x
EXAMPLE
Find the tangent and normal equation to
the curve at x = 2 3 2
2
+ = x y
Solution,
If

Differentiate

so the gradient for tangent at x = 2 is
4(2) = 8
x
dx
dy
4 =
3 2
2
+ = x y
If x = 2

The tangent equation at point (2, 11) is
11 3 ) 2 ( 2
2
= + = y
) 2 ( 8 11 = x y
5 8
16 8 11
=
=
x y
x y
tangent is perpendicular to the
normal thus,





1
2 1
= m m
=
2
m
8
1

1 ) ( 8
2
= m
normal equation at point (2,11)
90 8
2 88 8
8
2
8
1
11
) 2 (
8
1
11
+ =
+ =
+ =
=
x y
x y
x y
x y
3 2
2
+ = x y
90 8 + = x y
normal
tangent
5 8 = x y
EXAMPLE
Find the tangent and normal equation to
the curve at P(1,1)

Solution,
Differentiate by using the implicit derivative
method,
2
2 3
= + xy y x
) 3 ( ) 2 (
0 2 ) 1 ( 3
2 2 3
2 2 3
y x y xy x
dx
dy
dx
dy
xy y y x
dx
dy
x
+ = +
= + + +
xy x
y x y
dx
dy
2
) 3 (
3
2 2
+
+
=
the gradient for tangent at P(1,1) is
_

so tangent equation at P(1,1) is

7 4 3
3
4
3
4
1
) 1 (
3
4
1
= +
+ =
=
x y
x y
x y
3
4
) 1 )( 1 ( 2 1
)) 1 ( ) 1 ( 3 1 (
3
2 2
=
+
+
gradient for normal at P(1,1) is
_
4
3
1
3
4
2
2
=
=
m
m
normal equation at P(1,1)
1 3 4
4
3
4
3
1
) 1 (
4
3
1
+ =
=
=
x y
x y
x y
Exercise: Find the tangent and
normal equation to the curve xy = 8
at P(4,2)

Answer;



Tangent equation 2y = -x + 8
Normal equation y = 2x 6
x
y
dx
dy
=
EXAMPLE
Find the equation of normal to the curve
given parametrically by

and

at point where t = 1

t
x
2
=
1 3
2
= t y
solution




we know that
2
2
t dt
dx
=
t
dt
dy
6 =
|
.
|

\
|
=
dx
dt
dt
dy
dx
dy
so




when t =1

the gradient for tangent is -3(1) = -3
3
2
3 )
2
( 6 t
t
t
dx
dy
= =
3
the gradient for normal is -3











3
1
2
= m
2
1
2
= = x
2 1 ) 1 ( 3
2
= = y
1
2
= m
the normal equation at (2,2) is
4 3
3
2
3
1
2
) 2 (
3
1
2
+ =
=
=
x y
x y
x y
EXAMPLE
Given parametric equation

and where t 1


Find the tangent equation which is parallel
to line 3y = x
1
3
+
=
t
x
2
) 1 (
2
t
y
+
=
Solution





2
) 1 (
3
t dt
dx
+

=
3
) 1 (
4
t dt
dy
+

=
( )
) 1 ( 3
4
3
1
) 1 (
4
2
3
t
t
t dx
dt
dt
dy
dx
dy
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
from 3y = x the gradient for the line is
So


4 = 1+ t

t = 3
3
1
3
1
) 1 ( 3
4
=
+
=
t dx
dy
when t = 3


tangent equation is

4
3
1 3
3
=
+
= x
8
1
) 3 1 (
2
2
=
+
= y
3 8 24
12
3
3
1
8
)
4
3
(
3
1
8
1
=
=
=
x y
x y
x y
Exercise:
Given parametric equation x =

and y =


Find the tangent equation when t = 0


2
3
t
t
2
4 2

+
t
t
Answer:
3y = 4x - 6

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